1

Mc lc
Trang
LI NI U . 3
TM TT NI DUNG 5
CC T VIT TT S DNG TRONG LUN VN . 6
CHNG 1 L THUYT ANTEN 7
1.1 Khi nim v anten .... 7
1.2 H phng trnh Maxwell . 7
1.3 Qu trnh vt l ca s bc x sng in t .. 7
1.4 Cc thng s c bn ca anten .. 8
1.4.1 Tr khng vo ca anten . 10
1.4.2 Hiu sut ca anten . 10
1.4.3 H s hng tnh v h s tng ch .. 11
1.4.4 th phng hng v gc bc x ca anten 11
1.4.5 Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng 12
1.4.6 Tnh phn cc ca anten .. 13
1.4.7 Di tn ca anten . 13
1.5 Cc h thng anten . 14
CHNG 2 ANTEN MCH DI ..................................................................... 16
2.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca anten mch di . 16
2.1.1 Cu to . 16
2.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca anten mch di 21
2.2 Tnh phn cc ca anten mch di . 22
2.3 Bng thng ca anten mch di . 24
2.4 Phng php phn tch v thit k anten mch di ... 24
2.5 Nhc im ca anten mch di v xu hng pht trin .. 26
CHNG 3 TNG QUAN METAMATERIAL . 27
3.1 nh ngha metamaterial ... 27
3.2 c im ca metamaterial ... 27
3.2.1 iu kin entropy 33
3.2.2 o ngc hiu ng Doppler .. 33
3.2.3 o ngc hin tng khc x ... 34
2
3.2.4 nh hng n cc h s Fresnel ... 37
3.2.5 o ngc hiu ng Goos-Hanchen .. 38
3.2.6 o ngc s hi t v phn k trong thu knh li v lm .. 40
3.3 Hng pht trin ca Metamaterial . 41
3.3.1 Nhng vt liu nhn to thc s .. 41
3.3.2 Thu knh v cc thit b quang c chit sut m .................................... 42
3.3.3 Thit b bo v anten v b mt chn la tn s .................................... 44
3.3.4 MTMs linh hot .. .44
3.4 L thuyt anten metamaterial ...... 44
3.4.1 Cu trc CRLH TLs l tng ...... 45
3.4.1.1 Nhng c tnh c bn ca TL .. 45
3.4.1.2 Cng hng cn bng v khng cn bng 51
3.4.1.3 Thit k mng LC . 53
3.4.1.4 Xy dng m hnh CRLH 1D ... 56
3.4.2 L thuyt anten bc sng v hn trn cu trc chu k . 57
CHNG 4 THIT K ANTEN METAMATERIAL ... 61
4.1 Thit k anten metamaterial 61
4.2 Thc nghim v o c ... 70
KT LUN CHUNG . 74
TI LIU THAM KHO .. 75














3

LI NI U

Thng tin xut hin t rt lu t khi con ngi bit dng la, ting ng
m thanh, cc k hiu tng hnh lin lc trao i. Tri qua qu trnh pht trin,
nhu cu thng tin lin lc ca con ngi cng i hi ph hp vi thc t l
nhanh, chnh xc v xa trong khi nu vn gi cch thc lin lc t xa xa th
khng th p ng c v kh nng hn ch v s ri ro. Chnh t nhu cu
thi thc con ngi phi tm ra cch thc lin lc mi v n nm 1837 Samuel
Morse pht minh ra m hiu truyn tin da trn cch thc ng m dng in
gy nn ting (tich te). Vi pht minh ny n lm gim i nhiu ri ro ca
thng tin tuy nhin n vn b hn ch bi khong cch xa v cho n nm 1894
Maxwell a ra l thuyt v mt dng vt cht mi c th lan truyn c i xa
v ngay c trong chn khng l sng in t th thng tin c th khc phc
c hn ch bi khong cch a l. iu ny c thc t ho bi Maconi, ng
thnh cng trong vic truyn tn hiu Morse bng sng v tuyn qua i Ty
Dng vo nm 1902. S kin ny m ra mt k nguyn mi v thng tin lin
lc, to tin cho nhiu ng dng trong vin thng sau ny.
ng gp vo thng tin lin lc th khng th khng k ti vai tr ca anten
mt thit b dng truyn t v thu nhn tn hiu. Anten cng xut hin t lu
c th ni n cng c cng nin i vi thng tin lin lc mi. Anten dn tr nn
ph bin t khi xut hin nhng chic radio u tin hay nhng chic ti vi n hnh
tt c u s dng n n. Lc anten c cu to rt n gin ch l nhng chic
anten n cc sau dn l h thng anten Yagi c ng dng rt nhiu v ph bin.
p ng nhu cu thng tin lin lc ngy cng pht trin th cng ngh anten
cng phi pht trin theo in hnh l nhng ng dng truyn i xa nh thng tin
v tinh th anten phi thit k sao cho truyn c tn hiu i xa m khng tn
nhiu cng sut pht, c th s dng anten parabol thu pht v vi loi anten ny
n c li cao v nh hng ln. Ngoi ra khng th khng ni n xu hng
ca thi i mi l nh gn, a ng dng. y l nhng iu tt yu v anten cng
vy n cng phi nh gn p ng c yu cu trn, chnh v vy m t nhng
4
nm 70 m cng ngh anten mch di c nghin cu v pht trin. c im
ni bt ca anten loi ny l nh gn, d ch to, c nh hng tng i cao,
v c bit l d dng tch hp vi h thng x l tn hiu. Nhng c tnh trn
gip antnen mch di c quan tm nhiu hn trong cng ngh tng lai v hin
ti n c s dng rt rng ri nh trong cng ngh di ng, mng WLAN, anten
thng minh v h thng tch hp siu cao tn. Tuy nhin anten mch di cng c
nhng nhc im l :
Bng thng hp, mt s anten vi di c li thp
Suy hao in tr ln trn cu trc cung cp ca mng anten
C bc x tha t ng truyn v cc mi ni
Hiu sut nng lng c th s dng c thp
ci thin c nhng nhc im trn c rt nhiu cch thc nh h
thng anten mng (Array antenna) tng li cho anten, ngoi ra c th iu
khin c bp sng. Ngoi ra cn c nhng ci thin v vt cht cho anten mt
trong nhng ci thin l metamaterial v n c nhng c tnh khc bit so vi
cc vt liu thng thng nh c c, < 0 v c mode cng hng sng ngc
Nhng c tnh s c ln lt gii thiu trong lun vn
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy Phan Anh inh hng cho em lm lun vn
ny, em cm n thy Thm c Phng v bn b c nhng gp v ng vin
em su sc. V c bit em rt chn thnh cm n Thc s Trn Th Thu Qunh
tn tnh ch bo, hng dn cho em hon thnh lun vn tt nghip .











5

TM TT NI DUNG

Ni dung ca kho lun chia lm 4 chng:
Chng 1: L thuyt anten. Trong chng ny gii thiu mt nt rt khi qut th
no l h thng anten. Tip n l gii thiu cc thng s c bn ca anten trong l
thuyt cng nh trong thc t. V cui cng l mt ci nhn chung v h thng
anten hin ang c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc.
Chng 2: Anten mch di. Trong chng ny gii thiu nhng iu c bn v
anten mch di nh lch s ra i, cu to v nguyn l hot ng. Tip n l cc
phng php phn tch v cng thc tnh ton cho anten mch di. Cui cng l
hng i mi trong tng lai cho loi anten ny.
Chng 3: Tng quan Metamaterial. y chnh l phn trng tm ca lun vn
cp n vn rt mi trn th gii l cng ngh vt liu nhn to c c, < 0. Tip
n lun vn tp trung vo cc hin tng xy ra i vi loi vt liu ny c khc
g so vi cc vt liu thng thng. Sau cng l nhng ng dng ca metamaterial
trong c anten metamaterial.
Chng 4: Thit k anten metamaterial. Trong chng ny phn tch kh r nhng
thng s khi thit k v ch ra nhng li im ca anten metamaterial. Cui cng l
kt qu thc nghim v nhng li kt lun khi qut.











6
CC T VIT TT S DNG TRONG LUN VN

CRLH Composite Right Left Handed
FDTD Finite Difference Time Domain
LH Left-Handed
MTMs MeTaMaterials
PLH Pure Left Handed
PRH Pure Right Handed
RH Right-Handed
TLs Transmission Lines
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
















7
Thit b
iu ch
My pht
H thng
cung cp
tn hiu

H thng
bc x
Anten pht
Thit b
x l
My thu
H thng
cm th
bc x
H thng
gia cng
tn hiu
Anten thu
Chng 1 L THUYT ANTEN

1.1 Khi nim v anten
Anten l thit b dng bc x sng in t hoc thu nhn sng t khng gian bn
ngoi.
Vi s pht trin ca k thut trong lnh vc thng tin, rada iu khin v.v..cng i
hi anten khng ch n thun lm nhim v bc x hay thu sng in t m cn tham gia
vo qu trnh gia cng tn hiu.
Trong trng hp tng qut, anten cn c hiu l mt t hp bao gm nhiu h
thng, trong ch yu nht l h thng bc x hoc cm th sng bao gm cc phn t
anten (dng thu hoc pht), h thng cung cp tn hiu m bo vic phn phi nng
lng cho cc phn t bc x vi cc yu cu khc nhau (trng hp anten pht), hoc h
thng gia cng tn hiu (trng hp anten thu). [1]












Hnh 1.1 H thng anten thu v pht [1]
1.2 H phng trnh Maxwell
L thuyt anten c xy dng trn c s nhng phng trnh c bn ca in
ng lc hc: cc phng trnh Maxwell.
Trong phn ny ta coi cc qu trnh in t l cc qu trnh bin i iu ho theo
thi gian, ngha l c th biu din qui lut sin, cos di dng phc
t i
e
e

8
) cos( ) Re( t E e E E
t i
e
e
= =

(1.1b) hoc ) sin( ) Im( t E e E E

t i
e
e
= =

(1.1b)
Cc phng trnh Maxwell dng vi phn c vit di dng:

e
p
J E i H rot + = ec

(1.2a)
H i E rot e = (1.2b)

c

e
E div =
(1.2c)
0 = H div (1.2d)
E l bin phc ca vecto cng in trng (V/m)
H l bin phc ca vecto cng t trng (A/m)
|
.
|

\
|
=
ec
o
c c i
p
1
(1.3)
(h s in thm phc ca mi trng)
h s in thm tuyt i ca mi trng (F/m)
h s t thm ca mi trng (H/m)
in dn xut ca mi trng (Si/m)

e
J l bin phc ca vecto mt dng in (
2
m
A
)

e
l mt khi ca in tch. (
3
m
C
)
Bit rng ngun to ra trng in t l dng in v in tch. Nhng trong mt s
trng hp, d dng gii mt s bi ton ca in ng lc hc, ngi ta a thm vo
h phng trnh Maxwell cc i lng dng t v t tch. Khi nim dng t v t tch
ch l tng trng ch chng khng c trong t nhin.
Kt hp vi nguyn l i ln, h phng trnh Maxwell tng qut c vit nh
sau:

e
p
J E i H rot + = ec (1.4a)
m
J H i E rot = e (1.4b)
c

m
E div =
(1.4c)
9

e
H div =
(1.4d)
Gii h phng trnh Maxwell ta c nghim l E,H. Trong phng trnh nghim
n cho chng ta bit ngun gc sinh ra E,H v cch thc lan truyn.
1.3 Qu trnh vt l ca s bc x sng in t
V nguyn l, bt k h thng in t no c kh nng to ra in trng hoc t
trng bin thin u c bc x sng in t, tuy nhin trong thc t s bc x ch xy ra
trong nhng iu kin nht nh.
v d ta xt mt mch dao ng thng s tp trung LC, c kch thc rt nh so
vi bc sng. Nu t vo mch mt sc in ng bin i th trong khng gian ca t
in s pht sinh in trng bin thin, cn trong khng gian ca cun cm s pht sinh
t trng bin thin. Nhng in t trng ny khng bc x ra ngoi m b rng buc
vi cc phn t ca mch. Nng lng in trng b gii hn trong khong khng gian
ca t in, cn nng lng t trng ch nm trong mt th tch nh trong lng cun
cm.
Nu m rng kch thc ca t in th dng dch s lan to ra cng nhiu v to ra
in trng bin thin vi bin ln hn trong khong khng gian bn ngoi. in
trng bin thin ny truyn vi vn tc nh sng. Khi t ti khong cch kh xa so vi
ngun chng s thot khi s rng buc vi ngun, ngha l cc ng sc in s khng
cn rng buc vi in tch ca 2 m t na m chng phi t khp kn trong khng gian
hay l hnh thnh mt in trng xoy. Theo qui lut ca in trng bin thin th in
trng xoy s to ra mt t trng bin i t trng bin i li tip tc to ra in
trng xoy hnh thnh qu trnh sng in t.
Phn nng lng in t thot ra khi ngun v truyn i trong khng gian t do
c gi l nng lng bc x (nng lng hu cng). Phn nng lng in t rng
buc vi ngun gi l nng lng v cng.[1]
1.4 Cc thng s c bn ca anten
Trong thc t k thut mt anten bt k c cc thng s v in c bn sau y [3]:
- Tr khng vo
- Hiu sut
- H s nh hng v tng ch.
- th phng hng.
- Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng.
- Tnh phn cc
- Di tn ca anten.
10
1.4.1 Tr khng vo ca anten
Tr khng vo ca anten ZA bao gm c phn thc v phn khng l t s gia in
p UA t vo anten v dng in IA trong anten.

A A
A
A
A
jX R
I
U
Z + = = (1.5)
Tr khng vo ca anten ngoi ra cn ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca anten
v trong mt s trng hp cn ph thuc vo vt t gn anten.
Thnh phn thc ca tr khng vo RA c xc nh bi cng sut t vo anten PA
v dng in hiu dng ti u vo anten IAe

Ae
A
A
I
P
R = (1.6)
Thnh phn khng ca tr khng vo ca anten c xc nh bi c tnh phn b
dng in v in p dc theo anten (i vi anten dy) v trong mt s trng hp c th
c th tnh ton theo cc biu thc ca ng dy truyn sng.
Hu ht cc anten ch hot ng trong mt di tn nht nh v vy c th truyn
nng lng vi hiu sut cao t my pht n anten cn phi hp tr khng gia u ra
my pht v u vo ca anten.

1.4.2 Hiu sut ca anten
Anten c xem nh l thit b chuyn i nng lng, do mt thng s quan
trng c trng ca n l hiu sut. Hiu sut ca anten
A
q chnh l t s gia cng sut
bc x Pbx v cng sut my pht a vo anten Pvo hay PA

A
bx
A
P
P
= q
(1.7)
Hiu sut ca anten c trng cho mc tn hao cng sut trong anten. i vi anten
c tn hao th Pbx < Pvo do
A
q < 1. Gi cng sut tn hao l Pth


th bx A
P P P + =
(1.8)
i lng cng sut bc x v cng sut tn hao c xc nh bi gi tr in tr
bc x Rbx v Rth vy ta c:

( )
th bx Ae A Ae A
R R I R I P + = =
2 2
.
(1.9)
T biu thc (1.7) ta vit li thnh:
11

th bx
bx
th bx
bx
A
R R
R
P P
P
+
=
+
= q (1.10)
1.4.3 H s hng tnh v h s tng ch
Nh bit anten c rt nhiu loi v so snh gia cc anten vi nhau ngi ta
a vo thng s h s hng tnh (h s nh hng) v h s tng ch (h s khuch i
hoc li). Cc h s ny cho php nh gi phng hng v hiu qu bc x ca
anten ti mt im xa no ca trn c s so snh vi anten l tng (hoc anten chun)
Anten l tng l anten c hiu sut
A
q = 1, v nng lng bc x ng u theo
mi hng. Anten l tng c xem nh mt ngun bc x v hng hoc l mt chn
t i xng na bc sng.
H s nh hng ca anten D(u,) l s ln phi tng cng sut bc x khi chuyn
t anten c hng tnh sang anten v hng (anten chun) sao cho vn gi nguyn gi
tr cng trng ti im thu ng vi hng (u,) no

) 0 (
) , (
) 0 (
) , (
) , (
2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
E
E
P
P
D
bx
bx
u u
u = = (1.11)
Trong :
D(
1 1
, u ) l h s nh hng ca anten c hng ng vi phng (
1 1
, u );
Pbx (
1 1
, u ) v Pbx (0) l cng sut bc x ca anten c hng tnh ng vi hng
(
1 1
, u ) v cng sut bc x ca anten v hng ti cng im xt.
E(
1 1
, u ), E(0) l cng trng tng ng ca chng.
iu ny c ngha l phi tng ln D(
1 1
, u ) ln cng sut bc x Pbx(0) ca anten v
hng c c trng bc x ti im thu xem xt bng gi tr E(
1 1
, u ).
H s tng ch ca anten G(u,) chnh l s ln cn thit phi tng cng sut da vo
h thng anten khi chuyn t mt anten c hng sang mt anten v hng sao cho
vn gia nguyn cng trng ti im thu theo hng xc nh (u,).
) , ( ) , ( u q u D G
A
= (1.12)
H s tng ch l mt khi nim y hn, n c trng cho anten c c tnh bc
x v hiu sut ca anten. T (1.12) c th thy h s tng ch lun nh hn h s nh
hng. Nu ta bit tng ch ca anten trong di tn xc nh ta c th tnh c Pbx theo
cng thc sau:

A A bx
G P P . = (1.13)
12
1.4.4 th phng hng v gc bc x ca anten
Mi anten u c tnh phng hng ngha l mt hng no anten pht hoc
thu l tt nht v cng c th hng anten pht hoc thu xu hn hoc khng bc x,
khng thu c sng in t. V vy vn l phi xc nh c tnh hng tnh ca
anten. Hng tnh ca anten ngoi thng s v h s nh hng nh phn tch trn
cn c c trng bi th phng hng ca anten.
th phng hng l mt ng cong biu th quan h ph thuc gi tr tng
i ca cng in trng hoc cng sut bc x ti nhng im c khong cch bng
nhau v c biu th trong h to gc hoc to cc tng ng vi cc phng ca
im xem xt.


Hnh 1.2 th phng hng trong to cc [6]

Hnh 1.3 th phng hng trong to gc [6]
13
Dng th phng hng c gi tr trng theo phng cc i bng mt nh vy
c gi l th phng hng chun ho. N cho php so snh th phng hng
ca cc anten khc nhau. Trong khng gian, th phng hng ca anten c dang hnh
khi, nhng trong thc t ch cn xem xt chng trong mt phng ngang (gc ) v mt
phng ng gc (u).
Trng bc x bin i t gi tr cc i n gi tr b, c th bng khng theo s
bin i ca cc gc theo phng hng khc nhau. nh gi dng ca th phng
hng ngi ta a vo khi nim rng ca th phng hng hay cn gi l gc
bc x. Gc bc x c xc nh bi gc nm gia hai bn knh vector c gi tr bng
0.5 cng sut cc i, cng v vy m gc bc x cn c gi l gc m na cng sut.
1.4.5 Cng sut bc x ng hng tng ng
Trong mt s h thng truyn tin v tuyn v d nh thng tin v tinh, cng sut bc
x ca my pht v anten pht c c trng bi tham s cng sut bc x ng hng
tng ng. K hiu l EIRP
T T
G P EIRP = (W)
Trong PT l cng sut u ra ca my pht a vo anten v GT l h s tng ch
ca h thng anten c hng tnh
H s tng ch GT ca anten ni ln vic tp trung cng sut bc x ca my pht
cung cp cho anten vo bp sng hp ca anten. Cng sut bc x ng hng l cng
sut uc bc x vi anten v hng, trong trng hp ny c th xem GT = 1. Nu nh
anten c bp sng cng hp th gi tr EIRP ca n cng ln.
1.4.6 Tnh phn cc ca anten
Trong trng hp tng qut, trn ng truyn lan ca sng, cc vector H E

, c
bin v pha bin i. Theo quy c, s phn cc ca sng c nh gi v xem xt
theo s bin i ca vector in trng. C th l, hnh chiu ca im u mt (im cc
i) ca vector in trng trong mt chu k ln mt phng vung gc vi phng truyn
lan ca sng s xc nh dng phn cc ca sng.
Nu hnh chiu c dng elip th phn cc l elip; nu hnh chiu l hnh trn th
phn cc l trn v nu l dng ng thng th l phn cc thng. Trong trng hp tng
qut th dng elip l dng tng qut cn phn cc thng v trn ch l trng hp ring.
Tu vo ng dng m ngi ta chn dng phn cc. V d truyn lan hoc thu
sng mt t thng s dng anten phn cc thng ng bi v tn hao thnh phn thng
ng ca in trng trong mt t b hn nhiu so vi thnh phn nm ngang. Hoc
pht v thu sng phn x t tng in ly thng s dng anten phn cc ngang bi v tn
hao thnh phn ngang ca in trng b hn nhiu so vi thnh phn ng.
14
1.4.7 Di tn ca anten
Di tn ca anten l khong tn s m trong cc thng s tnh ton ca anten
nhn cc gi tr trong gii hn cho php. Gii hn c quy nh l mc na cng
sut. Ngha l cc tn s lch vi tn s chun fo ca anten th vic lch chun lm
gim cng sut bc x khng qu 50%. Cc tn s trong di tn ca anten thng gi l
tn s cng tc.
Thng di tn c phn lm 4 nhm
- Anten di tn hp (anten tiu chun):
% 10
0
<
A
f
f
tc l 1 . 1
min
max
<
f
f

- Anten di tn tng i rng
% 50 % 10
0
<
A
<
f
f
tc l 5 . 1 1 . 1
min
max
< <
f
f

- Anten di tn rng
4 5 . 1
min
max
< <
f
f

- Anten di tn rt rng
4
min
max
>
f
f

Trong : f = fmax fmin
1.5 Cc h thng anten
Anten thng dng: anten ru t, anten tai th tivi, anten vng cho UHF,
anten loga chu k cho tivi, anten parabol trong thng tin v tinh
Trm tip sng vi ba: anten mt, anten parabol bc nha
H thng thng tin v tinh: h anten loa t trn v tinh, anten cho thu sng
v tinh, mng cc loa hnh nn chiu x (20-30GHz)
Anten phc v nghin cu khoa hc.
Quy c v cc di tn s
Di tn s Tn, k hiu ng dng
3-3 KHz Very low Freq (VLF) o hng, nh v
30-300 KHz Low Freq (LF) Pha v tuyn cho mc ch
o hng
15
300-3000 KHz Medium Freq (MF) Pht thanh AM, hng hi, trm
thng tin duyn hi, tm kim
3-30 MHz High Freq (HF) in thoi, in bo, pht
thanh sng ngn, hng hi, hng khng
30-300 MHz Very High Freq (VHF) TV, pht thanh FM, iu khin giao
thng, cnh st, taxi, o hng
300-3000 MHz Ultra High Freq (UHF) Tivi, thng tin v tinh, do thm, radar
3-30 GHz Super High Freq (SHF) Hng khng, vi ba, thng tin di ng,
v tinh.
30-300 GHz Extremly High Freq (EHF) Radar, nghin cu khoa hc






















16
Chng 2 ANTEN MCH DI


2.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca anten mch di
L thuyt pht x trn cu trc mch di c a ra u tin vo nm 1953 bi
Deschamps tuy nhin phi n nhng nm 70 th n mi thc s pht trin v i vo thc
t. V nhng anten s dng cng ngh ny c ch to u tin bi Howell v Munson
[7]. Vi nhng li im ca mnh nh nh gn, gi thnh thp, d ch to, v c bit l
kh nng tch hp vi cc h thng x l tn hiu nn anten mch di cho n nay ngy
cng pht trin trong nhng lnh vc siu cao tn nh anten cho thit b di ng, WLAN,
h thng anten thng minh
2.1.1 Cu to
Anten mch di bn cht l mt kt cu bc x kiu khe.Mi phn t anten mch di
gm c cc phn chnh l phin kim loi, lp in mi, mn chn kim loi v b phn
tip in. Phin kim loi c gn trn lp in mi to nn mt kt cu tng t nh
mt mng ca mch in, v th anten mch di cn c tn l l anten mch in [1].


Hnh 2.1 Cu trc anten mch di [3]
Cc thng s cu trc c bn ca anten mch di l chiu di L, chiu rng W,
dy cht nn h, hng s in mi c.
Tu thuc vo gi tr cc thng s trn ta c cc loi anten khc nhau. C 4 dng c
bn anten mch di [7] :
Anten mch di dng tm (Microstrip Patch Antenna), gm c tm dn in
trn mt pha ca tm in mi. Tm dn in c th l hnh vung, hnh
ch nht, hnh trn, hnh elip, hay hnh tam gic, hnh vng nhn.
17

Hnh 2.2 Cc hnh dng ca anten mch di dng tm.
Anten dipole mch di (Printed Dipole Antenna), gm c cc tm dn in
ging nh anten mch di dng tm tuy nhin anten dipole mch di gm c
cc tm i xng c 2 pha ca tm in mi.

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc anten dipole mch di.
Anten khe mch di (Printed Slot Antenna), gm c khe hp trn mt
phng t. Khe hp ny c th bt c hnh dng g tuy nhin thng thng l
dng hnh ch nht, hnh nn, hnh khuyn.
18

Hnh 2.4 Cc dng c bn ca anten khe mch di.
Anten mch di sng chy (Microstrip Traveling-Wave Antenna), gm cc
on dy xch hay dng thc dy dn in ni tip nhau trn b mt ca
tm in mi.

Hnh 2.5 Cc hnh dng ca anten mch di sng chy.
19
C 3 phng php tip in cho anten mch di: dng cp ng trc, ng mch
di v ghp khe [7]
Dng cp ng trc xuyn t mt phng t ln tip xc vi tm dn in.
phi hp tr khng th ch cn tip in nhng v tr thch hp trn tm
dn in. Nu tip in tm ca tm dn in ta s c tr khng vo bng
khng. C th tnh to tip im theo cng thc sau:

2
W
Y
f
= (2.1)

) ( 2 l
L
X
re
f

= (2.2)
Vi
2 / 1
) 12 1 (
2
1
2
1

+

+
+
=
L
h
r r
re
c c
(2.3)

Hnh 2.6 Tip in bng cp ng trc

Hnh 2.7 S tng ng khi tip in bng cp ng trc
20
Tip in bng ng mch di. Phng php ny d thc hin hn cch
tip in bng cp ng trc, ng mch di c di g/4 phi hp tr
khng gia ng tn hiu vo t cng 50 O ti tr khng vo ca anten.

Hnh 2.8 Tip in bng ng mch di

Hnh 2.9 S tng ng khi tip bng ng mch di.
Tip in bng ghp khe dng trong trng hp phi hp di rng. Ta ghp
gia ng mch di 50 O vi tr khng vo ca anten bng khong cch s.
Khong cch ny s nh l thnh phn in dung C.

Hnh 2.10 Tip in bng ghp khe
21

Hnh 2.11 S tng ng tip in bng ghp khe
2.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng ca anten mch di
Sng in t fring off t tm pha trn vo trong lp in mi, sau phn x trn
mt phng t v bc x vo khng gian pha trn. Trng bc x xy ra ch yu do
trng gia tm phng pha trn v mt phng t.

Hnh 2.11 Trng bc x E v H ca anten mch di.[9]
Ph thuc vao tng cu trc, chng ta phn bit 4 loi sng trong cu trc mch di
phng l: sng khng gian, sng mt, sng r, sng trong ng dn sng. Nu cu trc
s dng nh mt anten th hu ht nng lng s c bin i thnh sng khng gian.
Cn nu cu trc s dng dn sng th phn ln nng lng c gi trong ng dn
sng. Cn li 2 loi sng kia l suy hao khng mong mun nhng i khi vn c nhng
ng dng s dng loi sng ny nh leaky antenna [1].
Sng khng gian c pht x ln pha trn b mt phin kim loi. Nhng
sng ny c th bc x i xa v gim nhanh theo khong cch 1/r. Trong cu
trc mch di th sng khng gian ch tn ti na trn v mn chn kim loi
ngn khng cho bc x xung khng gian pha di.
22
Sng trong ng dn sng l sng tn ti trong lp in mi gia mn chn
dn in v phin kim loi.
Sng r pht sinh khi sng truyn trong lp in mi ti mn chn kim loi
theo gc nh hn gc ti hn. Sau khi phn x t mn chn, mt b phn ca
sng s khc x qua mt gii hn in mi khng kh, khin cho mt phn
nng lng r ra khi lp in mi.
Sng mt l cc sng c nng lng tp trung ch yu trn b mt v bn
trong lp in mi. Chng c phn x ton phn ti mt gii hn in mi
khng kh, ging nh sng trong ng dn sng in mi hay trong si cp
quang.
2.2 Tnh phn cc ca anten mch di
S phn cc ca anten l phn cc ca sng bc x theo mt hng nht nh, n
thng ph thuc vo k thut tip in. Tu vo mc ch s dng m ta c th to ra
cc trng bc x phn cc thng hoc phn cc trn bng cch s dng cc bin php
thch hp.
Vi cc bin php tip in thng thng th trng phn cc ca anten mch di l
trng phn cc thng. Anten khe l mt dng n gin nht ca anten phn cc thng.

Hnh 2.12 Tip in bng 1 ng mch di [4]

23

Hnh 2.13 th bc x 3 chiu [4]
to c trng phn cc trn ta kt hp 2 ng tip in vo 2 cnh ca anten
hoc t mt cng ta chia ra thnh 2 ng tip in vi hiu di l /4

Hnh 2.14 Tip in bng 2 ng mch di vo hai cnh ca anten.[4]


Hnh 2.15 th bc x 3 chiu [4]
24
u im ln nht ca phn cc trn l bt k anten thu t theo hng no n cng
c th thu c mt thnh phn ca tn hiu. iu l do sng ti c gc quay bin i.
Kiu anten phn cc trn thng c s dng trong cc h WLAN mi trng truyn
sng phc tp.
2.3 Bng thng ca anten mch di
rng bng thng ca anten mch di c nh ngha l khong tn s m trn
m trn anten phi hp tt vi ng dy tip in trong mt gii hn xc nh. Ni
cch khc, chnh l khong tn s m anten p ng c cc yu cu t ra.
rng bng tn ca anten mch di t l vi dy ca lp in mi. Khi dy
ca lp in mi rt nh so vi bc sng, di tn thng rt hp. V d, rng bng
vi t l sng ng nh hn 2:1 c th tnh ton theo cng thc kinh nghim sau [1]:
|
.
|

\
|
= A
32 / 1
4
2
t
f f (2.4)
f l rng bng, f l tn s hot ng, t l dy in mi.
tng rng bng c th s dng lp in mi dy, vi hng s in mi thp.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t vic tng dy lp in mi l c gii hn, v khi t > 0.10 th
nh hng ca sng b mt s lm gim hiu sut ca anten.
2.4 Phng php phn tch v thit k anten mch di
Hai phng php thng c s dng phn tch anten mch di l phng php
ng truyn dn v phng php hc cng hng m rng. Phng php ng truyn
dn c s dng cho cc trng hp phin kim loi c hnh dng n gin, cn phng
php hc cng hng m rng c p dng cho cc trng hp c p dng cho cc
trng hp phin kim loi c hnh dng phc tp.
Theo phng php ng truyn dn, mi anten mch di hnh ch nht c th c
m t tng ng vi 2 khe bc x, mi khe c chiu di W (bng rng ca tm
mch di) v t song song cch nhau mt khong L. Mi khe bc x c coi nh mt
dipole t. Khi chn L = d/2 do v mt bc x ca 2 khe li hng theo 2 pha ngc nhau
nn kt qu l ng sc in trng trong 2 khe li tr nn cng chiu trong khng gian.
Phn t bc x ny c gi l phn t mch di na sng.[1]
25
Hin nay ngoi cc phng php trn cn c phng php FDTD, phng php ny
c cng b bi Yee nm 1966 l phng php n gin nhng hu hiu ri rc
phng trnh vi phn ca h phng trnh Maxwell.FDTD c bit c th m phng
nhng hin tng in t tc ng ngu nhin hay cc tham s tc ng ln anten.[2]
Trong phn thit k n gin ta xt m hnh tm mch di hnh ch nht c tip
in bng cp ng trc. Trc tin ta bt u vi ba thng s bt buc c bn l: tn
s hot ng (tn s cng hng ny c th chn tu vo tng ng dng), hng s in
mi, dy in mi.
Sau y s l cc bc tnh ton thit k
Tnh ton rng W ca tm mch di theo cng thc:

2
1
2
0
+
=
r
f
c
W
c
(2.5)
Tnh ton hng s in mi hiu dng

2 / 1
12 1
2
1
2
1

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
+
=
W
h
r r
reff
c c
c (2.6)
Tnh ton chiu di hiu dng

reff
eff
f
c
L
c
0
2
= (2.7)
Tnh ton m rng ca chiu di

) 8 . 0 )( 258 . 0 (
) 264 . 0 )( 3 . 0 (
412 . 0
+
+ +
= A
h
W
h
W
h L
reff
reff
c
c
(2.8)
Tnh ton chiu di ca tm mch di
L L L
eff
A = 2 (2.9)
Tnh ton chiu di v chiu rng ca mt phng t
L h L
g
+ = 6 (2.10a)
26
W h W
g
+ = 6 (2.10b)
Tnh ton v tr tip in. V tr ca tip in c tnh theo cng thc (2.1)
v (2.2)
2.5 Nhc im ca anten mch di v xu hng pht trin
Ngoi nhng u im ca mch di th cn phi k n nhng nhc im ca loi
anten ny nh:
Bng thng hp, mt s anten vi di c li thp
Suy hao in tr ln trn cu trc cung cp ca mng anten
C bc x tha t ng truyn v cc mi ni
Hiu sut nng lng c th s dng c thp
Trn y l mt s nhng nhc im ca anten mch di v vy xu hng l ci
thin c nhng nhc im ny. Anten vi di c li thp do cn phi s dng
n nhiu anten mch di tng li v ngoi ra h thng ny c th iu khin c
bp sng (anten thng minh). ci thin bng thng hp ta c th thit k anten mch
di nhiu band (multi band) y chnh l hng i trong nhng nm ti p ng c
nhiu dch v di ng. Vn ny c cp r hn trong chng IV.











27
Chng 3 TNG QUAN METAMATERIAL

3.1 nh ngha Metamaterials
Metamaterials (theo ting Hy Lp l beyond ) l nhng loi vt liu nhn to c
nhng c tnh khc bit so vi vt liu thng thng c trong t nhin.[11]
3.2 c im ca Metamaterials
Nhng vt liu t nhin nh g, thu tinh, kim cng thng thng u c hng
s in mi, t thm l dng ( > 0 , > 0) v chit sut n > 0. Tuy nhin vo nm
2000 nhm nghin cu gm c Smith, Schultz v coworkers chng minh l c th ch
to c vt liu mi c chit sut n < 0. S vic dn hin thc ho l thuyt v vt
liu mi ca nh khoa hc ngi Nga Veselago Victor Georgevick, ng ra a l
thuyt ny vo nm 1968. [5]
Ta c mi quan h gia hng s in mi v t thm l:
n = trong < 0 v < 0 (3.1)
iu ny vn bo m cng thc trn l ng nhng cu hi t ra l nguyn l
ng lc hc ca vt liu c < 0 v < 0 c khc vi nguyn l ng lc hc ca vt
liu thng thng ( > 0 v > 0). C th c 3 cu tr li
Khng c s khc bit bi v nguyn l ng lc hc khng thay i nu v
cng i du.
Hng s in mi v t thm cng gi tr m l khng th bi v n i nghch
vi cc nguyn tc c bn.
Hng s in mi v t thm cng gi tr m l c th nhng nguyn l ng
lc hc ca nhng vt liu ny s khc vi cc vt liu c ( > 0 v > 0)
C th thy cu tr li th ba l ng. p dng phng trnh Maxwell :

t
D
c
H rot
t
B
c
E rot
c
c
=
c
c
=

1
1
(3.2)
Ta c phng trnh sau:

| |
| | E
c
H k
H
c
E k


e
c
e

=
=
(3.3)
28
T cc phng trnh (3.2) v (3.3) c th thy k H E

, , c xc nh theo quy tc
bn tay phi i vi vt liu c ( > 0 v > 0) nhng cng c th xc nh c theo
quy tc bn tay tri vi vt liu c ( < 0 v < 0). Vi l do ny m c th gi nhng
vt liu mi ny l left-handed materials. Ngoi ra cng c tn gi khc cho loi vt
liu ny l backward wave din t rng sng s truyn ngc vi hng ca nng
lng in t trng. Cn vt liu thng thng l right-handed media. ngn gn ta k
hiu metamaterials l MTMs, left-handed l LH v vt liu thng thng l RH
Nh rng vecto Pointing lun c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi vi H E

,
H E S

= (3.4)
V hng ca vecto vn tc pha p v

trng vi hng vecto sng

k

. Nhng trong
khi hng ca vecto vn tc nhm g v

cng hng vi vecto Pointing s

. V vy m
vecto vn tc pha v vecto vn tc nhm l ngc hng nhau khi hng s in mi v
t thm l cng m ( < 0 v < 0). Ngc li khi m vt liu no c vn tc pha v
vn tc nhm l ngc pha nhau th ta ni vt liu c c tnh l c < 0 v < 0.


a) b)
Hnh 3.1 a) biu din chiu ca vecto Pointing S v vecto song k ca vt liu
thng thng.
b) biu din chiu ca vecto Pointing S v vecto song k ca loi vt liu
mi.
29

c)
Hnh 3.1c) m t hng ca vecto Pointing S v vecto song k trong c 2 vt liu [5]
S khng cng hng ca vecto vn tc pha v vecto vn tc nhm c mt s nh
hng n hin tng vt l vn thng gp. Vn ny s c ni r phn sau, sau
y ch l mt trong nhng nh hng c bn nht ca n ch ra rng chit sut cng
c th l mt s m.
Nh bit thng thng mt tia sng n gp b phn cch gia 2 mi trng
khc nhau tia sng s b khc x theo ng 1-4 nh trn hnh v:

Hnh 3.2 Cc tia sng kh d khi i qua b phn cch [5]
Tuy nhin khi vn tc pha v vn tc nhm khng cng hng th iu l lng xy
ra l tia s b lch i theo hng 1-3. V vy nu mun gi nguyn cng thc v hin
tung khc x (nh lut Snellius):

n =
|

sin
sin
(3.5)
30
Th n < 0 v sin < 0. M theo cng thc ta c n = do cn phi iu chnh
li cch vit nh sau
c = n
Du + khi vt liu l thng thng c > 0 v >0 v du - khi vt liu c <
0 v < 0. Hay c th vit li cho gn l
c s n = (3.6)
vi s l hm du s =1 khi l vt liu RH
s = -1 khi l vt liu LH
T y ta s c cc cp du ca ( ,) to thnh bn min trong h to ca ,


Hnh 3.3 H to (, ) [5]

Nhn vo h trn c th thy rng trong min I ( > 0 v >0) y chnh l vt
liu thng thng.
Trong min th II ( < 0 v >0) c bit n nh l vt liu plasma. Vt liu
ny c th lm t mt h dy kim loi c sp xp tun hon khi tn s hot ng nh
hn tn s plasma v c kch thch bi sng c vecto in trng dc theo trc z.
31

Hnh 3.4a M hnh vt liu plasma in [5]

) (
1 1 ) (
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
e e
e
e
e
e e
e
e c
+
+
+
=
+
=
pe pe pe
j
j
r
(3.7)
Vi

a
p
p
c
pe
ln
2
2
2
t
e =
a l bn knh ca si dy

to
e
c
2
0
a
p
pe
=

0 ) Re( <
r
c khi m
2 2 2
e e < pe
Nu
0 =
th
0 <
r
c
khi
pe
e e <

Trong min th IV ( > 0 v < 0) y l loi vt liu m t trc rt kh
lm ra t nhng cht ng nht. n nay c mt s cu trc c xut nh: vng t
cng hng c khe hp, cu trc hnh ch S, O, cu trc 2 thanh ngn t song song v
ngn cch bi lp in mi. Xt cu trc vng t cng hng c khe hp c kch thch
bi sng c vecto t trng vung gc vi trc y :
32

Hnh 3.4b M hnh vt liu plasma t [5]

2 2
0
2 2
2
2 2
0
2 2
0
2 2 2
0
2 2
2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) (
1 1
e e e
e
e e e
e e e
e e e
e

+
+
+

=
+
=
m m
m
m
r
F
j
F
j
F
(3.8)
Vi

2
) (
p
a
F t = a l bn knh trong

)
2
ln(
3
3 0
o
t
e
da
p
c
m
= d l b rng ca vng trn
l bn knh ca khong cch gia cc vng trn
0
' 2

a
pR
=
R l in tr trn mt n v di
= 0 khi R= 0 tc l khng c mt mt v vy 0 <
r
khi
pm m
e e e < <
0


pm
e
l tn s plasma t.
Trong min th III ( < 0 v < 0) y chnh l metamaterials hay left-handed
media. C th to c vt liu ny khi kt hp 2 tnh cht ca vt liu plasma in v
plasma t. T ta c cu hnh sau
33

Hnh 3.4c M hnh t hp ca vt liu plasma in v t [5]

C th thy vt liu ny l loi khng ng nht c vecto E dc theo trc z v vecto
H vung gc vi trc y.
Di y s l mt s tch cht khc bit ca Metamaterials
3.2.1 iu kin Entropy
Nh bit nng lng ca trng in t:

2 2
H E W c + =
(3.9)
Tuy nhin nu dng cng thc trn s khng ng na nu tn ti tn s no m
v < 0 v ta bit rng c v u l hm ca tn s. Khi cho ng vi iu
kin Entropy th cng thc trn phi vit li thnh

2 2
) ( ) (
H E W
e
e
e
ec
c
c
+
c
c
= (3.10)
Cng thc ny ng cho c v cng m hoc cng dng. V nu nh khng c
s pht tn tc l khng tn ti tn s c bit no th cng thc li tr v nh cng
thc ban u.[5]

3.2.2 o ngc hiu ng Doppler
Gi s c mt ngun pht sng v hng S, tn s pht chuyn ng dc theo
trc z vi vn tc
s
v [5]
34

Hnh 3.5 a) Hiu ng Doppler ( > 0)
b) Hiu ng Doppler ngc ( < 0)
khu xa trng ca ngun pht S, trng c dng

r
e
t z H t z E
t j ) , (
) , ( ), , (
e
o

vi r t t | e e = ) , (
Trong r l khong cch t ngun n ni thu, l hng s sng
Gi s rng sng pht i theo hng dc trc z ( = 0). Nu ngun sng S chuyn
ng theo chiu dng ca trc z khi t v z
s
=
ni thu s c s lch pha:

t
v
v
s t
v
v
t v t v t
p
s
p
s
s s
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( = = = = e e
e
|
e | e
(3.11)
Vi vp l vn tc pha, ) (
p
s
v
v
s = Ae
Tn s thu c l doppler = - (3.12)
i vi vt liu thng thng th s = 1 nn > 0 v vy doppler < . Nhng i vi
LH media th s = -1 nn < 0 v do doppler > .
Nh vy hin tng Doppler b o ngc.
3.2.3 o ngc hin tng khc x
Mt trong nhng im c bit ca LH media l c chit sut n < 0 c ni phn
trn. Trong phn ny s ch ra nh hng ca n < 0 khi m hai loi vt liu LH v RH
c t tip xc vi nhau.
35
Thng thng sng n
r k j
i
e

gp b mt ca vt liu 1, mt phn sng b phn x

r k j
r
e

v mt phn b khc x sang vt liu 2

r k j
t
e

. iu kin b i hi rng cc
thnh phn tip tuyn ca H E

, phi lin tc ti z = 0 vi mi x v y.

Hnh 3.6 ng i ca cc tia khi i qua b phn cch 2 vt liu [5]
Gi bin ca thnh phn tip tuyn ca sng n, phn x v khc x l
tan , tan , tan ,
, ,
t r i
E E E
theo trong mi trng hp u phi tho mn phng trnh sau

) (
tan ,
) (
tan ,
) (
tan ,
y k x k j
t
y k x k j
r
y k x k j
i
ty tx ry rx iy ix
e E e E e E
+ + +
= +
(3.13)
tho mn vi mi x v y th phi c
tan , tan , tan , t r i
E E E = +
do m

x tx rx ix
k k k k = = =
(3.14a)

y ty ry iy
k k k k = = =
(3.14b)
iu ny ch ra rng cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca hng s sng:

y k x k k
y x

tan
+ =

l lin tc ti b mt gia 2 vt liu hay hng s sng tip tuyn ca vt liu l v 2
bng nhau

tan , 2 tan , 1
k k =
(3.15)
36
y chnh l kt qu do s lin tc ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn E v H. V iu
ny vn cn ng khi b l tip xc bi vt liu thng thng vi left-handed media.
Cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca hng s sng c th biu din di dng gc nh sau

t t tx r r rx i i ix
k k k k k k u u u sin , sin , sin = = = (3.16)
Vi
1
1
k k
c
n
k
r i
= = =
e
v
2
2
k
c
n
k
t
= =
e
(3.17)
p dng cng thc (3.14) v (3.16) ta c

r r i i
k k u u sin sin = (3.18)
Kt hp cng thc (3.17) suy ra:
i r
u u =
iu ny khng b thay i b gia vt liu RH v LH media bi v tia phn x v
tia ti cng nm trong mt vt liu.
Cng t cng thc (3.14),(3.16) v (3.17) suy ra

2 2 1 1
sin sin u u n n = (3.19a)
y l cng thc trong hin tng khc x (nh lut Snell) miu t ng i ca
tia gia hai vt liu khc nhau. V vy nu mt vt liu l RH v mt vt liu l LH th c
th vit li thnh cng thc tng qut nh sau:

2 2 2 1 1 1
sin sin u u n s n s = (3.19b)
Nu
1
s v
2
s cng du tc l cng vt liu thng thng hay cng l LH media th
hin tng khc x s khng c g thay i nhng nu
1
s v
2
s l ngc du tc l mt
vt liu l RH v mt vt liu l LH th hin tng khc x s khc.
Tht vy gi s sng ti t vt liu thng thng v s khc x vt liu LH tc l
1
s = 1 v
2
s = -1 t suy ra l gc khc x by gi khng cn l 2 na m l ( 2 ). C
th thy r hn iu ny qua hnh v di [5]
37

Hnh 3.7 a) C 2 vt liu l RH [5]
b) Vt liu 1 l RH v vt liu 2 l LH [5]
3.2.4 nh hng n cc h s Fresnel
Trong phn ny s ch ra s thay i nh th no n cc h s Fresnel (h s phn
x R v h s truyn T) b gia hai vt liu m mt trong s l LH media.
H s phn x R v h s truyn T u c 2 loi tng ng vi 2 kiu phn cc l
phn cc ngang (vecto E // mt phng ti hay TMz) v phn cc dc (vecto E mt
phng ti hay cn gi l TEz)
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2 2 1
1
1
2
2 1
//
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
//
cos cos
cos 2
) ( 2
cos cos
cos cos
u q u q
u q
c c

c c
u q u q
u q u q
c c
c c
+
=
+
=
+

=
+

=
z r z r
z
r
r
r r
z r z r
z r z r
k k
k
T
k k
k k
R
(3.20a)
2 1 1 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
1 2
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 2
cos cos
cos 2 2
cos cos
cos cos
u q u q
u q


u q u q
u q u q


+
=
+
=
+

=
+

z r z r
z r
z r z r
z r z r
k k
k
T
k k
k k
R
(3.20b)
Trong i l tr khng c tnh ca vt liu

i
i
i
c

q = (i = 1,2) (3.21)
Vi cc thng s c thit lp nh sau:
38

2 2
2 2
2 2
r r
r r
z z
k k

c c
=
=
=

C th thy rng bin ca cc h s Fresnel ca vt liu RH/RH bng vi bin
cc h s Frenesl ca vt liu RH/ LH. Bi v bin ca cc h s ny ch ph thuc vo
cc thnh phn tip tuyn ngay c vt liu l LH i chng na tht vy theo iu kin
b


Hnh 3.8 iu kin b gia vt liu thng v LH media [8]

t t
t t
H H
E E
2 1
2 1
=
=
(3.22)
Thng th pha ca cc h s Fresnel ca vt liu RH/RH cng pha vi cc h s
Fresnel ca vt liu RH/ LH. Tuy nhin pha ca h s truyn T// ca 2 loi vt liu l
ngc pha nhau.
3.2.5 o ngc hiu ng Goos-Hanchen
Hiu ng Goos-Hanchen l s dch chuyn v tr mt lng d ca chm sng hay
sng in t khi va p vo mt ca b phn cch vt liu in mi chn quang vi mi
trng.
Hin tng ny c Newton d on t trc v mi sau ny c 2 nh khoa hc
Goos v Hanchen chng minh:
39

Hnh 3.9a Hiu ng Goos-Hanchen 2 vt liu RH [5]
Trong hiu ng Goos-Hanchen th vt liu 1 c chit sut ln hn vt liu 2
(
2 1
n n > ) v gc ti phi ln hn gc ca tinh th vt liu 2 (
1
2 1
sin
n
n
c i

> >u u ) do vy m
ton b sng b phn x. Trong trng hp ny th cc thnh phn php tuyn ca vt liu
1 l thc cn ca vt liu 2 l o

2
0 0
2
2 2
2 2
0 1 1 1
k n k j jq k
k k n p k
x z
x z
= =
= =
(3.33)
Trong x thay i dc trn b phn cch, p1 l thc v p1 > 0, vt liu 1 l RH
chc chn sng pht i t ngun, q2 l thc v q2 > 0 khng nh s suy gim theo
hm m t ngun. Vi nhng mi quan h ny th h s phn x c th c vit di
dng cc nh sau:

//
// //
j
e R R =
vi ) ( tan 2 ) ( tan 2
//
1
2 1
1 2 1
//

c
c

= =
q
p
r
r
(3.34a)

=
j
e R R
vi

= = t

t
1
2 1
1 2 1
tan 2 ) ( tan 2
q
p
r
r
(3.34b)
S dch Goos-Hanchen l

(

+
=
c
c
=
2
2
1
2 1 1
2
//
2
//
//
) ( 1
1
2
q
p
q p
k
k
d
x
r
r
x
c
c

(3.35a)


(

=
c
c
=

2
2
1
2 1 1
2
2
) ( 1
1
2
q
p
q p
k
k
d
x
r
r
x

(3.35b)
Theo (3.33) ta c
40

0 ) (
2
0 2
2
2 2
0 1 2
2
1
>

=
k n k
k k n
q
p
x
x
(3.36)
Nu nh c 2 vt liu l RH th t s p1/q2 > 1 v n1 > n2 > 0 do m

d d ,
//
l
nhng s dng iu ny to nn s dch v tr dng nh hnh 3.9a. Tuy nhin vt liu
th 2 l LH th s khc, du ca
2 2
,
r r
c l -. Chnh iu ny lm cho hiu ng Goos-
Hanchen b o ngc tc l s dch v tr m xy ra b mt 2 vt liu do

d d ,
//
cng
l s m

Hnh 3.9b Hiu ng Goos-Hanchen b o ngc vt liu RH/LH [5]
Mt iu ch na l vt liu 2 trong phn cc // th khng nht thit l vt liu LH
m vt liu ch cn c thng s < 0 hoc < 0 l c.
3.2.6 o ngc s hi t v phn k trong thu knh li v lm
Hin tng nhiu x s xut Nh bit nh hng ca LH media n nh lut
Snell (nh lut khc x) phn trn. Nh vy n s nh hng n ng i ca tia sng
khi i qua thu knh lm bng vt liu ny v nguyn l ng i ca tia sng cng da
trn nh lut . C th thy c nh hng ca n trn hnh v [5]

Hnh 3.10 a) Thu knh LH li l phn k th thu knh RH li l hi t
b) Thu knh LH lm l hi t th thu knh RH lm l phn k.
41
Trn hnh v nu thu knh lm bng vt liu RH th nh sng song song khi i qua
thu knh li n s hi t nhng nu lm bng vt liu LH th nh sng song song khi i
qua n s phn k. V iu tng t cng xy ra vi thu knh l lm.
Ta xt mt v d nh sau:
Tiu c ca thu knh mng c cng thc:

1
=
n
R
f
(3.37)
Vi R l bn knh ca thu knh. T y nu thu knh lm bng vt liu LH c chit
sut n = -1 th cng tng ng nh mt thu knh lm bng RH c chit sut n = 3 c
cng bn knh.Nhng nu thu knh lm bng RH m c cng ln chit sut (n = 1)
vi thu knh LH th n s khc. Thu knh LH n s tiu c ngn f= R/2 hn cn thu
knh RH th n c tiu c l v cng nn khng hi t c tia sng.
Mt iu ch l tia sng bao gm mt di tn s nn nu vi cu trc ca thu
knh c di n v l p (unit cell) s lm cho ng i ca tia sng khng cn nh
bnh thng. Tht vy nu p/
g
m ln th hin tng nhiu x khng th b qua nn
ng i ca tia sng s khc. Nhng nu p/
g
<< 1 th hin tng nhiu x c th b
qua.
3.3 Hng pht trin ca Metamaterial
Trc y nhiu c nhiu nghin cu v cu trc vt liu nh vt liu nhn to
RH, vt liu c cu trc khng ng nht, vt liu c cu trc chu k Tuy nhin MTMs
thc s mi bt u vo nm 2000 v y chnh l hng i mi cho cc nh khoa hc
trong nhng nm ti. Trong phn ny s gii thiu mt s hng i mi trong vic pht
trin MTMs.
3.3.1 Nhng vt liu nhn to thc s
Nh ni phn trn nu p/
g
khng nh th hin tng nhiu x/ tn x xy
ra v s khc x khng cn l chnh xc na. Trn thc t th t s ny vn cn cao c 1/5
1/15 do s khc x vn tri hn nhng vn chu nh hng ca nhiu x/ tn x v
ko theo l lm gim h s truyn T.
gii quyt vn ny th MTMs phi ng nht ho. Nu tho mn c s
ng nht ny th MTMs nh l vt liu nhn to thc s. t c t s p/
g
nh th
p phi nh dn n c kch thc ca nguyn t ca vt liu trong t nhin. Vt liu trong
t nhin nh khng kh chng hn th p c angstrom m
10
10
=
v trong di tn s cao th ta
c p/
g
c
9
10

iu ny chc chn p ng l vt liu ng nht hon ho vi sng

in t.
42
Tuy nhin cu hi t ra l c th lm vt liu m c p c kch thc nguyn t th
cu tr li l c th lm c v hin nay cng ngh nano ang c pht trin mnh
trn th gii.
3.3.2 Thu knh v cc thit b quang c chit sut m.
Thu knh di tn vi sng lm bng LH media l khi nim mi m ng cho s
nghin s nghin cu v cu hnh v c tnh th v ca n.
Thu knh LH media c b mt cong l mt phn ca hnh conic. p dng quang
trnh th hin ng i ca tia sng: Tng quang trnh t im O n P v n Q bng
quang trnh t im O n L nh hnh v

Hnh 3.11a Thu knh c b mt l cong.[5]
Nu iu kin trn c tho mn th sng pht ra t O n nhng im trn mt
phng x = f l ng pha v ngc li mi sng pht i t nhng im trn mt x = f th ti
O l ng pha ( t li im O).
Ta c quang trnh sau:
L O n Q P n P O n
1 2 1
= + (3.38)
Hay
f n r f n r n
1 2 1
)) cos( ) ( ( ) ( = + u u u (3.39)
Vi
u u
u
cos 1
1
cos
) (
2 1
2 1
n
n
f
n n
n n
f r
A
A
=

=
n = n2 / n1
C th thy rng mt ca thu knh ph thuc vo n .
n = 0 mt l cu
43
-1sns0 mt l ellipse
n = -1 mt l parabol
n s -1 mt l hypebol

Hnh 3.11b M phng vi thu knh mt cu, mt ellip v mt hyperbol
T c th thy nu 2 vt liu l khc nhau nh RH/LH th c r ln hn RH/RH
hoc LH/LH chnh v vy m n lm gim c quang sai hn so vi 2 vt liu RH/RH
v LH/LH. Nu l vt liu RH/LH c cng ln chit sut th l mt parabol c khc x
hon ho hay ton b c nh sng c khc x v khng c phn x. C th thy iu
ny qua hnh m phng [5]:


Hnh 3.12 M phng truyn sng ca vt liu RH/LH c cng ln chit sut
44
3.3.3 Thit b bo v anten v b mt chn la tn s.
MTMs c th lm thit b bo v anten hoc lm b mt chn la tn s iu
khin hng pht hoc bc x ca ngun. Mt trong nhng thch thc chnh l phi pht
trin cu trc MTMs ng hng bi v s bc x ca thnh phn ngun nh l bc x v
hng.
V d nh thu knh c khc x parabol nh phn 3.3.2 c th s dng nh l b
mt ca anten nh hng cao. Ngoi ra cn l thu knh c khi lng nh, gim quang
sai, tp trung nh sng tt hn so vi thu knh thng.
Ziolkowski chng minh rng l c th tng c gain ca anten bng cch bao
quanh n bng v hnh cu LH media. V LH ng vai tr l thnh phn matching gia
phn bc x ca anten vi khng gian t do. tng ny c kim nghim v theo
mt anten dipole nh bn trong vt liu RH th hin tnh dung khng (ngha l khng
matching vi khng gian t do) cn vn anten dipole nh bn trong vt liu LH th
hin tnh cm khng. Tc gi kim tra phn tch v thc nghim hon chuyn thu
c matching hon ho ca dipole nh vi ci v bc x bao quanh. Mc d v LH vn
cha thc s sn sng trong thc t nhng cu trc 3D MTMs mi s l hng i mi cho
cc nh khoa hc trong tng lai.
3.3.4 MTMs linh hot
Trong tng lai th MTMs s bc l kh nng linh hot ca mnh trong nhiu ng
dng v d nh nhng vt liu MTMs s c th hot ng c trong di tn vi sng rng
hn v cn c ng dng trong cc thit b quang. Ngoi ra vi kh nng iu khin dc
tnh bc x, ci thin tng ch, bng thng v cn lm khuch i cng sut MTMs s
tr thnh mt phn tch hp trong mch siu cao tn.
Cui cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh trong tng lai nh cng ngh nano th
cu trc MTMs s c ng dng mt cch hiu qu khc phc nhng nhc im
ang tn ti ca nhiu cu trc vt liu hin ti. V vi kh nng linh hot ca mnh
MTMs s c tch hp mt cch thng minh vi nhiu dng khc nhau vo nhiu h
thng hot ng nh cng ngh bn dn, cng ngh sinh hc .Kh nng ng dng ca
MTMs ch b gii hn bi tng ca chng ta m thi.
3.4 L thuyt anten metamaterial
Ngoi nhng ng dng ca metamaterial nh l siu thu knh c th tng cng
phn gii theo di t bo ung th m loi thu knh thng khng lm c, n cn
ng dng lm anten. Di y l nhng iu c bn khi xt n loi anten ng dng
nhng nguyn l ca metamaterial.

MTMs l nhng cu trc ng nht hiu dng, chng c th di dng ng truyn
dn (1D) hoc c cu trc 2D. Trong phn ny s lm r cu trc 1D qua 3 phn bt u
vi dng TL l tng, tip sau l thit k mng LC l tng v cui cng l xy dng
cu trc CRLH 1D thc t [5]
45
3.4.1 Cu trc CRLH TLs ng nht l tng.
Dng ng truyn l tng l TLs khng thay i dc theo hng truyn.


Hnh 3.13 Dng ng truyn tn hiu dc theo trc z
Nu n c th truyn cc tn hiu mi tn s t 0 n v cng th gi l dng ng
nht l tng.
Ta bit cu trc ng truyn ca vt liu RH l ng nht nh dng ng
truyn mch di nhng cu trc ng truyn ca LH hay CRLH th khng th xem l
ng nht. Tuy nhin c th coi chng c cu trc ng nht hiu dng v n ging vi
TLs l tng trong di tn gii hn. Cho d khng tn ti cu trc ng nht l tng ca
LH hay CRLH TLs nhng phn tch cu trc ng truyn s cho ta thy c din mo
c bn v nhng iu lin quan ca CRLH MTMs bi n m t thc s nhng c tnh c
bn ca MTMs. S khc bit gia TLs ng nht l tng vi TLs ng nht l tng
hiu dng l khi cho 0 Az do v sau chng ta coi rng
g
z << A , vi z = p l kch
thc trung bnh ca cell n v v
g
l bc sng trong ng truyn
3.4.1.1 Nhng c tnh c bn ca TL
Cu trc CRLH TL khng suy hao c th hin trong hnh 3.14. N bao gm tr
khng trn mt n v di Z (/m) c to nn bi thnh phn RH l in cm trn
mt n v di
R
L' (H/m) v thnh phn LH l in dung vi mt n v di
L
C' (F.m).
Ngoi ra cn gm dn np c to nn bi thnh phn RH l in dung trn mt n v
di
R
C' (F/m) v thnh phn LH l in cm vi n v di
L
L' (L.m)
46

Hnh 3.14 Cu trc CRLH TL khng tn hao [5]

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
R
L
R
L
C j Y
C
L j Z
'
1
' '
'
1
' '
e
e
e
e
(3.40)
Nu nh thnh phn LH bng khng , 0
'
' = =
L
L
C
j
Z
e
hay =
L
C' v
0
'
' = =
L
L
L
j
Y
e
hay
L
L' = 0 th ch cn c thnh phn
R
Z' v
R
Y' l khc khng v ta
thu c cu trc ca RH TL. Ngc li nu cc thnh phn RH bng khng,
0 ' ' = =
R R
L j Z e v 0 ' ' = =
R R
C j Y e hay 0 ' , ' =
R R
C L th ta thu c cu trc ca LH
TL. Nu ta gi cu trc ch c thnh phn LH l PLH (Pure Left Hand) v cu trc ch c
thnh phn RH l PRH (Pure Right Hand) th cu trc t hp ca RH v LH gi l CRLH
(Composite Right Left Hand). V c th thy khng tn ti LH TL trong t nhin v nu
tng tn s ta khng th trnh khi dng in chy trong vt liu v s tng hiu in th
ca tm dn in vi t. Do CRLH l kh d nht ca cu trc MTM.
V s hot ng ca CRLH cng kh on trc v theo s ch sau v tn s tim
cn. tn s thp 0 e th 0 ' , 0 '
R R
Y Z CRLH s tr thnh tng ng vi cu
trc PLH v tn s cao e th 0 ' , 0 '
L L
Y Z CRLH s tr thnh tng ng
vi cu trc PRH. Cn nu hot ng trong di tn s khc th CRLH vn l n.
phn tch cu trc CRLH ta bt u t phng trnh vi phn sau:

V
L
C j V Y
dz
dI
I
C
L j I Z
dz
dV
L
R
L
R
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
'
1
' '
'
1
' '
2
2
e
e
e
e
(3.41)
Vi V v I l in th v dng in thay i theo v tr z [V = V(z), I = I(z)]
47
T phng trnh (3.41) ta thu c phng trnh sng cho V v I

0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
=

dz
I d
dz
V d
(3.42)
y (1/m) l hng s truyn sng phc: ' 'Y Z j = + = | o (3.43)
Gii phng trnh (3.42) ta c phng trnh V(z) v I(z)
( )
z z z z
z z
e V e V
Z
e I e I z I
e V e V z V

+
+

+
+

+
= + =
+ =
0 0 0 0
0 0
'
) (
) (
(3.44)
Trong phng trnh (3.44) din ta sng truyn theo 2 hng thun v ngc chiu z
(
z z
e e
+
,
). in tr c tnh

+
+
= =
0
0
0
0
I
V
I
V
Z
c
, ngoi ra in tr c tnh c th biu
din qua Z v Y
) (
'
' '
e

c c c c
Z
Y
Z Z
jX R Z = = = + =
(3.45)
thun li th di y s ch ra nhng bin s nh:

R R
R
C L ' '
1
' = e
(rad.m/s) (3.46a)

L L
L
C L ' '
1
' = e
(rad/m.s) (3.46b)

R L L R
C L C L ' ' ' ' + = k
2
) / ( rad s (3.46c)
V tn s cng hng song song, ni tip

L R
se
C L ' '
1
= e (rad/s) (3.47a)
R L
sh
C L ' '
1
= e (rad/s) (3.47b)
Thay phng trnh (3.41) vo phng trnh (343) v s dng phng trnh (3.46) ta
thu c
48

2
2
2
'
'
'
) (
L
L
R
js j ke
e
e
e
e
e | o |
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + = (3.48)
y s() l hm du
s() = -1 nu < min(se, sh) min LH
s() = 1 nu > max(se, sh) min RH
Ch khng nht thit l thun o (pass band) m cng c th l thc (stop band)
iu ny hi tri ngc vi gi thit l ng dy khng tn hao. phn sau s thy r
hn v iu ny.
Mi quan h gia CRLH pht tn/suy gim c th hin trong hnh 3.15. Trong
hnh 3.15a biu din ng cng cong phn tn v suy gim cu trc CRLH theo hng
nng lng truyn dc theo 2 chiu + v ca trc z, cn trong hnh 3.15b biu din s
so snh ca ng cong pht tn p ng cho PRH v PLH TLs


49

Hnh 3.15 a) ng phn tn v suy gim trong cu trc CRLH theo
2 hng ca truc z [5]
b) ng phn tn ca PRH v PLH TLs theo hng z + [5]
trong hnh 3.15b biu din ng cong pht tn ca CRLH c xu hng thnh
ng cong phn tn ca PRH v PLH TLs nh th no nhng tn s cao hn v thp
hn. Trong nhng hnh v a ra ch thy c xut hin khe h trong th cu trc
CRLH. Ci khe h ny c to ra do s khc nhau ca tn s cng hng song song v
ni tip, khi n xut hin th ta gi l CRLH TLs cha cn bng, cn khi nhng tn s
ny l bng nhau th ta gi l CRLH TLs cn bng v khe h ng li
Du ca s() c th hiu c qua hnh 3.15. Nu tn s < min(se, sh) th vn
tc pha (h s gc ca phn ng thng t gc ti ng cong) v vn tc nhm (gc
nghing ca ng cong) l ngc du nhau (v vy m chng ngc pha nhau) do m
TL l LH v l m. Tng t trong di RH khi m > max(se, sh) th vn tc pha v
vn tc nhm l cng pha ngha l LH l RH v l dng.
Tn s ca suy gim cc i 0 c th rt ra nh sau:

0
' ) / ' ( ) ' / (
/ ' ' /
) (
2 2 2
3 2 2
=
+

=
L L R
L R
js
d
d
ke e e e e
e e e e
e
e

(3.49)
T y ta c :
L R L R
L R
C C L L ' ' ' '
1
' '
0
= = e e e
(3.50)
Thay (3.40) vo (3.45) v kt hp vi (3.47) ta c cng thc tr khng c tnh
ca CRLH

1 ) / (
1 ) / (
2
2

=
sh
se
L c
Z Z
e e
e e
(3.51)
50
Trong l

L
L
L
C
L
Z
'
'
= (3.52)
ZL l tr khng c tnh ca PLH
Nhn vo (4.51) c th thy:

) (
) ( 0
sh c
se c
Z
Z
e e
e e
= =
= =

Tr khng ca CRLH c th hin trong hnh 3.16. Nh trong cng thc 3.51 th
tr khng thun o trong khe h t min(se, sh) ti max(se, sh)
Bi v tr khng c tnh ph thuc vo tn s, CRLH TL ch c th c phi hp
trong khong tn s gii hn

Hnh 3.16 Tr khng c tnh ca CRLH trong trng hp se > sh
Mt s i lng c bn:

2 2 2
' ) / ' ( ) ' / (
2 2
L L R
g
ke e e e e
|

+
H
=
H
=
(3.53)

2 2 2
' ) / ' ( ) ' / (
) (
L L R
p
s v
ke e e e e
e
e
|
e
+
= = (3.54)

2 2 2
2 3 2
1
' ) / ' ( ) ' / (
' '
L L R
L R
g
d
d
v
ke e e e e
e e ee
e
|
+

=
|
.
|

\
|
=

(3.55)
Trong PRH TL th cc vn tc ny l hng s v bng nhau. Cn trong PLH TL th
cc vn tc ny bng i ca nhau tht vy trong phng trnh (4.54) v (4.55) khi LR v
CR = 0 ta c
51

L
p
v
'
2
e
e
= v
L
g
v
'
2
e
e
=


Hnh 3.17 a) vn tc pha v vn tc nhm trong PLH TL [5]
b) vn tc pha v vn tc nhm trong CRLH TL cha cn bng [5]
Mt iu ng ch l nhng vn tc ny PLH l v tn tn s cao. iu ny
c v vi phm vi hc thuyt tng i ca Einstein v vn tc ny cn cao hn c
vn tc nh sng. Tuy nhin s mu thun ny s t ng trit tiu khi ta coi s tn ti
ca RH ng thi trong vt liu LH mt cch ph hp v tha nhn rng bt k vt liu
LH u nm trong nh hng ca CRLH ni m vn tc pha v vn tc nhm gii hn
khi tn s cao, v vn tc c th bng vn tc nh sng khi m thnh phn PLH c
ni lin bi ng dn sng c lp y khng kh.
3.4.1.2 Cng hng cn bng v khng cn bng.
CRLH th hin nhng c tnh th v tu theo tng trng hp l cn bng hay
khng cn bng. Khi
sh se
e e = hay
L R R L
C L C L ' ' ' ' = ta gi trng hp ny l cn bng cn
khi
sh se
e e = ta gi trng hp ny l khng cn bng.
Trc tin hy xt trng hp khng cn bng v kim tra tr khng c tnh
tng ng c biu din trong hnh 3.16. Khi TL c cp bi tn hiu c tn s
se
e e = hoc
sh
e e = ta c 0 ) ( ' , 0 ) ( ' = = = =
sh se
Y Z e e e e v c
= = = = ) ( , 0 ) (
sh c se c
Z Z e e e e . Nhng iu kin tr khng ny ph hp vi vn tc
nhm bng 0 t (3.55). T (3.50) v gi s ports l khng i c tr khng l thc th:
R Z
sh se c
e < < )] , min( 0 [ e e e (LH thng di) (3.56a)
I Z
sh se sh se c
e < < ) , max( ) , [min( e e e e e (3.56b)
R Z
sh se c
e > )] , max( [ e e e (RH thng di) (3.56c)

52
Ngc li, trong trng hp cn bng th khe h b ng li (
sh se
e e e = = ) v tr
khng c tnh khng ph thuc vo tn s

R L c
Z Z Z = = (3.57)
iu ny c ngha l iu kin cn bng cho php phi hp mi di tn
By gi s xt xem iu g xy ra vi hng s truyn sng

R L R
R
L
R
R
L R R
L
C
L
C
L
C C L
' '
2
'
'
'
'
'
' ' '
e e
k =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = (3.58)
V vy
R
L
L
'
'
'
2
e
e
ke =
iu ny dn n
e
e
e
e
|
L
R
'
'
=
(3.59)
Cui cng ta thu c
L R
' '
0
e e e = (3.60)
iu ny ch ra rng tn s cao nht ca khe h trong CRLH TL khng cn bng tr
thnh tn s tn s ca khe ng trong CRLH TL cn bng. Chnh v vy o cn c gi
l tn s chuyn trng thi (transition frequency)
Trong (3.59) ch ra rng hng s truyn sng trong CRLH TL cn bng n gin
nh l tng cc hng s truyn sng ca PRH TL v PLH TL
V chit sut n c tnh nh sau:

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
'
'
1
e
e
e
L
R
c n
(3.61)
Chit sut l m khi m < o, dng khi > o v n = 0 khi = o . o l tn s
chuyn trng thi p ng vn tc pha v hn =

=
L R
R
p
v
' '
'
2
2
e e e
e e
v bc sng v
hn
=

H
=
e e e e

/ ' ' /
2
L R
g

Di y l bng tng kt cc loi TL:
53

PRH PLH CRLH

3.4.1.3 Thit k mng LC
Cu trc CRLH TL l khng thc s c trong t nhin tuy nhin nhng vn c th
coi l ng nht hiu dng hot ng di tn gii hn th c th thit k di dng cu
trc mng LC cu thang.[5]

Hnh 3.18 Cu trc CRLH TL dng bc thang chu k
Cu trc mng ny bao gm cc tng cell n v LC do n ging vi dng cu
thang. Mi cell n v bao gm c tr khng Z c to nn bi in cm
R
L ni tip vi
in dung
L
C v dn np Y c to bi in cm
L
L song song vi in dung
R
C
54

Hnh 3.19 a) Cu trc cell n v ca CRLH TL cha cn bng
b) Cu trc cell n v ca CRLH TL cn bng
Ch rng s dch pha l do cc cell n v gy nn (). iu ny nn hiu l m
hnh vi phn hnh 3.14 c quan h vi chiu di vt l z, m hnh 3.18 v 3.19 l
khng c th nguyn v kch thc ca chng c th c m t ch trong iu kin
chiu di in (electrical length) ca chng = || (rad). Nu chiu di n v ca cell
n v l p chng ta c th vit li cc thng s ca u vo cng vi z

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
1
p C p
L
j
p
Z
L
p
e
e
(3.62a)
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
1
p L p
C
j
p
Y
L
R
e
e
(3.62b)
So snh cng thc (3.40) vi (4.62) thy rng nu 0 A = z p th cc thng s
u vo tr thnh ' / Z p Z , ' / Y p Y iu ny c ngha l mng LC trong hnh 3.19
tng ng vi m hnh 3.14. M hnh 3.14 biu din ch mt phn chiu di z ca TL
v chiu di thc t s l tng cc chiu di mi phn lp li N ln do L = N z. V
vy m N tng cell n v LC hnh 3.18 tng ng vi CRLH TL l tng c chiu di
L vi iu kin p 0. Tuy nhin trn thc t nu p < g /4 th mng LC c th coi l TL
l tng trong di tn gii hn.
55

Hnh 3.20 S tng ng gia mng cu thang chu k vi TL l tng [5]



Bng tng kt nhng c tnh ca mng LC khi di in rt nh || << /2
C th thy CRLH nh l b lc thng di (band pass filters). Khi 0 e ta c b
lc thng cao ca thnh phn LH v khi e ta c b lc thng thp ca thnh phn
thng thp RH. Tuy nhin gia b lc v CRLH TL c s khc bit v bn cht:
- Cu trc LH MTM th hin mt cch r rng v p ng pha cn cc b lc thng
thng ch nhm p ng v bin v khng th hin r v p ng pha.
56
- Cu trc MTM c thit k vi mc ch l truyn dn v b lc thng di l p
ng c iu ny nhng b lc trit di li hn ch trong di tn hot ng v vy n
khng ging vi chc nng ca MTM
- Cu trc MTM c xy dng t nhng cell n v tho mn iu kin ng nht
|| < /2. Cn nhng b lc th thng khng tho mn iu kin ny, chng c th c
s dch pha ln hn /2.
- Cu trc MTM c th l 2D hoc 3D c c tnh khi cn nhng b lc thng l
1D c c tnh nh l mch in
3.4.1.4 Xy dng m hnh CRLH 1D
Trong hu ht cc ng dng th cu trc CRLH cn bng thng thch hp hn cu
trc CRLH cha cn bng. V vy m phn di y s thit k trong trng hp cn
bng.
Hnh 3.21 di y l loi CRLH TL mch di c to nn bi cc in dung an
vo nhau cng vi nhng in cm phn cui ng mch (stub) c ni vi t qua
l Via. Cc cell n v v tr gia c xc nh bi trc ca stub, hnh dung nh l
mng ch T c xy dng t hai tr khng nhnh (in dung
L
C 2 v in cm 2 /
R
L ) v
2 dn np nhnh (in dung
R
C v
L
L ).

Hnh 3.21 CRLH s dng in dung an xen v in cm ni tt vi t.[5]
Thnh phn
R
L c c nh dng in chy dc cc li an, thnh phn
R
C c
c l nh hiu in th gia 2 mt dn in v t., thnh phn
L
L v
L
C c c l
nh ng Via v khong cch cc li an.
Trc tin ta c tr khng vo c tnh theo cng thc sau:
) tan(
si si
si
c
in
si
l jZ Z | = (3.63)
Vi
c
Z l in tr c tnh, l hng s truyn sng , l l chiu di ca stub.
Khi ta c th tnh cc i lng in cm v in dung qua cng thc xp x sau
57

e
| ) tan(
si si
si
c L
l
Z L ~ (nH) (3.64a)
] ) 3 [( ) 1 (
2 1
A A N l C
ic
r L
+ + ~ c (pF) (3.64b)

6 45 . 0
1
10 ] ) ( 55 . 0 tanh[ 409 . 4

=
ic
h
A
e
(pF/m) (3.64c)

6 45 . 0
2
10 ] ) ( 55 . 0 tanh[ 92 . 9

=
ic
h
A
e
(pF/m) (3.64d)
Vi l rng ca li v h l chiu cao ca tm in mi
Di y l hnh nh ca mu thit k v kt qu

Hnh 3.22 Mt trn ca mu vi 24 cell n v [5]

Hnh 3.23 a) kt qu ca mu c 9 cell trng hp cn bng [5]
b) kt qu ca mu c 7 cell trng hp khng cn bng [5]
3.4.2 L thuyt anten bc sng v hn trn cu trc chu k
Nh bit cu trc CRLH TL c mt vi c tnh c bit nh c kh nng pht
ra sng ngc (s ngc pha ca vn tc nhm v vn tc pha) v hng s truyn sng
58
bng khng ti tn s ring bit khc khng. Ngoi ra cn c bc sng v hn vi c
tnh ca n dng thit k cc kch thc khc nhau ca anten m khng lm thay i
tn s cng hng hay ni cch khc l n khng ph thuc vo cu trc cng hng.
Trong phn ny s phn tch anten cng hng bc sng v hn trn cu trc chu
k l mt dng ca anten metamaterial.
thit k loi anten phng cng hng m khng ph thuc kch thc vt l ca
n th cu trc TL phi h tr bc bc sng v hn. V cu trc CRLH TL c kh
nng p ng c iu ny ( 0 , 0 = = e | ) v do n c s dng thit k. S
tng ng ca cu trc CRLH TL

p dng iu kin b chu k v nh l Block-Floquet ta c [8]:

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 cos
1
) (
sh
L
se
L
R
L
p
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e | (3.65)
th phn tn ca CRLH TL biu din rng trong min LH th tn s thp hn
o l nhanh pha cn trong min RH th tn s cao hn o l chm pha so vi pha gc.


Hnh 3.24 th phn tn ca CRLH TL
Thng thng th tn s cng hng ni tip v song song l khng bng nhau v do
c 2 tn s m c = 0 v ti 2 im ny h tr bc sng v hn. Bng cch xp
59
tng cc cell n v p ca CRLH TL N ln ta c CRLH TL dng cu thang c chiu di
L = N*p, vi iu kin cng hng ta c:

L
n
n
H
= |
(3.66)
n l s mode cng hng c th l nguyn dng, nguyn m v thm ch l bng
khng. Trong trng hp n = 0 th bc sng v hn c h tr v iu kin cng
hng khng ph thuc vo chiu di ca CRLH TL. Vi trng hp iu kin b h
mch th tn s bc sng v hn c tnh bi tn s cng hng song song sh khi
cc thnh phn ni tip l khng c nh hng g.
Mc d s lng cc cell n v dng thit k khng nh hng n tn s hot
ng nhng n nh hng n tr khng vo qua cng thc sau:

NY
l jZ Z
b
in
1
) cot(
0
0

~ = |
(3.67a)
)
1
(
L
R
L
C j Y
e
e = (3.67b)
Vi Y l dn np ca cell n v
Nh vy bng cch s dng cng hng h mch cui m anten cng hng bc
sng v hn c tn s hot ng khng ph thuc vo kch thc vt l do anten c th
thit k vi kch thc to nh tu .
By gi ta s xt s khc nhau gia anten mch di na sng khc g so vi anten
mch di bc sng v hn. Nh bit anten mch di na sng ch pht x 2 cnh v
2 cnh ny mt dng t tng ng l cng chiu cn 2 cnh cn li l ngc
chiu nhau. Ta c cng thc ca mt dng t tng ng:
E n M
s

= 2 (3.68)
n l vecto php tuyn n v ca cnh.

60
Hnh 3.25 Mt dng t tng ng
s
M

ca anten na sng
Cn vi anten bc sng v hn th trng dc theo vnh ai ca anten l cng pha
khi hot ng tn s bc sng v hn do mt dng t tng ng l khp kn.
Theo kt qu ny th anten b phn cc theo hng theta.


Hnh 3.26 Mt dng t tng ng
s
M

ca anten bc sng v hn









CHNG 4 THIT K ANTEN METAMATERIAL

4.1 Thit k anten metamaterial
Cu trc thng thng thit k CRLH TL l cu trc hnh nm trn mch di.
Cu trc cell n v ca loi ny bao gm cc kim loi c ni vi t qua si dy
hnh tr.
61

Hnh 4.1 Cu trc cc cell n v hnh nm.
Cc thnh phn LH l in dung CL c to nn t khong cch cc cell n v v
in cm LL c to nn t dng in chy qua cc si hnh tr bn knh r. Cn cc
thnh phn RH l in dung CR c to nn t in th gia cc kim loi vi mt
phng t v in cm LR c to nn t bin i dng in qua cc kim loi.
Bng cch thay i c tnh vt l ca cc cell n v hnh nm ( kch thc kim
loi, bn knh si tr, hng s in mi ...) ta c th iu chnh c in cm v in
dung.
kim loi khng nht thit l hnh vung ch cn l hnh ch nht. Kch thc ca
kim loi, hng s in mi, chu k ca cell n v v bn knh ca si trc l cc nhn t
nh hng n ng cong phn tn v tn s cng hng ca anten. Nu tng din tch
kim loi hoc hng s in mi s lm tng in dung CR trong khi nu gim bn knh si
trc s lm tng in cm LL chng minh l tn s cng hng khng ph thuc vo
kch thc ca anten ta ln lt s thit k anten 2 cell, 4 cell v so snh c s thay i
hay khng. V sau ta s chng minh rng trong trng hp iu kin b h th tn s
bc sng v hn ch ph thuc vo cng hng song song cn cc thnh phn ni tip
khng nh hng bng cch cho cc cell ni lin vo nhau (inductor-loaded TL).
Phn thit k s s dng vt liu in mi FR4 epoxy c hng s in mi r = 4.4,
dy h = 1.6mm. Trc tin ta bt u vi tn s bc sng v hn tu vo ng dng
m ta chn, trong trng hp ny chn f0 = 2GHz. Nh bit tn s ny ch ph thuc
vo cng hng song song trong trng hp iu kin b h mch do ta c:
R L
sh
C L
f f
t 2
1
0
= = (4.1)
Vi LL s dng si dy ng hnh tr c bn knh r = 0.35mm, chiu di h = 1.6mm
bng vi dy cht nn FR4 c khoan chnh gia cc cell ni patch vi t
62

Hnh 4.2 S tng ng ca cu trc ng truyn
Khi LL = c tnh theo cng thc [12]

(

+ |
.
|

\
|
= 75 . 0
2
ln 2 . 0
h
r
r
h
h L
L
(nH) (4.2)
Thay h, v r vo (4.2) tnh c
LL = 0.538 nH. Thay LL va tnh c vo (4.1) suy ra CR = 11.89 pF.
Ta c CR = 2 Cp . T y ta c th tnh c din tch ca 1 cell n v theo cng
thc sau:

d
S
C
r P 0
c c = (4.3)
Vi
12
0
10 . 846 . 8

= c (F/m), S l din tch ca cell (
2
mm ) v d l dy cht nn
FR4 (mm).
Vi d liu trn tnh ra c
2
255mm S ~ . Ta s chn chiu di ca cell sao cho
4
g
l

< hay l < 18.75 mm do chn l = 17 mm suy ra chiu rng ca cell l w = 15
mm.
Cng t y tnh c LR qua cng thc sau [10]:
h)/b] + 0.2235(w + .5 + h)) + n(2b/(w 0.00508b[l =
R
L H (4.4)
Vi h l dy cht nn (inches), w l chiu rng ca cell (inches) v b l chiu di
ca cell (inches).
Thay vo ta c LR = 4.88 nH.
Khong cch g gia cc cell s to nn CL. y thit k g = 0.2 mm
Ta c cng thc [10]:
63
t
c c c
) / ( cosh
) (
1
2 1 0
g a
W C
r r L

+ = (4.5)
Vi a = g+l = 17.2 mm, W = l = 17 mm , cr1 l hng s in mi trn tm dn in,
cr2 l hng s in mi di tm dn in. Trong trng hp ny cr1 = 1 v cr2 = 4.4.
Tnh ra c CL =1.33 pF.
ng tip in gm 2 on, on th nht l ng c tr khng 50O rng w1 =
3 mm, di l1 = 12 mm [13]. on th hai l on phi hp tr khng /4 c rng w2
= 4 mm v di l2 = 19 mm.


Hnh 4.3 Cu trc anten metamaterial c 2 cell n v
Phn m phng c s dng l phn mm HFSS v10. Sau khi m phng c kt
qu nh sau:
64

Hnh 4.4 H s S11(dB) ca anten metamaterial 2 cell
T hnh v ta thy mode cng hng n = 0 ti f0 ~ 2 GHz. y chnh l tn s bc
sng v hn. Nu anten hot ng tn s ny th cc cell sng l ng pha (vector
in trng l cng hng vi nhau) nh hnh m phng sau:


Hnh 4.5 Vector in trng trn cu trc anten metamaterial 2 cell ti f0

65






Hnh 4.6 Gain(dB) ca anten metamaterial 2 cell trong mt phng = 0
Ngoi ra vn tn s ny nu tng kch thc anten ln (tng s lng cell n v)
th n vn khng i v theo (3.66) | khng ph thuc vo L (chiu di chu k cell) hay
khng ph thuc vo N (s lng cell). Tht vy tng s lng cell ln N = 4 ta thu c
kt qu nh sau:

Hnh 4.7 H s S11(dB) ca anten metamaterial 4 cell n v
66



Hnh 4.8 Vector in trng trn anten metamaterial 4 cell ti f0
C th thy rng tn s f0 vn khng thay i v vector in trng trn c 4 cell
vn ng pha (tc l h tr bc sng v hn).
Tuy nhin vi anten c 4 cell th gain ca n s cao hn gain ca anten 2 cell.

Hnh 4.9 Gain ca anten metamaterial 4 cell trong mt phng = 0
Do anten c 2 cell nn ngoi mode cng hng n = 0 n cn c 2 mode cng hng
na l n = 1 v n = -1. Thay n = -1 hoc n = 1 vo (3.66) kt hp vi (3.65) ta tm ra uc
67
2 tn s cng hng mode m v dng l 31 . 1
1
=

f GHz.v
1
f = 2.78 GHz. Cn vi
anten c 4 cell th ngoi mode cng hng n = 0 n cn c 6 mode cng hng na l
, 1 = n n = 2, n = 3. Tng t nh trn ta c th tm c cc tn s cng hng
ca tng mode l: 69 . 1
1
=

f GHz, 42 . 1
2
=

f GHz, 15 . 1
3
=

f GHz, 47 . 2
1
= f GHz,
97 . 2
2
= f GHz, 32 . 3
3
= f GHz. Nh vy nu ta tip tc tng s lng cell ln th ta s
c nhiu mode cng hng hay c th ni anten ny hot ng c nhiu di tn.
Mode cng hng m (f < f0) v dng (f > f0) ngha l anten ny h tr sng
ngc 0 < | (backward wave) v sng thun 0 > | (forward wave).
By gi s xt n trng hp khng c thnh phn
L
C hay l Inductor Loaded TL
(g = 0). Vi cu hnh anten loi ny th tn s bc sng v hn cng khng thay i c
chng th b dch i mt t so vi thit k, cn mode cng hng khc ch c mode cng
hng dng (khng h tr sng nghch) khc so vi cu hnh anten CRLH TL l c c
mode cng hng m ln dng.


Hnh 4.10 Anten Inductor- Loader TL 4 cell.

68

Hnh 4.11 H s S11(dB) ca anten Inductor-Loader TL 4 cell.
C th thy tn s f0 b dch tn cht t tuy nhin n vn l tn s bc sng v hn.
Cn cc mode cng hng khc u l mode cng hng dng ( f > f0) khng c mode
cng hng m.

Hnh 4.12 Vector in trng ca anten Inductor-loader TL 4 cell ti f0
69
V nh vy t cc kt qu trn c th thy tn s bc sng v hn khng ph thuc
vo cng hng ni tip n ch ph thuc vo cng hng song song.
i vi anten mch di thng thng nh bit th tn s cng hng ph thuc
cht ch vo kch thc ca anten v d nh anten mch di hnh ch nht ta c th thy
qua cng thc (2.5),(2.7) v (2.9). V vy khi thay i kch thc tn s cng hng s
thay i. Qua y ta c th thy anten metamaterial khc phc c nhc im ny.
Nu ta cn thit k di tn khc th ch cn thay i cc thng s sau y:
- Din tch ca cell. Nu tng din tch ca cell th theo (4.2) s lm tng
R
C v
theo (4.1) th s lm gim tn s cng hng song song.
- Bn knh ca si trc. Nu tng bn knh theo (4.2) s lm tng
L
L v theo (4.1)
th s lm gim tn s cng hng song song.
- Hng s in mi. Nu gim hng s in mi s lm gim
R
C vo theo (4.1) s
lm tng tn s cng hng song song ngoi ra n cn lm tng c bng thng na.
thy r hn ta s thit k anten vi cc thng s nh trn nhng vi gim hng
s in mi xung cn l cr = 4.2. Khi tn s cng hng f0 s tng c th thy qua kt
qu

Hnh 4.13 H s S11 (dB) ca anten metamaterial 4 cell (cr = 4.2)
T th thy tn s f0 tng ln 2.04 GHz.
70
Tng bn knh si trc ln r = 0.5mm. Theo (4.2) tnh ra
L
L = 0.45 nH. V t (4.1)
tnh ra f0 = 2.1 GHz. Nh vy tn s f0 tng ln so vi trc. Di y l kt qu
c m phng.

Hnh 4.14 H s S11 ca anten 4 cell vi r = 0.5mm
C th thy rng tn s c lch i cht so vi tnh ton f0 = 2.16 GHz v c tng ln
so vi ban u
4.2 Thc nghim v o c
Trong phn thc nghim ta s thit k 2 cell vi cc kch thc trong phn 4.1. Kt
qu thc nghim nh sau:

Hnh nh anten metamaterial 2 cell
71
Ta thu c 3 nh cng hng ging nh m phng tuy nhin tn s khng ging
nh thit k do cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Vt liu khng ging so vi thit k (c khng bng 4.4)
- Via khng va l khoan dn n in cm thay i.
- dy vt liu khng chnh xc l 1.6mm
3 nh cng hng l
1.767GHz
11
S = -22.659 dB
3.518 GHz
11
S = -18.8 dB
3.667 GHz
11
S = -19.14 dB



Kt qu o
11
S vi nh cng hng th nht

72


Kt qu o
11
S vi nh cng hng th 2
73

Kt qu o
11
S vi nh cng hng th 3
















74
KT LUN CHUNG

Bng cch thay i hn v cht liu m Metamaterial khc phc c nhng hn
ch ca cng ngh trc y nh siu thu knh lm bng vt liu metamaterial c
phn gii cao hn thu knh thng thng nn n c kh nng theo di c cc t bo
ung th V lnh vc anten n gp phn ci thin c di tn hp ca anten mch
di bng cch n c th hot ng c nhiu di tn hn v c bit l c kh nng tng
gain m khng lm thay i tn s hot ng iu ny anten mch di thng thng
khng lm c. Tht vy nh bit th anten mch di c tn s hot ng ph thuc
cht ch vo kch thc vt l v vy khi tng kch thc ln tng gain th s lm dch
tn s hot ng. Trong phn lun vn phn tch v thit k s dng phn mm Ansoft
HFSS v 10 v ch r c nhng li im trn.
Ngoi nhng c tnh c bn trn metamaterial c th lm b chia m mi cng ra
u c pha l nh nhau bng cu trc CRLH. Vi cch thc ta c th thit k v ch
to kh n gin m khng cn phi iu chnh g nhiu.
Trong qu trnh thc hin lm lun vn mc d em c gng ht sc nhng khng
trnh khi nhng sai st. Em rt mong nhn c nhng li nhn xt qu bu ca cc
thy c.
Mt ln na em chn thnh cm n thy Phan Anh, thy Thm c Phng, v bn
b c nhng ng gp v ng vin su sc. c bit em mun gi li cm n n
thc s Trn Th Thu Qunh tn tnh gip v hng dn em trong sut thi gian
lm kho lun tt nghip.











75
TI LIU THAM KHO

TI LIU TING VIT
[1] Phan Anh, L thuyt v k thut anten, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2007
[2] Nguyn Chng nh, Bi Hu Ph, S dng phng php FDTD kho st
anten vi di, Tp ch bu chnh vin thng, 2008
[3] Thi Hng Nh, Trng in t truyn sng v anten, NXB Khoa hc v k
thut H Ni,
[4] V nh Thnh, Nguyn Thanh Tm, Trn Minh T, Thit k v th nghim
anten vi di, Tp ch bu chnh vin thng.
TI LIU TING ANH
[5] Christophe Caloz, Tatsuo Itoh, Electromagnetic metamaterial: Transmission
line theory and microwave applications, John Wiley & Son, INC, 2005
[6] Constantine A. Balanis, Antenna theory analysis and design 2
nd
, John Wiley &
Son, INC.
[7] Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip
Antenna design handbook, Artech House, Boston London
[8] Anthony Lai, Kevin M. K. H. Leong, Tatsuo Itoh, Infinte wavelength resonant
antennas with monopolar radiation pattern based on Periodic structures,IEEE
Transactions on antennas and propagation, vol .55, No.3, March 2007
[9] David M. Pozar, Microwave engineering 2
nd
, John Wiley & Son, INC.
[10] Adrien Tennent, High performance front end gps module, University of
Victoria, P.O.Box 3055, STN CSC
[11] Lei Zhu, A brief intro to metamaterial,IEEE Potentials, 2004
[12] Microstrip Inductor Calculator,
http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/Microstrip-Inductor-Calculator.phtml
[13] Microstrip line calculator, http://emtalk.com/mscalc.php