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Phn I: M u

I, L do chn ti:
S ra i v pht trin ca cc phng php phn tch l ha l s kt hp
nhng thnh tu ca ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc khc nhau nh: vt l hin
i, tin hc, in t v t ng ha,.... Do vy, cc phng php phn tch l
ha c nhiu u im ni bt nh phn tch nhanh, nhy v chnh xc
cao, ha cht s dng t, trong mt s trng hp php phn tch c th t
ng hoc bn t ng xc nh lng vt v siu vt cht phn tch
nhng i tng phc tp...
Trong qu trnh nghin cu phng php phn tch trc quang, m ni bt
l cc nh lut nh: nh lut Bughe-Lambe, nh lut Beer, nh lut
Bughe-Lambe-Beer, nh lut cng tnh. Chng ta c lm quen vi cc
i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng l mt quang (A), truyn
quang (T), h s hp th phn t gam (). hiu mt cch c th hn v
cc i lng k trn, gip sinh vin d dng vn dng nm vng kin
thc v gii cc bi tp lin quan, chng ti thc hin ti: NHNG
HIU BIT V MT QUANG (A), TRUYN QUANG (T), H
S HP TH PHN T GAM ().
II, i tng nghin cu:
- Cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng: Mt quang (A),
truyn quang (T), h s hp th phn t gam ().
II, Mc ch nghin cu:
- Nhm gip HS, SV nm vng cc kin thc lin quan n A, T, v gii
mt s bi tp lin quan.
IV, Phng php nghin cu:
- Nghin cu l thuyt: c ti liu
- Su tm.

Phn II: Ni dung


I, Cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng:
I.1, Mt quang: (A)
1. nh ngha:
T s lg

I0
gi l mt quang hay hp th quang, c trng cho
Il

kh nng hp th ca dung dch mu, k hiu A.


Biu thc: A = lg

I0
Il

Nh vy A l i lng khng c th nguyn.


2. c im:
- ln:
Khi dung dch khng hp th bc sng kho st th Il = I0 nn A = 0.
Khi dung dch hp th hon ton bc sng kho st th Il = 0
nn A = . Vy khong gi tr ( ln) ca A l 0.
Ngi ta ngh nn o A trong khong 0,2 1,2 th sai s chp nhn
c. gi tr A = 0,434 th php o A mc phi sai s nh nht.
- Tnh cht:

Nu mt cht tan X no c hp th quang l AX, dung mi c


hp th quang l Adm, ta c:
A = Ax + Adm

o c chnh xc Ax th Adm = 0, c ngha l phi chn max ca dung


mi khc xa vi max cht tan. Nhng cht c chn lm dung mi
thng c hp th min ranh gii t ngoi chn khng.

Bng cc dung mi thng s dng trong vng UV Vis:


Dung mi
Nc ct
HCl
Etanol, metanol
n- Butanol
n- Hexan
Cyclohexan

Bc sng gii
hn s dng (nm)
190
190
210
210
210
210

Dung mi

Bc sng gii
hn s dng (nm)
Benzen
280
Cloroform
245
Tetra Clorocarbon
265
Dietyl Eter
218
Aceton
330
1,4 Dioxan
215

Mt quang A c tnh cng tnh.

Gi s h c 2 cu t X, Y hp th nh sng, khng tng tc vi nhau,


c m phng nh sau:

I0

Ix

Il

Theo nh ngha v mt quang ta c:

AX = lg

I0
IX

A
=
lg
, Y
Il
IX

Mt quang ca dung dch hn hp ti bc sng : Add = lg


Kt hp cc biu thc o hp th quang ca X, Y ta c:

AX + AY = lg

I0
I
I
+ lg X= lg 0= A
IX
Il
Il

M rng cho h gm n cu t hp th nh sng ta c:

dd

I0
Il

Add =A
i

i=
1

Mt quang A khng ph thuc vo cng nh sng ti I0 nhng


ph thuc nhiu yu t nh: bn cht ca cht hp th nh sng, bc
sng , h s hp th mol , nng C, chiu di cuvt l, nhit ,
dung mi.
Mt s dng th lin quan:

I0

C, l

(a)

A ()

(b)

Peak

Bn chiu rng
vn ph

max

(c)
S khng ph thuc ca A vo I0 _ hnh (a)
S ph thuc A = f(C) v A = f(l) _ hnh (b), A = f() _ hnh (c).

I.2, truyn quang: (T)


1. nh ngha:
Il

T s I c trng cho truyn nh sng qua dung dch c gi


0
l truyn quang, k hiu T.
I

l
Biu thc: T =I

Nh vy T l i lng khng c th nguyn, thng tnh theo


phn trm (%).
2. c im:
- ln:
Khi dung dch khng hp th bc sng kho st th Il = I0 nn T =1.
Khi dung dch hp th hon ton (vt en tuyt i) bc sng kho st
th Il = 0 nn T = 0. Vy khong gi tr ca T l 01.
- Tnh cht:
Gi s h c 2 cu t X, Y hp th nh sng, khng tng tc vi nhau,
c m phng nh sau:
Y

I0

IX

Il

Theo nh ngha v truyn quang ta c:

TX =

IX
Il

, TY =
IX
I0

truyn quang ca dung dch hn hp ti bc sng : Tdd =

Kt hp cc biu thc o truyn quang ca X, Y ta c:

TX .TY =

I
I X Il
. = l= T
I0 I X I 0

dd

M rng cho h gm n cu t hp th nh sng ta c:


5

Il
I0

I
T = l=
I0

dd

T
i =1

truyn quang khng ph thuc cng nh sng ti I0 nhng ph


thuc nhiu yu t nh: bn cht ca cht hp th nh sng, bc
sng , h s hp th phn t gam , nng C, chiu di cuvt l,
nhit , dung mi.
- Mt s dng th lin quan:
-

lg T

I0

C, l

(a)

(b)

C
(c)

0,368

-lg C

(d)
(e)
S khng ph thuc ca T vo I0 _ hnh (a)
S ph thuc T = f(C), T = f(l), lg T = f(C), T = f() _ hnh (b), (c), (d)
Dng ng Ringbon T = f(-lg C) _ hnh (e).
Mi quan h gia mt quang A v truyn quang T l:
A = -lg T hay T = 10-A.
I.3, H s hp th phn t gam: ()

1. nh ngha:
H s hp th phn t gam l i lng c trng
cho nhy ca php phn tch bc sng xc nh, k hiu l .
Biu thc :

A
.
Cl.

Trong : C c n v l mol/l
l c n v l cm
nn
c n v l l/(mol.cm) hay cm2/mmol.
2. c im:
- H s hp th phn t l mt hm s ca di sng, n khng ph
thuc vo nng C ca hp cht mu hp th nh sng, chiu dy
cuvt l, cng nh sng ti I0 ; nhng ph thuc bn cht ca cht
hp th, bc sng , nhit , dung mi. Nn l i lng c
trng cho tnh cht ring bit ca cht nghin cu trong dung dch, n
khc nhau ng k i vi cc cht khc nhau v dng xc nh
nhy ca phn ng trc quang bc sng xc nh.
V d: phc Cu(NH3)4SO4 c = 500 cn phc ithizonat ca ng th
= 50.000. Vy phn ng to phc ithizonat ca ng nhy hn phn
ng to phc amin ca ng Cu(NH3)4SO4 khong 100 ln.
Nh vy, khi ln ta ni cht hp th mnh hay cng hp th ln,
ngc li khi nh ta ni cht hp th yu hay cng hp th nh.
-

ngha ca h s hp th phn t gam :

Khi l = 1cm, C = 1mol/l th = A, nh vy c tr s bng mt


quang ca dung dch nng 1mol/l o trong cuvt dy
1cm.

Khi A, l = const ta thy cng ln th C o c cng nh.


Nh vy c trng cho nhy ca php nh lng trc
quang bc sng xc nh, do khi phn tch ta chn cht
c cng ln cng tt.
Lu : Cn phn bit h s hp th phn t thc v biu kin. H s
hp th phn t biu kin xc nh c trong cc iu kin thc
nghim, cn h s hp th phn t thc th c tnh theo phng
trnh l thuyt:

A
Cl.

Trong phn tch trc quang, = 103-105 l/(mol.cm) l nhy dng


cho phng php trc quang, ph thuc vo chit sut m chit sut li
ph thuc vo nng C. Khi chit sut tng ln th gim v
khng thay i th phi thc hin vi C 10-2 mol/l.
Tm tt v cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng:

i
l
ng
A
T

Cng
thc

n
v

A = lg

I0
Il

T =

Il
I0

A
=
C.l

Yu t
ph thuc

Yu t
khng
ph
thuc

c im

Cng tnh
Khn
g c.

, C, l, t0,

l/mol.
cm

, t0, dung
mi, bn
cht ca
cht hp
th.

I0

, dung
mi.

I0, C, l

Ph A, T
ngc
nhau.
c trng
cho
nhy ca
phn ng
trc
quang.

Ch : Cc i lng mt quang, truyn quang, h s hp

th phn t gam v nhng tnh cht ca chng c th hin thng


qua cc nh lut c bn ca s hp th nh sng. Chng l c s
gii cc bi tp lin quan.
1. nh lut Bughe Lambe:

I
A = lg =0 Kl.
Il
2. nh lut Beer:

A=
KC .
8

3. nh lut Bughe Lambe Beer:

A=
lC
..

I l =I 0 .10 .l.C

hay:

4. nh lut cng tnh:


n

A = Ai = .l.Ci

dd

i =1

i =1

II. Mt s bi tp lin quan:


1. Hi chiu dy ca lp dung dch phi bng bao nhiu gim cng
dng sng xung 5 ln, bit rng h s hp th nh sng trong biu
thc ca nh lut Bughe Lambe K = 0,0475.
Gii:
p dng nh lut Bughe Lambe, ta c:
A = K.l ; K = 0,0475
1
5

Khi cng dng sng gim xung 5 ln th: I l =I

I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,699
1
Il
I0
5

Vy chiu dy ca lp dung dch phi l:

l=

A 0, 699
=
=14, 72 .
K 0, 0475

2. Ngi ta tm thy rng truyn quang ca mu cha cc phn t hp


th trong cuvt ca ph quang k c chiu dy l = 5cm bng 24,7%.
truyn quang ca chnh mu ny s bng bao nhiu nu trong cc cuvt
c b dy :
a, 1cm
b, 10cm.
Gii:
Ta c: l = 5 cm, T = 24,7%
9

p dng cng thc: A = -lg T = -lg 0,247 = 0,607


Theo nh lut Bughe Lambe, ta c: A =K l.
A 0, 607
= 0,1214
Suy ra: K = =
l
5
a, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l1 = 1cm, th: A = K .l = 0,1214.1= 0,1214

truyn quang ca mu khi l1 = 1cm l: T = 10 A =10 0,1214

=0, 756.

b, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l2 = 10cm, th: A = K.l = 0,1214.10 =1, 214


truyn quang ca mu khi l2 = 10cm l: T = 10 A =10 1,214

=0, 061.

3. Cng ca dng sng sau khi i qua lp dung dch c b dy 2cm


th gim i 50%. Hy tnh mt quang ca chnh dung dch trn c
chiu dy:
a, 1cm
b, 5cm.
Gii:
Ta c:

l = 2cm,

1
I l =I
2

I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,301
1
p dng cng thc:
Il
I0
2
Theo nh lut Bughe Lambe, ta c: A =K l.
A 0,301
= 0,1505
Suy ra: K = =
l
2
a, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l1 = 1cm, th:

A = K. 1l =0,1505.1 =0,1505

.
b, Nu cuvt c chiu dy l2 = 5cm, th: A = K. l2 = 0,1505.5 =0, 7525.
4. Cng ca dng sng I0 sau khi i qua lp dung dch c chiu dy
1cm gim i 10%. Hi cng dng sng s gim xung cn bao nhiu
khi i qua cng chnh dung dch trn nhng chiu dy l 10cm.
Gii:
Ta c:

9
10

l = 1cm, I1 = I 0

10

I
I
A = lg =0 lg =0 0,0458
9
p dng cng thc:
I1
I0
10

Theo nh lut Bughe Lambe, ta c: A =K l.


A 0, 0458
= 0, 0458
Suy ra: K = =
l
1
Khi i qua chnh dung dch nhng chiu dy l l2 =10cm th:
A = K l. 2= 0,0458.10
= 0,458
Vy cng dng sng s gim xung cn:
I0
=10=A 10= 0,4582,871
I2
Hay

I 2 = 0,348
I0

5. H s hp th phn t gam ca phc Bimut (III) vi thiore bc


sng = 470nm bng 9,3.103 l/(mol.cm)
a, Mt quang ca dung dch phc c nng 6,2.10-5 M c o
cuvt c b dy l 1cm l bao nhiu?
b, truyn quang ca dung dch ny?
Gii:
Ta c:

= 9,3.103 l/(mol.cm)

a, p dng nh lut Bughe-Lambe-Beer, ta c: A = Cl


. .
vi C = 6,2.10-5 mol/l, l = 1cm.
Suy ra:

3
A = C
. l.= 9,3.10 .6,2.10
=.15 0,5766

b, p dng cng thc:

T = 10 A = 10 0,5766 = 0, 265

hay T = 26,5%.
6. Ly mt lng d dung dch KSCN vo 50,0ml dung dch cha
7,2g/ml Fe(III) v pha long bng nc n 100,0ml. Tnh mt
quang v truyn quang ca dung dch khi o trong cuvt c b dy
1,00cm v 2,50cm bc sng = 580 nm, h s hp th phn t ca phc
l 7,00.103 l/(mol.cm).
Gii:

11

7, 2.103 .50
Ta c: C =
=6, 43.105 mol/l
56.100
= 7,0.103 l/(mol.cm), l1 = 1cm, l2 = 2,5cm
p dng cng thc: A = .C .l
Vi l1 = 1cm, suy ra

A1 = 7, 0.103 .6, 43.10 5 .1 =0, 4501

truyn quang tng ng l:


Vi l2 = 2,5cm, suy ra

T1 = 10 A =10 0,4501

=0, 355

A2 = 7, 0.103.6, 43.105.2,5 = 1,125

truyn quang tng ng l:

T2 = 10 A = 10 1,125 = 0, 075

7. truyn quang ca dung dch KMnO4 vi nng 4,48 g/ml o


bc sng = 520 nm, vi chiu dy cuvt l = 0,1dm bng 0,30. Hy
tnh h s hp th phn t gam ca KMnO4 bc sng trn.
Gii:
Ta c: T = 0,3

A = lgT = lg 0,3= 0,523

suy ra:

p dng cng thc:

A = Cl
. .

vi C = 4,48 g/ml = 2,84mol/l, l = 0,1dm = 1cm


ta tnh c:

A
Cl.

= =

0,523
=
2,84.10 .15

18,4.10

Vy h s hp th phn t gam ca KMnO 4 bc sng = 520


nm l 18,4.103 l/(mol.cm).
8. Mt quang A ca dung dch anilin 2.10-4 M trong nc o bc
sng =280nm l 0,252. Chiu di nh sng i qua cuvt l 1cm. Tnh
truyn quang T ca anilin 1,03.10-3 M khi o cng di bc sng
nhng dng cuvt 0,5cm.
Gii:
Ta c: C1 = 2.10-4 mol/l,
p dng cng thc

A1 = 0,252 , l1 = 1cm

A = Cl
. .

vi dung dch 1 ta c:

12

A
0,252
=
=
4
C.l 2.10 .1

Khi C2 = 1,03.10-3 mol/l,


p dng cng thc

1,26.10 3 (l.mol-1cm-1)

l2 = 0,5cm

A = Cl
. .

vi dung dch 2 ta c:

3
3
A = C
. l. = 1,26.10 .1,03.10
.0,5
= 0,649

M: A = -lg T
suy ra: T =10-A = 10-0,649, do T = 0,224 = 22,4%
Vy truyn quang T = 22,4%

9. hp th quang A o c t cc mu chun v mu nc thu t ao


nui c cha ion PO43- nh sau:
Nng mu chun (mg/L) 0,00
hp th quang A
0,010

0,05
0,480

0,10
0,930

0,15
1,370

0,20
1,830

0,25
2,281

hp th quang A ca mu nc ao ca 3 ln lp li l: 1,256; 1,245;


1,264. Tnh nng PO43- trong mu nc ao.
Gii:
Ta tin hnh xy dng ng chun v tm ra phng trnh hi quy tng
quan t cc nng mu chun v hp th quang A.

13

2.500
y = 9.0543x + 0.0184

2.000

R = 0.9999

H
s

h
p thu A

1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30
Nng

T kt qu thit lp phng trnh hi qui ta c:

y = 9,0543 x + 0,0184
T kt qu ca 3 ln phn tch lp li ta c
T ta c

x=

A ==
y

1,255

y 0,0184 1,255 0,0184


=
= 0,137m g/ L
9,0543
9,0543

Vy nng PO43- trong mu nc ao l 0,137 mg/L.

10. xc nh hng s phn ly ca Metyl da cam (k hiu HIn), ngi ta o


hp th quang A ca 3 dung dch cng nng Metyl da cam cc pH
khc nhau:
-

Dung dch 1 trong HCl 0,1M;

A1 = 0,475.

Dung dch 2 trong NaOH 0,1 M;

A2 = 0,130.

Dung dch 3 c pH = 4,34;

A3 = 0,175.

Cho bit o bc sng = 510nm v chiu di nh sng i qua cuvt l


1cm. Tnh hng s phn ly K ca Metyl da cam?
Gii:
14

hp th quang ca dung dch 3:

HIn
. [ l.
HIn

A3 = In .In
+
l .

Vi [In-] = x; [HIn] = y , ta c: x + y = CHIn = C

(7.1)
(7.2)

In =

A2
v ton b cht ch th dng InC.l

(7.3)

HIn =

A1
v ton b cht ch th dng HIn
C .l

(7.4)

Thay (7.3) v (7.4) vo (7.1) ta c:

A3 = A2 .
Qui c:

x
y
+ A1 .
C
C

x
y
= ; = (1 ) 0,175 = 0,130 + 0,475 (1-)
C
C

= 0,869
Hng s phn ly ca HIn:
HIn H+ + In- ;

Ka

[ H + ][In ]
In

K=
pK = pH lg
= pH lg

HIn
1
HIn
0,869

pK = 4,34 - lg 1 0,689 = 7.34 0,82 = 3,52 K = 3,02.10-4.


Vy hng s phn ly ca methyl da cam l K = 3,02.10-4.

15

(7.5)

Mc lc:
Phn I: M u.. ....1
I. L do chn ti:
II. i tng nghin cu:
III.Mc ch nghin cu:
IV. Phng php nghin cu:
Phn II: Ni dung
I. Cc i lng c trng cho s hp th nh sng...... 2
I.1, Mt quang............................................... 2
I.2, truyn quang................................................... 5
I.3, H s hp th phn t gam............................................... 7
II. Mt s bi tp lin quan.... 9

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