CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

LI M U

Cc h c s d liu (h CSDL) u tin c xy dng theo cc m hnh phn cp v m hnh mng, xut hin vo nhng nm 1960, c xem l th h th nht ca cc h qun tr c s d liu (h QTCSDL). Tip theo l th h th hai, cc h QTCSDL quan h, c xy dng theo m hnh d liu quan h do E.F. Codd xut vo nm 1970. Cc h QTCSDL c mc tiu t chc d liu, truy cp v cp nht nhng khi lng ln d liu mt cch thun li, an ton v hiu qu. Hai th h u cc h QTCSDL p ng c nhu cu thu thp v t chc cc d liu ca cc c quan, x nghip v t chc kinh doanh. Tuy nhin, vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh truyn thng v s bnh trng mnh m ca mng Internet, cng vi xu th ton cu ho trong mi lnh vc, c bit l v thng mi, lm ny sinh nhiu ng dng mi trong phi qun l nhng i tng c cu trc phc tp (vn bn, m thanh, hnh nh) v ng (cc chng trnh, cc m phng). Trong nhng nm 1990 xut hin mt th h th ba cc h QTCSDL - cc h "hng i tng", c kh nng h tr cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia). Vi vic phn b ngy cng rng ri ca cc cng ty, x nghip, d liu bi ton l rt ln v khng tp trung c. Cc CSDL thuc th h mt v hai khng gii quyt c cc bi ton trong mi trng mi khng tp trung m phn tn, song song vi cc d liu v h thng khng thun nht, th h th ba ca h qun tr CSDL ra i vo nhng nm 80 trong c CSDL phn tn p ng nhng nhu cu mi.

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 1

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

CHNG I GII THIU S LC C S D LIU PHN MNH I. H CSDL phn tn

nh ngha CSDL phn tn Mt CSDL phn tn l mt tp hp nhiu CSDL c lin i logic v c phn b trn mt mng my tnh Tnh cht phn tn: Ton b d liu ca CSDL phn tn khng c c tr mt ni m c tr ra trn nhiu trm thuc mng my tnh, iu ny gip chng ta phn bit CSDL phn tn vi CSDL tp trung n l. Tng quan logic: Ton b d liu ca CSDL phn tn c mt s cc thuc tnh rng buc chng vi nhau, iu ny gip chng ta c th phn bit mt CSDL phn tn vi mt tp hp CSDL cc b hoc cc tp c tr ti cc v tr khc nhau trong mt mng my tnh. Trong h thng c s d liu phn tn gm nhiu trm, mi trm c th khai thc cc giao tc truy nhp d liu trn nhiu trm khc. Ti mi chi nhnh c mt my tnh iu khin mt s my k ton cui cng (Teller terminal). Mi my tnh vi c s d liu thng k a phng ca n ti mi chi nhnh c t mt v tr ca c s d liu phn tn. Cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi mt mng truyn thng. CHNG II PHN MNH D LIU TRONG H PHN TN I. Tm hiu khi nim Vic chia mt quan h thnh nhiu quan h nh hn c gi l phn mnh quan h. Cc l do phn mnh Khung nhn hoc n v truy xut ca cc ng dng khng phi l ton b quan h m thng l mt mnh. Vic phn r mt quan h thnh nhiu mnh, mi mnh c x l nh mt n v, s cho php thc hin nhiu giao dch ng thi.Vic phn mnh cc quan h s cho php thc hin song

Phn mnh quan h l g :

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 2

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

song mt cu vn tin bng cch chia n ra thnh mt tp cc cu vn tin con hot tc trn cc mnh Nu cc ng dng c cc khung nhn c nh ngha trn mt quan h cho trc nm ti nhng v tr khc th c hai cch chn la n v phn tn: + hoc l ton b quan h + hoc quan h c lu mt v tr c chy ng dng.

Nhn xt: Chn la th nht gy ra mt s lng ln cc truy xut khng cn thit n d liu xa. Chn la sau s gy ra nhiu vn khi cp nht v lng ph khng gian lu tr. Khuyt im ca vic phn mnh: Nu ng dng c nhng yu cu ngn cn vic phn r thnh cc mnh c s dng c quyn, th nhng ng dng c cc khung nhn c nh ngha trn nhiu mnh s b gim hiu sut hot ng. Nu mt khung nhn i hi thng tin nhiu mnh th vic truy xut d liu ni li s c chi ph cao. Kim sot d liu ng ngha (semantic data control): Do kt qu ca phn mnh, cc thuc tnh tham gia vo mt ph thuc c th b phn r vo cc mnh khc nhau v c cp pht cho nhng v tr khc nhau. Trong trng hp ny, mt nhim v n gin nh kim tra cc ph thuc cng phi thc hin truy tm d liu nhiu v tr. Cc kiu phn mnh.

II.

Phn mnh ngang (horizontal fragmentation) Phn mnh dc (vertical fragmentation). Phn mnh hn hp (hibrid fragmentation) Ch : Qu trnh phn mnh phi c gn lin vi vn cp pht d liu v bi ton c th nh th no. III. Tm hiu cc kiu phn mnh. a. Phn mnh ngang. * nh ngha: phn mnh ngang mt quan h tng th n-b R l tch R thnh cc quan h con n-b R1, R2, ..., Rk sao cho quan h R c th c khi phc li t cc quan h con ny bng php hp: R = R1 R2 ... Rk

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 3

CSDL Phn Tn
* Phn loi: C hai loi phn mnh ngang:

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Phn mnh ngang chnh (primary horizontal fragmentation): phn mnh ngang chnh ca mt quan h c thc hin da trn cc v t c nh ngha trn quan h . Phn mnh ngang dn xut (derived horizonta lfragmentation): phn mnh ngang dn xut ca mt quan h c thc hin da trn cc v t c nh ngha trn quan h khc. Nh vy, trong phn mnh ngang tp cc v t ng mt vai tr quan trng. * Thng tin v c s d liu: Trong lc nim ton cc, cc quan h c kt vi nhau. Trong m hnh lin kt thc th (ER model): Quan h ch hoc quan h ngun. Quan h bphn hoc quan h ch. Cc hm owner v member.

Hnh 1.1: Biu din cc mi lin kt gia cc quan h dng cc ng lin kt .

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 4

CSDL Phn Tn
*Thng tin v ng dng Cc v t c s dng trong cc truy vn.

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Ch phn tch cc ng dng quan trng xc nh cc v t ny. Gi s phn mnh ngang quan h R (A1, A2,... An), vi Ai l thuc tnh c nh ngha trn min Di. V t n gin (simple predicate) pj c nh ngha trn R c dng: Ai value l mt trong cc php so snh =, , <, , >, value c chn t min tr ca Ai (value Di) K hiu Pr l tp cc v t n gin c nh ngha trn quan h R. Cc phn t ca Pr c k hiu l pj. * Cc yu cu ca vic phn mnh Vic phn mnh mt quan h tng th cng phi tun theo mt s quy tc nht nh khi ti thit li quan h c vn bo m ng ngha ca n. Mt phng php thit k cc phn mnh ng n phi tha mn ba tnh cht sau: Tnh y (completeness) Tnh ti thit c (reconstruction) Tnh tch bit (disjointness): * Tnh y : Nu mt quan h R c phn r thnh cc mnh R1, R2, ..., Rk th mi mc d liu c trong R phi c trong t nht mt mnh Ri no . * Tnh ti thit c: Nu mt quan h R c phn r thnh cc mnh R1, R2, ..., Rk th phi tn ti mt ton t sao cho R = (Ri), i. Ton t thay i ty theo tng loi phn mnh. Trong thc t khi cc mnh c phn mnh ngang th l php hp, phn mnh dc th l php ni v phn mnh hn hp th l php na ni . * Tnh tch bit:

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 5

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Nu mt quan h R c phn mnh ngang thnh cc quan h R1, R2, ..., Rk v mc d liu ti nm trong mnh Ri th n s khng nm trong mt mnh Rk, ki. Tiu chun ny bo m cc mnh ngang phi c tch ri nhau. Nu quan h c phn mnh dc th thuc tnh chung phi c lp li trong mi mnh. Do , trong trng hp phn mnh dc tnh tch bit ch c nh ngha trn cc trng khng phi l thuc tnh chung ca quan h.

Phn mnh ngang chnh Mnh ngang chnh c xc nh bng php chn trn quan h ton cc. Ri= Fi (R); 1 in Fi l iu kin chn ca mnh Ri Nu Fi dng chun giao th n l mt v t giao ti thiu mi Tnh ng n ca phn mnh ngang chnh: mi bca quan hton cc c a vo trong mt vchmt mnh. Xc nh phn mnh ngang chnh ca mt quan hton cc l xc nh mt tp cc v t chn (selection predicate) y v tch bit. Cc b thuc cng mt mnh phi c tham chiu ging nhau trong tt c cc ng dng. Mnh ngang (horizontal fragment) hoc mnh giao ti thiu (minterm fragment) Ri bao gm tt ccc bca R tha mn v t giao ti thiu mi. * Cc bc thit k phn mnh ngang Bc 1: Tm tp cc v t chn Pr l y v ti thiu. Bc 2: Tm tp cc v t giao ti thiu c th c nh ngha trn cc v t ca Pr Mt v t n gin pi c gi l Vch hp (relevant) i vi mt tp Pr cc v t n gin, nu tn ti t nht hai v t giao ti thiu mi v mj ca Pr m cc biu thc ca chng ch khc nhau pi (tc l mi cha pi v mj cha pi) v tn ti t nht mt

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 6

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

ng dng tham chiu khc nhau n hai mnh fi v fj (tng ng vi mi v mj).

Mt tp cc v t n gin Pr c gi l y (complete) nu v ch nu bt k hai b no thuc bt k mnh giao ti thiu no c nh ngha theo Pr th bt k ng dng no u tham chiu n hai b ny vi cng mt xc sut. Mt tp cc v t n gin Pr c gi l ti thiu (minimal) nu tt c cc v t ca n l cc v t Vch hp. Cho Pr={p1, p2, ..., pm} l mt tp cc v t n gin. cho Pr biu din phn mnh ng n v hiu qu th Pr phi y v ti thiu. Phn mnh ngang dn xut - L s phn chia cc b ca mt quan h ton cc thnh cc tp hp con, c gi l mnh ngang, da vo s phn mnh ngang ca mt quan h khc (c gi l quan h ch) V t nh tnh (qualification): iu kin kt V t nh tnh ca quan h ch tng ng Kt lun Phn mnh dc ni ring v phn mnh ni chung l mt phn trong qu trnh thit k cc h c s d liu phn tn,l cng vic u tin phi thc hin.vi mc ch to ra cc n v cp pht logic,sao cho chi ph thc hin truy vn thng tin l thp nht. Bi ton thit k h c s d liu phn tn l bi ton kh v phc tp,vn ti u cc h c s d liu phn tn cn c gii quyt v hin nay vn ang c i su nghin cu. b.nh ngha phn mnh dc: Phn mnh dc l s phn chia tp thuc tnh ca mt quan h ton cc thnh tp thuc tnh con, cc mnh dc c c bng cch chiu quan h ton cc trn mi tp thuc tnh con. Mt phn mnh dc cho mt quan h R sinh ra cc mnh R1, R2,..,Rr, mi mnh cha mt tp con thuc tnh ca R v c kho ca R. Mc ch ca phn mnh dc l phn hoch mt quan h thnh mt tp cc quan h nh hn nhiu ng dng ch cn chy trn mt mnh. Mt phn mnh ti ul phn mnh sinh ra mt lc phn mnh cho php gim ti a thi gian thc thi cc ng dng chy trn mnh .

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 7

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Phn mnh dc tt nhin l phc tp hn so vi phn mnh ngang. iu ny l do tng s chn la c th ca mt phn hoch dc rt ln. V vy c c cc li gii ti u cho bi ton phn hoch dc thc s rt kh khn. V th li phi dng cc phng php khm ph (heuristic). Chng ta a ra hai loi heuristic cho phn mnh dc cc quan h ton cc. - Nhm thuc tnh: Bt u bng cch gn mi thuc tnh cho mt mnh, v ti mi bc, ni mt s mnh li cho n khi tha mt tiu chun no . K thut ny c c xut ln u cho cc CSDL tp trung v v sau c dng cho cc CSDL phn tn. - Tch mnh: Bt u bng mt quan h v quyt nh cch phn mnh c li da trn hnh vi truy xut ca cc ng dng trn cc thuc tnh. Bi v phn hoch dc t vo mt mnh cc thuc tnh thng c truy xut chung vi nhau, chng ta cn c mt gi tr o no nh ngha chnh xc hn v khi nim chung vi nhau. S o ny gi l t lc hay lc ht (affinity) ca thuc tnh, ch ra mc lin i gia cc thuc tnh. Yu cu d liu chnh c lin quan n cc ng dng l tn s truy xut ca chng. gi Q={q1, q2,,qq} l tp cc vn tin ca ngi dng (cc ng dng) s chy trn quan h R(A1, A2,,An). Th th vi mi cu vn tin qi v mi thuc tnh Aj, chng ta s a ra mt gi tr s dng thuc tnh, k hiu use(qi, Aj) c nh ngha nh sau: 1 nu thuc tnh Aj c vn tin qi tham chiu use(qi, Aj)= 0 trong trng hp ngc li Cc vct use(qi, ) cho mi ng dng rt d nh ngha nu nh thit k bit c cc ng dng s chy trn CSDL. V d 1: Xt quan h DA, gi s rng cc ng dng sau y chy trn cc quan h . Trong mi trng hp chng ta cng c t bng SQL. q1: Tm ngn sch ca mt d n, cho bit m ca d n SELECT FROM WHERE Ngn sch DA MDA=gi tr

q2: Tm tn v ngn sch ca tt c mi d n

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 8

CSDL Phn Tn
SELECT FROM TnDA, ngn sch DA

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

q3: Tm tn ca cc d n c thc hin ti mt thnh ph cho SELECT FROM WHERE tnDA DA a im=gi tr

q4: Tm tng ngn sch d n ca mi thnh ph SELECT FROM WHERE SUM (ngn sch) DA a im=gi tr

Da theo bn ng dng ny, chng ta c th nh ngha ra cc gi tr s dng thuc tnh. cho tin v mt k php, chng ta gi A1=MDA, A2=TnDA, A3=Ngn sch, A4=a im. Gi tr s dng c nh ngha di dng ma trn, trong mc (i,j) biu th use(qi , Aj ). A1 q1 q2 q3 q4 T lc ca 1 0 0 0 A2 0 1 1 0 A3 1 1 0 1 A4 0 0 1 1 cc thuc tnh

Gi tr s dng thuc tnh khng lm c s cho vic tch v phn mnh. iu ny l do chng khng biu th cho ln ca tn s ng dng. S o lc ht (affinity) ca cc thuc tnh aff(Ai, Aj), biu th cho cu ni (bond) gia hai thuc tnh ca mt quan h theo cch chng c cc ng dng truy xut, s l mt i lng cn thit cho bi ton phn mnh. Xy dng cng thc o lc ht ca hai thuc tnh Ai, Aj. Gi k l s cc mnh ca R c phn mnh. Tc l R = R1 .Rk. Q= {q1, q2,,qm} l tp cc cu vn tin (tc l tp cc ng dng chy trn quan h R). t Q(A, B) l tp cc ng dng q ca Q m use(q, A).use(q, B) = 1.

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 9

CSDL Phn Tn
Ni cch khc: Q(A, B) = {qQ: use(q, A) =use(q, B) = 1}

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

V d da vo ma trn trn ta thy Q(A1,A1) = {q1}, Q(A2,A2 ) = {q2, q3}, Q(A3,A3 ) = {q1,q2, q4}, Q(A4,A4 ) = {q3, q4}, Q(A1,A2 ) = rng, S o lc ht gia hai thuc tnh Ai, Aj c nh ngha l: aff(Ai, Aj)=
qk Q(Ai, Aj)

Q(A1,A3 ) = {q1}, Q(A2,A3 ) = {q2},.. refl (qk)accl(qk)

l Rl

Hoc: aff(Ai, Aj)=

Use(qk, Ai)=1 Use(qk, Aj)=1

refl (qk)accl(qk)
Rl

Trong refl (qk) l s truy xut n cc thuc tnh (Ai, Aj) cho mi ng dng qk ti v tr Rl v accl(qk) l s o tn s truy xut ng dng qk n cc thuc tnh Ai, Aj ti v tr l. Chng ta cn lu rng trong cng thc tnh aff (Ai, Aj) ch xut hin cc ng dng q m c Ai v Aj u s dng. Kt qu ca tnh ton ny l mt ma trn i xng n x n, mi phn t ca n l mt s o c nh ngha trn. Chng ta gi n l ma trn lc t ( lc ht hoc i lc) thuc tnh (AA) (attribute affinity matrix). V d 2: Chng ta hy tip tc vi V d 11. cho dn gin chng ta hy gi s rng refl (qk) =1 cho tt c qk v Rl. Nu tn s ng dng l: Acc1(q1) = 15 Acc1(q2) = 5 Acc1(q3) = 25 Acc1(q4) = 3 Acc2(q1) = 20 Acc2(q2) = 0 Acc2(q3) = 25 Acc2(q4) = 0 Acc3(q1) = 10 Acc3(q2) = 0 Acc3(q3) = 25 Acc3(q1) = 0

S o lc ht gia hai thuc tnh A1 v A3 l: Aff(A1, A3) = 1k=13t=1acct(qk) = acc1(q1)+acc2(q1)+acc3(q1) = 45 Tng t tnh cho cc cp cn li ta c ma trn i lc sau:

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 10

CSDL Phn Tn
A1 A1 A2 A3 A4 45 0 45 0 A2 0 80 5 75 A3 45 5 53 3

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

A4 0 75 3 78

Thut ton nng lng ni BEA (Bond Energy Algorithm) n y ta c th phn R lm cc mnh ca cc nhm thuc tnh da vo s lin i (lc ht) gia cc thuc tnh, V d t lc ca A1, A3 l 45, ca A2, A4 l 75, cn ca A1, A2 l 0, ca A3, A4 l 3 Tuy nhin, phng php tuyn tnh s dng trc tip t ma trn ny t c mi ngi quan tm v s dng. Sau y chng ta xt mt phng php dng thut ton nng lng ni BEA ca Hoffer and Severance, 1975 v Navathe., 1984. 1. N c thit k c bit xc nh cc nhm gm cc mc tng t, khc vi mt sp xp th t tuyn tnh ca cc mc. 2. Cc kt qu t nhm khng b nh hng bi th t a cc mc vo thut ton. 3. Thi gian tnh ton ca thut ton c th chp nhn c l O(n2), vi n l s lng thuc tnh. 4. Mi lin h qua li gia cc nhm thuc tnh t c th xc nh c. Thut ton BEA nhn nguyn liu l mt ma trn i lc thuc tnh (AA), hon v cc hng v ct ri sinh ra mt ma trn i lc t (CA) (Clustered affinity matrix). Hon v c thc hin sao cho s o i lc chung AM (Global Affinity Measure) l ln nht. Trong AM l i lng: AM=ni=1nj=1 aff(Ai, Aj)[aff(Ai, Aj-1)+aff(Ai, Aj+1)+aff(Ai-1, Aj)+ aff(Ai+1, Aj)] Vi aff(A0, Aj)=aff(Ai, A0)=aff(An+1, Aj)=aff(Ai, An+1)=0 cho i,j Tp cc iu kin cui cng cp n nhng trng hp mt thuc tnh c t vo CA v bn tri ca thuc tnh tn tri hoc v bn phi ca thuc tnh tn phi trong cc hon v ct, v bn trn hng trn cng v bn di hng cui cng trong cc hon v hng. Trong nhng trng hp ny, chng ta cho 0 l gi tr lc ht aff gia thuc tnh ang c xt v cc

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 11

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

ln cn bn tri hoc bn phi (trn cng hoc di y ) ca n hin cha c trong CA. Hm cc i ho ch xt nhng ln cn gn nht, v th n nhm cc gi tr ln vi cc gi tr ln , gi tr nh vi gi tr nh. V ma trn lc ht thuc tnh AA c tch cht i xng nn hm s va c xy dng trn thu li thnh: AM=ni=1nj=1 aff(Ai, Aj)[aff(Ai, Aj-1)+aff(Ai, Aj+1)] Qu trnh sinh ra ma trn t lc (CA) c thc hin qua ba bc: Bc 1: Khi gn: t v c nh mt trong cc ct ca AA vo trong CA. V d ct 1, c chn trong thut ton ny. Bc 2: Thc hin lp Ly ln lt mt trong n-i ct cn li (trong i l s ct c t vo CA) v th t chng vo trong i+1 v tr cn li trong ma trn CA. Chn ni t sao cho cho i lc chung AM ln nht. Tip tc lp n khi khng cn ct no dt. Bc 3: Sp th t hng Mt khi th t ct c xc nh, cc hng cng c t li cc v tr tng i ca chng ph hp vi cc v tr tng i ca ct. Thut ton BEA Input: AA - ma trn i lc thuc tnh; Output: CA - ma trn i lc t sau khi sp xp li cc hng cc ct; Begin {Khi gn: cn nh rng l mt ma trn n x n} CA(, 1)AA(, 1) CA(, 2)AA(, 2) Index:=3 while index <= n do begin for i :=1 to index-1 by 1 do tnh cont(Ai-1, Aindex, Ai); {chn v tr tt nht cho thuc tnh Aindex}

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 12

CSDL Phn Tn
Tnh cont(Aindex-1,Aindex, Aindex+1);

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

{ iu kin bin}

Loc ni t, c cho bi gi tr cont ln nht; for i: = index downto loc do CA(, j)CA(, j-1); CA(, loc)AA(, index); indexindex+1; end-while Sp th t cc hng theo th t tng i ca ct. end. {BEA} hiu r thut ton chng ta cn bit cont(*,*,*). Cn nhc li s o i lc chung AM c nh ngha l: AM=ni=1nj=1 aff(Ai, Aj)[aff(Ai, Aj-1)+aff(Ai, Aj+1)] V c th vit li: AM = ni=1nj=1 [aff(Ai, Aj) aff(Ai, Aj-1)+aff(Ai, Aj) aff(Ai, Aj+1)] = nj=1[ni=1 aff(Ai, Aj) aff(Ai, Aj-1)+ ni=1 aff(Ai, Aj) aff(Ai, Aj+1)] Ta nh ngha cu ni (Bond) gia hai thuc tnh Ax, v Ay l: Bond(Ax, Ay )=nz=1aff(Az, Ax)aff(Az, Ay) Th th c th vit li AM l: AM = nj=1[ Bond(Ai, Aj-1)+Bond(Ai, Aj+1)] By gi xt n thuc tnh sau: A1 A2 Ai-1 AM Khi s o lc ht chung cho nhng thuc tnh ny c th vit li: AMold = AM + AM+ bond(Ai-1, Ai) + bond(Ai, Aj) + bond(Aj, Ai)+ bond(bond(Aj+1, Aj) = nl=1[ bond(Al, Al-1)+bond(Ai, Al+1)] + nl=i+1[bond(Al, Al-1)+bond(Ai, Al+1)] + 2bond(Ai, Al)) By gi xt n vic t mt thuc tnh mi Ak gia cc thuc tnh Ai v Aj trong ma trn lc ht t. S o lc ht chung mi c th c vit tng t nh: Ai Aj Aj+1 An Aj+1 An thuc nhm {xo trn hai ma trn}

Vi A1 A2 Ai-1 thuc nhm AM v AiAj

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 13

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

AMnew = AM + AM+ bond(Ai, Ak) + bond(Ak, Ai) + bond(Ak, Aj)+ bond(Aj, Ak) = AM + AM+ 2bond(Ai, Ak) + 2bond(Ak, Aj) V th ng gp thc (net contribution) cho s o i lc chung khi t thuc tnh Ak gia Ai v Aj l: Cont(Ai, Ak, Aj) = AMnew - AMold = 2Bond(Ai, Ak )+ 2Bond(Ak, Aj ) 2Bond(Ai, Aj ) Bond(A0, Ak)=0. Nu thuc tnh Ak t bn phi thuc tnh tn bn phi v cha c thuc tnh no c t ct k+1 ca ma trn CA nn bond(Ak, Ak+1)=0. V d 3: Ta xt ma trn c cho trong V d 12 v tnh ton phn ng gp khi di chuyn thuc tnh A4 vo gia cc thuc tnh A1 v A2, c cho bng cng thc: Cont(A1, A4, A2)= 2bond(A1, A4)+ 2bond(A4, A2)-2bond(A1, A2) Tnh mi s hng chng ta c: Bond(A1, A4) = 4z=1aff(Az, A1)aff(Az, A4) = aff(A1,A1) aff(A1,A4) +aff(A2,A1) aff(A2,A4) + aff(A1,A3) aff(A3,A4) + aff(A1,A4) aff(A4,A4) = 45*0 +0*75+ 45*3+0*78 = 135 Bond(A4, A2)= 11865 Bond(A1,A2) = 225 V th cont(A1, A4) = 2*135+2*11865+2*225 = 23550 V d 4: Chng ta hy xt qu trnh gom t cc thuc tnh ca quan h D n v dng ma trn i lc thuc tnh AA. bc khi u chng ta chp cc ct 1 v 2 ca ma trn AA vo ma trn CA v bt u thc hin t ct th ba. C 3 ni c th t c ct 3 l: (3-1-2), (1, 3, 2) v (1, 2, 3). Chng ta hy tnh ng gp s i lc chung ca mi kh nng ny. th t (0-3-1): cont(A0, A3, A1) = 2bond(A0, A3)+ 2bond(A3, A1) - 2bond(A0, A1) bond(A0, A3) = bond(A0, A1)=0 bond(A3, A1) = 45*48+5*0+53*45+3*0=4410

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 14

CSDL Phn Tn
cont(A0, A3, A1) = 8820 th t (1-3-2) cont (A1, A3, A2)=10150 th t (2-3-4) cont (A2, A3, A4)=1780

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Bi v ng gp ca th t (1-2-3) l ln nht, chng ta t A3 vo bn phi ca A1. Tnh ton tng t cho A4 ch ra rng cn phi t n vo bn phi ca A2. Cui cng cc hng c t chc vi cng th t nh cc ct v cc hng c trnh by trong hnh sau: A1 A1 A2 A3 A4 45 0 45 0 (a) A1 A1 A2 A3 A4 45 0 45 0 (b) A3 45 5 53 3 A2 0 80 5 75 A4 0 75 3 78 A1 A3 A2 A4 A1 45 45 0 0 A3 45 53 5 3 A2 0 80 5 75 A1 A2 A3 A4 A1 45 0 45 0 A3 45 5 53 3 A2 0 80 5 75 (b) A2 0 5 80 75 (d) A4 0 3 75 78

trong hnh trn chng ta thy qu trnh to ra hai t: mt gc trn tri cha cc gi tr i lc nh, cn t kia di gc phi cha cc gi tr i lc cao. Qu trnh phn t ny ch ra cch thc tch cc thuc tnh ca D n. Tuy nhin, ni chung th ranh ri cc phn tch khng hon ton r rng. Khi ma trn CA ln, thng s c nhiu t hn c to ra v nhiu phn hoch c chn hn. Do vy cn phi tip cn bi ton mt cch c h thng hn. Thut ton phn hoch Mc ch ca hnh ng tch thuc tnh l tm ra cc tp thuc tnh c truy xut cng nhau hoc hu nh l cc tp ng dng ring bit. Xt ma trn thuc tnh t:

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 15

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

A1 A2 A3 ... Ai Ai+1 ... An A1 A1 : Ai Ai+1 : : An Nu mt im nm trn ng cho c c nh, hai tp thuc tnh ny c xc nh. Mt tp {A1, A2,..., Ai} nm ti gc trn tri v tp th hai {Ai+1, Ai+2,..., An} nm ti gc bn phi v bn di im ny. Chng ta gi 2 tp ln lt l TA, BA. Tp ng dng Q={q1, q2,...,qq} v nh ngha tp ng dng ch truy xut TA, ch truy xut BA hoc c hai, nhng tp ny c nh ngha nh sau: AQ(qi) = {Aj |use(qi, Aj)=1} TQ = {qi | AQ(qi) TA} BQ = {qi | AQ(qi) BA} OQ = Q - {TQ BQ} y ny sinh bi ton ti u ho. Nu c n thuc tnh trong quan h th s c n-1 v tr kh hu c th l im phn chia trn ng cho chnh ca ma trn thuc tnh t cho quan h . V tr tt nht phn chia l v tr sinh ra tp TQ v BQ sao cho tng cc truy xut ch mt mnh l ln nht cn tng truy xut c hai mnh l nh nht. V th chng ta nh ngha cc phng trnh chi ph nh sau: CQ = refj(qi)accj(qi)
qiQ Sj

TA

BA

CTQ = refj(qi)accj(qi)
qiTQ Sj

CBQ= refj(qi)acc(qi)
qiBQ Sj

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 16

CSDL Phn Tn
COQ= refj(qi)acc(qi)
qiOQ Sj

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Mi phng trnh trn m tng s truy xut n cc thuc tnh bi cc ng dng trong cc lp tng ng ca chng. Da trn s liu ny, bi ton ti u ho c nh ngha l bi ton tm im x (1 x n) sao cho biu thc: Z=CTQ+CBQ-COQ2 ln nht. c trng quan trng ca biu thc ny l n nh ngha hai mnh sao cho gi tr ca CTQ v CBQ cng gn bng nhau cng tt. iu ny cho php cn bng ti trng x l khi cc mnh c phn tn n cc v tr khc nhau. Thut ton phn hoch c phc tp tuyn tnh theo s thuc tnh ca quan h, ngha l O(n). Thut ton PARTITION Input: CA: ma trn i lc t; R: quan h; ref: ma trn s dng thuc tnh; acc: ma trn tn s truy xut; Output: F: tp cc mnh; Begin {xc nh gi tr z cho ct th nht} {cc ch mc trong phng trnh chi ph ch ra im tch} tnh CTQn-1 tnh CBQn-1 tnh COQn-1 best CTQn-1*CBQn-1 (COQn-1)2 do nht} begin for i from n-2 to 1 by -1 do begin tnh CTQi tnh CBQi {xc nh cch phn hoch tt

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 17

CSDL Phn Tn
tnh COQi

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

z CTQi*CBQi (COQi)2 if z > best then begin best z ghi nhn im tch bn vo trong hnh ng x dch end-if end-for gi SHIFT(CA) end-begin until khng th thc hin SHIFT c na Xy dng li ma trn theo v tr x dch R1 TA(R) K R} R2 BA(R) K F {R1, R2} End. {partition} p dng cho ma trn CA t quan h d n, kt qu l nh ngha cc mnh Fd n={D n1, D n2} Trong : D n1={A1, A3} v D n2= {A1, A2, A4}. V th D n1={M d n, Ngn sch} D n2={M d n, Tn d n, a im} ( y M d n l thuc tnh kho ca D n) Kim tra tnh ng n: Tnh y : c bo m bng thut ton PARTITION v mi thuc tnh ca quan h ton cc c a vo mt trong cc mnh. Tnh ti thit c: i vi quan h R c phn mnh dc FR={R1, R2,...., Rr} v cc thuc tnh kho K R=
K

{K l tp thuc tnh kho chnh ca

Ri , RiFR

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 18

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Do vy nu iu kin mi Ri l y php ton ni s ti thit li ng R. Mt im quan trng l mi mnh Ri phi cha cc thuc tnh kho ca R. c. Phn mnh hn hp Trong a s cc trng hp, phn mnh ngang hoc phn mnh dc n gin cho mt lc CSDL khng p ng cc yu cu t ng dng. Trong trng hp phn mnh dc c th thc hin sau mt s mnh ngang hoc ngc li, sinh ra mt li phn hoch c cu trc cy. Bi v hai chin lc ny c p dng ln lt, chn la ny c gi l phn mnh hn hp.

R H H

R1 V R11 R12 V V R21

R2

R22

R23

CHNG III CP PHT TI NGUYN TRONG H PHN TN I. Bi ton cp pht Gi s c mt tp cc mnh F={F1, F2, ...,Fn} v mt mng bao gm cc v tr S={S1, S2, ...,Sm} trn c mt tp cc ng dng Q={q1, q2, ...,qq} ang chy. Bi ton cp pht l tm mt phn phi ti u ca F cho S. Tnh ti u c th c nh ngha ng vi hai s o: - Chi ph nh nht: Hm chi ph c chi lu mnh Fi vo v tr Sj, chi ph vn tin mnh Fi vo v tr Sj, chi ph cp nht Fi ti tt c mi v tr c cha n

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 19

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

v chi ph tryn d liu. V th bi ton cp pht c gng tm mt lc cp pht vi hm chi ph t hp nh nht. - Hiu nng: Chin lc cp pht c thit k nhm duy tr mt hiu qu ln l h thp thi gian p ng v tng ti a lu lng h thng ti mi v tr. Ni chung bi ton cp pht tng qut l mt bi ton phc tp v c phc tp l NP-y (NP-complete). V th cc nghin cu c dnh cho vic tm ra cc thut gii heuristec tt c li gii gn ti u. II. Yu cu v thng tin giai on cp pht, chng ta cn cc thng tin nh lng v CSDL, v cc ng dng chy trn , v cu trc mng, kh nng x l v gii hn lu tr ca mi v tr trn mng. Thng tin v CSDL tuyn ca mt mnh Fj ng vi cu vn tin qi. y l s lng cc b ca Fj cn c truy xut x l qi. Gi tr ny k hiu l seli(Fj) Kch thc ca mt mnh Fj c cho bi Size (Fj) = card (Fj)* length(Fj) Trong : Length(Fj) l chiu di (tnh theo byte) ca mt b trong mnh Fj. Thng tin v ng dng Hai s liu quan trng l s truy xut c do cu vn tin qi thc hin trn mnh Fj trong mi ln chy ca n (k hiu l RRij), v tng ng l cc truy xut cp nht (URij). V d chng c th m s truy xut khi cn phi thc hin theo yu cu vn tin. Chng ta nh ngha hai ma trn UM v RM vi cc phn t tng ng uij v rij c c t tng ng nh sau:

1 nu vn tin qi c cp nht mnh Fj uij= 0 trong trng hp ngc li

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 20

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

1 nu vn tin qi c cp nht mnh Fj rij = trong trng hp ngc li Mt vct O gm cc gi tr o(i) cng c nh ngha, vi o(i) c t v tr a ra cu vn tin qi . Thng tin v v tr Vi mi v tr (trm) chng ta cn bit v kh nng lu tr v x l ca n. Hin nhin l nhng gi tr ny c th tnh c bng cc hm Vch hp hoc bng phng php nh gi n gin. + Chi ph n v tnh lu d liu ti v tr Sk s c k hiu l USCk. + c t s o chi ph LPCk, l chi ph x l mt n v cng vic ti v tr Sk. n v cng vic cn phi ging vi n v ca RR v UR. Thng tin v mng Chng ta gi s tn ti mt mng n gin, gij biu th cho chi ph truyn mi b gia hai v tr Si v Sj. c th tnh c s lng thng bo, chng ta dng fsize lm kch thc (tnh theo byte) ca mt b d liu. III. M hnh cp pht

M hnh cp pht c mc tiu lm gim thiu tng chi ph x l v lu tr d liu trong khi vn c gng p ng c cc i hi v thi gian p ng. M hnh ca chng ta c hnh thi nh sau: Min (Total Cost) ng vi rng buc thi gian p ng, rng buc lu tr, rng buc x l. Bin quyt nh xij c nh ngha l 1 nu mnh Fi c lu ti v tr Sj xij= 0 trong trng hp ngc li

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 21

CSDL Phn Tn
Tng chi ph

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Hm tng chi ph c hai thnh phn: phn x l vn tin v phn lu tr. V th n c th c biu din l: TOC= QPCi +
qi Q

STCjk

SkS FjF

vi QPCi l chi ph x l cu vn tin ng dng qi, v STCjk l chi ph lu mnh Fj ti v tr Sk. Chng ta hy xt chi ph lu tr trc. N c cho bi STCjk = USCk * size(Fj) *xjk Chi ph x l vn tin kh xc nh hn. Hu ht cc m hnh cho bi ton cp pht tp tin FAP tch n thnh hai phn: Chi ph x l ch c v chi ph x l ch cp nht. y chng ti chn mt hng tip cn khc trong m hnh cho bi ton DAP v xc nh n nh l chi ph x l vn tin bao gm chi ph x l l PC v chi ph truyn l TC. V th chi ph x l vn tin QPC cho ng dng qi l QPCi=PCi+TCi Thnh phn x l PC gm c ba h s chi ph, chi ph truy xut AC, chi ph duy tr ton vn IE v chi ph iu khin ng thi CC: PCi=ACi+IEi+CCi M t chi tit cho mi h s chi ph ph thuc vo thut ton c dng hon tt cc tc v . Tuy nhin minh ho chng ti s m t chi tit v AC: ACi= (uij*URij+rij*RRij)* xjk*LPCk

SkS FjF Hai s hng u trong cng thc trn tnh s truy xut ca vn tin qi n mnh Fj. Ch rng (URij+RRij) l tng s cc truy xut c v cp nht. Chng ta gi thit rng cc chi ph x l chng l nh nhau. K hiu tng cho bit tng s cc truy xut cho tt c mi mnh c qi tham chiu. Nhn vi LPCk cho ra chi ph ca truy xut ny ti v tr Sk. Chng ta li dng xjk ch chn cc gi tr chi ph cho cc v tr c lu cc mnh.

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 22

CSDL Phn Tn

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Mt vn rt quan trng cn cp y. Hm chi ph truy xut gi s rng vic x l mt cu vn tin c bao gm c vic phn r n thnh mt tp cc vn tin con hot tc trn mt mnh c lu ti v tr , theo sau l truyn kt qu tr li v v tr a ra vn tin. H s chi ph duy tr tnh ton vn c th c m t rt ging thnh phn x l ngoi tr chi ph x l cc b mt n v cn thay i nhm phn nh chi ph thc s duy tr tnh ton vn. Hm chi ph truyn c th c a ra ging nh cch ca hm chi ph truy xut. Tuy nhin tng chi ph truyn d liu cho cp nht v cho yu cu ch c s khc nhau hon ton. Trong cc vn tin cp nht, chng ta cn cho tt c mi v tr bit ni c cc bn sao cn trong vn tin ch c th ch cn truy xut mt trong cc bn sao l . Ngoi ra vo lc kt thc yu cu cp nht th khng cn phi truyn d liu v ngc li, cho v tr a ra vn tin ngoi mt thng bo xc nhn, cn trong vn tin ch c c th phi c nhiu thng bo tryn d liu. Thnh phn cp nht ca hm truyn d liu l: TCUi = SkS uj*xjk*go(i),k + FjF SkS uj*xjk*g k,o(i) FjF

S hng th nht gi thng bo cp nht t v tr gc o(i) ca qi n tt c bn sao cp nht. S hng th hai dnh cho thng bo xc nhn. Thnh phn chi ph ch c c th c t l: TCRi= gk, o(i)) Fj F SkS S hng th nht trong TCR biu th chi ph truyn yu cu ch c n nhng v tr c bn sao ca mnh cn truy xut. S hng th hai truyn cc kt qu t nhng v tr ny n nhng v tr yu cu. Phng trnh ny khng nh rng trong s cc v tr c bn sao ca cng mt mnh, ch v tr sinh ra tng chi ph truyn thp nht mi c chn thc hin thao tc ny. By gi hm chi ph tnh cho vn tin qi c th c tnh l: TCi=TCUi+TCRi min (uij * xjk * go(i), k+rij * xjk * (seli(Fj)* length (Fj)/fsize) *

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 23

CSDL Phn Tn
Rng buc

GVHD Th.s Nguyn Th Thy

Rng buc thi gian p ng cn c c t l thi gian thc thi ca qi thi gian p ng ln nht ca qi qi Q Ngi ta Vch c t s o chi ph ca hm theo thi gian bi v n n gin ho c t v rng buc thi gian thc thi. Rng buc lu tr l: STCjk kh nng lu tr ti v tr Sk, SkS
FjF

Trong rng buc x l l: ti trng x l ca qi ti v tr Sk kh nng x l ca Sk, SkS.

qi Q

Lp C10T1 Nhm 6

Trang 24