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I, L do chn ti:
S ra i v pht trin ca cc phng php phn tch l ha l s kt hp
nhng thnh tu ca ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau nh: vt l hin
i, tin hc, in t v t ng ha,.... Do vy, cc phng php phn tch l
ha c nhiu u im ni bt nh phn tch nhanh, nhy v chnh xc
cao, ha cht s dng t, trong mt s trng hp php phn tch c th t
ng hoc bn t ng xc nh lng vt v siu vt cht phn tch
nhng i tng phc tp...
Trong qu trnh nghin cu phng php phn tch trc quang, m ni bt
l cc nh lut nh: nh lut Bughe-Lambe, nh lut Beer, nh lut
Bughe-Lambe-Beer, nh lut cng tnh. Chng ta c lm quen vi cc
i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng l mt quang (A), truyn
quang (T), h s hp th phn t gam (). hiu mt cch c th hn v
cc i lng k trn, gip sinh vin d dng vn dng nm vng kin
thc v gii cc bi tp lin quan, chng ti thc hin ti: NHNG
HIU BIT V MT QUANG (A), TRUYN QUANG (T), H
S HP TH PHN T GAM ().
II, i tng nghin cu:
- Cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng: Mt quang (A),
truyn quang (T), h s hp th phn t gam ().
II, Mc ch nghin cu:
- Nhm gip HS, SV nm vng cc kin thc lin quan n A, T, v gii
mt s bi tp lin quan.
IV, Phng php nghin cu:
- Nghin cu l thuyt: c ti liu
- Su tm.
I0
gi l mt quang hay hp th quang, c trng cho
Il
I0
Il
Bc sng gii
hn s dng (nm)
190
190
210
210
210
210
Dung mi
Bc sng gii
hn s dng (nm)
Benzen
280
Cloroform
245
Tetra Clorocarbon
265
Dietyl Eter
218
Aceton
330
1,4 Dioxan
215
I0
Ix
Il
AX = lg
I0
IX
A
=
lg
, Y
Il
IX
AX + AY = lg
I0
I
I
+ lg X= lg 0= A
IX
Il
Il
dd
I0
Il
Add =A
i
i=
1
I0
C, l
(a)
A ()
(b)
Peak
Bn chiu rng
vn ph
max
(c)
S khng ph thuc ca A vo I0 _ hnh (a)
S ph thuc A = f(C) v A = f(l) _ hnh (b), A = f() _ hnh (c).
l
Biu thc: T =I
I0
IX
Il
TX =
IX
Il
, TY =
IX
I0
TX .TY =
I
I X Il
. = l= T
I0 I X I 0
dd
Il
I0
I
T = l=
I0
dd
T
i =1
lg T
I0
C, l
(a)
(b)
C
(c)
0,368
-lg C
(d)
(e)
S khng ph thuc ca T vo I0 _ hnh (a)
S ph thuc T = f(C), T = f(l), lg T = f(C), T = f() _ hnh (b), (c), (d)
Dng ng Ringbon T = f(-lg C) _ hnh (e).
Mi quan h gia mt quang A v truyn quang T l:
A = -lg T hay T = 10-A.
I.3, H s hp th phn t gam: ()
1. nh ngha:
H s hp th phn t gam l i lng c trng
cho nhy ca php phn tch bc sng xc nh, k hiu l .
Biu thc :
A
.
Cl.
Trong : C c n v l mol/l
l c n v l cm
nn
c n v l l/(mol.cm) hay cm2/mmol.
2. c im:
- H s hp th phn t l mt hm s ca di sng, n khng ph
thuc vo nng C ca hp cht mu hp th nh sng, chiu dy
cuvt l, cng nh sng ti I0 ; nhng ph thuc bn cht ca cht
hp th, bc sng , nhit , dung mi. Nn l i lng c
trng cho tnh cht ring bit ca cht nghin cu trong dung dch, n
khc nhau ng k i vi cc cht khc nhau v dng xc nh
nhy ca phn ng trc quang bc sng xc nh.
V d: phc Cu(NH3)4SO4 c = 500 cn phc ithizonat ca ng th
= 50.000. Vy phn ng to phc ithizonat ca ng nhy hn phn
ng to phc amin ca ng Cu(NH3)4SO4 khong 100 ln.
Nh vy, khi ln ta ni cht hp th mnh hay cng hp th ln,
ngc li khi nh ta ni cht hp th yu hay cng hp th nh.
-
A
Cl.
i
l
ng
A
T
Cng
thc
n
v
A = lg
I0
Il
T =
Il
I0
A
=
C.l
Yu t
ph thuc
Yu t
khng
ph
thuc
c im
Cng tnh
Khn
g c.
, C, l, t0,
l/mol.
cm
, t0, dung
mi, bn
cht ca
cht hp
th.
I0
, dung
mi.
I0, C, l
Ph A, T
ngc
nhau.
c trng
cho
nhy ca
phn ng
trc
quang.
I
A = lg =0 Kl.
Il
2. nh lut Beer:
A=
KC .
8
A=
lC
..
I l =I 0 .10 .l.C
hay:
A = Ai = .l.Ci
dd
i =1
i =1
I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,699
1
Il
I0
5
l=
A 0, 699
=
=14, 72 .
K 0, 0475
=0, 756.
=0, 061.
l = 2cm,
1
I l =I
2
I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,301
1
p dng cng thc:
Il
I0
2
Theo nh lut Bughe Lambe, ta c: A =K l.
A 0,301
= 0,1505
Suy ra: K = =
l
2
a, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l1 = 1cm, th:
A = K. 1l =0,1505.1 =0,1505
.
b, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l2 = 5cm, th: A = K. l2 = 0,1505.5 =0, 7525.
4. Cng ca dng sng I0 sau khi i qua lp dung dch c chiu dy
1cm gim i 10%. Hi cng dng sng s gim xung cn bao nhiu
khi i qua cng chnh dung dch trn nhng chiu dy l 10cm.
Gii:
Ta c:
9
10
l = 1cm, I1 = I 0
10
I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,0458
9
p dng cng thc:
I1
I0
10
I 2 = 0,348
I0
= 9,3.103 l/(mol.cm)
3
A = C
. l.= 9,3.10 .6,2.10
=.15 0,5766
T = 10 A = 10 0,5766 = 0, 265
hay T = 26,5%.
6. Ly mt lng d dung dch KSCN vo 50,0ml dung dch cha
7,2g/ml Fe(III) v pha long bng nc n 100,0ml. Tnh mt
quang v truyn quang ca dung dch khi o trong cuvt c b dy
1,00cm v 2,50cm bc sng = 580 nm, h s hp th phn t ca phc
l 7,00.103 l/(mol.cm).
Gii:
11
7, 2.103 .50
Ta c: C =
=6, 43.105 mol/l
56.100
= 7,0.103 l/(mol.cm), l1 = 1cm, l2 = 2,5cm
p dng cng thc: A = .C .l
Vi l1 = 1cm, suy ra
T1 = 10 A =10 0,4501
=0, 355
T2 = 10 A = 10 1,125 = 0, 075
suy ra:
A = Cl
. .
A
Cl.
= =
0,523
=
2,84.10 .15
18,4.10
A1 = 0,252 , l1 = 1cm
A = Cl
. .
vi dung dch 1 ta c:
12
A
0,252
=
=
4
C.l 2.10 .1
1,26.10 3 (l.mol-1cm-1)
l2 = 0,5cm
A = Cl
. .
vi dung dch 2 ta c:
3
3
A = C
. l. = 1,26.10 .1,03.10
.0,5
= 0,649
M: A = -lg T
suy ra: T =10-A = 10-0,649, do T = 0,224 = 22,4%
Vy truyn quang T = 22,4%
0,05
0,480
0,10
0,930
0,15
1,370
0,20
1,830
0,25
2,281
13
2.500
y = 9.0543x + 0.0184
2.000
R = 0.9999
H
s
h
p thu A
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Nng
y = 9,0543 x + 0,0184
T kt qu ca 3 ln phn tch lp li ta c
T ta c
x=
A ==
y
1,255
A1 = 0,475.
A2 = 0,130.
A3 = 0,175.
HIn
. [ l.
HIn
A3 = In .In
+
l .
(7.1)
(7.2)
In =
A2
v ton b cht ch th dng InC.l
(7.3)
HIn =
A1
v ton b cht ch th dng HIn
C .l
(7.4)
A3 = A2 .
Qui c:
x
y
+ A1 .
C
C
x
y
= ; = (1 ) 0,175 = 0,130 + 0,475 (1-)
C
C
= 0,869
Hng s phn ly ca HIn:
HIn H+ + In- ;
Ka
[ H + ][In ]
In
K=
pK = pH lg
= pH lg
HIn
1
HIn
0,869
15
(7.5)
Mc lc:
Phn I: M u.. ....1
I. L do chn ti:
II. i tng nghin cu:
III.Mc ch nghin cu:
IV. Phng php nghin cu:
Phn II: Ni dung
I. Cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng...... 2
I.1, Mt quang............................................... 2
I.2, truyn quang................................................... 5
I.3, H s hp th phn t gam............................................... 7
II. Mt s bi tp lin quan.... 9
16