QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG L G?

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Thut ng Supply Chain Management (SCM) vn cn kh mi m i vi phn ln cc cng ty, mc d n ang tr thnh mt thi thng trong cc hot ng kinh doanh hin i. Ngi ta bn v vic thit lp cc gii php SCM, mng li SCM, cc b phn mm SCM,... nhng vn bn khon t hi: Thc cht SCM l g ? ng dng SCM ra sao?... Vy SCM l g? SCM l s phi kt hp nhiu th php ngh thut v khoa hc nhm ci thin cch thc cc cng ty tm kim nhng ngun nguyn liu th cu thnh sn phm/dch v, sau sn xut ra sn phm/dch v v phn phi ti cc khch hng. iu quan trng i vi bt k gii php SCM no, d sn xut hng ho hay dch v, chnh l vic lm th no hiu c sc mnh ca cc ngun ti nguyn v mi tng quan gia chng trong ton b dy chuyn cung ng sn xut. V c bn, SCM s cung cp gii php cho ton b cc hot ng u vo ca doanh nghip, t vic t mua hng ca nh cung cp, cho n cc gii php tn kho an ton ca cng ty. Trong hot ng qun tr ngun cung ng, SCM cung cp nhng gii php m theo , cc nh cung cp v cng ty sn xut s lm vic trong mi trng cng tc, gip cho cc bn nng cao hiu qu sn xut kinh doanh v phn phi sn phm/dch v ti khch hng. SCM tch hp h thng cung ng m rng v pht trin mt mi trng sn xut kinh doanh thc s, cho php cng ty ca bn giao dch trc tip vi khch hng v nh cung cp c hai phng din mua bn v chia s thng tin. Cc m hnh dy chuyn cung ng c sp xp t n gin n phc tp. Mt cng ty sn xut s nm trong m hnh n gin, khi h ch mua nguyn vt liu t mt nh cung cp, sau t lm ra sn phm ca mnh ri bn hng trc tip cho ngi s dng. y, bn ch phi x l vic mua nguyn vt liu ri sn xut ra sn phm bng mt hot ng v ti mt a im duy nht (single-site). Trong m hnh phc tp, doanh nghip s mua nguyn vt liu t cc nh cung cp (y cng chnh l thnh phm ca n v ny), t cc nh phn phi v t cc nh my ch em (c im tng ng vi nh sn xut). Ngoi vic t sn xut ra sn phm, doanh nghip cn n nhn nhiu ngun cung cp b tr cho qu trnh sn xut t cc nh thu ph v i tc sn xut theo hp ng. Trong m hnh phc tp ny, h thng SCM phi x l vic mua sn phm trc tip hoc mua qua trung gian, lm ra sn phm v a sn phm n cc nh my ch em tip tc sn xut ra sn phm hon thin. Cc cng ty sn xut phc tp s bn v vn chuyn sn phm trc tip n khch hng hoc thng qua nhiu knh bn hng khc, chng hn nh cc nh bn l, cc nh phn phi v cc nh sn xut thit b gc (OEMs). Hot ng ny bao qut nhiu a im (multiple-site) vi sn phm, hng ha ti cc trung tm phn phi c b sung t cc nh my sn xut. n t hng c th c chuyn t cc a im xc nh, i hi cng ty phi c tm nhn v danh mc sn phm/dch v ang c trong ton b h thng phn phi. Cc sn phm c th tip tc c phn b ra th trng t a im nh cung cp v nh thu ph. S pht trin trong h thng qun l dy chuyn cung ng to ra cc yu cu mi cho cc quy trnh p dng SCM. Chng hn, mt h thng SCM x l nhng sn phm c t ti cc a im ca khch hng v nguyn vt liu ca nh cung cp li nm ti cng ty sn xut. Ngun gc ca SCM SCM l mt giai on pht trin ca lnh vc Logistic (hu cn). Trong ting Anh, mt iu th v l t Logistics ny khng h c lin quan g n t Logistic trong ton hc. Khi dch sang ting Vit, c ngi dch l hu cn, c ngi dch l kho vn, dch v cung ng. Tuy nhin, tt c cc cch dch u cha tho ng, khng phn nh y v chnh xc bn cht ca Logistics. V vy, tt hn c l chng ta hy gi nguyn thut ng Logistics v sau tm hiu tng tn ngha ca n. Ban u, logistics c s dng nh mt t chuyn mn trong qun i, c hiu vi ngha l cng tc hu cn. n cui th k 20, Logistics c ghi nhn nh l mt chc nng kinh doanh ch yu, mang li thnh cng cho cc cng ty c trong khu vc sn xut ln trong khu vc dch v. U ban kinh t v x hi chu Thi Bnh Dng (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific - ESCAP) ghi nhn Logistics pht trin qua 3 giai on:

Giai on 1: Phn phi (Distribution) l qun l mt cch c h thng cc hot ng lin quan vi nhau nhm m bo cung cp sn phm, hng ho cho khch hng mt cch hiu qu nht. Giai on ny bao gm cc hot ng nghip v sau: -Vn ti, -Phn phi, -Bo qun hng ho, -Qun l kho bi, -Bao b, nhn mc, ng gi. Giai on 2: H thng Logistics Giai on ny c s phi kt hp cng tc qun l ca c hai mt trn vo cng mt h thng c tn l Cung ng vt t v Phn phi sn phm. Giai on 3: Qun tr dy chuyn cung ng (SCM) Theo ESCAP th y l khi nim mang tnh chin lc v qun tr chui quan h t nh cung cp nguyn liu n v sn xut - n ngi tiu dng. Khi nim SCM ch trng vic pht trin cc mi quan h vi i tc, kt hp cht ch gia nh sn xut vi nh cung cp, ngi tiu dng v cc bn lin quan nh cc cng ty vn ti, kho bi, giao nhn v cc cng ty cng ngh thng tin. Vai tr ca SCM i vi hot ng kinh doanh i vi cc cng ty, SCM c vai tr rt to ln, bi SCM gii quyt c u ra ln u vo ca doanh nghip mt cch hiu qu. Nh c th thay i cc ngun nguyn vt liu u vo hoc ti u ho qu trnh lun chuyn nguyn vt liu, hng ho, dch v m SCM c th gip tit kim chi ph, tng kh nng cnh tranh cho doanh nghip. C khng t cng ty gt hi thnh cng ln nh bit son tho chin lc v gii php SCM thch hp, ngc li, c nhiu cng ty gp kh khn, tht bi do a ra cc quyt nh sai lm nh chn sai ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu, chn sai v tr kho bi, tnh ton lng d tr khng ph hp, t chc vn chuyn rc ri, chng cho... Ngoi ra, SCM cn h tr c lc cho hot ng tip th, c bit l tip th hn hp (4P: Product, Price, Promotion, Place). Chnh SCM ng vai tr then cht trong vic a sn phm n ng ni cn n v vo ng thi im thch hp. Mc tiu ln nht ca SCM l cung cp sn phm/dch v cho khch hng vi tng chi ph nh nht. im ng lu l cc chuyn gia kinh t nhn nhn rng h thng SCM ha hn tng bc nng cao hiu qu hot ng sn xut ca cng ty v to iu kin cho chin lc thng mi in t pht trin. y chnh l cha kho thnh cng cho B2B. Tuy nhin, nh khng t cc nh phn tch kinh doanh cnh bo, chic cha kho ny ch thc s phc v cho vic nhn bit cc chin lc da trn h thng sn xut, khi chng to ra mt trong nhng mi lin kt trng yu nht trong dy chuyn cung ng. Trong mt cng ty sn xut lun tn ti ba yu t chnh ca dy chuyn cung ng: th nht l cc bc khi u v chun b cho qu trnh sn xut, hng ti nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h; th hai l bn thn chc nng sn xut, tp trung vo nhng phng tin, thit b, nhn lc, nguyn vt liu v chnh qu trnh sn xut; th ba l tp trung vo sn phm cui cng, phn phi v mt ln na hng ti nhng thng tin tp trung vo khch hng v yu cu ca h. Trong dy chuyn cung ng ba nhn t ny, SCM s iu phi kh nng sn xut c gii hn v thc hin vic ln k hoch sn xut - nhng cng vic i hi tnh d liu chnh xc v hot ng ti cc nh my, nhm lm cho k hoch sn xut t hiu qu cao nht. Khu vc nh my sn xut trong cng ty ca bn phi l mt mi trng nng ng, trong s vt c chuyn ho lin tc, ng thi thng tin cn c cp nht v ph bin ti tt c cc cp qun l cng ty cng a ra quyt nh nhanh chng v chnh xc. SCM cung cp kh nng trc quan ho i vi cc d liu lin quan n sn xut v khp kn dy chuyn cung cp, to iu kin cho vic ti u ho sn xut ng lc bng cc h thng sp xp v ln k hoch. N cng mang li hiu qu ti a cho vic d tr s lng nguyn vt liu, qun l ngun ti nguyn, lp k hoch u t v sp xp hot ng sn xut ca cng ty. Mt tc dng khc ca vic ng dng gii php SCM l phn tch d liu thu thp c v lu tr h s vi chi ph thp. Hot ng ny nhm phc v cho nhng mc ch lin quan n hot ng sn xut (nh d liu v thng tin sn phm, d liu v nhu cu th trng) p ng i hi ca khch hng. C th ni, SCM l nn tng ca mt chng trnh ci tin v qun l cht lng - Bn khng th ci tin c nhng g bn khng th nhn thy.

Cu trc ca SCM Mt dy chuyn cung ng sn xut bao gm ti thiu ba yu t: nh cung cp, bn thn n v sn xut v khch hng. - Nh cung cp: l cc cng ty bn sn phm, dch v l nguyn liu u vo cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh. Thng thng, nh cung cp c hiu l n v cung cp nguyn liu trc tip nh vt liu th, cc chi tit ca sn phm, bn thnh phm. Cc cng ty cung cp dch v cho sn xut, kinh doanh c gi l nh cung cp dch v. - n v sn xut: l ni s dng nguyn liu, dch v u vo v p dng cc qu trnh sn xut to ra sn phm cui cng. Cc nghip v v qun l sn xut c s dng ti a ti y nhm tng hiu qu, nng cao cht lng sn phm, to nn s thng sut ca dy chuyn cung ng. - Khch hng: l ngi s dng sn phm ca n v sn xut. Cc thnh phn c bn ca SCM Dy chuyn cung ng c cu to t 5 thnh phn c bn. Cc thnh phn ny l cc nhm chc nng khc nhau v cng nm trong dy chuyn cung ng: - Sn xut (Lm g, nh th no, khi no) - Vn chuyn (Khi no, vn chuyn nh th no) - Tn kho (Chi ph sn xut v lu tr) - nh v (Ni no tt nht lm ci g) - Thng tin (C s ra quyt nh) 1. Sn xut: Sn xut l kh nng ca dy chuyn cung ng to ra v lu tr sn phm. Phn xng, nh kho l c s vt cht, trang thit b ch yu ca thnh phn ny. Trong qu trnh sn xut, cc nh qun tr thng phi i mt vi vn cn bng gia kh nng p ng nhu cu ca khch hng v hiu qu sn xut ca doanh nghip. 2. Vn chuyn: y l b phn m nhim cng vic vn chuyn nguyn vt liu, cng nh sn phm gia cc ni trong dy chuyn cung ng. y, s cn bng gia kh nng p ng nhu cu v hiu qu cng vic c biu th trong vic la chn phng thc vn chuyn. Thng thng c 6 phng thc vn chuyn c bn - ng bin: gi thnh r, thi gian vn chuyn di v b gii hn v a im giao nhn. - ng st: gi thnh r, thi gian trung bnh, b gii hn v a im giao nhn. - ng b: nhanh, thun tin. - ng hng khng: nhanh, gi thnh cao. - Dng in t: gi thnh r, nhanh, b gii hn v loi hng ho vn chuyn (ch dnh cho d liu, m thanh, hnh nh). - ng ng: tng i hiu qu nhng b gii hn loi hng ho (khi hng ha l cht lng, cht kh..). 3. Tn kho: Tn kho l vic hng ho c sn xut ra tiu th nh th no. Chnh yu t tn kho s quyt nh doanh thu v li nhun ca cng ty bn. Nu tn kho t tc l sn phm ca bn c sn xut ra bao nhiu s tiu th ht by nhiu, t chng t hiu qu sn xut ca cng ty bn mc cao v li nhun t mc ti a. 4. nh v: Bn tm kim cc ngun nguyn vt liu sn xut u? Ni no l a im tiu th tt nht? y chnh l nhng yu t quyt nh s thnh cng ca dy chuyn cung ng. nh v tt s gip quy trnh sn xut c tin hnh mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu hn. 5. Thng tin: Thng tin chnh l ngun dinh dng cho h thng SCM ca bn. Nu thng tin chun xc, h thng SCM s em li nhng kt qu chun xc. Ngc li, nu thng tin khng ng, h thng SCM s khng th pht huy tc dng. Bn cn khai thc thng tin t nhiu ngun khc nhau v c gng thu thp nhiu nht lng thng tin cn thit. Nhng bc i c bn khi trin khai SCM Bn cn tun th 5 bc i c bn sau y: 1. K hoch - y l b phn chin lc ca SCM. Bn s cn n mt chin lc chung qun l tt c cc ngun lc nhm gip sn phm phm, dch v ca bn p ng ti a nhu cu ca khch hng. Phn quan trng ca vic lp k hoch l xy dng mt b cc phng php, cch thc gim st dy chuyn cung ng m bo cho dy chuyn hot ng hiu qu, tit kim chi ph v to ra sn phm c cht lng cao a ti khch hng. 2. Ngun cung cp Hy la chn nhng nh cung cp thch hp p ng cc chng loi hng ho, dch v u vo m bn cn lm ra sn phm, dch v ca bn. Bn nn xy dng mt b cc quy trnh nh gi, giao nhn v thanh ton vi nh phn phi, cng nh thit lp cc phng php gim st v ci thin mi quan h gia bn vi h. Sau , bn hy tin hnh song song cc quy trnh ny nhm qun l ngun hng ho, dch v m bn nhn c

t cc nh cung cp, t vic nhn hng, kim tra hng, chuyn chng ti cc c s sn xut n vic thanh ton tin hng. 3. Sn xut y l bc i tip theo, sau khi bn c ngun hng. Hy ln lch trnh c th v cc hot ng sn xut, kim tra, ng gi v chun b giao nhn. y l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng nht ca dy chuyn cung ng, v th bn cn gim st, nh gi cht ch cc tiu chun cht lng ca thnh phm, cng nh hiu sut lm vic ca nhn vin. 4. Giao nhn y l yu t m nhiu ngi hay gi l hu cn. Hy xem xt tng kha cnh c th bao gm cc n t hng, xy dng mng li ca hng phn phi, la chn n v vn ti a sn phm ca bn ti khch hng, ng thi thit lp mt h thng ho n thanh ton hp l. 5. Hon li y l cng vic ch xut hin trong trng hp dy chuyn cung ng c vn . Nhng d sao, bn cng cn phi xy dng mt chnh sch n nhn nhng sn phm khim khuyt b khch hng tr v v tr gip khch hng trong trng hp c vn rc ri i vi sn phm c bn giao. Phm mm SCM c nhim v g? Phm mm SCM c th c xem nh mt b cc ng dng phn mm phc tp nht trn th trng cng ngh phn mm. Mi mt thnh phn trong dy chuyn cung ng trn y bao gm hng t cc nhim v c th khc nhau, thm ch c khng t nhim v i hi ring mt phn mm chuyn bit. C rt nhiu nh cung cp phn mm ln ang c gng tp hp nhiu ng dng phn mm nh trong SCM vo mt chng trnh duy nht, nhng hu nh cha c ai thnh cng c. Vic kt hp nhiu phn mm nh ring bit thnh mt phn mm chung xem ra l mt cn c mng i vi nhiu cng ty phn mm trn th gii. C l cch thc tt nht thit lp v ci t b phn mm qun l dy chuyn cung ng l bn hy chia n ra thnh hai phn mm nh: phn mm th nht c nhim v gip bn ln k hoch cho dy chuyn cung ng v phn mm th hai gip bn theo di vic thc thi cc nhim v c th vch ra. Phn mm hoch nh dy chuyn cung ng (Supply chain planning - SCP) s dng cc thut ton khc nhau nhm gip bn ci thin lu lng v tnh hiu qu ca dy chuyn cung ng, ng thi gim thiu vic kim k hng tn kho. Tnh chnh xc ca SCP hon ton ph thuc vo cc thng tin m bn thu thp c. V d, nu bn l mt nh sn xut hng tiu dng, ng mong i cc ng dng phn mm ln k hoch ca bn s hon ton chnh xc, nu bn khng cp nht cho chng thng tin chnh xc v cc n t hng t khch hng, d liu bn hng t nhng ca hng bn l, nng lc sn xut v nng lc giao nhn Trn th trng lun c sn cc ng dng phn mm ln k hoch cho c 5 bc chnh ca dy chuyn cung ng c lit k trn, tuy nhin mi ngi thng cho rng phn mm cn thit nht l phn mm x l cng vic xc nh nhu cu th trng (bi v y l phn phc tp v d sai st nht) nhm tr liu trc cng ty s cn sn xut ra bao nhiu sn phm. Phn mm thc thi dy chuyn cung ng (Supply chain execution - SCE) c nhim v t ng ho cc bc tip theo ca dy chuyn cung ng, nh vic lu chuyn t ng cc n t hng t nh my sn xut ca bn ti nh cung cp nguyn vt liu, c c nhng g bn cn cho hot ng sn xut ra sn phm, dch v