Phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t

173
PHNG TRNH V BT PHNG TRNH V T
I. PHNG PHP NNG LY THA TRC TIP
1. Nng ly tha bc l ca phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t:
1.1. Nng ly tha bc l ca phng trnh v t:
Bi 1. GPT:
3 3
34 3 1 x x + = (1)
(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3 3 3
1 34 3 34 3 3. 34 3 34 3 x x x x x x x x = + = + + +
( ) ( )
2 3
34 3 12 31 1830 0 61 30 x x x x x x + = + = = =
Bi 2. GPT:
3 3 3
1 2 2 3 x x x + = (1)
(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3 3 3
2 3 1 2 2 3 3. 1 2 1 2 x x x x x x x x = + = + +
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
1 2 2 3 0 1 2
2
x x x x x x = = = =
Bi 3. GPT:
3 3 3
2 1 1 3 1 x x x + = + (1)
(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3 3 3
3 1 2 1 1 3 2 3. 2 1 1 2 1 1 x x x x x x x x + = + = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 7
1 2 1 1 3 1 1 6 7 1 0 6 7 0
6
x x x x x x x x x = + = + = = =
Ch : Th li ta thy 0 x = l nghim ngoi lai v khng tha mn (1)
Bnh lun: Cc bi ton 1, 2, 3 l trng hp c bit ca dng phng trnh
3
3 3
f g h + = hoc
3
3 3
f g h = (thc cht l 2 dng hon ton ging nhau)
Trong cch gii trn chng ta thay th
3 3
f g + bi
3
h nn xut hin
nghim ngoi lai. Tht vy gi s ta s dng cu trc thay th c bin i
( )
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 f g h f g fg f g h fgh h f g + = + + + = =
( )
3
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 f g h f g fg f g h fgh f g h = = =
S dng:
( )
3 3 3 2 2 2 1
3 ( ) ( ) ( )
2
a b c abc a b c a b b c c a
(
+ + = + + + +

ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1
3. 0
2
h f g hfg h f g h f h g f g
(
= + + + + + + =



3 3
3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3 3 3
0 h f g h f g
f g h
f g h f g h f g h

+ + = = +
+ =





= = = = = =



Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s Trn Phng

174
Nh vy php thay th s to ra phng trnh h qu. Nu f g h = = v nghim
hoc c tp nghim tha mn
3
3 3
f g h + = th khng c nghim ngoi lai.
Nu f g h = = c nghim th cn phi th nghim trc tip vo (1)
Bi tp:
3 3
1 7 2 x x + + = ;
3 3
59 22 1 x x + = ;
3 3 3
16 8 x x x + = ;
3 3 3
5 6 2 11 x x x + + + = + ;
3 3
24 5 1 x x + + = ;
3 3 3
2 1 2 1 16 x x x + + = ;
3 3
2 1 1 x x + + = ;
( )
3 3 3
2 3 12 1 x x x + = ;
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 x x x x x x + + = + +
1.2. Nng ly tha bc l ca bt phng trnh v t
Bi mu. Gii BPT:
3 2
6 x x x + > (1)
(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 2
6 6 0 2 3 0 2 0 3 x x x x x x x x x x x + > < + < < < <
Bi tp:
3 2
9 6 3 x x x + < ;
3 2 3
2 x x x > ;
3 3 3
2 1 6 1 2 1 x x x + + + > .
2. Nng ly tha bc chn ca phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t:
2.1. Nng ly tha bc chn ca phng trnh v t
0 f g f g = = ;
2
0 g
f g
f g

=

=

; f g f g = = v th li
Bi 1. GPT:
( )
2 2 3
1 1 2 1 x x x x x + + = + (1)
Khng cn t iu kin, bnh phng 2 v ta nhn c phng trnh h qu:
(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 3
1 1 2 2 1 x x x x x + + + = +
( )
2
1 0 0 1 x x x x = = =
Th li: Ch c 1 x = tha mn (1)
Bi 2. GPT:
2
2 2
7 7
x x x
x x
+ = (1)
(1)
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
7 7 7 7 7
2 x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
| |
= = +
|
\


( ) ( )
2 2
2
0
7 7
0 1 2 4 1 2
2 4 7 14 0
x
x x x x
x x
x x x

| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ \
+ + =

Ch : bi ny nu khng chuyn v m bnh phng ngay th rt kh gii.
Phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t

175
Bi tp:
2
2 8 1 3 4 x x x + + = + ;
2
3 2 2 1 x x x + = ;
2
3 2 1
3 2
x
x x
x
=

;
2
2
5
1
2 1
x x
x
+ =
+
;
2
2
40
16
16
x x
x
+ + =
+
;
8 1 3 5 7 4 2 2 x x x x + + = + + ; 3 19 3 2 7 11 2 x x x x + + = + + ;
11 3 2 9 7 2 x x x x + = + ;
2 2 2
4 9 5 2 1 1 x x x x x + + + = ;
2
2 1 2 4 23 x x x x + + = + ;
2 2
3 5 7 3 7 2 3 x x x x + + + = ;
2 2 2 2
3 7 3 2 3 5 1 3 4 x x x x x x x + = + ;
36
5 4
5
x x
x
= +

;
10
15 1
1
x x
x
+ = +

;
2
2
1
1
5
3
x x
x
+ =

2.2. Nng ly tha bc chn ca bt phng trnh v t:
Bi mu. Gii BPT: 1 1 x x x + (1)
iu kin:
1 0
1 1
1 0
x
x
x
+

(1)
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2
1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 0
0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0
x x
x x x x x
x
x x x
x x x x






+



=





+


Bnh lun: Ch ly tha bc chn c 2 v ca 1 BPT v t khi v ch khi cc v
cng du. Nu c 2 v cng khng m th du BPT nhn c gi nguyn. Nu
c 2 v cng khng dng th du BPT nhn c i ngc li. Xt ring khi
2 v tri du, khi BPT hoc lun ng hoc v nghim
Bi tp:
2
2 6 1 2 0 x x x + + > ;
2
3 10 8 x x x + < ;
( )
2 2
3 4 9 x x x
( )
2
3 6 2 2 1 x x x + + > ; 3 9 5 x x x + > + ; 2 5 4 2 x x x + > ;
2 1 3 2 4 3 5 4 x x x x + < + ;
4 2 4 2 2
2 1 2 1 x x x x x x + + + < + ;
2 7 3 2 x x x > ; 2 12 2 10 x x x + < + ;
2
1 1 4 3 x x x + + < + ;
Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s Trn Phng

176
II. T 1 N PH A V PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH 1 N MI
Bi mu. Gii BPT:
2 2
5 10 1 7 2 x x x x + + (1)
t
( )
2 2 2
5 10 1 0 5 2 1 u x x u x x = + + = + + . Khi :
2
1
(1) 7
5
u
u


( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1
5 36 0 9 4 0 4 5 2 3 0
3
x
u u u u u x x
x

+ + +

Bnh lun: t n ph nhm trc cn thc trnh phi GPT, GBPT bc cao.
Khi ni chung ta s gii 2 PT, BPT bc thp hn.
Bi tp:
1
2 3
1
x x
x x
+
>
+
;
3
2 1 2 1
2
x
x x x x
+
+ + = ;
4 2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + + = ;
2
1 12 11 23 x x x x + = + ;
2
7 9 2 63 x x x x + = + + ;
2
3 1 4 4 3 2 x x x x + + = ;
( ) ( )
2
5 2 3 3 x x x x + = + ;
2 2
4 2 3 4 x x x x + = +
2 2
1 1
3
x x x x + = + ;
5 1
5 2 4
2
2
x x
x
x
+ < + +
III. T 1 N PH VI PHNG TRNH I XNG VI 2 CN THC
Bi mu.
( ) ( )
1 8 1 8 x x x x m + + + + = . Tm m PT c nghim.
t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 8 0 9 9 2 1 8 9 1 8 18 u x x u x x x x = + + = + + + + + =
Bi ton a v: Tm m
( )
2
9
2
u
f u u m

= + = c nghim 3; 3 2 u
(

Ta c th
( )
y f u = l mt parabol quay b lm ln trn v c honh nh
0
1 3 u = < nn ycbt
( ) ( )
[ ]
( ) ( )
9 6 2
min ; max 3 ; 3 2 3;
2
m f u f u f f
(
+
(
= =

(


Bi tp.
2
2 2 2 4 2 2 x x x x + = + ;
2
2 3 1 3 16 2 5 3 x x x x x + + + = + + +
( ) ( )
3 6 3 6 x x x x m + + + = . GPT khi m = 3; Tm m PT c nghim.
( ) ( )
1 4 1 4 x x x x m + + + + = . Tm m PT c nghim duy nht.
( ) ( )
3 4
1 2 1 2 1 x x m x x x x m + + = . Tm m PT c nghim duy nht.
4 4
1 1 x x x x m + + + = . Tm m PT c nghim duy nht.
Phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t

177
IV. T 1 N PH V S DNG PHNG PHP THAM S BIN THIN, HNG S BIN THIN
Bi 1. GPT:
( )
3 3
4 1 1 2 2 1 x x x x + = + + (1)
t
3 2 3
1 0 1 u x u x = + = + . Khi (1)
( ) ( )
3
4 1 2 1 2 1 x u x x = + +
( )
2
2 4 1 2 1 0 u x u x + = . Ta c: =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4 1 8 2 1 4 3 x x x =
(1)
( ) ( )
3 3
3
2 2
3
3 1
1
4 4
1 3
2 4
2 1 0 2 1 0
2 1
2
1 2 1 2 0
x x
u x
x x
u x
x
x x x x

+ = =

= =

=
=


+ = =


Bi 2. GPT:
2
7 7 x x + + = (1)
(1)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2 4
2
7 0
7 0
7 7
7 2 1 7 0
7 7
x
x
x x
x x x
x x

+ =


+ + =
+ =

2 2
1 29
7 7
2
7 7 1
2
x
x
x x x x
x

= = + +

Bi tp.
( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x x x x + + = + + ;
( )
2
2 1 1 0 x x x x x x + = ;
( )
2 2
2 3 1 2 1 6 3 4 x x x x x + = ;
( )
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 x x x x x + = ;
V. T 1 N PH A V H I XNG, H NA I XNG
Bi 1. GPT:
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + = (1)
t
3 3
2 1 2 1 y x y x = = . Khi (1)
3
3
1 2
1 2
x y
y x
+ =

+ =

( )( )
3
2 2
1 2
2 0
x y
x y x xy y
+ =

+ + + =

3
1 2
1 5
1
2
x x
x x
x y
+ =

= =

Bi 2. GPT:
2
2 3 3 x x x = + (1)
t 3 1 0 x y + = suy ra 1 y v
2
3 2 1 x y y + = + . Khi ta c:
(1)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
3 17 1 13
2 2
1 0 2 2
x x y x x y
x x
x y x y y y x
= =
+
= =

+ = =


Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s Trn Phng

178
Bi tp.
2
4 3 5 x x x = + ;
2
6 2 8 x x x = + ;
2 3
2 4
2
x
x x
+
= + ;
2 4
3 6 2
3
x
x x
+
= ;
2
2 15 32 32 20 x x x + = + ;
2
3 1 4 13 5 x x x + = + ;
2
4 3 1 5 13 x x x + + + = ;
2
32 32 2 15 20 x x x + = + + ;
2
4 6 x x x + = + ;
3 2 3
9 9 27 21 x x x x = + ;
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x x = +
VI. T 2 N PH V GII H PHNG TRNH
Bi mu. GPT:
3 2 3 2
2 1 3 x x x x + + + + = (1)
t
3 2 2 3 2
2 3 2
3 2
2 0 2
1
1 0
u x x u x x
v x x
v x x

= + + = + +

= +
= +

. Khi ta c:
(1)
( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 3 2
1 2 2 0 1
1 1 3
u v u v u
x x x x
u v v u v
+ = + = =

+ + = =

= = =


Bi tp.
3
3 1 x x + = ;
3
2 1 1 x x + = ;
2 2
3 10 5 x x + + = ;
( )
2 3
2 2 5 1 x x + = + ;
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + + = + ;
3
24 12 6 x x + + = ;
4 4
18 1 3 x x + = ;
4 4
17 5 4 x x + + = ;
4 4 4
1 1 x x x + = + ;
3 3 2 2 3
2 2 4 x x x x + + + =
VII. T N PH BNG BIN S LNG GIC
Bi mu. GPT:
( ) ( )
3
3 2 2
1 2 1 x x x x + = (1)
iu kin: [ ] 1;1 x . t sin ; ;
2 2
x
(
=
(

, khi ta c:
(1)
3 3
sin cos 2 sin cos + = . t sin cos 2; 2 u
(
= +

, khi :
(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
2 3 2 0 2 2 1 2 1 0 u u u u u u + = + + + =
Nu 2 u = th
( )
2
2 cos 2 sin sin
4 4 4 2
x

= = = = =
Nu 1 2 u = th
2
1 2 2 2 1
1 1 2
2
x x x

+ = =
Bi tp.
2
35
12
1
x
x
x
+ =

;
( ) ( )
3 3
2 2
1 1 1 1 2 1 x x x x
(
+ + = +


Phng trnh v bt phng trnh v t

179
VII. BIN I TNG THNH TCH
Cc ng thc c bn: 1 a b ab + = + ( 1)( 1) 0 a b =
av bu ab uv + = +
( ) ( )
0 a v b u =
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
3
2 2 3 2 x x
x
+ = + (1)
(1)
( )
2
2
2 2 3 3 2
1
0 2 3 0
x x x x
x x
x x
+
= + = 2 3 x x = + 3 x =
Bi 2. GPT:
6 5 4 3 3
1 1 2 x x x x x + = + + (1)
(1)
( )
2
6 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 x x x x x x x x + = + + = +

( ) ( )
3
1 1 1 0 x x = 1 1 1 1 2 x x x x = = = =
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
2 1 2 6 2 2 4 3 x x x x x x + + + = + + + (1)
(1) 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 3 x x x x x x + + + = + + +

( ) ( )
1 2 2 3 0 x x x + + = 1 x =
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
2 2
4 7 3 7 3 6 2 7 46 21 x x x x x x x + + = + + (1)
(1)
2
4 7 6 3 7 3 2 7 7 3 0 x x x x x x x + + + =

( ) ( )
2 7 3 2 7 3 0 x x x x + = 7 3 2 2 7 3 x x x x = + =

2 2
4 7 3 0 9 4 28 0 x x x x + = =
3
1; 2;
4
x x x = = = (ly nghim
3
7
x )
VIII. PHNG PHP HM S
Bi mu. Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim:

( )
2 2 4 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 1 1 m x x x x x + + = + + (1)
t
2 2
1 1 0 t x x = + , khi
2 4
2 2 1 2 t x = 0 2 t
v
4 2
2 1 2 x t = . Ta c (1)
( )
2
2 2 m t t t + = +
( )
2
2
2
t t
m f t
t
+ +
= =
+

Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2 2
4 4
0 0; 2
2 2
t t t t
f t t
t t
+
( = =

+ +

( )
f t nghch bin / 0; 2
(


Phng trnh c nghim m TGT ca
( )
f t
( ) ( )
2 ; 0 2 1; 1 m f f
( (



Chng VI. Phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s Trn Phng

180
IX. PHNG PHP NH GI
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh:
( )
2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x
x
+ = + (1)
(1)
2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x
x
+ + + =
S dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski ta c:
( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 1. 1. 2 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2
x x x x x x
x x
x x x x

(
+ = + + + =

+

( | |
+ = + + + =

|
(
\

2
2
1 1
2 2 4 x x
x
x
+ + + . Du bng xy ra 1 x =
Bi 2. Gii phng trnh:
3 2 2 1 1
5 3 3 2 3
2 2
x x x x x + + = + (1)
(1)
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
5 2 1 3
2 2
x x x x x + + = + ; K: 5 2 0 x
S dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 5 2 1
1 1
5 2 1 3
2 2 2
x x x
x x x x x
+ + +
+ + = +
Do (1)
2 2
1 5 2 4 3 0 1; 3 x x x x x x x + + = + = = =
Bi 3. Gii phng trnh:
4
3 7 15 2 x x x + + = + (1)
K: 0 x . (1)
2
4 2 4 4
4 (7 15)
7 15 2 3 7 15 4
4 5
x x
x x x x x
x
+
+ = + =
+
(2)
Nu
2
4 7 15 x x < + th
( ) ( )
2 0 2 VT VP > > nn (2) v nghim
Nu
2
4 7 15 x x + th
( ) ( )
2 0 2 VT VP nn (2)
2
4 7 15 0 3 x x x = + < =
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht 3 x =
Bi 4. Gii phng trnh:
3 2 3
1 2 1 3 1 x x x x + + = + + (1)
K: 0 x . (1)
3 2 3
2 1 3 1 1 x x x x + + = (2)
Xt
3 2 3
2 1 3 1 x x x + +
2
2 1 3 1 x x x + +
2
3 2 0 0 1 x x x
Mt khc ta c
( )
2 2
2 1 0 1 1 VP x x x = . T suy ra (1) 1 x =
Xt
3 2 3
2 1 3 1 x x x + +
2
2 1 3 1 x x x + +
2
3 2 0 1 x x x
Mt khc ta c
( )
2 2
2 1 0 1 0 1 VP x x x = . T suy ra (1) 1 x =
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht 1 x =