Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

Chuyn : NHN BIT, PHN BIT CHT MT NHN

I- KIN THC CN NH 1) Nguyn tc: - Phi trch mi cht mt t lm mu th ( tr trng hp l cht kh ) - Phn ng chn nhn bit cc cht phi xy ra nhanh v c du hiu c trng ( i mu , xut hin kt ta, si bt kh, mi c trng, ) 2) Phng php: - Phn loi cc cht mt nhn xc nh tnh cht c trng chn thuc th. - Trnh by : Nu thuc th chn ? Cht nhn ra ? Du hiu nhn bit (Hin tng g ? ), vit PTHH xy ra minh ho cho cc hin tng. 3) Lu : - Nu cht A l thuc th ca cht B th cht B cng l thuc th ca A. - Nu ch c ly thm 1 thuc th , th cht ly vo phi nhn ra c mt cht sao cho cht ny c kh nng lm thuc th cho cc cht cn li. - Nu khng dng thuc th th dng cc phn ng phn hy, hoc cho tc dng i mt. - Khi chng minh s c mt ca mt cht trong hn hp th rt d nhm ln. V vy thuc th c dng phi rt c trng. V d : Khng th dng nc vi trong chng minh s c mt ca CO2 trong hn hp : CO2, SO2, NH3 v SO2 cng lm c nc vi trong: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O 3) Tm tt thuc th v du hiu nhn bit mt s cht a) Cc cht v c :

Thuc th Du hiu ( Hin tng) * Qu tm * Qu tm * Qu tm * Qu tm xanh Gio vin dd kim Thanh Tuyn :Nguyn Trng THPT H Bc * phenolphtalein * Phnolphtalein hng ========================================================== Axit sunfuric * C kt ta trng : BaSO4 * ddBaCl2 v mui sunfat Axit clohiric * C kt ta trng : AgCl * ddAgNO3 v mui clorua Mui ca Cu (dd xanh * Kt ta xanh l : Cu(OH)2 lam) * Kt ta trng xanh b ho nu trong nc : Mui ca Fe(II) * Dung dch kim 2Fe(OH)2 + H2O + O2 (dd lc nht ) ( v d NaOH ) 2Fe(OH)3 ( Trng xanh) ( nu ) Mui Fe(III) (dd vng nu) * Kt ta nu Fe(OH)3 * Kt ta keo tan c trong kim d : Al(OH)3 ( trng , Cr(OH)3 (xanh d.dch mui Al, Cr (III) * Dung dch kim, d xm) ( mui ca Kl lng tnh ) Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O Mui amoni Mui photphat Mui sunfua Mui cacbonat v mui sunfit Mui silicat Mui nitrat Kim loi hot ng Kim loi u dy : K , Ba, Ca, Na Kim loi lng tnh: Al, Zn,Cr Kim loi yu : Cu, Ag, Hg ( thng li sau cng ) Hp cht c kim loi ho tr thp nh :FeO, Fe3O4, FeS,FeS2,Fe(OH)2,,Cu2S BaO, Na2O, K2O CaO P2O5 SiO2 (c trong thu tinh) CuO Ag2O MnO2, PbO2 Kh SO2 * dd kim, un nh * dd AgNO3 * Axit mnh * dd CuCl2, Pb(NO3)2 * Axit (HCl, H2SO4 ) * Nc vi trong * Axit mnh HCl, H2SO4 * ddH2SO4 c / Cu * Dung dch axit * H2O * t chy, quan st mu ngn la * dung dch kim * Kh mi khai : * Kt ta vng: NH3 Ag3PO4

Cht cn nhn bit dd axit

* Kh mi trng thi : H2S * Kt ta en : CuS , PbS * C kh thot ra : CO2 , SO2 ( mi xc) * Nc vi b c: do CaCO3 CaSO3 , * C kt ta trng keo. * Dung dch mu xanh , c kh mu nu NO2 * C kh bay ra : H2 * C kh thot ra ( H2 ) , to nhiu nhit * Na ( vng ) ; K ( tm ) ; Li ( ta ) ; Ca ( cam) ; Ba (lc vng ) * kim loi tan, si bt kh ( H2 ) * Kim loi tan, c kh mu nu ( NO2 ) ( dng khi khng c cc kim loi hot ng). * C kh bay ra : NO2 ( mu nu ), SO2 ( mi hc )

* dung dch HNO3 c

* HNO3 , H2SO4 c * ha tan vo H2O

* tan, to dd lm qu tm xanh. * Tan , to dung dch c. * tan, to dd lm qu tm . * dd HF * cht rn b tan ra. * dung dch mu xanh lam : CuCl2 * dung dch HCl ( un nng nh nu l * kt ta trng AgCl MnO2, PbO2 ) * C kh mu vng lc : Cl2 * Dung dch Brm * lm mt mu da cam ca ddBr2

Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

b) Cc cht hu c :
Cht cn NB
tilen : C2H4

Thuc th

Du hiu nhn bit ( Hin tng)

* mt mu da cam * mt mu tm * mt mu da cam * c kt ta vng nht : C2Ag2 * chy : la xanh * qu tm * mt mu da cam * mt mu tm * chy cho nhiu mi than ( khi en ) * c si bt kh ( H2 ) * chy , ngn la xanh m. * dung dch mu xanh thm. * c si bt kh ( H2 ) * c si bt kh ( CO2 ) * qu tm * c kt ta trng ( Ag ) * c kt ta trng ( Ag ) * c kt ta son ( Cu2O ) * dung dch xanh * dung dch b kt ta * c mi kht

* dung dch Brom * dung dch KMnO4 Axtilen: C2H2 * dung dch Brom * Ag2O / ddNH3 * t / kk M tan : CH4 * dng kh Cl2 v th SP bng qu tm m Butaien: C4H6 * dung dch Brom * dung dch KMnO4 Benzen: C6H6 * t trong khng kh Ru tylic : C2H5OH * KL rt mnh : Na,K, * t / kk Glixerol: C3H5(OH)3 * Cu(OH)2 * KL hot ng : Mg, Zn Axit axetic: CH3COOH * mui cacbonat * qu tm Axit formic : H- COOH *Ag2O/ddNH3 ( c nhm : - CHO ) Glucoz: C6H12O6 (dd) * Ag2O/ddNH3 * Cu(OH)2 H Tinh bt : * dung dch I2 ( vng cam ) ( C6H10O5)n Protein ( dd keo ) * un nng Protein ( khan) * nung nng ( hoc t )

* Cc cht ng ng ( c cng CTTQ v c cu to tng t ) vi cc cht nu trong bng cng c phng php nhn bit tng t, v chng c tnh cht ha hc tng t. V d: +) CH C CH2 CH3 cng lm mt mu dd brom nh axetilen v c lin kt ba, ng thi to kt ta vi AgNO3 v c ni ba u mch. +) Cc axit hu c dng CnH2n + 1COOH c tnh cht tng t nh axit axetic.

II- BI TP P DNG V NNG CAO ( phn v c ) 1) Hy nu phng php nhn bit cc l ng ring bit cc dung dch mt nhn: HCl,H2SO4, HNO3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. Hng dn: th t dng dung dch BaCl2 v AgNO3. 2) Ch dng mt thuc th duy nht, hy nhn bit cc gi bt mu en khng nhn : Ag2O, MnO2, FeO, CuO. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Hng dn: Dng thuc th : dung dch HCl. Nu to dung dch xanh lam l CuO, to dung dch lc nht l FeO, to kt ta trng l Ag2O, to kh mu vng lc l MnO2. 3) Ch dng mt thuc th duy nht, hy nhn bit cc dung dch mt nhn : NH4Cl, MgCl2, FeCl2, ZnCl2, CuCl2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra.

Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

Hng dn: dng dung dch NaOH th : NH4Cl c kh mi khai, FeCl2 to kt ta trng xanh v ha nu , CuCl2 to kt ta xanh l, MgCl2 to kt ta trng, ZnCl2 to kt ta trng tan trong kim d. 4) Khng thm cht khc hy nu phng php nhn bit cc l cht mt nhn sau y: dd Na2CO3, ddBaCl2, dd H2SO4, dung dch HCl. Hng dn: Trch mu v cho mi cht tc dng vi cc cht cn li. Bng m t:
Na2CO3 Na2CO3 BaCl2 H2SO4 HCl BaCl2 H2SO4 HCl -

Nhn xt : Nhn ra Na2CO3 tham gia 1 p to kt ta, 2 p to kh. Nhn ra BaCl2 tham gia 2 p to kt ta. Nhn ra H2SO4 tham gia 1 p to kt ta, 1 p to kh. Nhn ra HCl tham gia 1 p to kh. Cc phng trnh ha hc ( s du hiu ghi trong bng , vit mt bn ca ng cho sm ) Na2CO3 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 H2SO4 + BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2HCl 5) Bng phng php ha hc, hy phn bit cc cht sau y ng trong cc l khng nhn: a) Cc kh : CO2, SO2, Cl2, H2, O2, HCl. b) Cc cht rn : bt nhm, bt st, bt ng, bt Ag. c) Cc cht rn : BaCO3, MgCO3, NaCl, Na2CO3, ZnCl2 ( ch c ly thm mt cht khc ). d) Cc dung dch: Na2CO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, NaNO3, BaCl2. e) Cc dung dch : NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, Na2S, BaCl2 ( ch c dng thm qu tm ). g) Cc dung dch : HCl, HNO3, NaOH, AgNO3, NaNO3, HgCl2 ( c dng thm 1 kim loi ). Hng dn: dng kim loi Cu, nhn ra HNO3 c kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh. Nhn ra AgNO3 v HgCl2 v p to dung dch mu xanh. Dng dung dch mui Cu to ra, nhn ra c NaOH c kt ta xanh l. Dng Cu(OH)2 nhn ra HCl lm tan kt ta. Dng dd HCl phn bit AgNO3 v HgCl2 ( c kt ta l AgNO3 ) 6) C 5 ng nghim ng 5 dung dch khng nhn c nh s t 1 5, gm: Na2CO3, BaCl2, MgCl2, H2SO4, NaOH . Thc hin cc th nghim c kt qu nh sau:

Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

(1) tc dng vi (2) kh ; tc dng vi (4) kt ta. (3) tc dng vi (4),(5) u cho kt ta. Hy cho bit mi ng nghim ng nhng cht g, gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : * C1: cht (2) to kt ta vi 2 cht v to kh vi 1 cht nn l : Na2CO3 , v (1) l H2SO4 cht (4) + (1) kt ta nn chn (4) l BaCl2 cht (5) + (2) kt ta nn chn (5) l MgCl2 ; Cht (3) l NaOH. * C2: C th lp bng m t nh sau: Na2CO3 BaCl2 MgCl2 H2SO4 NaOH Na2CO3 BaCl2 MgCl2 X H2SO4 NaOH Ch c Na2CO3 to vi cc cht khc 2KT v 1 kh nn chn (2) l Na2CO3 , (1) l H2SO4 T suy ra : (4) l BaCl2 v to kt ta vi (1) ; cn l ( 5) l MgCl2 v to kt ta vi (2) 7) C 3 cc ng cc cht: Cc 1: NaHCO3 v Na2CO3 Cc 2: Na2CO3 v Na2SO4 Cc 3: NaHCO3 v Na2SO4 Ch c dng thm 2 thuc th nhn bit ra tng cc? Vit phng trnh phn ng. Hng dn : -Dng dung dch BaCl2 th mi cc : Cc 1: BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Cc 2: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl BaCl2 + Na2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NaCl Cc 3: BaCl2 + Na2SO4 BaSO4 + 2NaCl - Lc ly cc kt ta, ha tan trong dung dch HCl d th: Nu kt ta tan hon ton , p si bt cc 1 BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Nu kt ta tan 1 phn,p si bt cc 2 BaCO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + CO2 Nu kt ta khng tan , khng si bt kh cc 3 8) Nu phng php ha hc phn bit cc cht kh sau y: a) NH3, H2S, HCl, SO2 ; c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO.

Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3. ; d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2. Hng dn : a) Dng dd AgNO3 nhn ra HCl c kt ta trng, H2S c kt ta en. Dng dung dch Br2, nhn ra SO2 lm mt mu da cam ( ng thi lm c nc vi). Nhn ra NH3 lm qu tm t xanh. b) Cl2, CO2, CO, SO2, SO3: Dng dung dch Br2 nhn ra SO2. Dng dung dch BaCl2, nhn ra SO3. Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 nhn ra CO2. Dng dung dch AgNO3 nhn ra Cl2 ( c kt ta sau vi pht ). c) NH3, H2S, Cl2, NO2, NO. Nhn ra NH3 lm xanh qu tm m, Cl2 lm mt mu qu tm m, H2S to kt ta en vi Cu(NO3)2,. Nhn ra NO b ha nu trong khng kh, NO2 mu nu v lm qu tm m. C th dng dung dch Br2 nhn ra H2S do lm mt mu nc Br2: H2S + 4Br2 + 4H2O H2SO4 + 8HBr . d) O2, O3, SO2, H2, N2. nhn bit O3 th dng giy tm dung dch ( h tinh bt + KI ) du hiu: giy xanh. 2KI + O3 + H2O 2KOH + I2 + O2 ( I2 lm h tinh bt xanh ). 9) Nhn bit cc cht sau y ( khng c ly thm cht khc ) a) dung dch AlCl3, dd NaOH. ( tng t cho mui ZnSO4 v NaOH ) b) cc dung dch : NaHCO3, HCl, Ba(HCO3)2, MgCl2, NaCl. c) cc dung dch : NaCl, H2SO4, CuSO4, BaCl2, NaOH. d) cc dung dch : BaCl2, HCl, H2SO4, K3PO4. Hng dn ( cu b): NaHCO3 HCl Ba(HCO3)2 MgCl2 NaCl NaHCO3 Qua HCl bng, ta Ba(HCO3)2 thy c mt MgCl2 cp cht NaCl cha nhn ra ( Ba(HCO3)2 , NaHCO3. phn bit 2 cht ny ta phi nung nng, nhn ra Ba(HCO3)2 nh c kt ta. * Cch 2: un nng 5 dung dch, nhn ra Ba(HCO3)2 c si bt kh v c kt ta, nhn ra NaHCO3 c si bt kh nhng khng c kt ta. Dng dung dch Na2CO3 va to thnh nhn ra HCl v MgCl2. Cht cn li l NaCl. 10) Nhn bit s c mt ca mi cht sau y trong mt hn hp ( ngun : Cu hi gio khoa Ha v c - Nguyn Hin Hong , tr.116 -NXB tr: 1999 ) a) Hn hp kh : CO2, SO2, H2, O2. b) Hn hp kh : CO, CO2, SO2, SO3, H2.

Gio vin :Nguyn Thanh Tuyn Trng THPT H Bc ==========================================================

c) Dung dch long cha hn hp: HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3. d) Dung dch hn hp : Cu(NO3)2, AlCl3, BaCl2. e) Hn hp bt gm: Al, Zn, Fe, Cu. 11) Nhn bit bng phng php ha hc ( ngun Cu hi gio khoa Ha v c Nguyn Hin Hong , tr.115 ) a) Cc cht rn: Na2O, Al2O3, Fe2O3 ( ch dng nc ). b) Cc hn hp: (Al + Al2O3) , ( Fe + Fe2O3) , ( FeO + Fe2O3). c) Cc hn hp: ( Fe + Fe2O3) , ( Fe + FeO) , ( FeO + Fe2O3). d) Cc hn hp: ( H2 + CO2) , ( CO2 + SO2) , ( CH4 + SO2 ). 12) C 3 mui khc nhau, mi mui cha mt gc v mt kim loi khc nhau ( c th l mui trung ha hoc mui axit) c k hiu A,B,C. Bit : A + B c kh bay ra. B + C c kt ta. A + C va c kt ta va c kh bay ra. Hy chn 3 cht tng ng vi A,B,C v vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra.