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C hc lng t v vt liu nano*

Trng Vn Tn
If you think you understand quantum mechanics, then you don't understand quantum mechanics. Richard P. Feynman (Nobel Vt l 1965) Abstract This article has been written in the style of popular science to expose the exploitation of quantum mechanics in nano-structured materials and the synergism of these two fields. A brief history of quantum mechanics starting from Planck's law of black body radiation has been described. The progress of nanotechnology in recent years has provided opportunities to fabricate and control the structure and composition of materials at nanoscale level optimizing their properties for products with higher degree of sophistication and performances. One of the most striking effects of reducing materials to nanoscale is dependence on size of their electronic, optical, optoelectronic, magnetic, physical, mechanical properties. In the areas of electronics, optoelectronics and photonics, the dependence on size is dominantly controlled by quantum laws in materials with nanoscale features or structures. Interactions between electromagnetic waves, in particular, from far infrared (IR) to visible light and ultraviolet, and materials are used as an example to compare the band gap properties of bulk materials and nanostructured materials. Quantization of electronic energy, which occurs in quantum dots (nanoparticles) and quantum wells as a function of size according to Schrdinger's wave equation, is attributed to fluorescence in nanoparticles and quantum well IR detection. Ni dung: E=h - Trc hai ng ng: c hc c in v lng t - nh hng ca s thu nh - Di nng lng in t v s pht quang - Chm lng t v ging lng t - Ht nano bn dn: s pht hunh quang - Ht nano kim loi vng: plasmon v s pht hunh quang - Ging lng t v tia hng ngoi - Tim nng ng dng - Thng x ngu!

1. E=h Vo nhng m ng khng g th v bng ngi bn cnh ci l si nghe ting la reo t tch, nhn ngn la lung linh cng vi vi ngi bn nhm nhp ly ru vang Penfolds bn v trit l cuc i, ni chuyn thin vn a l, ng ty kim c. Nhng m ng s v cng lnh lo v v v nu khng c ci l si vi nhng thi than hng thoang thong mi khi ca nhng khc g cn xanh, quyn theo lung khng kh c hm nng bng nhng tia hng ngoi. m chm trong mt khng gian m p, ng ng men ru, thnh thong nh mt ca ta b li cun vo nhng ngn la ang hng hc nhy nht, nhng khonh khc y c khi no ta ngh n ngha.... vt l ca ci l si khim tn? C khi no ta ngh rng ci l si kia cng c quan h "b con xa" n ci CD player t mt gc phng v ang pht ra nhng m thanh tuyt vi ca dng nhc giao hng c in Schubert, Mozart hay nhng bi tnh ca Ng Thy Min, Trnh Cng Sn au xt cho mi tnh gy mong manh hay tn tng mt tnh yu ang c ln ngi?! Khi t ra nhng cu hi ny ngi i s cho rng ta ang b "mo m ngh nghip", thch ngh ngi mng lung, nhng thc s nu bo ci l si l m u v ci CD player l h qu ca c hc lng t, thin ngh cng khng phi l qu li. Xut pht t gi thuyt lng t ca Planck, hn mt th k tri qua thuyt lng t nh mt con sng vt qua nhiu khc quanh, ghnh thc, tp hp nhng pht hin v i theo dng chy ngy hm nay tr thnh mt dng sng to ln vo bin c khoa hc, duy tr s phn vinh v hnh phc ca nhn loi. Vo nm 1900, qua s quan st v bc x sng in t ca vt en (black body), Planck a ra nh lut bc x din t s lin h gia nhit v bc sng ca bc x. Ni mt cch d hiu, khi lm nng mt thanh st, st bin thnh mu , nng hn thnh mu vng v nng hn na mu xanh trng nh ta thng thy khi st th lng. Cng nng bc sng ca bc x cng ngn (t mu tin n mu xanh trong trng hp thanh st). D khng phi l vt en l tng theo ng nh ngha trong

vt l, vt en trong thc t c th l in tr ca bng n, thanh st, khc g trong l si, mt tri, phong nn v tr (cosmic background). T nh lut bc x Planck, da theo quang ph hay mu sc pht quang ta c th d on nhit ca b mt mt tri trong khong 5.000 6.000 C, than hng trong l si trn di 1.000 C, in tr bng n trn 1.000 C. Vi ba (microwave) pht i t khong khng gian v tn cho ta bit nhit ca v tr l -270 C. Ngc li, t nhit ca mt vt ta c th bit bc sng pht ra t vt . Nhit con ngi 37 C cho bit c th ta pht tia hng ngoi. chng minh nh lut bc x ca mnh, Planck to bo a ra gi thuyt lng t l nng lng bc x ca sng in t c pht ra khng lin tc theo tng "gi nng lng" E=h ri rc, gi l lng t, trong h l hng s Planck, n l tn s ca sng in t. Nhng Planck tin ch mi l ci mo ton suy ra cng thc phn b nng lng bc x ca ng va tm thy sao cho hon ton ph hp vi kt qu th nghim. Vi nm sau (1905), da vo tng bc x nhit theo gi nng lng ca Planck, Einstein i thm mt bc quan trng khi a ra quan nim rng nh sng c cu to bi cc ht gi l photon (hay quang t, light quantum), mi ht mang nng lng E=h, v tng tc vi cc in t ca vt cht khi chm vo. Bng cch ng nhanh chng hon ton gii thch c hiu ng quang in m gii vt l ng thi phi b tay, v pht hin ny em li cho ng gii Nobel nm 1921. Tc l, tri vi quan nim sng ph bin lc by gi, Einstein cho rng nh sng cn mt s tn ti th hai, l ht. nh sng va l sng va l ht: khi nim nh nguyn sng/ht ra i. Ngi Nht Bn dng ting Hn dch thut ng "quantum" l ryoshi, c ra m Hn Vit l "lng t" (lng: nng lng, t: con, phn nh), biu hin ng ngha ca quantum. Cng thc v i, E=h, hm cha tnh ht ca sng, cng l khi im ca b mn c hc lng t. Tr s ca h rt nh (6,626 x 10-34 J.s) nhng ng sau cc ct tr quan trng ca c hc lng t, hng s Planck

khng bao gi vng bng. N hin hu trong mi cng thc quan trng lin quan n c hc lng t v chi phi vic "i ng" ca cc vt cht cc nh ca th gii vi m. Cho n ngy hm nay, c hc lng t cng ngy cng phc v nhn loi mt cch c lc t chic radio, TV bnh thng n chic my tnh, CD player, iPod, in thoi cm tay v nhng thit b khoa hc, y hc, vin thng, ci thin i sng v sc khe con ngi. 2. Trc hai ng ng: c hc c in v lng t Khi gp phi mt vn khng r rt, ngi Nam B c mt cu ni d dm nhng mc mc, chn thnh: "coi dzy m hng phi dzy". Trong vt l, n din t mt cch bnh dn nhng c bn ca c hc lng t nh tnh xc sut, tnh bt nh v bn cht nh nguyn sng/ht ca vt cht trong th gii vi m ca phn t, nguyn t, in t v cc ht s cp h nguyn t (subatomic particle). K t u th k 20, khi hng s Planck xut hin trong nh lut bc x v tip theo mt lot l thuyt nh hiu ng quang in Einstein, phng trnh sng Schrdinger, nh lut de Broglie, nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg, nhng iu hiu bit da theo "thng thc" (common sense) ca th gii i thng c l gii qua c hc c in Newton hon ton b o ln. Trc nhng pht hin v i ny, c mt thi gian di cc nh khoa hc tng hoang mang, thm ch ch diu trc nhng khm ph mang tnh trit v dt khot ca mt cuc cch mng khoa hc. Trong th gii bt nh ca c hc lng t, hiu c s hin hu, di ng v tng tc ca vt cht cc nh ta cn n mt t duy khc ph tan nhng xing xch tri buc ca c hc c in. Khi mt chic xe hi chy vi vn tc 100 km/h, th ta c th tin liu rng sau 1 ting ng h chic xe xut pht t im A s n im B cch 100 km. y l kt qu tt nh ca chic xe. Nhng trong th gii ca cc ht nh, ta khng th xc nh v tr ca ht chnh xc 100 %. Khc vi chic xe hi, vn tc v v tr ca vi ht khng th o c mt cch chnh xc cng mt lc v s nho lng t. Nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg

nh lng ha nho ny bng mt cng thc n gin cha hng s Planck. Ci m mt v v tr hay tnh cht phi nh x (non-locality) ca vi ht l mt c im khc ca c hc lng t. cng mt thi im chng nh bng ma c th nhiu ni khc nhau vi nhng xc sut nh v khc nhau. y l vic k l theo trc gic i thng nhng xy ra trong th gii vi m. Xc sut ny c th tnh c t phng trnh sng ni ting ca Schrdinger. Phng trnh c din t di mt dng n gin, H= E, l hm s sng. Bnh phng ca l xc sut hin hu ca ht mt v tr no . Tnh ngu nhin t xc sut ca phng trnh Schrdinger v s nhe m trong nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg ng tr th gii vi m ca c hc lng t. Ci "c c khng khng" ny cho con ngi mt v kh suy lun v c tnh vt l ca nhng ci nh nht ni m nhng nh lut ca c hc c in phi li bc. C l khi khm ph ra phng trnh ny Schrdinger cn cao hng hn c Archimede khi pht hin c sc y ca nc lc ngm trong bn tm; Archimede nhy o ra khi bn chy ra ngoi ng trn trung nh nhng la ln "Eureka!" (tm ra ri!). Erwin Schrdinger ngi o, vit ra phng trnh ny trong nhng ngy m say ca mt cuc hn h lng mn vi ngi bn gi trong vng rng ni Alps ng qu l mt nh khoa hc lng t ho hoa, cng mt lc phng s cho c khoa hc v tnh yu! Cng thc Planck, E=h, biu hin tnh ht ca sng; nng lng quang t, E, c biu th bi tn s sng n. Gn 20 nm sau nh lut bc x Planck, nh vt l ngi Php, Louise de Broglie, to bo a ra mt xut ngc li cho rng ht cng c th l sng. T cng thc E=h, ng cho thy vi ht (in t v cc ht s cp) khi di chuyn vn tc v s tng ng vi sng vi bc sng = h/mv (h l hng s Planck, m l khi lng ht v v l vn tc). Mt ln na, ta thy lng tnh sng/ht xut hin trong cng thc de Broglie; bc sng ty thuc vo khi lng ht m. Th nghim chng minh s di ng ca in t, vn l ht, sinh ra hin tng giao thoa, nhiu x ca sng. Th

d khi in t di chuyn trong mt in trng c in p 1 volt, in t c bc sng l 1,2 x 10-9 m (vng ca tia X) [1]. Nh vy, tri banh golf khi chuyn ng c tr thnh sng khng? Theo de Broglie, tri banh golf (hay nhng vt di ng nh chim bay, c bay, xe chy, ngi i....) cng c dng sng. Ta hy dng con tnh cho d hiu. Dng cng thc de Broglie, ta tnh c "bc sng" ca banh di khong 10-34 m [2], nhng tr s ny qu nh c nhng hin tng mang tnh cht sng nh nhiu x v giao thoa xy ra. V vy, theo nhng tri nghim thng ngy, mt c vt banh trn sn golf d nhn th no i na th banh vn l banh! Sau c vt, tri banh golf bay lc hng va vo mt gc cy, theo nh lut tc lc v phn lc Newton tri banh golf s b di tr li. Chuyn bnh thng khng g phi ngc nhin. Nhng ci ngc nhin l khi tri banh c thu nh n kch c ca in t th tri banh c th i "xuyn" qua vt chn v "banh" by gi c tc dng nh sng. Li thm mt hin tng "ma qui" khc ca c hc lng t c gi l hiu ng ng hm (tunelling effect). Nhn li cng thc bc sng ca de Broglie, ta nhn ra ngay ch c nhng vt cc nh vi khi lng cc nh mi cho bc sng c mt con s ln hiu ng ny xy ra. Tnh nh nguyn sng/ht l mt c tnh tiu biu ca c hc lng t. Schrdinger khi cp n bn cht ca nhng ht s cp tng ni "Khng nn nhn mt ht nh l mt thc th c nh m hy xem n nh l s kin nht thi. i khi nhng s kin ny lin kt vi nhau cho ra mt o gic ca nhng thc th c nh" (It is better not to view a particle as a permanent entity, but rather as an instantaneous event. Sometimes these events link together to create the illusion of permanent entities) [3]. Kh hiu? C l. Nhng ta ng nh gi thp kh nng t duy ca mnh v ta ang b cong hay phi i ngc vi trc gic c thnh hnh qua nhng tri nghim ca cuc sng i thng. Chnh v vy khi bn v lng t, gio s Richard Feynman tng ni "Nu bn ngh rng bn hiu c hc lng t, th bn tht ra cha hiu g v n c". Tuy nhin,

ci m mt lng t s sng t hn khi ta t ci o gic ca Schrdinger trong ci nhn trit hc Pht gio, khi m bn cht v ng, v thng ca vt cht - lc sng lc ht, "vy m khng vy" - tht ra ch l kt qu ca ci ta b phn nh iu kin th nghim v s o c ca ngi quan st. Nh vy, u l ln ranh gia vt cht v m tun theo c hc c in v vt cht vi m ca th gii lng t. Cc bc tin bi nh Bohr, Heisenberg v von Neumann vn nhn mnh s phn chia gia hai phm tr c in v lng t, mc d cc ng cng tha nhn rng cha c qui lut vt l no c th nh v r rt ln ranh "i i" ny. Gn y (nm 2005), mt nhm nghin cu ti o v c [4] dng giao thoa k phn t (molecular interferometry) tm kim ln ranh ny qua s kim nhn vch giao thoa ca cc loi phn t trong chn khng bng cch tng dn ln phn t cho n khi cc vch ny bin mt. Cc phn t ln nh qu bng C70 (70 nguyn t carbon, ng knh 1 nm), phn t sinh hc C44H30N4 (ng knh 2 nm) v phn t nng k C60F48 (phn t lng = 1632, ng knh 1 nm), cho thy vch giao thoa. Tnh nh nguyn sng/ht c xc lp. Phn t C60F48 l phn t c phn t lng cao nht t trc n gi c ghi nhn mang tnh nh nguyn sng/ht. Tuy nhin, khi c s tc ng ca phn t kh ca mi trng xung quanh. Cc vch giao thoa b nho i nhanh chng. Tnh cht sng ca ht b suy gim ri tan bin. Th nghim ny cho thy mt kt qu quan trng l ngoi kch thc, s tng tc va chm vi vt cht trong mi trng nh hng n tnh nh nguyn sng/ht trong th gii vi m. Ln ranh gia c hc c in v lng t, tt nh v bt nh khng phi l mt ng bin r rt m ty thuc vo iu kin th nghim v mi trng xung quanh. Ta li thy bn cht v ng ca s vt. Thuyt duyn sinh trong Pht gio ni n s lin h h tng ca vn vt; "ci ny sinh ci kia sinh, ci ny dit ci kia dit". V duyn sinh nn v ng. Ln ranh m o gia c hc c in v c hc lng t lc n lc hin ty vo s tng tc ca vt c quan st v mi trng xung quanh, chng qua cng khng ngoi s

chi phi ca duyn sinh bao trm v tr. Vo thp nin 70 ca th k trc, nhng thit b thc nghim tinh vi ra i. Nhng nh lut lng t u th k 20 va mang tnh trit hc va mang tnh khoa hc n tng mt cht ma qui gi y c kim chng vi nhng thnh cng vt bc. Nhng pht hin bt ng t cc kt qu ca thc nghim lng t khng nhng gii ta c nhiu bn khon c xung quanh nhng cuc tranh lun gia Einstein v Bohr, m cn cho cc nh vt l mt khung tri mi trong vic to lp c s cho mn tin hc lng t (quantum information) m nh cao s l my tnh lng t v cc phng tin vin thng lng t. Mt khc, s xut hin ca nn cng ngh nano vo thp nin 90 tr thnh mt mc tiu cho cc ng dng tun theo c hc lng t. Cc vt liu nano trong phm vi t 1 dn 10 nm (nanomt) nm gia kch c ca cc loi phn t nh v vt liu khi. cho thy nh cng nh " ln" ca vt liu nano, 2 gram ht nano c ng knh 100 nm c th phn pht cho ton th 6 t ngi trn qu t ny mi ngi 300.000 ht; 1 gram ng than nano c din tch b mt l 1.600 m2 rng tng ng vi 8 sn tennis. Tnh cht ca vt liu nano khng phi nh vt liu khi m cng khng ging cc hp cht phn t, va nm trong vng chi phi ca cc qui lut vt l c in va ty thuc vo thuyt lng t. Nhng tnh cht ny bao gm c tnh, l tnh, quang tnh, t tnh, ha tnh, bin i ty vo ln ca ht (dy, si) nano, khong cch cc ht (dy, si) v hnh dng ca n. Nh ta s thy phn k tip, nh hng ca c hc lng t trn vt liu nano cho ta nhng hin tng th v v nhng ng dng v cng to ln. 3. nh hng ca s thu nh Hn 15 nm qua, vic ch to cc loi tinh th nano, ht nano kim loi, kim loi t tnh v bn dn c kch thc t vi nm n vi chc nm c s tin b vt bc. Phng php tng hp ht nano c kch thc vi nm v n phn b (monodispersion) c trnh by t m trong mt bi bo co tng quan c sc gn y [5]. Trc khi kho st nh

hng ca cc qui lut lng t n vt liu nano, ta hy xem s thu nh t bn thn mang li nhng thay i no n cc c tnh ca vt liu. S gia tng b mt cp triu ln n t ln khi vt cht thu nh t mc v m, trung m (m, cm, mm, m) n cp nanomt lm thay i l tnh, quang tnh, t tnh v cc c tnh nhit ng hc ca vt cht . Nhng "hng s t nhin" ca vt liu khi m ta ng l bt bin, khi mc nm tr thnh kh bin theo ln ht. Tht ra, cc c tnh ca vt liu ty vo s ni kt, cu trc ca nguyn t gm nguyn t bn trong (bulk) v nguyn t b mt. kch thc i thng, s nguyn t b mt gn nh khng ng k so vi s nguyn t bn trong. Khi b thu nh n nanomt, b mt gia tng v s nguyn t b mt cng gia tng. Ta hy xem vi th d n gin v nng chy, t tnh v c tnh ca mt s vt liu. nng chy ca vng khi l 1.064 C. Khi vng ln cm, mm, thm ch m, cc t l nguyn t vng b mt so vi nguyn t bn trong vt cht c th xem nh l khng ng k. nng chy cn duy tr khong 1.000 C khi ht vng c ln 50 nm v nguyn t b mt ch chim 6 %. Tuy nhin, khi ht nh hn 5 nm (cha 3600 nguyn t vng) nguyn t b mt chim 20 %, nng chy gim n 900 C v n 350 C khi ht kch thc 2 nm (200 nguyn t vng, nguyn t b mt 50 %). S chnh lch vi trm C do s khc bit ch vi nanomt gia 2 - 5 nm cho thy tm quan trng ca nh hng ln th nguyn nano. Khi ngoi suy n kch thc 1 nm (30 nguyn t, nguyn t b mt 80 %) th nng chy ch cn 200 C [6]. Mt th d khc quan trng hn l t tnh. Nhng kim loi t nh st, nickel, cobalt cho thy vng t tr "c hu" gia t trng, H, v t ha M (Hnh 1). Tuy nhin, dng ht nano vng t tr khp li tr thnh mt ng cong c nht cho thy c tnh siu thun t (superparamagnetic) [7]. Nhm khng phi kim loi t nhng khi ht nano nhm cha 18 nguyn t c kch thc 0,8 nm th t tnh xut

hin [8]. L do rt phc tp v c lin quan n s sp xp in t (electronic configuration) th nguyn nano. Tuy rng thi im hin ti t tnh ht nano vn cn nhiu un khut cha c nghin cu trit v ton din, nhng c tim nng rt ln cho vic tr liu y hc hch nhn, ti thuc n t bo, b cm ng vi hiu ng t tr khng l (giant magnetic resistive, GMR), tin hc lng t, tch tr d liu.

Hnh 1: nh hng ca s thu nh trn t tnh ca st, (a) vng t tr ca st khi v (b) ca ht nano st (Ngun: Wikipedia).

C tnh v l tnh cng b nh hng ca s thu nh. c nhiu cng trnh pht hin s gia tng c tnh v bn (strength) v dai (toughness) ca cc ht nano kim loi v ceramic. Ht nano ng vi kch thc 10 nm gia tng cng (hardness) 8 ln cao hn ng khi. Ngoi ra, nhng cu trc b mt nano cn em li nhng hiu qu nh gia tng lc bm do lc van der Waals m phng bn chn thch sng hay to ra b mt cc ght nc (superhydrophobic) hay cc thch nc (superhydrophilic) ca mt s vt liu. nh hng ca cc qui lut lng t trn s thu nh ca vt liu cp nanomt l mt hin tng ni bt c th quan st qua s tc ng ca sng in t trong vng hng ngoi, nh sng thy c v t ngoi trn cc loi ht v cu trc nano. Cc vt liu ng p tr li bng cch pht sinh ra nh sng, dng in, chuyn hon nng lng ty vo c tnh ca khe di nng lng (energy bandgap) cho ta nhng

ng dng nh s pht quang, pin mt tri, b cm ng sng in t, my nh hng ngoi v cc dng c quang hc, quang in t hu dng khc. S thnh hnh ca khe di nng lng, s bin ha ca khe di khi vt liu c thu nh v cc ng dng s c kho st phn sau. 4. Di nng lng in t v s pht quang Di nng lng in t (electronic energy band) v khe di l nhng c tnh khi rt quan trng ca cht rn. Trong cht rn, s thnh hnh ca di nng lng in t quyt nh c tnh dn in, bn dn hay cch in ca cht rn . th rn, cc vn o nguyn t lin kt, chng chp ln nhau mi phng hng to nn vn o phn t. Ngi ta phng tnh 1 cm3 cht rn c 1022 (10 ngn t t) nguyn t to thnh. Trong qu trnh ny, theo c hc lng t, nhng mc nng lng in t s c thnh hnh v cc in t s chim c cc mc nng lng ny. Nh vy, ta c 1022 vn o phn t v 1022 mc nng lng tng ng c to thnh. Cc mc nng lng ny chng chp ln nhau theo th t tr s ca chng, tr thnh di c gi l "di nng lng in t". Di nng lng thp gi l di ha tr (valence band) v di nng lng cao hn gi l di dn in (conduction band) (Hnh 2). V con s 1022 l mt con s rt ln nhng mc nng lng chng chp nhau trng ging nh mt di lin tc (continuum). Nh b dy ca mt quyn t in, t xa nhn th trng nh mt khi lin tc, nhn gn th mi thy nhng trang giy ri rc. S thnh hnh di nng lng ca cht rn c th khng lin tc, khi s c mt "khong trng" xut hin, ging nh ci mng chia ra hai vng nng lng. Khong trng gi l khe di nng lng (Hnh 2).

Hnh 2 : Di nng lng in t : (a) kim loi (khe di = 0 eV), (b) cht bn dn (khe di = 1 1,5 eV), (c) cht cch in (khe di > 3 eV). Di en tng trng cho di ha tr v di trng cho di dn in.

Tr s ca khe di nng lng khng nhng cho bit c tnh dn in, bn dn v cch in ca vt liu m cn quyt nh quang tnh cho nhng ng dng nh s pht quang (n LED, light emitting diode), s hin th mu sc, pin mt tri ca cc cht bn dn v polymer dn in. Nguyn tc pht quang ca n LED l khi cho mt dng in chy qua, s kt hp gia in t v l trng mang in dng xy ra. Trong qu trnh kt hp in t "nhy" t di dn in (nng lng cao) xuyn qua khe di xung di ha tr (nng lng thp) (Hnh 3). Nng lng d tha s bin thnh nh sng c bc sng nh bi nng lng khe di Egap [9]. Th d nu ta mun LED pht nh sng (bc sng = 720 nm, nng lng Egap = h= 1,7 eV) th ta cn mt vt liu c khe di nng lng khong 1,7 eV. Hng lot hp cht bn dn nh GaAs, GaAsP, AlGaP, GaP, InGaN c ch to c tr s khe di t 1 eV n 3,5 eV pht ra nhiu mu sc khc nhau bao ph ton th ph nh sng thy c (Bng 1). Tng t, n PLED (polymer light emitting diode) dng polymer dn in cng pht ra nhiu mu sc ty vo cc loi polymer c Egap khc nhau [9].

Hnh 3: S pht quang in hc (electroluminescence) ca n LED. Nng lng d tha do s phi hp in t nng lng cao vi l trng (+) c bin thnh nh sng. Mu (bc sng) ca nh sng c quyt nh bi tr s ca khe di.

Bng 1: Bc sng v nng lng sng.


nh sng Tia t ngoi Tm Xanh Xanh l cy Vng Tia hng ngoi Bc sng (nm) ngn hn 380 380 450 530 580 720 di hn 720

Nng lng sng E (eV)* ln hn 3,3 3,3 2,8 2,3 2,1 1,7 nh hn 1,7

*Tnh t cng thc h = hc/, c: vn tc nh sng 300.000 km/s, : bc sng; 1 eV = 1,602 x 10-19 J

Khe di nng lng ca trng thi khi bin i khi kch c tin n nanomt. Ngi ta thng bo "ci b l ci khn", khi vt liu b "b" trong khng gian nano ta hy th xem chng s l ci "khn" lng t nh th no. 5. Chm lng t v ging lng t Nhng ht vt cht chng hn nh ht kim loi c th nhn thy c bng mt (kch thc ~1 mm3) vn cn c nhng

di nng lng in t gn nh lin tc v s nguyn t cu thnh cn rt ln. Thm ch, mt ht c th tch 1 m3 ch c th nhn thy qua knh hin vi cng cha 1010 (10 t) nguyn t. Con s to ln ny cho bit di nng lng vn khng khc g ht kch c mm3, cm3. V vy, cc c tnh ca ht 1 m3 vn l c tnh khi (bulk properties). Nu tip tc thu nh, mi vic s khc i th nguyn nanomt. Gi d nu ta c mt ht kim loi hnh lp phng c cnh di 5 nm (nanomt) c th tch 125 nm3, ht kim loi s cha trn di 1.000 nguyn t. th nguyn cc nh ny v con s 1.000 nh lm gia tng khong cch gia cc bc nng lng in t. Ni mt cch khc, di nng lng khng cn nh mt quyn sch dy m tr thnh nhng trang giy ri rc. S "lin tc" ca di nng lng biu hin c tnh khi tiu biu bin mt v c thay th bi nhng bc nng lng ring bit khi vt cht tin v th nguyn nanomt. Ta gi y l s "km ta lng t" (quantum confinement) hay l s lng t ha nng lng trong mt khng gian cc nh. T th gii i thng ca c hc Newton ta bc vo th gii sa m ca c hc lng t. V trong ci th gii sa m ny vt liu tr nn "thin bin vn ha" kch c nano v cho ta bit bao ng dng cc k th v. hiu r s lng t ha nng lng trong mt khng gian cc nh ta hy xem p n phn Ph lc ca bi ton "ging lng t" (quantum well) ca phng trnh sng Schrdinger. Trong bi ton ny, khi kch thc tin n mt tr s cc nh nng lng ca in t khng cn l mt di lin tc m nhng mc ri rc t thp n cao. "Ci ging" tht ra l hnh nh ca nguyn t ni m in t b km gi trong vng cng ta ca nguyn t. ng knh "ci ging" cng l ng knh ca nguyn t. Phi ni y l bi ton n gin nhng cho ra mt kt qu cc k quan trng c tm thu bi cng thc sau (Ph lc),
E = n2h2/8ma2 (n= 1, 2, 3, .)

vi E l nng lng bc n, h l hng s Planck, m l khi lng in t v a l ng knh ging hay chm lng t.

T phng trnh sng Schrdinger v vi li gii ca bi ton "ging lng t", cc nh khoa hc ngh ra ci ging lng t thc s bng cch to ra nhng "nguyn t" nhn to. "Nguyn t" ny tc l chm lng t (quantum dot). Thut ng nghe hi l tai nhng n rt c ng v chnh xc trong vic din t hnh dng v chc nng ca n. "Chm lng t" biu hin mt vt cc nh chu nh hng ca cc qui lut lng t. Trn thc t, chm lng t l cc ht nano cha vi nguyn t n vi ngn nguyn t c th c thnh hnh t dung dch colloid. Chm lng t cng c th c kch hot pht quang. Cng nh vt liu khi, s pht quang ca chm lng t cng ty thuc vo tr s khe di. Nhng khc vi vt liu khi, chm lng t pht ra nhiu mu sc khc nhau bng cch thay i kch thc ca n. Nhng phn k tip s gii thch c ch khc bit trong s pht quang gia vt liu khi v ht nano (chm lng t). 6. Ht nano bn dn: s pht hunh quang Nghin cu v chm lng t dng tinh th (Hnh 4) hay trong dung dch huyn ph thot u xut pht t vic ch to pin mt tri trong vic gia tng hiu sut bin hon t nng lng mt tri sang in nng. K t nm 1986, nghin cu v chm lng t gia tng mnh lit v cho n nm 2005 c gn 2.000 ng k pht minh (patent) cho cc ng dng ca chm lng t. Vo thp nin 90 ca th k trc, cc nh khoa hc ti M v Nga pht hin cc tinh th nano bn dn pht ra nhng mu nh sng khc nhau ty vo kch c ca n. nh hng ca kch c vo s pht quang ca vt liu nano li cng lm gia tng ci k b ca th gii nano.

Hnh 4: Tp hp chm lng t (tinh th nano) silicon. Mi chm c ng knh 7 nm v cha 50-70 nguyn t silicon (Ngun: Dr. Arthur Nozik, National Renewable Energy Laboratorry, B Nng lng, M).

S pht hunh quang (fluorescence) l hin tng xy ra khi ta dng sng in t (quang t) kch hot mt vt liu, y in t ca vt liu ny t di ha tr i xuyn qua khe di ln di dn in nng lng cao hn (Hnh 5). Sng kch hot thng l sng mang nng lng cao nh tia t ngoi hay nh sng mu xanh. in t nng lng cao vn khng n nh lc no cng mun tr li chn c c nng lng thp. Khi in t tr li di ha tr, s pht quang xy ra (Hnh 5). Cng ging nh s pht quang in hc (Hnh 3), nh sng pht quang c nng lng tng ng vi tr s khe di. Tr s khc nhau s cho mu sc khc nhau.

Hnh 5: C ch ca s pht hunh quang.

(1): Sng kch hot; (2): Sng pht ra;; () : in t.

S pht hunh quang ca dung dch colloid ht nano bn dn CdSe (cadmium selenide) l mt th d v nh hng ca s lng t ha nng lng trn c ch pht quang. Dung dch colloid ca ht nano CdSe c kho st vi nhng ht c ng knh khc nhau. S thay i khe di nng lng ca ht nano CdSe do s bin i ca ng knh ht c th kho st qua cng thc sau,
E = Egap + Equantum E l khe di ca ht nano, Egap l khe di ca trng thi khi (= 1,74 eV) v Equantum l nng lng do hiu ng

lng t (Hnh 6). Hnh 7 cho thy s i mu ca dung dch colloid CdSe t mu xanh sang mu khi ng knh ht gia tng t 2,3 n 5,5 nm. Mu pht quang cc k nhy vi ng knh ht, ch cn khc nhau vi nanomt l mu nh sng thay i. Li gii ca phng trnh sng Schrdinger cho ta thy r iu ny. Khi ng knh ht tng gp i, Equantum tng gp bn (cng thc 4, Ph lc). V nhy kh cao, qu trnh tng hp ht nano i hi ng nht v kch c phi tht chnh xc cho mt mu sc pht quang nht nh.

Hnh 6: Khe di nng lng ca (a) trng thi khi v (b) ht nano; (1): Egap; (2): E v (3): Equantum. DE c th gia gim ty vo ): Equantum do s chi phi ca kch thc ht (xem chi tit trong bi).

Hnh 7: Kch thc ht CdSe gim t 5,5 nm n 2,3 nm (t phi sang tri) khin s pht hunh quang ca dung dch nc thay i t mu n mu xanh bao ph ton b ph nh sng thy c [10].

c mt sn phm thc dng, ht nano c ha ln vo mt loi polymer trong sut. Tng t nh trong dung dch, ht nano trong polymer s pht cc loi nh sng khc nhau v cho ta n pht hunh quang. Cng ging nh n neon thy ngn gia dng, ngun tia t ngoi c dng trong n hunh quang ht nano kch hot cc in t ca ht. Loi n ny gii quyt c nhng khuyt im n LED b vng mc. c nhng mu pht quang khc nhau, n LED cn nhng vt liu c khe di nng lng khc nhau. V im ny, ht nano dng c nht mt vt liu v ch cn thay i kch thc. n LED rt kh pht ra nh sng xanh v nht l nh sng trng. n pht hunh quang ht nano cng vt qua tr ngi ny. Cc nh khoa hc ti Sandia National Laboratories thuc B Nng lng M (Department of Energy) ch to thnh cng n hunh quang pht nh sng trng bng cch trn ht nano c ng knh khc nhau pht ra nh sng , xanh l cy, xanh. Tng hp ba loi mu ny s cho ra nh sng trng (Hnh 8). K thut quan trng trong qu trnh ch to n hunh quang ht nano l cn phi trnh s kt tp ca ht nano, v khi c s kt tp xy ra, ng knh gia tng lm c tnh nano bin mt v vic iu chnh mu s mt hiu qu. Mt thng tin gn y [11] cho bit ng than nano mt vt liu thn k v a nng - khi c ct thnh nhng ng rt ngn s tr nn chm lng t pht quang khi c

kch hot bi tia t ngoi do hiu ng ging lng t.

Hnh 8: n pht hunh quang mu xanh (tri) v mu trng (phi) c ch to ti Sandia National Laboratories (M). (Ngun: http://www.physlink.com/News/071403QuantumDotLED.cfm)

n hunh quang ht nano pht nh sng trng hin nay vn l mt ti nghin cu quan trng nhm to ra loi n c tui th cao v t hao nng lng [12]. Mc d c nhng u im vt tri hn cc loi LED trn thng trng, vic thng mi ha n hunh quang ht nano to ra mt sn phm i tr hay ch to mn hnh TV vn cn nhiu kh khn v ty thuc vo cch tng hp cc ht nano c kch thc ging nhau v cch ha ln ng u vo cc vt liu nn khng c s kt tp ngoi mun. 7. Ht nano kim loi vng: plasmon v s pht hunh quang T bui bnh minh ca lch s loi ngi, vng c th ni l b ni ca mt nn vn minh. Hn 3.000 nm trc, ti Ai Cp v Trung Quc con ngi thc vng l kim loi qu, bit khai thc, gia cng vng to ra cc trang sc qu gi v c xem nh mt th chp c th d tr cho s phn thnh ca mt triu i. Gi tr v m thut hay kinh t ca vng cho n ngy hm nay vn khng c nhiu thay i, nhng trong nn cng ngh nano hin i vi nhng tim nng ng dng quan trng ca ht nano vng trong quang hc, quang in t v y hc, vng nano c l cn qu

gi hn vng khi trn quan im thc dng nhm phng s cho cuc sng v hnh phc con ngi. trng thi khi, trong cc p dng quang hc hay quang in t, vng hu dng cho lm th ch dng lm gng phn chiu, k d xem nh l "b i". Tuy nhin, vng nano cho con ngi mt lnh vc nghin cu v ng dng hon ton mi l. Khi sng in t tc dng ln ht nano vng, ty vo kch c ca ht sng in t s (1) c tc dng sng tun theo hiu ng "cng hng plasmon" ca cc in t t do b mt v (2) c tc dng ht khi kch c ca vng nh hn 2 nm v s pht hunh quang xy ra tun theo qui lut lng t nh ht bn dn CdSe. Chng ta hy tun t kho st hai trng hp th v ny. c im ca kim loi l s hin hu dy t ca nhng in t t do. y cng l nguyn nhn ca s bng long b mt, truyn in v truyn nhit u vit ca kim loi. Khi kim loi nh vng v bc dng ht nano, ht khng cn mu vng hay bc "c hu" trng thi khi m pht ra nhiu mu sc khc nhau ty vo kch c v hnh dng (Hnh 9). iu ny i ngc li nhng hiu bit thng thc trong cuc sng hng ngy. Hai chic nhn vng c nu chy v gia cng thnh mt chic nhn to gp i th vn l chic nhn mu vng. Tht ra, mu sc ca ht nano vng v bc t dung dch huyn ph c ngi La M p dng vo th k 4. Ngi ta cn pha ch ht nano vng vi thy tinh lm knh mu "ruby" trang tr cho ca s thnh ng. Mc d ht nano vng c p dng hn 1.700 nm, s i mu ca ht ch c lm sng t vo nm 1908 bi nh khoa hc c, Gustav Mie, qua li gii da trn phng trnh sng in t Maxwell cho bi ton v s hp th v tn x ca sng trn b mt ca cc ht hnh cu. V vy, s hin th mu sc ca ht nano vng c ng knh t vi chc n vi trm nanomt khng trc tip lin quan n s lng t ha nng lng v sng in t tc ng ln nhng in t t do b mt ht mang c tnh sng c c bn l thuyt da trn phng trnh Maxwell.

Hnh 9: S thay i mu sc ca ht nano vng cc kch thc khc nhau (Ngun: Dr. Michael Cortie, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia).

Mu vng quen thuc ca vng l s hp th nh sng mu xanh ca ph mt tri v pht ra mu vng. Nhng khi vng c thu nh cho n kch c nh hn bc sng ca vng nh sng thy c (400 - 700 nm), theo Mie hin tng "cng hng plasmon b mt" (surface plasmon resonance, SPR) xy ra. y l do tc ng ca in trng ca sng in t (nh sng) vo cc in t t do trn b mt ca ht nano. in trng lm phn cc ht, dn in t v mt pha to ra hai vng, vng mang in tch m v vng mang in tch dng (Hnh 10). V bn cht sng nn in trng dao ng lm cho s phn cc b mt dao ng theo. S dao ng ny c gi l "plasmon". m my in tch trn b mt ht cng s dao ng lc m lc dng theo nhp iu v cng ca in trng. mt kch thc v hnh dng thch hp ca ht nano, dao ng (tn s) ca m my in tch s trng hp vi dao ng ca mt vng nh sng no . S cng hng xy ra v vng nh sng ny s b cc ht nano hp th. y l mt hin tng c bit cho vng v bc nhng khng thy cc kim loi khc nh st, bch kim hay palladium.

Hnh 10: S phn cc in t b mt ca ht hnh cu do in trng ca sng in t.

SPR c bc sng hp th trong khong 520 nm (sng mu xanh) v t b nh hng ca kch thc ht trong phm vi t 9 n 22 nm (Bng 2). Cc ht nano hp th nh sng xanh s hin th mu . Khi nhn li knh "ruby" m c nhn ch to t my trm nm trc, ta nhn ra ngay nhng ht nano vng c ch to theo phng thc c truyn c kch thc 9 - 22 nm. Khi ht cng ln th bc sng hp th c bc sng di hn v khi n kch thc 99 nm, ht hp th sng mu vng (bc sng 575 nm) v hin th mu xanh. Bng 2: S phn cc ca in t b mt do in trng ca sng in t [13].
ng knh ht (nm) 9 15 22 48 99 Bc sng hp th (nm) 517 520 521 533 575

Vi mt sng kin c o, mt nhm nghin cu ti Rice University (M) [14] ph vng ln ht nano silica (thy tinh) to nn v nano vng (nanoshell). iu chnh ng knh ht silica n 210 nm v dy ca vng lm di chuyn s hp th sng in t bi SPR n vng tia cn

hng ngoi (bc sng 800 - 2.200 nm). Phng php ph vng ln ht thy tinh silica to ra mt vt liu lai vi kh nng hp th sng bi SPR v pha vng ph ca nhng bc sng di hn vng hng ngoi, tin v sng terahertz, vi ba, nhng di sng rt quan trng trong cng ngh truyn thng. Trong di sng ny, tim nng ng dng ca loi ht nano lai trong cc dng c quang in t gn nh v hn. Hiu ng SPR s bin mt khi vt liu tr li trng thi khi. Khi cc ht nano vng tp tch n ln micromt, ci mu vng quyn r nguyn thy ca kim loi vng s xut hin tr li. Ngc li, hiu ng SPR cng s bin mt khi ht nano nh hn 2 nm. th nguyn ny, ta i vo th gii lng t. Ging nh chm lng t bn dn c cp bn trn, nng lng c lng t ha thnh cc mc ri rc. Sng in t gi y c tc dng ht (quang t). Nhm ca gio s Robert Dickson (Georgia Institute of Techology, M) to ra nhng ht nano (chm lng t) vng vi kch thc tht chnh xc cha 5, 8, 13, 23 v 31 nguyn t [15]. y l nhng ht pht hunh quang trong chm 31 nguyn t c ng knh ln nht khong 1 nm. Nhng ht ny c x l b mt ha tan c trong nc. Trong dung dch nc, theo th t kch thc t nh n ln khi c kch hot nhng ht ny c kh nng pht ra tia t ngoi, nh sng xanh, xanh l cy, v tia hng ngoi (Hnh 11). So vi chm lng t bn dn CdSe cha vi trm n hn 1.000 nguyn t, chm lng t vng nh hn vi vi chc nguyn t v khng c c tnh nh Cd. V vy, tim nng p dng trong y hc rt ln.

Hnh 11: S pht hunh quang nh sng xanh ca ht nano vng cha 8 nguyn t vng [15].

8. Ging lng t v tia hng ngoi Tia hng ngoi (hng: , ngoi: ngoi) l vng sng pha ngoi nh sng , c bc sng di hn nh sng tri di t 700 nm n 14.000 nm (14 m). Tia hng ngoi l vng sng in t v cng quan trng trong cc ng dng vin thng, khng gian, quc phng v dn dng. Nhng g ta gi l "nhit" theo ngha thng thng pht t l si, ly nc nng, c th con ngi u nm trong vng sng hng ngoi. Mc d tia hng ngoi c bng tn di rng (broadband), nhng phn ln b bu khng kh hp th ch cha li nhng "ca s", tc l nhng vng sng tia hng ngoi khng b hp th, c bit l vng sng 3 - 5 m v 8 - 14 m. Hai vng ny theo nh lut bc x Planck tng ng mt vt pht nhit c nhit 300 - 600 C (3 - 5 m) v 30 40 C (8 - 14 m). Mt cch ngu nhin, y cng l vng nhit ca ng c n hay ng c phn lc v nhit con ngi. V vy, trong nhng dng c cm bin vi tia hng ngoi (infrared detector/sensor) ngi ta thit k vt liu c th hp th hai vng sng ny. Cng ngh tia hng ngoi t n mc trng thnh v sn xut nhng dng c v thit b quan trng. B cm bin hng ngoi l mt b phn trung tm ca tn la tm nhit dng truy lng nhng ngun nhit t my bay v tu chin i phng, iu khin tn la ph tung mc tiu. B cm bin vin hng ngoi (bc sng 8 - 12 m) l mt trong nhng thit b quan trng trong cc v tinh dng quan st mt t cho mc ch qun s v dn s. Mt trong nhng dng c quan trng khc l my nh hng ngoi chc thng mn m, xuyn qua bi rm chp nhng bc nh do s khc bit nhit gia mc tiu chp v mi trng xung quanh (Hnh 12). Thit b ny c gn vo ng nhm hoc knh c nhn (goggle) x tot bng ti pht hin d dng nhng k i ngang v tt, thch chui vo bi lm nhng chuyn m m linh tinh!

Hnh 12: Hai ngi lnh trong bi rm vi mn m dy t hin ra trong my nh hng ngoi (Ngun: Wikipedia).

Mc d nn cng ngh hng ngoi trng thnh, nhng ch to nhng vt liu cm ng hng ngoi nhng bc sng nht nh vi nhy cao vn l nhng th thch ln trong vt liu hc. Nhng vt liu cm th tia hng ngoi thng l silicon hay l cc hp cht bn dn nh PtSi, InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe. Gn y, vt liu hu c nh ng than nano v polymer dn in c kho st cng cho thy s cm ng i vi tia hng ngoi. Khi quang t hng ngoi kch hot in t ca vt liu, dng in xut hin v qua cng dng in s khc bit nhit ca mc tiu c ghi nhn thnh hnh nh. Nguyn tc ny cng ging nh my nh k thut s thng thng trong s xut hin dng in l do cm ng vi nh sng thy c. T thp nin 80 ca th k trc, cc nh khoa hc ghi nhn kh nng hp th tia hng ngoi xy ra ti cc bc nng lng ca ging lng t. C quan NASA v Jet Propulsion Laboratories (California Institute of Technology, M) t hai thp nin qua u t vo chng trnh nghin cu "b cm ng hng ngoi ging lng t" (quantum well infrared photodetector, QWIP) v ch to my nh QWIP cho v tinh v cho nhng trang b theo di tn la n o [16]. QWIP l chng trnh nghin cu c mt quc gia ca M v ch mi c gii mt vo nm 1997. Nhu cu ch to nhng "thin l nhn" dng trong cc v tinh ngoi khng gian quan st qu a cu cho vic tin on thi tit, tm kim qung m, trinh st qun s i hi nhng vt

liu c th cm ng tia vin hng ngoi vi bc sng rt di (> 12 m). nhng bc sng di nng lng cng nh (E = h = hc/) v ci ging lng t ca phng trnh sng Schrdinger tr thnh mt nn tng c bn trong vic thit k vt liu p ng nhu cu ny. Vt liu tiu biu ca QWIP l hp cht bn dn GaAs v AlGaAs. GaAs l mt lp mng nanomt c kp gia hai lp AlGaAs. AlGaAs c khe di nng lng to hn GaAs, nn khi kt hp li vi nhau ging lng t GaAs vi ng knh vi nanomt s c thnh hnh (Hnh 13). Kch thc ca ging GaAs c thit k sao cho in t trong ging c quang t hng ngoi kch hot ln bc nng lng cao hn nhy thot ra khi ming ging tr thnh dng in (Hnh 13). Chiu cao ging c iu chnh bi nng nhm trong hp cht AlGaAs v khong cch gia cc bc nng lng bi ng knh ging (cng thc 5, Ph lc). Ging nh trng hp s pht hunh quang ca chm lng t, ta dng mt vt liu ging nhau ch cn iu chnh ng knh v chiu cao nano ca ging, QWIP c th bao trm ton th vng hng ngoi, cm ng nhng vng sng t cn hng ngoi (1 - 3 m) n vin hng ngai (8 - 12 m), cc vin hng ngoi (> 12 m). Cc nh vt liu hc i xa hn, thit k cc loi ging lng t c th cm nhn quang t vng sng c bc sng di hn na tin n vng sng terahertz (bc sng 30 - 3000 m, nng lng mili eV) c nhiu p dng trong y hc v vic chng khng b, r sot v kh hay bom mang trong ngi.

Hnh 13: C ch ca QWIP. in t () c kch hot trong ging lng t nhy ra ngoi tr thnh dng in. (a): AlGaAs; (b):GaAs; (1) (2): Khe di nng lng; (.....): Bc nng lng trong ging do s lng t ha.

Nhng tin b trong cch to hnh chm lng t bn dn trong cng ngh nano a n vic p dng chm lng t trong b cm ng hng ngoi (quantum dot infrared detector, QDIP). Nhng nm gn y, rt nhiu kt qu ca cc cng trnh QDIP c cng b trn cc tp ch chuyn ngnh [17]. Theo l thuyt QDIP c nhy cao hn QWIP v cc hp cht bn dn cm ng vng vin hng ngoi, nhng chng cn thi gian cho s nghin cu tr thnh cc sn phm in t v quang in t hu dng. Ch trong vng 20 nm QWIP c nhng bt ph k thut v tr thnh mt b mn quan trng trong cng ngh bn dn. L thuyt v QWIP c vit thnh sch [18-19], v nhng phng thc trong cng ngh nano to ra vt liu nano vi chnh xc cp nanomt s cho ta nhng dng c hng ngoi, terahertz tha mn nhy v chc nng cao trong mt tng lai khng xa. 9. Tim nng ng dng

Ngoi s pht quang, vic chuyn hon nng lng mt tri thnh in nng l mt ng dng quan trng khc ca chm lng t vi hiu sut kinh ngc 300 %, vt tri hn tt c vt liu c bit t trc n nay (hiu sut ca pin mt tri silicon trn thng trng ch c 15 %) [20]. Vt liu nano cn c mt ng dng ni bt l tr liu, chn on bnh, ti thuc n t bo bnh v cc p dng trong khc nghin cu y sinh hc. S pht sng hunh quang khng ngng vic to cc loi bng n nhiu mu sc. Chm lng t (ht nano) c "gn" vo cc phn t sinh hc trong t bo. Di s kch hot ca tia t ngoi, chm lng t pht quang ging nh cy thng Ging sinh trong t bo, gip ta phn bit phn t ta mun quan st vi cc phn t xung quanh. Cc nh khoa hc tn dng hiu ng cng hng plasmon ca ht nano vng to ra b cm ng sinh hc v s pht hunh quang trong vic tr liu ung th. Thin l nhn QWIP bao trm c vng hng ngoi v sng terahertz l mt loi thit b cm ng a nng, khi p dng cho thin vn c kh nng "nhn" thy nhng hnh tinh lnh chi vi trong v tr, hay gn gi hn nhn a cu t v tinh, v khi hng vo c th con ngi QWIP gip y s nh v khi u ung th, gia tng s chnh xc cho qu trnh phu thut. Tt c nhng tim nng ng dng nhiu ha hn ny nm ngoi khun kh bi vit v s c cp mt c hi khc. 10. Thng x ngu! Mc d Einstein l ngi thy r hn ai ht trc ng nn tng xc sut ca cc nh lut vt l, v ng l ngi tin phong trong cuc chin u chinh phc s hoang d ca cc hin tng lng t (Max Born) [21], nhng cui cng Einstein khng tin vo tnh xc sut nh nn tng ca th gii vi m. Cho n ngy ng qua i, Einstein khng tin c hc lng t l mt l thuyt hon chnh. ng hoi nghi nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg ri sau phi cng nhn n, nhng vn bt ng kin vi Bohr v th gii quan lng t, c din t qua cu ni "Thng

khng x ngu" (God does not play dice). Cu ni l mt m nh ln ca cc nh khoa hc nhiu thp nin lin, lm cho nhiu tr tu ln trong vt l phi ngp ngng, bi ri. Nhng nh l Bell (1964) v cc kim tra thc nghim ni tip sau chng minh rng Thng qu tht x ngu [21]. V Thng chi tr ny rt gii v ngy hm nay bit bao ng dng in t, quang in t hu ch cho con ngi xut hin nh vo tnh cht xc sut ca th gii lng t. Bc vo th k 21, c hc lng t khng cn mang mu sc huyn b ca trit hc hay ch l mt cuc chi ton hc cao cp tha mn tnh hiu k hn lm, m n c khot ln chic o thc dng vi nhng p dng quan trng trong tin hc lng t (quantum information) v cng ngh nano. Nh trong bi vit ny trnh by, s thu nh ca vt liu n cp nanomt cho thy r s chi phi lng t, to ra nhng bc nng lng ri rc. Ch cn nhng qui lut c bn nht trong c hc lng t cng cho ra nhng ng dng cc k mi l qua s tc ng ca sng in t trn cc vt liu nano tri rng t sng terahertz, vin hng ngoi cho n vng nh sng thy c, tia t ngoi, bao trm mt vng to ln ca sng in t vi bc sng ko di t vi ngn micromt n vi trm nanomt. iu ny phn nh s thnh cng ln ca cm ng hng ngoi trong nn cng nghip bn dn hin i. Vt liu nano tr thnh mt sn chi c hc lng t thao tng v khng nh tim nng p dng ca mnh. C hc lng t cng l nh uc dn ng nh hng vic ch to nhng vt liu nano mi cho cc ng dng tng lai trong in t, quang in t v quang t hc. Tinh th nano, ht nano, ng nano, que nano ca cc cht hu c, oxide kim loi hay bn dn v c vi nhiu hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, ln lt xut hin trong cc phng th nghim trn th gii. n LED, n hunh quang ht nano cho nhng tim nng ng dng v cng phong ph ca cng ngh "xanh" theo tiu chun t tiu hao nng lng, gim thiu nhim v gn gi mi sinh. Lng t v nano cng l bn tay m du ca ngi hin mu. Chng l ct

sng ca nhng p dng y khoa hin i cng lc cng em n nhiu thnh qu bt ng trong vic nh v, kt hp, cm ng vi phn t sinh hc, ti thuc, pht hin t bo ung th cho vic tr liu v phu thut. Khi nhng cng trnh nghin cu thun l ca c hc lng t c kt hp vi cu cnh thc dng ca nn cng ngh nano, nhiu tng mi s ny sinh, nng cao l lun vt l vt ra ngoi phm vi hin c, cng nh to ra nhiu c hi cho cc nghin cu a ngnh hnh thnh cc loi vt liu mi vi nhng ng dng siu vit cho cuc sng i thng. C th khng nh rng nhng iu ny s khng xy ra nu khng c hng s Planck; mt hng s khim tn c mt tr s rt nh nhng nh hng tht l v i. N mang tnh ph qut bao trm v tr, ng tr th gii ca vt cht cc nh n th gii ca v s cc thin h bao la, lm thay i s hiu bit v v tr, v tip tc phong ph ha cuc sng con ngi trn qu a cu nh b ny. Trng Vn Tn Thng 8, 2008 Cui ng Nam bn cu

ng thnh mt chng sch trong quyn "Max Planck: Ngi khai sng thuyt lng t" (2009). Ch bin: Phm Xun Ym - Nguyn Xun Xanh - Trnh Xun Thun - Chu Ho - o Vng c. Nh xut bn: Tri Thc, H Ni.

Ph lc: Bi ton chm lng t v ging lng t ca phng trnh sng Schrdinger Chi tit v phng trnh sng Schrdinger c th tm thy cc sch gio khoa ha l ca nm th nht i hc. y, li gii v cc bc nng lng ca ging lng t s c trnh by. Phng trnh sng Schrdinger l mt phng trnh vi phn, cho trng hp mt th nguyn x, c vit nh sau,

(-h2/82m)(d2 /dx2) = E

(1)

h l hng s Plack (6,626 x 10-34 J.s), m l khi lng in t, E l cc bc nng lng in t, y l hm s sng. Li gii ca phng trnh (1) cho ging hay chm lng t c ng knh a l,
= A sin(nx/a)
n= 1, 2, 3, .

(2)

A l mt hng s, n l s th t ca cc bc nng lng (Hnh P1) Thay cng thc (2) vo (1), ta c
E = n2h2/8ma2 n= 1, 2, 3, . (3)

Khi n= 1 ta c
E1 = Equantum = h2/8ma2

(4)

sai bit nng lng gia bc n =1 v n = 2 l


E2 - E1 = 3h2/8ma2

(5)

Kt qu trn cho ta thy hng s Planck, h, chi phi tr s nng lng v sai bit gia cc mc nng lng (cng thc 4 v 5). V hng s Planck rt nh, theo cng thc trn i vi nhng vt c kch thc v m, trung m (m, cm, mm, m), cc tr s ny gn nh zero. V vy, di nng lng cho ta cm gic gn nh lin tc. Tuy nhin, khi a th nguyn nanomt nh trong trng hp ging lng t hay chm lng t sai bit gia cc bc nng lng tng ln ng k v khng th xem nh l zero na. Cc bc nng lng tr nn ri rc, ta gi y l s lng t ha nng lng.

Hnh P1: Cc bc nng lng in t ca chm lng t hay ging lng t c ng knh a.

Ti liu tham kho v ch thch 1. mt in t di chuyn trong in p 1 volt, ta cn nng lng 1 electron-volt (eV) (E = 1 eV = 1,602 x 10-19 J). Vn tc v c tnh t E = 1/2 (mv2), v= 5,93 x 105 m/s. Khi lng m ca electron l 9,1 x 10-28 g. T cng thc de Broglie, = h/mv, = 1,2 x 10-9 m. 2. Mt c vt s lm tri banh golf (khi lng m = 45 g) bay vi vn tc 30 m/s. Dng cng thc de Broglie, bc sng ca tri banh golf l 4,9 x 10-34 m. y l con s cc k nh v v ngha. 3. Matthieu Ricards and Trinh Xuan Thuan, "The quantum and the lotus", Three Rivers Press, New York, 2001. 4. M. Arndt, K. Hornberger and A. Zeilinger, Physics World, March 2005, pp.35. 5. J. Park, J. Joo, S.G. Kwon, Y. Jang and T. Hyeon, Angnew. Chem. Int. Ed., 46 (2007) 4630.

6. M.B. Cortie, Gold Bulletin, 37 (2004) 1. 7. K.S. Suslick, M. Fang, T. Hyeon, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 118 (1996) 11960. 8. W. Eberhart, Surface Science, 500 (2002) 242. 9. Trng Vn Tn, "Vt liu tin tin: t polymer dn in n ng than nano", nxb Tr, TP HCM, 2008. 10. B.O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez Viejo, F.V. Mikulec, J.R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K.F. Jensen and M.G. Bawendi, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101 (1997) 9463. 11. Photonics Spectra, June 2008, pp.98. 12. H.S. Jang, H. Yang, S.W. Kim, J.Y. Han, S.G. Lee and D.Y. Jeon, Adv. Mater, 20 (2008) 2696. 13. M.-C. Daniel and D. Astruc, Chem. Rev., 104 (2004) 293. 14. S.J. Odenburg, J.B. Jacson, S.L. Westcott and N.J. Halas, Appl. Phys. Lett., 75 (1999) 2897. 15. J. Zheng, C. Zhang, R.M. Dickson, Phys. Rev. Lett., 93 (2004) 077402-1. 16. S.D. Gunapala et al, Infrared Phys. & Tech., 42 (2001) 267. 17. J. Jiang et al, Appl. Phys.Lett., 84 (2004) 2166. 18. K.K. Choi, "The physics of quantum well infrared photodetectors", World Scientific, London, 1997. 19. H. Schneider and H.C. Liu, "Quantum well infrared photodetectors", Springer, Berlin New York, 2007. 20. R.J. Ellingson, M.C. Beard, J.C. Johnson, P. Yu, O.I. Micic, A.J. Nozik, A. Shabaev and A.L. Efros, Nano Lett., 5

(2005) 865. 21. Nguyn Xun Xanh, "Einstein", Chng 7, nxb Tng hp TP HCM, 2007.

(*) Anh Trng Vn Tn sinh qun ti tnh Sa c, cu hc sinh trng trung hc Sa c v Tng Phc Hip (Vnh Long). Anh Tn n Nht cui nm 1969. Anh tt nghip Bachelor Eng. (1975), Master Eng. (1977) trng Tokodai (Tokyo Institute of Technology) v PhD (1980, University of Adelaide, c). Anh Tn hin lm vic ti Vin Khoa Hc v Cng Ngh Quc Phng (Defence Science and Technology Organisation) trc thuc Chnh Ph Lin Bang c. Anh chuyn v Vt Liu Hc v hin nghin cu v polymers dn in v ng nano carbon. Anh cng b hn 70 bi bo co khoa hc trn cc tp ch khoa hc quc t. Xem thm nhng bi vit ca anh Trng Vn Tn trn ERCT

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