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X l s tn hiu l mn hc nghin cu v cc phng trnh ton hc, cc gii thut v cc tnh ton da trn phng php tnh gn ng cho cc tn hiu v h thng ri rc. Ni dung mn hc X l s tn hiu c ging dy ti Khoa in t - Vin thng trng i hc bch khoa H ni, chu trch nhim chnh bi b mn Mch v X l tn hiu, tp trung vo bao trm cc vn sau: Phn tch tn hiu v h thng Thit k b lc. Phng php hc tt nht sinh vin hiu, nh, vn dng v t nh gi c cc kin thc l thuyt l trc tip bt tay vo gii quyt cc bi tp. h tr thm cho vic nhn nhn cc vn mt cch trc quan, ng thi gip sinh vin hiu su hn v l thuyt ca mn hc, chng ti bin son phn thc hnh ny. Phn thc hnh bao gm 2 phn ln: 1. phn tch tn hiu s v thit k h thng x l tn hiu s bng MATLAB; 2. lm quen vi cng vic thc hin pht trin cc h thng x l s tn hiu bng b x l tn hiu s vi tn gi Digital Signal Processor DSP. Hin nay c rt nhiu cc cng c phn mm tin ch rt mnh h tr tnh ton. Hai trong s l MATHCAD ca Mathsoft v MATLAB ca MathWorks. Chng l 2 gi phn mm c th d dng kim c Vit Nam vo thi im hin nay. Ngoi ra, gi phn mm MATHEMATICA ca Wolfram cng c gii khoa hc v k thut trn th gii a dng. Kh nng tnh ton da trn cc phng php tnh gn ng chnh l im mnh ca cc phn mm ny. Phn mm MATHCAD c c im l hin th ngay kt qu tnh ton sau khi ngi dng trc tip nh cng thc vo giao din ngi s dng. Tuy nhin s dng phn mm ny c kh khn khi ngi dng mun ng gi ri k tha v ti s dng cc thit k trc . V im ny phn mm MATLAB l tng i mnh, cho php ngi dng thit k phn mm thng qua cc cu lnh, d dng mun ho di dng cc kch bn v cc hm c th s dng, hoc pht trin qua cc qu trnh thit k v cc bi ton thit k khc nhau. V l do , MATLAB c la chn cho phn th nghim ny. Tc x l nhanh trn cc DSP cng nh tnh linh hot v s h tr y ca cc phn mm pht trin, dng khi to cc n, vit chng trnh ngun, g ri v ti u ho chng trnh, ca Texas Instrument (TI) lm mt s lng ln cc nh nghin cu v pht trin v x l tn hiu s la chn DSP ca TI nh mt cng c dng nghin cu v pht trin sn phm ca mnh. Bng chng c th hin trn s tng trng ca cc con s tiu th sn phm v th phn DSP ca TI c ng cc tp ch chuyn ngnh. Tc x l ca DSP c ci thin khng ngng. V t chc cc bi th nghim, th nghim X l s tn hiu c chia lm 2 bi: Bi 1: M phng h thng v tn hiu ri rc bng MATLAB Bi 2: Thit k b lc s bng MATLAB nh gi kt qu ca mi bi thc hnh da trn hai tiu ch: phn thc hnh hon thnh v tr li cc cu hi c t ra bi cc gio vin hng dn th nghim. Sau bui thc hnh, mi nhm sinh vin cn np mt bo co trong trnh by li cc chng trnh, cc kt qu v cc th theo tng

cu hi ca cc phn Cc bc thc hnh. Ti cui mi bui thc hnh tng sinh vin phi tr li cc cu hi do gio vin hng dn t v cc vn sau: Kin thc l thuyt v X l s tn hiu trong bi thc hnh Cc cu lnh v hm ca MATLAB sinh vin s dng trong bi thc hnh. Phn vit bo co c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 4 dnh cho tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm, phn tr li cu hi c nh gi vi thang im ti a l 6 dnh cho mi c nhn. Nu t c t nht 6 im ca tng cng c hai phn, sinh vin coi nh t yu cu ca bi thc hnh. BI 1. M PHNG H THNG V TN HIU RI RC BNG MATLAB A. GII THIU V MATLAB: MABLAB, vit tt ca Matrix Labotary, l mt cng c phn mm h tr tnh ton trn ma trn. MATLAB c tch hp trn mt mi trng chung mt lot cc kh nng bao gm tnh ton, hin th kt qu v lp trnh nhm gii quyt cc vn lin quan n ton hc. Cc vn bao gm: Cc phng trnh ton hc v tnh ton Pht trin cc gii thut Thu thp d liu M hnh ho, m phng v to cc mu theo thit k Phn tch, kho st v th hin d liu bng hnh nh Biu din cc biu mang tnh khoa hc v tnh k thut Pht trin cc ng dng, bao gm vic pht trin vi cc giao din vi ngi s dng. u im ni bt ca MATLAB, nh c cp trn, l kh nng tnh ton, c bit l nhng bi ton lin quan n ma trn v vector, vi thi gian t hn nhiu ln so vi cng mt cng vic tnh ton trn cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nh C hay Fortran. Kh nng lp trnh ca MATLAB cng rt linh hot, c th l trong vic to ra cc cu lnh ring v cc hm ca ring ngi s dng. H thng MATLAB bao gm 5 phn chnh sau: Mi trng pht trin: L mt tp hp cc cng c, phn ln trong chng l cc giao din ho, gip ngi dng s dng cc cu lnh v cc hm ca MATLAB. Th vin cc hm ton hc: L mt tp hp cc hm ton hc bao gm t cc hm c bn nh sin, cosin, cc php tnh i s phc n cc hm phc tp nh tm ma trn o, tm ma trn ring, hm Bessel v bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Fourier Transform FFT). Ngn ng lp trnh: L mt ngn ng bc cao lin quan n ma trn v mng. Trong MATLAB c y nhng c trng ca mt ngn ng lp trnh bao gm cc lnh r nhnh, cc hm, cu trc d liu, nhp/xut d liu, v cc c tnh lin quan n lp trnh hng i tng (object-oriented programming). ho: L mt tp hp cc cng c biu din ma trn v vector bng ho. Bn cnh cc cng c mc thp th hin d liu dng 2 chiu v 3 chiu, x l hnh nh tnh, nh ng cn c cc cng c mc cao dng to ra cc biu din ho theo ca ngi s dng cng nh to ra cc giao din ho ngi s dng.

 Cc API: L mt th vin cho php ngi s dng gi cc hm vit trn ngn ng C v Fortran. Chng bao gm c cc cng c cho php gi cc hm t MATLAB di dng lin kt ng, v c v ghi cc tp .MAT. MATLAB, bn cnh kh nng tnh ton trn ma trn, ng thi cng l mt ngn ng lp trnh mnh. Cc tp chng trnh ca MATLAB c ghi di dng ui .m, c gi l M-files. C hai loi tp dng ui .m: Tp kch bn (scripts): Loi tp ny khng c cc bin u vo v u ra, n n thun ch x l d liu vi cc bin trn vng lm vic hin thi (work space) ca MATLAB. Khi g tn tp ti ca s lnh (command window), cc lnh c lu trong ni dung ca tp ln lt c gi ra theo mt kch bn tun t t trn xung di. Tp m t hm (functions): Loi tp ny cn khai bo cc bin u vo v u ra. Cc bin c khai bn trong loi tp ny l cc bin a phng (local variables) v ch c phm vi nh hng ti chnh hm s . Ni dung trong cc tp ny nhm mc ch tnh ton cc thng s u ra da trn cc tham s u vo ca hm s. Tn ca tp loi ny cn trng vi tn ca hm s c khai bo v m t bn trong ni dung ca tp. khi ng MATLAB, ngi s dng c th nhy p chut vo biu tng MATLAB 6.5 trn mn hnh desktop hoc vo menu Start -> All Programs -> MATLAB 6.5 -> MATLAB 6.5 t giao din ca Windows. Sau khi MATLAB c khi ng, trn mn hnh ngi s dng s hin th ln mi trng pht trin tch hp ca MATLAB bao gm mt s ca s, trong c cc ca s quan trng sau: Ca s lnh (Command Window): c chc nng th hin du nhc nhp vo cc lnh t bn phm, v hin th kt qu tnh ton sau khi g mt lnh hoc gi mt hm. Ca s cc lnh dng (Command History): th hin danh mc cc lnh g hoc cc hm c gi theo cc phin lm vic. Ca s th mc hin thi (Current Directory): th hin danh sch cc tp dng ui .m ang tn ti trong th mc hin thi. thay i th mc hin thi trn ca s nh nm ngay bn trn ca s lnh. Vng lm vic (Workspace): th hin danh mc tt c cc bin bao gm: tn bin, gi tr hin thi ca bin, kiu bin ang tn ti phin lm vic hin ti. Ngoi ra cn mt lot cc ca s khc s c kch hot v hin th khi gi mt lnh hoc chn mt mc trong phn Menu ca MATLAB. bit thm v cc ca s c th tham kho thm trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn phm F1. son tho mt kch bn hoc mt hm, thc hin chn menu File -> New -> M-File hoc nhp chut vo biu tng New M-File trn thanh cng c (Toolbar). Trn mn hnh s hin th ln ca s son tho (Editor) c y cc chc nng son tho ging nh bt c mi trng son tho ca ngn ng lp trnh no khc. xem tr gip v mt lnh hay mt hm c sn no ca MATLAB, g lnh help km theo tn ca lnh hoc hm t ca s lnh ca MATLAB, v d: >> help fft trn ca s lnh s a ra ni dung v chc nng, c php cho cc tham s vo/ra cho hm thc hin php bin i Fourier nhanh c MATLAB t di tn fft.

B. TN HIU V H THNG RI RC MIN THI GIAN RI RC n 1. Yu cu trc khi lm th nghim Sinh vin nm vng kin thc v Tn hiu v h thng ri rc bao gm: Cc tn hiu c bn H thng tuyn tnh bt bin v p ng xung ca h thng tuyn tnh bt bin Phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng 2. Mc ch ca phn th nghim Sinh vin dng MATLAB m phng cc ni dung sau: Cc tn hiu c bn min thi gian v cc tnh cht ca n Tnh tch chp p ng ca h thng c m t bi phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng Tng quan ca cc tn hiu

3. Mt s lnh v hm ca MATLAB Phn ny a ra danh mc cc lnh cc hm ca MATLAB c th s dng trong phn th nghim ny. bit c th hn v chc nng ca hm v c php ca lnh gi hm, g lnh help km theo tn ca hm ti ca s lnh ca MATLAB. zeros: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 0. ones: to mt ma trn vi ton b cc phn t c gi tr bng 1. rand: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin c phn b u trong khong t 0 n 1. randn: to mt ma trn vi cc phn t nhn cc gi tr ngu nhin theo phn b Gauss c gi tr trung bnh bng 0, phng sai bng 1. min: tr v gi tr nh nht trong mt ma trn. max: tr v gi tr ln nht trong mt ma trn. fliplr: ln ngc li th t cc phn t trong mt ma trn theo hng xut pht t phi qua tri tr thnh t tri qua phi. plot v stem: v th ca mt dy s, plot th hin dng lin tc, stem th hin dng ri rc, thng s dng hm stem v tn hiu min n. conv: tr v tch chp ca 2 vector. filter: tr v p ng theo thi gian ca h thng c m t bi mt phng trnh sai phn tuyn tnh h s hng. Ngoi ra, sinh vin cn tm hiu mt cch rt cn thn cc php ton trn ma trn v vector trong phn tr gip (Help) ca MATLAB bng cch nhn F1 ri vo mc MATLAB -> Getting Started -> Matrices and Arrays. 4. Cc bc thc hnh

Bi 1: Cho dy xung n v v chng trnh v chng nh sau: Dy xung n v: clf; % Tao day xung don vi n = -10:20; delta = [zeros(1,10) 1 zeros(1,20)]; subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,delta); xlabel('thoi gian roi rac n'); ylabel('bien do'); title('tao day xung don vi'); axis([-10 20 0 1.2]); C th nh sau

Yu cu: T chng trnh trn, hy vit chng trnh v th ca cc sau c dng 1. Dy nhy n v u(n) c dng sau:

2. Vit dy dc n v r(n);

3. Vit chng trnh biu din hm m thc trn th Bi 2: Cho dy ch nht vi chiu di L v chng trnh sau clf; %tao day chu nhat n = 0:20; L=10; chunhat= [ones(1,L) zeros(1,20-L+1)]; subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,chunhat); grid; xlabel('thoi gian roi rac n'); ylabel('bien do'); title('tao day xung chu nhat'); axis([0 20 0 1.2]);

Yu cu: Trn c s chng trnh cho, sinh vin hy : - vit thm vo chng trnh va v th cho v va v th ca tn hiu tr i 3 mu - Mun thay i chiu di ca dy phi lm th no

Bi 3 Cho mt dy tn hiu hnh sin dng tng t v chng trnh v tn hiu hnh sin . T tn hiu hnh sin cho hy v tn hiu hnh sin ri rc vi chiu di dy pht t 0 n 50, vi pha ban u ca tn hiu l v /2 n=0:40; f=0.1; pha=0; A=1.5; goc=2*pi*f*n-pha; x=A*cos(goc); clf; plot(n,x); axis([0 40 -2 2]); grid; title('Day tin hieu hinh sin'); xlabel('Chi so thoi gian n'); ylabel('Bien do'); axis; Dy tn hiu nhn c l

Yu cu: Hy v dng tn hiu hnh sin trn thnh tn hiu hnh sin ri rc. Bi 4: Chng trnh tnh tch chp ca hai dy hu hn sau % Tinh toan va ve tich chap cua 2 day co chieu dai huu han % Nhap cac day tu ban phim x=input('Nhap day kich thich x='); h=input('Nhap dap ung xung cua he thong h='); y=conv(x,h); nx=length(x); %chieu dai cua day x nh=length(h); %Chieu dai cua day h ny=nx+nh-1; %Chieu dai cua day y disp(y); n=0:ny-1; subplot(2,1,1); stem(n,y); xlabel('Thoi gian roi rac n'); ylabel('Bien do'); title('tich chap cua 2 day co chieu dai huu han'); Yu cu: Hy thay i chng trnh va v tch chp ca dy v v dy tr ca tch chp dy y, vi tr c nhp t bn phm