Bao Quan Nong San

VIN KHOA HC GIO DC VIT NAM
TRUNG TM NGHIN CU GDKCQ

T chc Gio dc Khoa hc v Vn ha ca Lin Hp Quc
H NI - 2009
Chuyn
HY QUAN TM TI BO QUN NNG SN NNG CAO CHT LNG V HIU QU KINH T
B ti liu ngun theo cc chuyn Gio dc v S pht trin bn vng dnh cho Trung tm hc tp cng ng - D n Pht trin chin lc h thng ngun lc h tr sng kin nng cao nng lc xa m ch (LIFERSS) Vit Nam - B Gio dc v o to - Vn phng UNESCO H Ni.
B ti liu c t chc bin son bi Trung tm Nghin cu Gio dc Khng chnh quy - Vin Khoa hc Gio dc Vit Nam, gp , chnh sa v ph duyt bi V Gio dc Thng xuyn - B Gio dc v o to.
Tc gi: Nguyn Thu Huyn Cao Vn Hng Nguyn Vn Anh
Vn phng UNESCO H Ni 2009 Xut bn bi Vn phng UNESCO H Ni
bit thm thng tin xin lin h:
Vn phng UNESCO H Ni a ch: 23 Cao B Qut, H Ni T: 04-37470275/6 Fax: 04-37470274 Email: registry@unesco.org.vn
Vin Khoa hc Gio dc Vit Nam Trung tm Nghin cu Gio dc KCQ a ch: 4 Trnh Hoi c, H Ni T: 04-38232562 Fax: 04-37332008
Giy php xut bn s: In ti: Cng ty CP In Trn Hng. S lng: 750 cun. In xong v np lu chiu thng 10.2009.
Li gii thiu
Trong khun kh ca d n Pht trin chin lc h thng ngun lc h tr sng kin nng cao nng lc xa m ch (LIFERSS) Vit Nam do UNESCO ti tr, V Gio dc Thng xuyn - B Gio dc v o to phi hp vi Trung tm Nghin cu Gio dc Khng chnh quy - Vin Khoa hc Gio dc Vit Nam t chc bin son B ti liu ngun dnh cho cc Trung tm Hc tp Cng ng (TTHTC). Mc ch ca B ti liu ngun nhm cung cp thng tin cho cn b ca cc Trung tm ngun, Trung tm Gio dc Thng xuyn, gio vin/hng dn vin (GV/ HDV) ca cc TTHTC bin son hc liu a phng v t chc/hng dn thc hin cc chuyn Gio dc v s pht trin bn vng ph hp vi nhu cu v tnh hnh c th ca tng a phng. B ti liu ngun bao gm 20 chuyn thuc 4 lnh vc ca Gio dc v s pht trin bn vng, l: vn ho - x hi; sc khe; mi trng v kinh t. Mi chuyn bao gm 1 - 3 bi. Mi bi khng ch cung cp thng tin, thng ip, khi nim c bn, m cn cung cp c thc trng, nguyn nhn v gii php ci thin thc trng cng nh nhng ch trng, chnh sch ca ng, Nh nc v quy nh php lut c lin quan. c bit, cc chuyn cn cung cp cc s liu, t liu, bi bo, cu chuyn/tnh hung thc t ... gip cn b, GV/HDV tham kho trong qu trnh bin son hc liu a phng hoc s dng minh ha, t chc tho lun trong qu trnh ging dy ti TTHTC. B ti liu c bin son theo mt quy trnh khoa hc v c th nghim ti 10 tnh ba min (Bc, Trung, Nam). Trong qu trnh bin son v th nghim, B ti liu nhn c s gp ca cc chuyn gia t cc B, ban ngnh on th, cc nh khoa hc, cc cn b v gio vin ca cc a phng vi mc ch nhm tng cng tnh chnh xc, tnh khoa hc, tnh s phm v tnh thc tin ca B ti liu. Mc d vy, B ti liu vn khng th trnh khi thiu st. Chng ti rt mong tip tc nhn c ng gp ca cc chuyn gia, ca cn b, GV/HDV v cc hc vin trong qu trnh s dng B ti liu ny. V Gio dc Thng xuyn chn thnh cm n Vn phng UNESCO H Ni gip v k thut v ti chnh bin son v in n B ti liu ny. Xin chn thnh cm n cc chuyn gia ca cc B, ban, ngnh, on th tham gia bin son v gp cho B ti liu. Cm n cc a phng nhit tnh tham gia th nghim v ng gp kin hon thin B ti liu ny.
H Ni, thng 7 nm 2009 V Gio dc Thng xuyn B Gio dc v o to
Mc lc
Bi Mt: Mt s vn chung v bo qun nng sn I. Mt s khi nim lin quan II. Nguyn nhn tn tht III. Phn loi tn tht IV. K thut bo qun V. Mt s yu cu trong cng tc bo qun nhm nng cao cht lng v khi lng nng sn VI. m bo v sinh an ton thc phm VII. Thc trng v vn bo qun nng sn VIII. Gii php cho vn bo qun nng sn Bi Hai: K thut thu hoch v bo qun ng, khoai, sn I. K thut thu hoch v bo qun thc II. K thut thu hoch v bo qun ng III. K thut bo qun khoai lang IV. K thut thu hoch v bo qun sn Bi Ba: K thut bo qun rau, qu I. Mt s vn chung v bo qun rau, qu II. c im ca rau, qu ti III. Phng php bo qun rau, qu IV. Mt s im cn ch khi bo qun rau, qu Ph lc Ph lc 1: Ph lc 2: Ph lc 3: Ph lc 4: Ph lc 5: Ph lc 6: Ph lc 7: Ph lc 8: Ph lc 9: Quy phm bo qun c chua ti Quy phm bo qun da qu ti Quy phm bo qun chui qu ti Sp l - Hng dn bo qun v vn chuyn lnh Hnh ty - Hng dn bo qun Ci bp - Hng dn bo qun v vn chuyn lnh C chua - Hng dn bo qun v vn chuyn lnh Xoi - Bo qun lnh Ti - Bo qun lnh 7 8 8 12 12 14 16 17 17 20 21 22 25 25 28 29 29 30 30 36 42 47 52 55 60 64 68 72
I. MT S KHI NIM LIN QUAN

Nng sn: L danh t chung ch sn phm nng nghip dng ban u, bao gm: Sn phm cy trng (thc, ng, u , khoai, sn, rau, c, qu, hoa ...). Sn phm chn nui (tht, trng, sa, da, xng). Bo qun nng sn: L qu trnh ct tr trong thi gian nht nh sao cho gn gi c ti a cc c tnh ca nng sn ban u. C th nguyn dng hoc chuyn dng, bao gm: Dng ti sng ban u (rau, qu, khoai, sn, tht ti). Dng ti sng ch bin ti thiu (mini processing, cut frest) - (rau, qu, tht ti ct hoc c s ch). Dng ch bin (nu chn, ngm mui, ngm ng, ngm dm, ln men ). Dng kh (la, go, ng, khoai, sn kh, rau, qu sy kh ). Tn tht: Tn tht l hao ht hoc mt v lng v cht theo thi gian bi tc ng ca yu t bn trong v bn ngoi ca sn phm. Yu t bn trong: din bin qu trnh bin i sinh l v sinh ha ca bn thn nng sn sau thu hoch. Yu t bn ngoi: mi trng (nhit , m, khng kh), cn trng sinh vt hi v vi sinh vt.
II. NGUYN NHN TN THT

Trong qu trnh sn xut, cht lng nng sn chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh k thut canh tc (ging, phn bn, ti tiu ...), k thut thu hoch v vn chuyn. Bn cnh , trong qu trnh s ch, bo qun nng sn lun chu nh hng ca cc yu t lm bin i cht lng v s lng gy nn nhng tn tht ng tic, nh hng khng t n thu nhp ca ngi dn. Nhng thi quen sau thu hoch trong cc khu thu hoch, vn chuyn, bo qun v ch bin gy tn tht rt ln cho nng sn phm. Trong thc t c rt nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s hao ht v gim cht lng ca nng sn. nc ta nhit v m khng kh tng i cao, iu ny s c tc ng thc y cc hot ng sng ca ht v cc qu trnh khc nh qu trnh h hp, ny mm ... ng thi cn to iu kin cho cc vi sinh vt gy hi pht trin trong kho. Mc hao ht trong bo qun ph thuc nhiu yu t nh cht lng ban u ca nng sn a vo bo qun, c s vt cht phc v cho vic bo qun, k thut v thi gian bo qun.
Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t
1. nh hng ca cc yu t bn ngoi
a) Nhit Khi nhit tng dn n cc qu trnh ha hc, sinh ha, l hc u tng ln. Khi nhit gim t ngt dn n ng sng. Khi nhit gim qu thp dn n tn thng lnh. b) m tng i khng kh (Rh) Khi Rh cao: khng c li cho bo qun sn phm dng kh, n s ht m lm cho thy phn tng cao hn thy phn an ton v hng lot cc qu trnh ha hc, l hc, sinh ha xy ra lin tip ng thi l mi trng thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Khi Rh thp: khng c li cho bo qun sn phm dng ti sng, n s lm sn phm b mt nc, kh ho, chuyn mu sc v mi v.
Hnh 1: Mt s bnh thng gp trn nng sn bo qun:
Bnh mc lc cam qut Penicillium digitatum
Bnh mc lam cam qut Penicillium italitum
Bnh mc xm cam qut Botrytis sp.
Bnh thn th cam qut Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Bnh thi chua cam Geotrichum sp.
Bnh thi en cam qut Alternaria sp.
Bnh thi cung xoi Botryodiplodia theobromae

Bnh thn th xoi Collttotrichum gloeosporioides
Bnh thi to Penicillium expansum
Bnh thi cung chui do nhiu loi nm gy hi
Bnh thn th u C. gloeosporioides
Bnh thn th tri b C. gloeosporioides
c) Thnh phn khng kh: hai kh tc ng trc tip chnh l kh xy v kh cacbonic xy trong khng kh cao s tng qu trnh h hp, xy ha cc cht cha trong sn phm to ra cc andehyd, xeton, lm nh hng n mi v v mu sc sn phm. Thun li cho cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v cn trng pht trin. Cacbonic cao s hn ch c qu trnh h hp nhng li thun li cho vi sinh vt ym kh pht trin. Ngoi ra nh sng mt tri cng nh hng n cht lng v tn tht nng sn khi bo qun. d) Nhim bnh vi sinh vt Vi sinh vt khi pht trin trong sn phm, d ch gy hi bn ngoi hoc qua lp v vo bn trong cng u lm cho phm cht b gim, i khi c th hng hon ton. Vi sinh vt pht trin lm thay i mu sc ca ht v qu. T nhng mu bnh thng tr nn mu xm, c chm en, sau dn n s thi ra v mc. Ht ging v ht nng sn khi b vi sinh vt gy hi, thng pht trin mnh phi lm phi cht, hoc b gim hoc b mt sc ny mm. Cc si nm v vi khun pht trin trn ht s phn hy cc lp m bo ngoi ht ri xm nhp ph hy phi lm thay i mu sc phi nh, v ht mt tnh n hi, khi xay xt rt d b gy. e) Cn trng sinh vt hi Cn trng sinh vt hi ch yu l cc loi su (su u cung, rui qu - rau, qu), mt (cnh cng, cnh vy, thc - lng thc) v chim, chut Mi nm mt con chut n ht 4,5 kg ht ng cc v thc phm, lm hng, gy bn mt lng lng thc gp 3 ln na, ngha l n hi v ph hy hn 10 kg lng thc trong 1 nm. Tng cng 1 nm loi chut n hi 42,5 triu tn lng thc, tr gi ti 17 t la. Chut khng nhng n hi m cn lm nh hng n phm cht sn phm v gy mt s bnh truyn nhim cho ngi. f) Tc ng c hc n nng sn (tn thng c hc)
Trong qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn nu nng sn chng cht ln nhau, b ch xt va p vi nhau, b dp nt, st so, bn, gy hoc do nh ri trong qu trnh thu hi, vn chuyn hoc do bao b ng gi khng m bo gy dp v s lm cho nng sn khng nhng b mo m xu x b ngoi m cn lm tng s mt nc, to iu kin cho ly nhim bnh, kch thch qu trnh h hp v nng sn nhanh chng b thi hng. Nn gim n mc ti thiu nhng tn thng c gii ko di tui th v cht lng ca rau, ng thi nng cao sn lng ch bin v bo qun.
Dp nt
Gy, nt
Ch st
10
2. nh hng ca yu t bn trong: bao gm qu trnh chuyn ha, qu trnh

xy ha, qu trnh gi ha nh h hp, bay hi nc, hot lc cc enzyme a) Qu trnh h hp ca nng sn phm S tng cng h hp v s to thnh ethylen l nguyn nhn lm cho rau, qu chng b h hng. Tt c lng nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun l do h hp trong 2/3 lng nhit thi ra mi trng xung quanh, cn 1/3 c dng vo cc qu trnh trao i cht bn trong t bo, qu trnh bay hi v mt phn d tr dng nng lng ha hc. S sinh nhit l mt yu t bt li trong qu trnh bo qun, ph thuc vo nhit , nhit cng cao s sinh nhit cng ln. Nhit tng, kch thch nng sn h hp mnh, hot ng sinh l tng ln, m tng. l iu kin thch hp cho vi sinh vt pht trin v lm nng sn hng mt cch nhanh chng. Hin tng h hp l nguyn nhn su xa gy ra hin tng hao ht khi lng v h hng cht lng. Qu trnh h hp ca nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun l qu trnh tiu hao vt cht d tr mt cch lin tc m khng c s b p no c. hn ch hot ng sinh l ca rau, qu c th bo qun nhit thp v n nh (khng tng, gim nhit t ngt), tng thong ca khng kh trong kho hoc dng mng bao thch hp nhm gim nng xy, tng nng kh cacbonic, to mi trng bo qun ti u s sinh nhit l t nht. b) Qu trnh bin i v sinh l sinh ha Cc bin ha v ha hc trong ni ti ca rau, qu nh cc qu trnh xy ha kh v cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha do men gy ra. Nhng bin i v sinh ha lm gim phm cht nng sn, tnh chng chu ca nng sn i vi su bnh km i v s thit hi tng ln.
c) Qu trnh mt nc (i vi sn phm ti sng) S that hi nc: l hin tng thng xuyn xy ra lm cho rau, qu b ho lm gim trng lng v gim phm cht (nh hng n v b ngoi ca sn phm, n trng thi v gi tr dinh dng ca rau, qu). Cc hin tng ny xy ra nhiu hay t ph thuc vo trng thi sinh l, thi im v k thut thu hi, iu kin bo qun. Nu thu hi khi qu cn non th bo qun s chng ho v tc bay hi nc ca qu khi cn non ln gp 2 - 3 ln so vi qu hi ng chn. Nhng qu b su, b nt, b bm en do va gip cng lm tng s mt nc. Trong thc t lm gim hin tng bay hi nc ca qu ngi ta thng p dng cc bin php h thp nhit , tng m v dng bao gi thch hp.
11
Lng nc mt i trong qu trnh bo qun rau ty thuc vo tng loi rau, qu; gi chn thu hi, k thut ng gi, m , nhit . Tc bay hi nc trong qu trnh bo qun khc nhau: giai on u (ngay sau khi thu hi) mt nc mnh, giai on gia gim i v cui cng khi rau bt u h hng li tng ln. d) Qu trnh ny mm v mc r y l h qu ca qu trnh bin i sinh l, sinh ha ca nng sn xy ra c dng kh v dng ti sng trong thi gian bo qun di ngy. in hnh l la, khoai, hnh ti, c rt Khi bong sn mc r v ny mm th c coi nh hng v n khng gn gi c c tnh ban u ca n, mt loi qu trnh chuyn cht din ra.
III. PHN LOI TN THT

1) Tn tht s lng: Biu hin bng s hao ht ca s lng c th trong khi nng sn.
ca tng c th nng sn. Khi lng cht kh c th tiu hao do qu trnh h hp ca nng sn hay b vi sinh vt hi n mt. Thy phn ca phn ln cc loi rau, c, qu cng b gim do qu trnh that hi nc t nhin.
2) Tn tht khi lng: Biu hin bng s hao ht khi lng cht kh hay thy phn
3) Tn tht v cht lng: Biu hin bng s thay i cht lng cm quan, cht lng dinh dng, cht lng ch bin ... cht lng nng sn d b hng do xy xt, gip nt hay ho thng km hp dn ngi tiu dng, gi tr c th b gim hoc mt. Nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun nu xy ra cc bin i ha sinh bt li s lm thay i thnh phn dinh dng hoc mt s vi sinh vt gy hi sinh ra cc c t c hi cho ngi tiu dng. Hoc mt s nng sn c s dng cho mc ch ch bin nu b bin i cht lng s khng cn tiu chun ca quy trnh ch bin, s b loi b v to ra tn tht.
Trong mi trng bo qun, s hao ht v khi lng v cht lng thng an xen v c th s hao ht ny l nguyn nhn dn n hao ht kia.
4) Tn tht v mt gi tr v kinh t, x hi
Tn tht trc tip: gim s lng, gim khi lng, gim cht lng, chi ph x l gia tng, chi ph ch bin gia tng ... Tn tht gin tip: thay i cng n vic lm, thay i v thu nhp, ngi qun l bo qun, ngi ch bin, cng ng, th trng b gim st ...
Nhng chi ph kh xc nh khc: suy thai mi trng, sc khe con ngi, bt n mang tnh x hi, s n nh ca chnh quyn ... cc vn ny rt kh xc nh v tin.
5) Tn tht do ny mm: T l ny mm v sc ny mm thp.

Khi ht, c ny mm cht hu c d tr trong nng sn b phn gii to thnh cc hp cht ng thi gii phng nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh pht trin ca t bo ny mm. Do vy tn tht v khi lng v cht lng ht, c l ng k.
12
IV. K THUT BO QUN

1. Bo qun nng sn bng phng php vt l
a) X l nhit Bo qun nng sn bng x l nhit l mt bin php vt l quan trng phng nga nhng bin i bt li v sinh l sinh ha ca nng sn v phng tr sinh vt hi, vi sinh vt. Cc bin php x l bo qun bng nhit ph thuc vo tng i tng nng sn v mc ch s dng nh sau: X l nhit cao trong thi gian ngn Mc ch hn ch hoc v hiu hot ng ca cc enzym gy chuyn ha bt li v sinh l sinh ha ca nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun. Hn na n cng l bin php phng dit cn trng v vi sinh vt trn b mt nng sn. i tng ng dng chnh l rau, qu ti sng. Nhit s dng 49C - 53C trong thi gian 5 - 15 pht ph thuc tng loi rau, qu. N c ng dng rng ri trong lnh vc kim dch thc vt rau, qu xut khu thay cho s dng ha cht (c bit l rui qu vi, thanh long, xoi, cam ). Bo qun nhit mt (12C - 20C) Ty thuc loi nng sn khc nhau m chn nhit thch hp bo qun khc nhau. Nhit mt c s dng 12C - 20C. y l khong nhit chung cho bo qun nng sn. Khong nhit ny t dn n tn thng lnh, s dng vi mc ch bo qun tm ngn ngy. Bo qun nhit lnh (1C - 12C) S dng bo qun nng sn khng tn thng lnh trong khong nhit ny. y l khong nhit thch hp cho bo qun di ngy. Mi nng sn khc nhau ch thch hp mt nhit thch hp nht nh. Bo qun lnh ng (di -18C) Ch yu p dng cho rau, qu v sn phm chn nui. Thi gian bo qun c th n 2 - 3 nm thun tin cho tng tr, vn chuyn i nhng vng xa v xut khu. K thut hin nay l s dng k thut lm lnh ng nhanh (IQF) gn gi c cht lng sn phm tt. b) Chiu x Bng tia Rn ghen, Beta hay Gamma cng c nghin cu, s dng hn ch qu trnh bin i sinh l sinh ha nng sn v lm sch, phng tr dit cng trng, vi sinh vt.
2. Bo qun nng sn bng phng php ha hc v sinh hc

y l phng php c hiu qu cao, ngy cng c s dng vi quy m ln. Thuc ha hc c tc dng km hm hot ng sng ca khi nng sn v tiu dit mi hot ng ca su mt, vi sinh vt v cc loi gm nhm khc. Khi s dng cc loi thuc ha hc bo qun phi m bo yu cu trit bo v sc khe cho con ngi v khng nh hng n cht lng ca nng sn phm. X l ha cht phng tr bnh hi sau thu hoch: Ph bin hn trong 30 nm tr li y, c bit trong cc hot ng thng mi cam, chui v nho gia cc nc trn th gii. Mc x l ph thuc vo chin lc thng mi ha nng sn v kiu ly nhim ca vi sinh vt hi. i vi cam l loi c tui th bo qun tng i di th mc tiu x l ha cht l phng nga nhim mi v ngn cn nm ly t qu nhim bnh sang qu bn cnh. Du ty c tui th bo qun ngn hn th vic x l ha cht li tp trung ngn nga vic ly lan bnh mc xm ngay trn ng rung.
13
X l ha cht i vi cn trng hi nng sn: Dng bin php xng hi dit cn trng (xng trng). Cht xng hi l dng ha cht tn ti dng kh hoc to ra kh trong iu kin nhit v p sut thng. dng kh ha cht s phn tn vo kh quyn bo qun, thm vo nng sn, i vo h h hp ca cn trng. So vi dng ha cht khc, cht xng hi t hoc khng c tc dng lu di nn khi phn tn ht ra dn khi kh quyn bo qun, cn trng c th b ti nhim ngay. Hiu qu xng trng ph thuc vo nhit , m v tnh lu thng khng klh ca mi trng bo qun, vt liu bo qun v bao y khi xng trng, tn xut, nng ha cht v thi gian xng trng, loi v tnh trng nng sn nh l t l vn ca bt, ng cc ht nng sn. Cc ha cht dng ph bin cho cc loi ht nh Cloropicrin, dicloroetan, bekaphot ... i vi rau, qu, ngnh thng nghip thc phm thng dng anhydric sunfuar, axit sorbic, axit oxalic, axit benzoic ... Cc thuc tr nm nh T.M.T.D, cc loi thuc chng vi khun gy thi trong qu trnh bo qun rau, qu tui. hn ch dn s dng ha cht. Mt lot cc ch phm sinh hc c sn xut v ng dng c kt qu ban u nh BT, nisin, cc ch phm vi sinh vt i khng
3. Bo qun trong kh quyn iu bin (MA) v iu chnh (CA)

y l loi hnh bo qun tin tin v c th hiu rng nh thc t nc ta ang s dng l bo qun thong kh v kn kh. Bo qun nng sn trong kh quyn c iu chnh thnh phn cht kh, ng thi gim nhit kho bo qun nhm lm chm cc hot ng sng ca nng sn m ch yu l qu trnh h hp. V d: nu lng xy gim th nng sn s h hp ym kh, cc qu trnh trao i cht s chm li, thnh phn ha hc s b bin i chm hn so vi bnh thng. Trong iu kin thiu xy, vi sinh vt ho ng ph hoi km hn. Thnh phn kh quyn thch hp nh sau: xy: 2% - 5%, CO2: 3% - 5%.
Cht kh hin nay ngi ta thng dng bo qun thc phm RAU, QU ch yu l O2 v CO2 v kt hp vi bo qun lnh. i vi rau, qu nng kh CO2 l 10% - 12% l tt nht. iu kin nc ta, nng ny lm cho rau, qu chn chm i khong 2 - 3 ln so vi iu kin bnh thng. u im l gim cng h hp, gim qu trnh xy ha v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, cn trng. Ngoi ra ci thin v trng thi, mu sc, mi v Nhng mi nng sn khc nhau c mc O2 v CO2 ph hp khc nhau.
4. Bo qun tng hp cc k thut trn

S dng ring r tng k thut bo qun s hn ch v hiu qu v mi k thut u c u v nhc im. tng hiu qu bo qun, loi b cc nhc im ca tng k thut, cn kt hp hai hoc nhiu k thut trn ty tng loi nng sn.
V. MT S YU CU TRONG CNG TC BO QUN NHM NNG CAO CHT LNG V KHI LNG NNG SN
1. Yu cu i vi kho
Kho phi m bo chng c nhng tc ng xu t bn ngoi. c bit l khng ch
14
c nhit , m v bc x mt tri. ng thi phi c kh nng that nhit v m tt, m bo xut nhp kho thun tin. Kho phi c phn ct ngn cch sn v tng kho. Khi thit k kho phi ch ti cng tc phng tr ngay t u. Cc ca s, l thng hi, ng mng phi c cc li chn phng tr chut lm t. Kho phi c kh nng chng thm, chng dt tt. Kho phi t v tr giao thng thun tin nht. Kho phi c kh trng trc khi nhp nng sn v trong thi gian bo qun nng sn. Phi thng xuyn v sinh kho tng, dng c, phng tin, my mc trong kho c sch s, ngn np, kh ro ngn nga s pht trin ca su mt ph hi. Gi kho v mi trng xung quanh kho khng c rc bn, nc ng v sau mi ln nhp, xut phi v sinh, kh trng kho. Nn c tng loi kho thch hp vi tng loi nng sn. i vi ht ging rau v ht c khi lng t cn phi c nhng dng c bo qun thch hp nh chum, vi, b
2. Yu cu ca cng tc kim nghim, kim tra, nh gi

Tng cng cng tc kim nghim trc lc bo qun. Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin s xut hin v din bin ca cn trng c bin php x l kp thi. Tin hnh kim tra nh k, hai ln mt thng.
3. Yu cu v cc bin php k thut

Cn thu hoch nng sn theo mc ch s dng v thi gian bo qun. Phn loi, la chn nng sn ng tiu chun phm cht quy nh. Khi thu hoch, vn chuyn cn trnh nhng tn thng c gii, ngn nga, hn ch cc yu t lm nh hng n phm cht nng sn. Tin hnh cc bin php lm sch sy kh m bo cht lng nng sn tt trc lc nhp kho, nhm nng cao tnh bn vng ca nng sn v ngn nga s pht trin ca vi sinh vt sau ny. Sp xp nng sn phm gn gng, ngn np. Gia cc l sn phm cn c khong ngn cch (cch xa tng 69 cm, xa t 50 cm v xa trn 80 cm) phng mc xm nhp t tng vo v t t ln, ng thi lm mt ni n np ca cc loi cn trng khc. Thc hin cch ly trit gia sn phm c v mi, tt v xu, gia sn phm kh v t, sn phm c cn trng v khng c cn trng, nhm mc ch ngn nga s ly lan ca cn trng. i vi cn b, nhn vin sau khi lm vic nhng ni c cn trng ph hi phi gi qun o, dng sch s m bo khng c cn trng mi c vo kho. Lng xy trong mi trng cng nh hng n tc ny mm. Nu ht bo qun trong iu kin ym kh s kh ny mm hn. nh sng cng l mt trong nhng yu t vt l mi trng quyt nh s ny mm v pht trin ca mm cy. Do vy cc loi c, ht nn bo qun trong kho ti. Cn phi khng ch nh hng ca cc yu t gy nn hin tng ny mm. Phi thit lp v duy tr m an ton ca ht trc khi nhp kho cng nh trong sut thi gian bo qun bng phng php phi, sy. Ht c du nn duy tr m di 9%, ht giu tinh bt cn m di 13%, trnh tnh trng ng nc trong khi ht. H thp nhit mi trng, gim nng xy khng kh, hn ch nh sng cng c tc dng ngn nga s ny mm. Ngoi ra c th dng ha cht c ch s ny mm, x l trc v sau thu hoch. Trong thi gian bo qun ht, qu, c cn kim tra, theo di nh k pht hin sm v c gii php khc phc hin tng ny mm.
15
Sau khi thu hoch nng sn cn loi b nng sn c cht lng km hn ch thi hng. Bao b cha nng sn cn phi kh, sch s, khng qu cng hoc qu mm. ng gi nng sn khng nn qu cht hoc qu lng.
4. Yu cu v tiu chun phm cht nng sn

Nng sn trc v khi nhp kho phi m bo c phm cht tt, m an ton (phi tht kh). Nng sn phm phi t tiu chun v sinh, an ton, khng nhim tp cht, cn trng.
5. Yu cu i vi bao b
Khng c. Chng c s xm nhp ca dch hi (cn trng, vi sinh vt hi ) t bn ngoi. Ngn cn s xm nhp ca xy v khng kh.
VI. M BO V SINH AN TON THC PHM

D lng thuc BVTV v ha cht bo qun: + L lng thuc BVTV v ha cht bo qun cn tn ti trong sn phm nng nghip vt qu mc cho php (ngng an ton) ca cc c quan chc nng trong nc v th gii trc khi s dng. + Tn ti thuc BVTV v ha cht bo qun khng nhng c tc hi trc tip n sc khe con ngi, vt nui (gy ng c), tc ng xu n mi trng (t, nc, khng kh) m cn lm gim cht lng, sc cnh tranh ca hng ha nng nghip trn th trng quc t.
Nguyn nhn dn n d lng thuc BVTV v ha cht bo qun c th do: Dng sai v liu lng s dng. Khng m bo thi gian cch ly. Dng thuc khng r ngun gc, thuc b cm s dng
1. Vi sinh vt (VSV) gy bnh

VSV gy bnh l cc loi vius, vi khun, nm men, nm mc trong nng sn c th gy bnh trc tip cho ngi, vt nui khi n phi. VSV gy bnh c rt nhiu trong mi trng khng kh v c trn b mt hu ht cc loi nng sn m mt thng khng nhn thy. Chng xm nhim vo nng sn trong qu trnh vn chuyn, chm sc sau thu hoch v trong bo qun. Vi khun hoc nm c th lan truyn khi nng sn tip xc vi nhau hoc qua cc dng c nh dao, ko hoc ngun nc ra cho nng sn khng bo m. VSV pht trin mnh v tng ln rt nhiu v s lng khi nng sn b tn thng v iu kin bo qun khng hp l. S lng v chng loi VSV gy bnh ph thuc nhiu vo c im cu to thnh t bo ca tng loi nng sn. Mi loi nng sn c chng VSV ring bit. Chng va l nguyn nhn gy thi hng qu, va c kh nng gy bnh khi xm nhp vo c th.
2. c t do VSV gy ra
Mt s loi VSV c kh nng sinh ra c t khi c mt trn b mt rau, qu. Cc c t ny c 2 loi l ni c t v ngoi c t. Ni c t (endotoxin) l c t c to thnh v lin kt vi nhau thnh t bo ca VSV. c t ny ch gii phng ra ngoi (gy c) khi t bo VSV b cht hoc b phn hy (ph v). Ngoi c t (enterotoxin) l c t do VSV sinh ra trong t bo sau tit ra ngoi. Dng c t ny c tnh c rt cao.
16
Phn ln c t nm mc nguy him cho ngi v gia sc tp trung cc ht ng cc tn tr lu di trong iu kin nng, m. Cc c t ny sinh ra cc loi nm mc, trong nguy him nht l loi Aspergillus nh A.avus, A.ochraceous v A.parasiticus sinh ra c t aatoxin. c t ny tch t li trong gan ngi v ng vt v khng b phn hy nhit 105C. Mt s c t nm, loi nm sinh c t, cc nng sn nhim c v cc bnh c th gy ra cho ngi v gia sc.
c t nm v nm sinh c t Aatoxin (Aspergillus avus, A.parasiticus) Deoxynivalenol Fusarium graminearum v cc loi lin quan Citrinin (Penicillium spp) Fumonish (Fusarium moniliorme v cc loi lin quan) Ochratoxin (penicillium verrucosum Aspergillus ochraceous) Zearalenone (Fusarium graminearum v cc loi lin quan) Nng sn Ng, lc, ht c du La m, ng, mch Ng cc ni chung Ng Tnh cht nguy him Cht gy ung th, ph hy gan v cc tc hi khc cho ngi, gia sc, gia cm Gy ng c cp tnh cho ngi, bin i ni tng v suy gim tng trng ln v nhiu tc hi khc Gy cc bnh v thn cho ngi v ln C th gy ung th thc qun cho ngi, gy cc bnh khc cho nga, ln v gia cm Gy ung th, ph thn v cc tc hi cho ln v gia cm Gy ung th, e da sn xut gia sc
Ng cc ni chung Ng, la m
VII. THC TRNG V VN BO QUN NNG SN

Theo nh gi ca t chc Nng - Lng Lin Hp Quc (FAO) hng nm tn tht v ng cc trn ton Th gii khong 13% ngha l 13 triu tn lng thc b mt v khng s dng c. Vit Nam t l tn tht nng sn sau thu hoch trn 13%, nh vy hng nm chng ta b mt khong 3 - 5 triu tn thc. Tn tht v rau, qu trung bnh hng nm cng khong t 10% - 30%.
Trong qu trnh bo qun trong kho, tn tht i vi lng thc t 6% n 10%, c bit cc nc c trnh bo qun thp v kh hu nhit i, s thit hi ln ti 20%. nc ta tn tht sau thu hoch i vi cc loi ht l 10%, i vi cy c c l 10% - 20%, ring rau, qu tn tht trung bnh hng nm t 10% - 30% tnh ra hng vn tn lng thc b b i, c th nui sng hng triu ngi. Cc s liu thng k cho thy rng hng nm sn xut 30 triu tn la, vi hao ht t nht l 10% th tn tht l 3 triu tn; 3,6 triu tn sn vi hao ht t nht l 20% th tn tht l 700.000 tn, mt triu tn ng th tn tht tng ng khong 100.000 tn, l cha k n tn tht ca cc loi nng sn khc. Tn ti ln nht trong lnh vc bo qun, ch bin rau, qu l vic a dng ha sn phm, tng hp, tn dng trong bo qun ch bin cn hn ch, gi thnh sn phm cn cao. Cha thc s quan tm pht trin h thng bo qun, tiu th sn phm ti ti cc th trng ni a cng nh xut khu. Vic hnh thnh mng li tiu th rau, qu ti ni tiu cn mang tnh t pht, quy hoch chm, h thng vn chuyn, x l, phn loi, ng gi, tiu th v tip th m rng th trng cn lng tng. Trong thi gian qua, cht lng lng thc, tiu dng cn km, hiu qu s dng lng thc, nng sn v ph ph phm cn thp, cc hot ng thuc cng on sau thu hoch cha i vo n np. Kho tng, trang thit b c s vt cht ca vic bo qun cn thiu nn hiu qu bo qun cha cao. Trong khi mt s ngi dn cn thiu kin thc trong vn s dng ha cht bo qun nng sn dn n lm gim cht lng nng sn v thm ch gy nguy hi cho ngi tiu dng.
17
VIII. GII PHP CHO VN BO QUN NNG SN

1. Gii php bo qun i vi nhm la, go
m bo cht lng thc trc khi a vo ch bin, cng nh gim tn tht sau thu hoch, cn c gii php c th trang b my sy, kt hp u t sn phi ch ng lm kh la. u t xy dng h thng sy ng b, hin i, gn vi cc trung tm ch bin go xut khu. Nng cp h thng kho v xy mi t tiu chun kho chuyn dng ti cc vng sn xut la go c sn. T chc sp xp li h thng kho hin c ph hp vi lng la go tng a phng. Kho st, lp d n xy dng h thng kho d tr quc gia. Khuyn co k thut s dng: Lun gi la go c m an ton trong sut qu trnh bo qun ( m di 13%). Bo qun la go trong mi trng ngho O2 bng cch bo qun kn, s dng cc bao b kn nh super bag (SB) v cocoon system (CS) thng dng. i vi qui m h bo qun bng bao. i vi qui m tp trung bo qun bng di.
2. Gii php bo qun i vi nhm rau, qu

Nhiu loi hnh cng ngh bo qun rau, qu nh sy gin tip, bo qun lnh, chin sy, bo qun bng ha cht c nghin cu, ng dng v chuyn giao nhm ko di thi gian bo qun, tiu th ti v ch bin, ng thi lm gim ng k tn tht sau thu hoch. u t, hin i ha cng ngh bo qun rau, qu ti, a dng ha bao b, mu m ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng, trang b, b sung phng tin vn chuyn (xe lnh, toa lnh ...) tng cng tiu th rau ti, qu, hoa cy cnh, ng thi gim tn tht sau thu hoch. Nng cp v i mi cng ngh thit b cc nh my ch bin rau, qu c. Xy dng mi cc nh my cng ngh, thit b hin i ph hp vi vng nguyn liu v th trng tiu th. Xy dng nh my ch bin, gn vi bo qun v a dng ha sn phm. i vi vic s ch, bo qun quy m nh trong dn: Ch yu tp trung s ch (sy, mui, ...) v bo qun. Ch trng cc loi c sn lng ln, phc v xut khu nh i vi vi, nhn, thanh long, da chut ... Ci tin cng ngh c, p dng cng ngh mi nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm, m bo v sinh thc phm v an ton lao ng. Hng dn cho nng dn k thut thu hi, s ch, bo qun v vn chuyn khng lm tn tht v s lng cng nh cht lng nng sn phm. Nghin cu cng ngh v thit b sy sau thu hoch, bo qun nng sn, hoa qu c sn nhm ko di thi gian ct gi qu ti. Khuyn co k thut s dng: cho ti hin nay, cc k thut tin tin ph hp vi c im nc ta l: chn thu hi ph hp i vi tng loi rau, qu v mc ch s dng. Pht trin nh s ch (packing house) v kho thng minh bo qun tm cho tt c rau, qu sau thu hoch cc qui m ph hp c th. X l nhit cao trong thi gian ngn i vi mt s rau, qu ph hp. Xc nh v la chn nhit bo qun ph hp cho tng loi rau, qu khc nhau. S dng k thut 1-MCP kha ethylene ko di thi gian bo qun. S dng k thut bc mng bn thm (coating) ph hp cho tng loi rau, qu m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. S dng k thut bao gi kh iu bin (MAP) thch hp vi tng loi rau, qu. Kt hp tng hp cc k thut trn.
18
Ni dung cn ghi nh
1. Hiu c mt s khi nim
Nng sn: L danh t chung ch sn phm nng nghip, bao gm: sn phm cy trng v sn phm vt nui. Bo qun nng sn: L qu trnh ct tr trong thi gian nht nh sao cho gn gi c ti a cc c tnh ca nng sn ban u. C th nguyn dng hoc chuyn dng. Tn tht: L mt v lng v cht theo thi gian bi tc ng ca yu t bn trong v bn ngoi ca sn phm. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun: nh hng ca yu t bn ngoi: iu kin thi thit, kh hu; nhit , khng kh, m , s pht trin ca vi khun, s ph hi ca cn trng sinh vt hi (mt, chut ...), tc ng c hc nh hng ca yu t bn trong: qu trnh h hp, bin i v sinh l, sinh ha. Phn loi tn tht Tn tht v s lng. Tn tht v cht lng. Tn tht v gi tr v kinh t, x hi. K thut bo qun 1. Phng php bo 2. Phng php bo 3. Phng php bo 4 Phng php bo qun qun qun qun bng bng bng bng vt l. ha hc v sinh hc. kh quyn iu bin (MA) v iu chnh (CA). tng hp kt hp 2 hoc nhiu phng php trn.
i vi la go Lun gi la go c m an ton trong sut qu trnh bo qun ( m di 13%). Bo qun la go trong mi trng ngho O2 bng cch bo qun kn, s dng cc bao b kn nh super bag (SB) v cocoon system (CS) thng dng. i vi quy m h bo qun bng bao. i vi quy m tp trung bo qun bng di. i vi rau, qu chn thu hi ph hp i vi tng loi rau, qu v mc ch s dng Pht trin nh s ch (packing house) v kho thng minh bo qun tm cho tt c rau, qu sau thu hoch cc qui m ph hp c th. X l nhit cao trong thi gian ngn i vi mt s rau, qu ph hp. Xc nh v la chn nhit bo qun ph hp cho tng loi rau, qu khc nhau. S dng k thut 1-MCP kha ethylene ko di thi gian bo qun S dng k thut bc mng bn thm (coating) ph hp cho tng loi rau, qu m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. S dng k thut bao gi kh iu bin (MAP) thch hp vi tng loi rau qu. Kt hp tng hp cc k thut trn.
19
2. Hiu mt s gii php i vi cng tc bo qun nhm nng cao cht lng nng sn
20
I. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN THC

Trong qu trnh bo qun, ht thc thng b mt s hin tng: nm mc, ln men, nhim su mt, dch chuyn m trong khi ht, t bc nng, ny mm Khi chng b nhng hin tng trn, cht lng ca thc b gim, hm lng cc cht dinh dng, cht lng cng ngh xay xt v gi tr thng phm gim v khng p ng yu cu v sinh an ton thc phm cho ngi v vt nui.
1. Thu hoch
Thc mi thu hoch thng c m cao (dao ng 20% - 27%) nn d ny mm, ln men, mc v nm pht trin lm cho thc d b hng hoc km phm cht. La thu hoch v cn tut v phi ngay. Trong vng 48 gi sau khi thu hoch, thc phi c phi kh m h xung cn 20%, sau cn tip tc x l. Tip theo, cn lm sch, loi b tp cht nh t, , c di, ht lp lng, rm r hoc nhng tp cht khc ln vo thc. m ca thc trc khi a vo bo qun khng c qu 13% - 14% (c th bo qun c t 2 - 3 thng), nu mun bo qun di hn 3 thng th m thc tt nht t 12% - 12,5%.
2. Bo qun
2.1 Bo qun thc trong bao y l phng php bo qun ph bin nht. Thc l nng sn chu nh hng ca khng kh nng m cc b, d nhim vi sinh vt v cn trng do vy trc khi ng bao cn x l m ca thc di 14%, tp cht di 2%, chng mc v cn trng. Kho cha thc cn phi dn v sinh v st trng trc 7 ngy. Sn kho phi c k lt bng bc hoc lp tru sch kh 20cm. Thc c xp thnh l t 15 - 18 lp bao, cao khng qu 4m. Lp bao trn cng cch trn kho ti thiu 1m. L cch l t nht 1m v cch tng 0,5m. Gia cc l c rnh thng gi, c 5 lp bao th t mt rnh thng gi. Bao thc c xp theo kiu chng 3 hoc chng 5. C 2 thng phun thuc tr su, mt 1 ln theo hng dn hin hnh. 2.2 Bo qun thc ri Yu cu v kho cha v m thc cng ging nh i vi bo qun thc trong bao. Cho thc trc tip vo kho v dng c cha. Kho v dng c k lt phi v sinh kh trng, xung quanh tng kho phi k g trnh thc tip xc vo tng. Khi a thc vo kho trnh gim p, trnh b nn cht, cn c h thng thng gi v co o lp trn mt thnh ln sng hoc nh thnh lung cao 40cm - 50cm, i chiu v nh k 15 - 30 ngy/ln. cao ng thc khng qu 3,5m, mt ng thc phi c co phng. m thc vo kho khng qu 14%. Trong kho phi c vch ngn, mi kho cha khong 200 tn. C 15 ngy o 1 ln lp thc trn mt kho ti su 40cm - 50cm. Kim tra nh k 15 ngy/ln, thng xuyn kim tra thc v tr st tng, gn ca kho l ni d dt nc v m t ... Khi thy c hin tng thc t bc nng, cn x l ngay ch bc nng cc b, co o ng ht, o ging su 1m - 1,5m; thng gi t nhin hoc cng bc lm gim nhit xung 35C, lm kh thc di 14%. Khi thy c hin tng ng sng cn co o ngay ch ng sng, thng gi lm hi nc bay i v em phi kh thc.
21
Nu c hin tng nhim cn trng cn sng, sy, qut tch cn trng khi ng thc, phi sy dit cn trng v lm kh. p dng cc bin php sinh hc, ha hc.
2.3 Bo qun thc bng ct i Quy 2 ln ct, ln ct trong ng thc, ln ct ngoi cch ln ct trong 20cm - 30cm, gia 2 ln ct y tru kh chng m, y ct cng lt tru dy 30cm ri mi thc vo. Trn mt ct cng tru dy 20cm v bn bi nhi rm, dy kn thc. Trong qu trnh bo qun cn m bo thc khng b m t, khng b men mc xm hi v khng xy ra hin tng tng bc nng, khng b cn trng, chut tn cng. 2.4 Bo qun thc trong cc dng c nh Thc sau khi c phi kh n m an ton, loi b tp cht, su mt, vo cc dng c nh: chum, vi, b, bch, thng, phi, va, hm, thng g, hm tn sch s v kh, sau y kn, khng cho tip xc vi khng kh bn ngoi.
II. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN NG

1. Thu hoch ng
1.1 Thi im thu hoch Thu hoch ng khi ng chn gi (ru ng kh, en, b ng chuyn t mu xanh sang mu vng rm). Khi tch ht (gia bp) thy vt so en chn ht. m ht 30% - 35% (ty theo ging). 1.2 Mt s im cn ch : Thu hoch trong ngy nng. Nu ng chn vo t ma th cn vt ru, b bp ng chi xung khng cho nc vo bp ng trnh thi ht, n khi nng ro th thu v phi. Ng thu hi v khng nn ng v ng ti c m cao, d b thi, mc. Khng thu hoch ng qu sm hoc qu mun. Nu thu hoch sm c th lm gim nng sut v ng cha thi gian tch ly vt cht vo ht nn khi lng ht thp. Mt khc thu non khi lng nc trong ht cn ln s tn km cng sc, tin ca cho phi, sy kh, cht lng ht gim v kh bo qun. Thu hoch qu mun, ht c th b mt hoc mc lm gim cht lng ht.
2. Bo qun ng
2.1 Bo qun ng bp a. u im: Hn ch c tc dng ca khng kh m v vi sinh vt xm nhp v ph hi ng v phi ng l b phn d b ph hi nht. Ht ng vn cm su vo li ng, thun li cho vic iu ha nhit , m trong khi ng do rng ca khi bp cao. Bo qun c bp cn lm tng phm cht bp v cht dinh dng t li tip tc chuyn vo ht. b. Nhc im: Vn chuyn cng knh, tn bao b v phng tin vn chuyn, cha ng. Tn cng sc v thi gian khi s dng bi mt cng tch ht.
22
c. K thut bo qun Bo qun bp trn gin Chn nhng bp tt, thu hoch xong bc ht l, phi tht kh that ht nc trong li v tiu dit mm bnh su mt. Nu s lng bp t th c th buc tm v gc trn gc bp. Nu s lng bp nhiu cn xp cc bp ng phi thnh tng ci, cung bp quay ra ngoi. Ln tri mt lp b ng bn ngoi v buc thnh tng tm 1 - 15 bp, ri treo tm ng ln x nh, gin bp. Khi ng trn gin bp s c hi nng ca bp un hng ngy bp ng lun kh v c khi bp ph mt lp mui ng c tc dng hn ch mt, mc. Tt nht l nn hong bp ng trn gin bp 1 - 2 thng cho bm mui, sau xp cc bp ng trong cc nh chi lm ni cao ro, thong ng v ch phng chng chim, chut, su mt ph hi. Bo qun bp trong bao Nu bo qun ng bp kn trong bao c 2 lp (lp trong l bao nha, lp ngoi l bao ay hoc bao da) th phi buc cht ming bao. Bao ti c xp theo khi hp, chy di, chiu rng 3 - 4 bao, chiu cao khng qu 10 bao. Gia cc khi c cha li i kim tra d dng. Bao ti ng cn phi kh, sch s. Xp cc bao ng ni kh ro, thong ng, khng b m mc, c k sn gi cao cch mt t trn 100cm v cch tng vch trn 30cm. Ch phng chng chut. Phi thng xuyn kim tra kp thi pht hin v x l cc s c. Khi kim tra phi t th v quan tm xem xt tnh trng phi ng. Khi phi ng c hin tng bin mu, bin dng, xut hin su mt, khi ng b bc nng phi tin hnh t ng, lm kh, lm sch, phn loi, x l su mt ri mi bo qun tip. 2.2 Bo qun ng ht Phng php ny km an ton hn v phi khng c bo v nn d ht m v d b nm mc, su mt xm nhim.
Sau khi thu hoch, tt nht ng c sy ngay c bp. Khi m ht t 17% - 18%, tin hnh t ht bng my, sau phi hoc sy ht cho n khi m t 13% - 14%. Ht c qut sch v bo qun trong kho kh trng. Nu khng c l sy, bp ng c phi 3 - 4 nng. Khi ht kh kh, t ht bng my hoc bng tay, t n u phi ngay n . Phi ht 3 - 4 nng cho kh, sng sy sch v a vo bo qun. Ch : phi phi ng tht kh (kim tra bng cch cn hay p thy ht v vn thnh cc mnh sc cnh, sng, sy sch tp cht v loi b ht non, ht lp. 2.2.1 Bo qun ng ht quy m nh ng vo chum, vi, snh, thng kim loi hay thp g, san phng v ph ln trn 1 lp tro bp kh dy 2cm - 4cm. Bt ming bng giy xi mng hay tm nilon v y kn. C th trn thm l xoan, l trc o phi kh vo ng theo t l 1kg - 1,5kg l kh cho 100kg ng ht. Khi s dng ng phi sng xy sch cc loi l trn trnh gy c hi cho ngi, gia sc. 2.2.2 Bo qun ng ht quy m ln Bo qun ng bng va hai lng (bng phn hoc bng ct). Gia hai phn ct lt tru kh sch. Nn va c lt tru sch dy hn 20cm. Lp tru lt c ph 2 lt phn, ct hoc bao ti. Gia hai lp phn, ct, bao ti l l 2 lp bao ti v mt lp vi cc dy trn 3cm. Mt khi ng c san phng.
23
trong kho ngi ta lm nhng bc tng bng tru dy 20cm bao ph ly khi ht. Trc khi ht, lt mt lp tru dy nh trn ri ri thm mt lp vi dy khong 3cm - 5cm, xong lt mt lp ct v ht ln trn. Sau khi y ht, san phng lp mt, tri ct ln v li tip tc mt lp vi, mt lp tru dy ln trn, p kn b mt khi ht. Phng php ny gi c hng nm, khng b su mt, nm mc v sinh vt khc ph hi. Trong iu kin gia nh, vi s lng t c th dng ct quy thnh va lm hai lp, lp n cch lp kia 20cm, gia tri tru kh sch, y va cng lt lp tru dy 20cm ri tri ct hoc bao ti sch, sau y ht bp bo qun. Nn ng kn bao ng ht khi bo qun. Cc bao ng c xp theo lung 3 - 5 bao c khong cch gia cc lung v tng kho (ging hnh xp 3, xp 5). Cc lung c lp tru ngn cch vi sn kho. Kho c li phng chng chim, chut v c p dng cc bin php k thut phng chng chim chut v c p dng cc bin php phng chng cn trng. Nn bo qun ht bp ri bng phng php kn l tt nht, tuy nhin cng cn lu : Trc khi nhp kho, ht bp phi c phi tht kh. Loi b tp cht v nhng ht su mt. Kho phi c v sinh sch s, phun thuc kh trng. Cn phi c k hoch kim tra nh k kho, khi ht chm pht sinh su hi hoc nm bnh th cn em phi nng ngay hoc phun thuc kh trng, nu pht hin c mt th x l bng thuc xng hi (Gastoxin). Bo qun ng bng cc dng c c th lm kn c (chum, vi, thng c np kn, bao nha buc kn ming). Khi bo qun ng ht phi c bit quan tm ti tnh trng phi ng v phi ng d ht m, c sc hp dn mt cao, d b h hng. Bo qun ng ni thong mt, khng m dt. Tt nht, sau khi thu hoch ng nn t ht, phi kh, qut sch v bo qun trong kho hoc trong chum, vi m bo sn lng v cht lng sn phm. 2.2.3 Bo qun ng ht ti dng cho chn nui Khi thu hoch ng gp thi tit ma m lin tc, khng c iu kin phi nng kp thi, ngoi bin php sy hoc bo qun ng bp tm thi nh trn c th bo qun kn ng ht ti dng cho chn nui. Sau khi t, ng ht ti c cha trong cc ti nha kn, khng c l thng (d nh) v buc tht kn ming ti khi cho ng vo ti. Ti cng dy cng tt. Nu ti mng c th lng 2 - 3 ti vo nhau. Trong ti kn, ng ht ti c cng h hp cao, to nhiu kh CO2 c tc dng c ch men mc gy thi hng v su mt. Cn phi gi ti khng b thng rch. Nu cn phn chia lng ng thnh cc ti ph hp vi nhu cu s dng lm thc n chn nui hng ngy. Ng ht ti c th bo qun kn trong 20 ngy khng thi hng. Cho gia sc n, ng ht ti bo qun kn c mi ln men nh nhng khng suy gim gi tr dinh dng v sc n ca vt nui. Khi c iu kin thun li, tin hnh lm kh bo qun lu di. 2.2.4 Bo qun bp ging C th tin hnh theo nhng cch trn nhng tuyt i khng bo qun kn. Kho bo qun bp ging phi m bo ngoi vic chng m, chng nm mc, su mt, cn phi m bo ny mm cao. Do kho phi thng xuyn thong mt v kh ro. Nu ht ging bo qun trng thi ht ri th nn trn ln vi l xoan kh chng su mt.
24
III. K THUT BO QUN KHOAI LANG

1. c im ca khoai lang ti
Khoai lang ti cha lng nc cao (80%) trng lng nn kh bo qun. V khoai mng, tc dng bo v km, d xy xt, d thi, su b d xm nhp, gy ra hin tng khoai h, gy thi rung, nm mc pht trin. Khoai lang l loi c khng chu c thi tit qu nng hoc qu lnh.
2. K thut bo qun
2.1 Bo qun trong hm o su di t Chn t ni cao ro, sch s, khng c nc ngm. o hm theo kiu lng chum. C np y kn v c rnh that nc. Hm o xong phi kh mi cha khoai. Khoai thu hoch v chn c tt, khng xy xt, t lm t, khng c c h, nhp kho vo nhng ngy kh hanh v cn thn trng khi vn chuyn vo hm. Trong thng u m np 1 - 2 ln thot nhit trong hm, trnh bc nng. Nu m trong hm qu cao phi dng cht ht m. 2.2 Bo qun trong hm bn l thin Chn ch t ni cao ro, sch s, khng c nc ngm. Hm o su trn 1m, pha trn mt hm p mt bc tng t quanh ming hm, c mt ca ln xung, phi y np kn v c mi che ma. 2.3 Bo qun bng cch ct kh y l phng php n gin, d lm nhng bo qun theo cch ny vn khng kn hon ton nn n vn chu nh hng ca nhit v m bn ngoi. Chn nhng c khoai tiu chun, xp thnh lung chiu rng 1,2m, chiu di ty theo khi lng khoai nhiu hay t. Khi xp khoai phi nh nhng, trnh c st. Xp u c quay ra ngoi. Nu khoai ng st th nguyn v xp chng 2 - 3 st ln nhau, sau ly ct kh ph kn ln khoai. Trng hp bo qun ngoi tri phi lm ln che ma nng, cao ro, thong mt, trnh ch nng ht vo v khng c ma dt. Nu thi gian bo qun khoai ngn (10 - 15 ngy) th c th bo qun thong. Khi bo qun thong cng phi chn nhng c khoai c phm cht tt.
VI. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN SN

1. Thu hoch
Nn: Thu hoch khi cy sn c l chuyn vng v rng gn ht. Thu hoch ng thi gian: t 10 - 20 thng tui sau khi trng ty thuc vo ging, t ai, bin php k thut canh tc c p dng. Thu hoch sn vo ma kh v sau thu hoch v ch bin cc sn phm sn nh sn lt, sn bt i hi phi c phi nng ct gi c lu.
25
Khng nn: Thu hoch qu sm v khi c sn cn non nng sut s thp, c cha t tinh bt. Thu hoch qu mun: + Trong trng hp thu hoch sn qu mun, nng sut sn c th cao hn nhng c c nhiu x. + Thu hoch sn khi ngn sn xanh tr li, lc ny sn pht trin thm l mi, 1 phn tinh bt t c c chuyn nui l mi, lm gim hm lng tinh bt trong c, gim trng lng v cht lng c, c n b sng. Trong iu kin bnh thng, cht lng c sn ch gi c 24 - 48 gi sau thu hoch.
2. K thut bo qun
2.1 Bo qun c sn ti
Cch 1:
Chn c sn khng b xy xt, khng b gy, xp nh thnh ng cao 50cm - 60cm ni rm mt, c che ma che nng. Sau ph mt lp ct ln trn, chiu dy lp ct 10cm. Trc khi xp c sn nn x l bng cch nhng c sn vo nc vi trong nng 1% cho ro nc trc khi xp vo ng. Theo cch ny c sn c th bo qun c 2 thng.
Cch 2:
Cng lm nh cch 1, nhng trc khi xp vo ng, c sn c hun khi dim sinh (lu hunh). Dng khong 30g - 50g dim sinh hun 20kg c sn dit nm mc v hn ch chy nha.
Cch 3:
Ngm c sn vo cc b ln trong nc dung dch sun pht ng (CuSO4) 1% trong 2 ngy. Sau vt ra ro nc v xp c sn thnh ng. Sun pht ng c tc dng tiu dit cc loi nm men v nm mc trn c sn. Sn c th c bo qun trong 2 thng.
2.2 Bo qun sn kh ch bin Sau khi phi kh phi sn ngui ri mi em ct gi. Cho sn ngui vo dng c bo qun nh chum, vi, thng kim loi hoc nilon nhiu lp kn v c bin php phng chng chut, gin. Nu bo qun vi khi lng sn ln c th quy ct trng nha ng v dn giy xi mng lm dng c bo qun. Nu bo qun tt c th gi sn lt trong 8 - 9 thng.
26
Ni dung cn ghi nh
Mc ch ca vic bo qun nng sn: m bo ging cung cp cho qu trnh ti sn xut (cung cp ging cho cc ma v sau). m bo nguyn liu cung cp cho tiu dng, cho cng nghip hoc d tr hay trao i bun bn. Hn ch n mc thp nht hao ht v s lng v gim v cht lng trong qu trnh lu gi v s dng. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra hao ht nng sn trong qu trnh bo qun: nh hng ca iu kin thi thit, kh hu: nhit , khng kh, m ... nh hng ca cc yu t sinh hc: qu trnh h hp, bin i v sinh ha, vt l, s ny mm ca ht, s pht trin ca vi khun, s ng kt vn, chut ph hi ... C 5 phng php bo qun nng sn chnh: 1. Phng php bo qun trng thi thong. 2. Phng php bo qun trng thi kn. 3. Phng php bo qun trng thi lnh. 4. Phng php bo qun bng phng php ha hc. 5. Phng php bo qun trong kh quyn iu chnh. Mt s yu cu i vi cng tc bo qun nhm nng cao cht lng nng sn: i vi kho: Kho phi chng c tc ng xu t bn ngoi, c ca s, l thng hi, li chn chut, khng thm dt, thng thong, mi trng xung quanh kho phi kh ro, thong mt, tin li cho vic kim tra, thm khm ... Cng tc kim tra, nh gi phi thng xuyn pht hin s c su, mt ... v x l kp thi. i vi bin php k thut: Thu hoch nng sn ty theo mc ch s dng v thi gian bo qun; phn loi la chn nng sn ng quy nh, tin hnh cc bin php lm sch, phi hoc sy kh m bo nng sn tt v tit trng trc khi cho nhp kho.
27
28
I. MT S VN CHUNG V BO QUN RAU, QU

Trong qu trnh bo qun rau, qu xy ra nhng bin i v vt l, sinh l v sinh ha. Cc bin i ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau v ph thuc vo tnh cht t nhin ca rau, qu ti: ging, loi, iu kin gieo trng, chm sc, gi chn khi thu hi, vn chuyn v nhng yu t k thut trong qu trnh bo qun. Phn ln nhng bin i ca rau, qu sau thu hoch l tip tc cc bin i trong qu trnh pht trin ca chng nhng c c im khc ch: mt mt l s phn hy v tiu hao vt cht tng nng lng, duy tr s sng; mt khc li l s tng hp cc cht. Trong thc t ngn chn s mt nc mt cch trit , c th p dng ng thi cc bin php x l nh: h thp nhit , tng m, gim tc chuyn ng ca khng kh trong kho, iu chnh thnh phn kh bo qun. S gim khi lng ca rau do bay hi nc (75% n 85%) v tiu tn cc cht hu c trong khi h hp (15% n 25%) gi l s gim khi lng t nhin. Trong bt k iu kin tn tr no cng khng trnh khi vic lm gim khi lng t nhin. Tuy nhin, khi to c iu kin bo qun ti u th c th gim ti mc ti thiu s hao ht trng lng. Khi lng rau gim i trong thi gian bo qun ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: ging, loi, vng kh hu, cch thc chm sc, phng php v iu kin bo qun, mc nguyn vn cng nh chn thu hi. Mc ch ca cc cng ngh bo qun l hn ch s h hng ca nng sn phm, m bo thc phm tiu th c an ton, gi c cht lng dinh dng, cht lng v v ngon ca sn phm. Phng php bo qun l loi tr vi khun, men v mc hn ch n mc thp nht s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, km hm hot ng ca enzym, ngn chn hoc tr hon s thi, hng ca nng sn.
Thc phm c th c bo qun trong cc dng c bng kim loi, bo qun lnh, sy kh, hoc bo qun bng cc cht bo qun t nhin nh mui, ng ... nh nn bo qun trong cc dng c kim loi, mui chua, sy kh, bo qun lnh, lm mt hoc nc p hoa qu.
II. C IM CA RAU, QU TI
Rau, qu l mt loi nng sn tng i kh bo qun v lng nc trong rau, qu cao (70% 95%) l iu kin tt cho vi khun hot ng. Rau, qu l i tng rt d b hng, dp nt khi thu hi, vn chuyn v bo qun. Trong rau, qu cn cha nhiu loi men, sau khi thu hoch trong qu trnh bo qun n vn tip tc tin hnh hng lot cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha, thy phn trong ni b lm tin cho vi khun pht trin. Thnh phn dinh dng rau, qu phong ph, c cha nhiu loi ng, m, mui khong, sinh t ... kt cu t chc t bo ca a s loi rau, qu li lng lo, mm xp, d b xy xt, st m, bp, nt nn vi sinh vt d b xm nhp lm rau, qu thi ra, bin cht, gim cht lng. Chnh thnh phn dinh dng kh cao ca cc loi rau cao cp lm tng gi tr ca n nhng cng l mi trng hp dn cho cc loi vi sinh vt v su b, cn trng pht trin gy hi. V vy, chng ta cn c bin php tng hp kt hp gia cc khu trc thu hoch v sau thu hoch, thu hi,
29
vn chuyn v phn phi lu thng gim tn tht, nng cao cht lng v tng thm thu nhp cho ngi sn xut.
III. PHNG PHP BO QUN RAU, QU

La chn phng php bo qun ph thuc vo loi nng sn, thi gian bo qun, nguyn vt liu sn c (ci, ga, du, in, nh nng mt tri), kho, cht liu ng gi v chi ph bao gm cho mi phng php. Phng php gia cng nhit: Chi ph kh t, cn nhiu nhn cng, nng lng v nc. Phng php sy kh: R, khng tn hoc tn t nng lng (ch yu s dng nh nng mt tri), yu cu bo qun kn, cht lng v dinh dng ca nng sn c bo qun tt. Phng php ln men: R (thng p dng theo cng ngh ca a phng), khng tn nng lng, mi v v ca sn phm thng b bin i c bn, c th bo qun c mt vi tun, gi tr thc phm tt. Trong thc t ngi ta c th s dng ng, mui v dm bo qun rau vi tc dng nh sau: ng c th s dng vi khi lng ln ngn chn cc vi khun gy thi hng m nhng vi khun ny khng pht trin c trong thc phm c hm lng ng 40% - 50%. Tuy nhin, nm men v mc vn c th pht trin trong mi trng c hm lng ng cao. Mui s dng vi khi lng ln lm cho thc phm khng ph hp vi s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy thi. Bo qun rau, qu trong nc mui c s dng rng ri. Dm c s dng rng ri trong bo qun thc phm. Nguyn l hot ng l ngn chn s pht trin ca cc vi khun gy hi cho nng phm bi acid acetic.
VI. MT S IM CN CH KHI BO QUN RAU, QU

1. Thu hoch rau, qu
Cn thu hi ng chn ty theo mc ch s dng v thi gian bo qun, trnh thu qu non, trnh ngy ma. Khng c hi qu sau ma, khi v qu cn ng nhiu nc. Thu hi khi nhit trong ngy thp (sng sm hay chiu mt). Khi thu hi qu phi dng ko ct, ct tng qu, nh nhng vo thng xp, thng, r, ... c lt l. ng (st) cn c xp theo hng li tin cho vic thu gom. Khng c xp qu y trnh va p v ri v.
2. S ch, phn loi v bao gi

Ra sch t, ct, si nm bm vo rau, qu. Loi b rau, qu b su bnh, dp, nt. Rau, qu phi ti v c bo qun sm nht sau khi ng gi. Bao gi m bo ng quy cch, chc chn nhm hn ch dp nt cho rau, qu. Sn phm cn c bao gi trong ti nylon nhm trnh s mt nc cho rau, qu.
30
Khng nn xp rau qu cht trong st, thng. Ngi lao ng cn phi c o to nhm c c kin thc c bn trong qu trnh thu hoch, phn loi v bao gi sn phm.
3. Lu gi
Sn phm sau thu hoch cn ni rm mt v cn c che ph cn thn, chc chn. Khng nn cht ng rau, qu ngoi tri nng, nng, rau, qu s h hp mnh v dn n h hng. Nu c iu kin nn xp rau, qu vo kho mt hoc kho lnh. C th gi c vi thng (i vi loi qu). ng cn c v sinh thng xuyn, ra sch hng ngy v nu hng cn sa cha hay thay mi.
4. Vn chuyn
Phng tin vn chuyn cn c che ph cn thn, gim thng thong trong qu trnh vn chuyn, trnh s mt nc ca rau, qu trong qu trnh vn chuyn.
S dng bao b chc chn trnh v, dp nt cho rau, qu. Khng xp qu cao hay chng cht ln xn ln nhau d gy ch xt v dp nt nhm hn ch ti a cc xy xt c hc. Khi vn chuyn phi nh nhng, trnh vt nm lm rau, qu b dp nt hn ch s xm nhp ca vi sinh vt vo rau, qu.
5. K thut thu hi v bo qun mt s loi qu ph bin

5.1 Thu hoch v bo qun xoi Thu hoch lc tri t kch thc ti a, no tri, v tri chuyn sang mu vng, xung quanh tri c lp phn mng. Kim tra trng thnh ca xoi bng cch dng kim ghim vo ui xoi nu kim khng qua c l ht xoi cng, tri gi, hi c. Tt nht nn thu hoch xoi t 9h sng n 3h chiu v lc ny xoi t m nht. Hi xoi bng tay hoc bng lng, khi hi cha cung khong 2cm - 5cm cho tri t chy m, hi tng qu mt.
31
Tri xoi trn lp bo hoc l kh cho ro m. Sau xp xoi vo st c lt giy mm hoc l kh xung quanh v lt di y st. Khng xp xoi qu y st. Khi sang st phi bc tng tri, khng nn o mt lt. Khi xp cc thng xoi ln nhau phi c tm vn ngn gia cc thng. t tri xoi nh nhng vo st trnh lm mt phn trn qu xoi, trnh lm tri bm dp, xy xt, trnh cung qu m vo cc qu khc. Nn t st xoi ni bng mt. Chn ngy nng ro, hi nhng qu ra m, dng dao (ko) ct on cung di 0,5cm - 1,0cm. Sau ngm ngay qu xoi trong nc sch 3 - 4 gi cho xoi chy ht nha. Ri vt xoi ra v li nhng ngp qu trong nc nng 54C (3 si + 2 lnh) trong 4 - 5 pht, lng nc phi gp 4 - 5 ln lng qu. Tip vt ra, qu trong bng rm cho kh, xp thnh ng cao 40cm - 50cm, y nilon kn trong 24 gi cho xoi m hi, ri dng vi mm v nc ra chn (M Ho) lau sch cho da qu lng bng ri li trong bng rm cho kh v qu. Cht xoi thnh ng cao 50cm - 60cm, y kn bng bao ti da, bao ti gai (khng y bng nilon). Thi gian khong 20 - 24 gi, sau b vt che y bn ngoi. Ri xoi thnh lp mng trn nn nh, sau 2 - 3 ngy qu xoi chn vng rm ng lot, em tiu th. 5.2 Thu hoch bo qun da Ty theo mc ch s dng thu hoch da. Nu xut khu da qu ti th nn thu hoch khi v qu chuyn t mu xanh thm sang xanh nht, 2 hng mt pha cung c k vng. Nu da cho ch bin cng nghip th thu hoch khi 1 - 3 hng mt pha cung c mu vng. K thut thu hi: Ct qu km theo on cung di 2 cm - 3 cm, vt ct phng khng lm qu b dp, gy cung, gy ngn. Khng thu hoch vo ngy c ma hoc nng gt. Khi cn ly chi ngn trng hoc b i u phi dng dao ct, khng c b v vt lm vo qu s gy mau thi qu. Bo qun ni sn xut: Thu hoch xong phi vn chuyn v ni rm mt, sch, khng cht ng ngoi nng hoc ma. Bo qun qu ti xut khu: Chn qu lnh, khng b dp, khng c rp sp, vt b l gc qu, ct bng cung cch gc 2cm. Phn loi, ng gi a vo kho mt, vn chuyn bng xe lnh c nhit 7C - 8C, m 85% - 90%. Thi gian t thu hoch n khi a vo kho mt khng qu 24 gi vo ma h v 36 gi vo ma xun. Bo qun da ch bin cng nghip: Thu hoch xong, phn loi s b, chn qu lnh ln a vo kho mt c nhit 10C - 12C i vi da cn xanh, 7C - 8C i vi da bt u chn, m trong kho 85% - 90% c th bo qun c 2 - 3 tun. 5.3 Thu hoch, bo qun hng Thu hi: Thu hoch khi v qu bt u chuyn vng khong 20% (v qu t mu xanh bt u chuyn mu xanh vng). Ch thu hi qu nh nhng trnh va p, nn t qu vo cc vt cha ch khng nm t xa. La chn: Chn nhng qu c mu sc chuyn sang nh vng. Loi b nhng qu b tn thng, va p, nhng qu b nhim bnh, nhng qu qu nh. V sinh qu: Dng r nha ng qu, ra qu bng cch nhng i nhng li vi ln, sau ro nc. Nhng qu vo cht bo qun: Hng c nhng trong dung dch carbedo nng 1% trong thi gian 3 pht sau vt ra hong kh. Carbedo c tc dng bo qu nm mc v vi sinh vt c b mt qu v c vai tr nh l mt lp mng bo v cho qu khi ly nhim nm mc v vi sinh vt trong qu trnh bo qun sau ny.
32
Ch : Phi pha ha cht ng liu lng va c tc dng ngn nga v tiu dit s pht trin ca vi sinh vt v nm mc ng thi d lng (tn d) nm trong gii hn cho php s dng ca b Y t. Ngoi ra cn ngm hng ng thi gian mi hiu lc ca cht bo qun. kh: Sau khi nhng cht bo qun, qu c hong kh cho n khi v qu v tai qu kh hn mi em ng gi. Trong qu trnh kh cn ch : + Trnh qu ngoi nng. + Trnh qu ni khng m bo v sinh. + C th dng qut lm cho qu hong kh. ng ti: Dng ti PE c dy 1c, t l c l: 50% b mt ti tnh t ming ti xung, kch thc: di x rng = 40 x 30 (cm) ng 2 kg qu hn ch ti a s mt nc v gim cng h hp ca qu. t R3: Sau khi cho qu vo ti ta t vo mi ti 1 gi R3 (R3 l mt hn hp gm 5 cht khc nhau c tc dng hp th kh ethylen sn sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun mc ch gi cho qu lu chn v c tc dng ht m do qu h hp to ra hi nc trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Sau khi t R3 ta buc kn ming ti li bng dy chun, ch trc khi buc ti ta phi vut ht khng kh c trong ti ra. Xp kho bo qun: Cc ti hng sau khi buc kn, ta xp ln sn hoc gin bo qun. Mi gin khong 4 - 5 tng v khong 500 kg qu, mi tng xp 1 - 2 lp ti. Khi b tr kho bo qun phi ch : + Kho phi t ni thong mt, thng gi, trnh nng ma. + Kho phi xa chung gia sc, khu nh v sinh, nhng ni khng m bo v sinh. o qu kim tra kho lun c thng thong v loi b dn nhng qu b chn, thi hng trong qu trnh bo qun. Thi gian kim tra 2 ln/ngy.
* Nhng iu ch trong qu trnh bo qun hng Khi thu hi phi ht sc cn thn trnh va p mnh gy tn thng cho qu. Nc s dng nn dng nc sch. Ha cht phi pha ng liu lng quy nh, nu pha long th s khng t c t l tn tht nh mong mun, nu pha c hn th sau thi gian bo qun d lng cht bo qun s vt qu gii hn cho php s dng v s khng m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. Thi gian nhng cht bo qun phi ng vi quy nh l 3 pht. Thc hin cc thao tc khi tip xc vi cht bo qun phi tun th ng vi quy nh an ton v sinh lao ng. Sau khi nhng cht bo qun, hng phi c cch ly t nht 15 ngy mi c n. Mi thao tc trong qu trnh bo qun phi tun th ng yu cu k thut ca quy trnh bo qun. 5.4 Thu hoch v bo qun cam, chanh, bi, qut Cam qut l loi qu khng cn tinh bt khi sp chn nn khi hi th chng khng chn tip na do vy vic thu hi ng thi gian l rt cn thit. Nu hi mun s lm gim cht lng qu, nng sut qu v sau cng b nh hng (do qu trn cy bt cy phi nui tip). Nn thu hoch vo bui sng, sau khi tan sng, cha c nng gt. Dng ko ct n st nm tri. Thu hoch cn thn trng, khng c tung nm tri, trnh lm xy xt, gip tri bi nhng ch xy xt l ni thun li cho nhiu loi nm v vi khun xm nhp gy bnh lm hng tri. Sau khi ct cung bi vi vo nm tri ri xp trn nn khi ct tr m mt lp ct kh dy 25cm - 30 cm. C mt lp cam li ph mt lp ct dy kn tri, nhng khng c xp qu 10 lp. nh k 15 - 20 ngy o cam mt ln loi b tri thi, km cht lng. Bo qun theo cch
33
ny c th gi cam ti 50 - 60 ngy, t l h hng chim 20% tng s lng tri bo qun. i vi bi sau khi hi ngi ta cng ly vi c bi vo cung, ni mt c th gi c 3 - 4 thng.
Ni dung cn ghi nh
1. Trong qu trnh bo qun rau, qu thng xy ra nhng bin i v vt l, sinh l v sinh ha. Cc bin i ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau v ph thuc vo tnh cht t nhin ca rau, qu ti: ging, loi, iu kin gieo trng, chm sc, gi chn khi thu hi, vn chuyn v nhng yu t k thut trong qu trnh bo qun. 2. c im rau, qu ti l loi nng sn hng ha kh bo qun v lng nc cao, giu cht dinh dng l iu kin hp dn cc loi vi sinh vt, vi khun v cn trng pht trin gy hi. V vy khi bo qun cn ch trnh lm rau, qu xy xt, dp nt, st m ... 3. K thut bo qun phi thc hin nghim ngt cc yu t k thut gieo trng, chm sc, thu hi, vn chuyn v m bo cc yu cy k thut trong qu trnh bo qun ty theo tng loi rau, qu.
34
Ti liu tham kho

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Nguyn Vn Lm. Bin php sinh hc phng chng dch hi nng nghip. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni, 1995. Trn Minh Tm. Bo qun v ch bin nng sn sau thu hoch. Nxb Nng nghip - H Ni, 2004. Lng c Phm. Vi sinh vt hc v an ton v sinh thc phm. Nxb Nng nghip - H Ni, 2000. Quch nh, Nguyn Vn Tip, Nguyn Vn Khoa. Cng ngh sau thu hoch v ch bin rau, qu. Nxb Khoa hc K thut, H Ni, 1996. Trung tm thng tin, B NN v PTNT. Bo qun v ch bin nng sn. Thng tin chuyn , 4/2000. L Don Din, Nguyn B Trinh. Nng cao cht lng nng sn, tp I. Nxb Nng nghip, 1982. L Don Din (ch bin). Nng cao cht lng nng sn, tp II. Nxb Nng nghip, 1989. Trn Minh Tm. Bo qun ch bin nng sn sau thu hoch. Nxb Nng nghip TP. HCM, 1997. V Quc Trung (ch bin). S tay k thut bo qun lng thc. Nxb Khoa hc k thut, 1999. Cc Ch bin nng lm sn v ngnh ngh nng thn, Trung tm Khuyn nng Khuyn ng Quc gia - B Nng nghip v PTNT K thut s ch bo qun ng quy m nng h K thut ch bin ch xanh quy m nng h K thut s ch c ph quy m nng h K thut bo qun khoai ty quy m nng h K thut s ch, bo qun u, , lc quy m nng h My sy ht Quy trnh ch bin vi Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni 2000 - 2004. Chu Th Thm, Phan Th Li, Nguyn Vn T Phng php phng chng nhng biu hin bt li trong bo qun nng sn. Nh xut bn lao ng, 2006. Cc ch bin nng lm sn v ngnh ngh nng thn, Trung tm Khuyn nng Quc gia B Nng nghip v PTNT Quy trnh ch bin nhn, vi. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2005. Trn Th Mai, Bo qun khoai ty thng phm. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2001 Chu Th Thm, Phan Th Li, Nguyn Vn T. Hng dn trng, ch bin v bo qun hoa mu. Nh xut bn Lao ng, 2005 Chu Th Thm, Phan Th Li, Nguyn Vn T Hng dn bo qun v ch bin nng sn. Nh xut bn Lao ng, 2006 Trn Vn Chng Bo qun v ch bin nng sn sau thu hoch. Nh xut bn Lao ng - X hi, 2006. H Vn Thuyt, Trn Quang Bnh Bo qun RAU, QU ti v bn ch phm. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, 2000.
11.
12.
13. 14. 15. 16. 17.
35
Ph lc 1
QUY PHM BO QUN C CHUA TI
TCVN 4845 : 2006 thay th TCVN 4845 : 1989 TCVN 4845 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny p dng cho cc loi c chua thng phm c trng t loi Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Thuc h Solanaceae sau khi s ch, ng gi v c dng di dng qu ti. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho c chua s dng vo mc ch ch bin cng nghip.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i. TCVN 7087 : 2002 (Codex Stan 1 - 1985, Rev 1 - 1991) Ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn. CAC/RCP 44 - 1995 Khuyn co Quc t v quy phm thc hnh ng gi v vn chuyn rau, qu ti (Recommended International Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables). TCVN 5603 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969, Rev 4 - 2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm. CAC/RCP 53 - 2003 Quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti (Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables). CAC/GL 21 - 1997 Nguyn tc v thit lp v p dng tiu chun vi sinh vt trong thc phm (Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods).
3. Yu cu cht lng
3.1 Phn loi C chua c th phn thnh bn loi thng phm nh sau: Qu trn (Round). C chua mi (Ribbed). C chua nht (Oblong) v qu di (Elongated). C chua bi (Cherry) v c chua salat (Cocktail). 3.2 Yu cu chung C chua thuc tt c cc hng phi m bo cc yu cu sau: Nguyn vn.
36
Ti. Lnh ln, khng b thi hoc b h hng khng thch hp cho tiu dng. Sch, khng c tp cht l nhn thy c bng mt thng. Khng b m t bt thng ngoi v, tr khi va mi a ra t h thng bo qun lnh. Khng cha cn trng gy hi v khng b cn trng gy hi ti mc lm nh hng n hnh thc b ngoi chung ca sn phm. Khng c mi, v l.
Trong trng hp c chua chm, th phn cung phi ti, lnh ln, sch, khng c l v bt k tp cht no nhn thy c bng mt thng. 3.2.1 pht trin v trng thi ca c chua phi c th - Chu c vn chuyn v bc d. - n c ni tiu th vi tnh trng tt. 3.2.2 Yu cu v chn C chua phi c pht trin y v t c chn thch hp v c th chn tip. 3.3 Phn hng C chua c phn thnh ba hng nh sau: 3.3.1 Hng c bit C chua thuc hng ny phi c cht lng cao nht. Phn tht qu phi cng c hnh dng, hnh thc bn ngoi v pht trin phi c trng cho tng ging. C chua phi ng u v kch c v mu sc. Ty theo chn, phi tha mn cc yu cu a ra iu 3.1.1. C chua phi khng c phn xanh cng v cc khuyt tt khc, ngoi tr mt vi khuyt tt nh bn ngoi nhng khng nh hng n hnh thc, cht lng v s duy tr cht lng cng nh vic trnh by ca sn phm trong bao b. 3.3.2 Hng 1 C chua thuc hng ny phi c cht lng tt. Phn tht qu phi cng c hnh dng, hnh thc bn ngoi v pht trin phi c trng cho tng ging. C chua phi ng u v kch c, khng b nt hoc khng c phn xanh cng c th nhn thy bng mt thng. Cho php nhng khuyt tt nh v mu sc, hnh dng, b mt cho php c vt thm rt nh nhng khng nh hng n hnh thc bn ngoi, s duy tr cht lng v vic trnh by ca sn phm trong bao b nh sau: Khuyt tt nh v hnh dng v pht trin. Khuyt tt nh v mu sc. Khuyt tt nh trn b mt. Vt thm rt nh. i vi c chua mi cho php cc khuyt tt nhng: Khng c vt nt lnh c chiu di qu 1cm. Khng c nhiu vt sn. Nm qu nh nhng khng b nm.
37
Din tch cc vt nm phn rn qu khng qu 1 cm. Khng c vt so di qu 2/3 ng knh ln nht ca qu.
3.3.3 Hng 2 Hng 2 ny bao gm c chua khng t cc yu cu ca cc hng trn, nhng phi p ng c cc yu cu chung qui nh trong 3.1. C chua hng ny phi c tht qu cng thch hp (nhng c th mm hn mt t so vi hng 1) nhng khng c php c cc vt nt cha lnh. Cho php cc khuyt tt sau, nhng vn phi m bo cc c tnh cn thit lin quan n cht lng: Khuyt tt v hnh dng, pht trin v mu sc. Khuyt tt trn b mt hoc b thm, nhng khng nh hng nghim trng ti qu. Cc vt nt lnh c chiu di khng qu 3cm i vi c chua qu trn, c chua mi v c chua nht. Ring i vi c chua mi cho php: C nhiu vt sn hn hng 1, nhng qu khng c mo m. Ch c mt nm qu. Din tch cc vt nm phn rn qu khng qu 2 cm. Vt so ca loi qu phi khng qu 3 cm.
4. Yu cu v kch c
Kch c c xc nh bng ng knh mt ct ln nht ca qu. Kch
c ti thiu i vi: C chua bi l 15 mm. C chua c chua nht l 30 mm. C chua trn v c chua mi l 35 mm.
M kch c ca c chua qu trn v c chua mi c xc nh theo bng 1.
Bng 1 - M kch c ca c chua qu trn v c chua mi

M kch c Ti thiu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 T 30 35 40 47 57 67 82 102 n v ln hn
ng knh (mm) Ti a
34 39 46 56 66 81 101
38
M kch c ca c chua bi v c chua salat c xc nh theo bng 2.
Bng 2. M kch c ca c chua bi v c chua salat

M kch c Ti thiu
1 2 3 15 20 25
ng knh (mm) Ti a
19 24 29
5. Dung sai cho php

Cho php dung sai v cht lng v kch c trong mi bao b i vi sn phm khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng nh. 5.1 Ln hng 5.1.1 Hng c bit C chua hng c bit khng c ln qu 5% s qu hoc khi lng c chua khng p ng yu cu ca hng ny nhng phi t c hng 1. 5.1.2 Hng 1 C chua hng 1 khng c ln qu 10% khi lng hoc s lng c chua khng p ng cc yu cu ca hng ny nhng phi t hng 2. Trng hp c chua dng chm, khng c ln qu 5% khi lng hoc s lng c chua ri. 5.1.3 Hng 2 Cho php khng qu 10% s lng hoc khi lng ca c chua khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng 2 hoc cc yu cu chung, nhng khng cha qu b thi ra, bm dp hoc bt k h hng no khc khng thch hp cho vic s dng. Trng hp c chua dng chm, khng c ln qu 10% khi lng hoc s lng c chua ri. 5.2 Ln c Khng vt qu 10% khi lng hoc s lng qu trong mi bao gi c kch c nm trong m kch c lin k. i vi c chua trn v c chua mi ng knh ti thiu l 33 mm v ng knh c chua nht ti thiu l 28 mm.
6. Yu cu v trnh by
6.1 ng u C chua trong mi bao gi phi ng u v xut x, chng loi, cht lng v kch c (nu ghi theo kch c). i vi hng c bit v hng 1 th chn v mu sc ca c chua ca phi ng u. i vi c chua nht chiu di qu phi ng u. Phn c chua nhn thy c phi i din cho tt c c chua trong bao gi.
39
6.2 Bao gi C chua phi c bao gi sao cho c th bo v c sn phm. Pha trong vt liu bao gi phi mi 1), sch, v c cht lng tt thch hp dng cho thc phm. Cho php s dng vt liu giy v tem lin quan n cc yu cu thng mi vi iu kin l mc in, hoc keo dn nhn s dng khng c. C chua cn c ng gi trong tng vt cha ph hp vi Khuyn co Quc t v quy phm thc hnh ng gi v vn chuyn rau, qu ti (CAC / RCP 44 - 1995). 6.2.1 Qui nh i vi bao b Bao b phi c cht lng tt, m bo v sinh, thng thong v bn v chu c cc iu kin bc d, ln tu v bo qun c chua. Bao b phi khng c mi hoc tp cht l. 6.3 Trnh by C chua phi c trnh by nh sau: 6.3.1 Dng qu ri c hoc khng c nm v cung ngn 6.3.2 Dng qu chm, trong mi chm phi bao gm ti thiu mt lng c chua sau: 3 qu (hoc 2 qu nu bao gi sn) hoc 6 qu (hoc 4 qu nu bao gi sn) i vi c chua bi.
7. Ghi nhn
7.1 Ghi nhn Theo cc quy nh trong TCVN 7087: 2002 (Codex Stan 1 - 1985, Rev 1 - 1991) Tiu chun chung cho ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn, cn ghi thm nhng ni dung sau: 7.1.1 Tn sn phm
Nu sn phm khng nhn thy c t bn ngoi, mi bao b phi c ghi tn sn phm v c th ghi theo tn loi v/ hoc chng thng mi. 7.2 Bao b khng dng bn l Ghi nhn trn mi bao b phi tha mn cc c im sau: cc ch trong mt nhm phi cng kch c, d c v du hiu khng th ty xa v c th nhn c t bn ngoi hoc c trong ti liu i theo l hng. 7.2.1 Du hiu nhn bit Tn v a ch nh xut khu, nh ng gi v/hoc nh vn chuyn, m nhn bit (ty chn). 7.2.2 Bn cht sn phm Tn ca sn phm c chua hoc chm c chua v loi thng mi nu c chua khng th nhn thy t bn ngoi. Cc chi tit ny phi lun lun c ghi cho c chua bi v c chua salat d dng chm hay khng. Tn ca loi (ty chn). 7.2.3 Ngun gc sn phm Quc gia v vng trng c chua (ty chn) hoc quc gia, vng hoc a phng t tn sn phm.
40
7.2.4 Nhn bit v thng mi Hng. Kch c th hin theo ng knh ti a v ti thiu (nu ghi kch c). 7.2.5 Du kim duyt ca chnh quyn (ty chn)
8. Cht nhim bn
8.1 D lng cht bo v thc vt Theo quy nh ca B Y t. 8.2 Cc cht nhim bn khc Theo quy nh ca B Y t.
9. V sinh
9.1 Vic s ch v bc d c chua phi theo TCVN 5603 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969, Rev 4 - 2003) quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm, CAC/RCP 53 - 2003 quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti v cc quy phm thc hnh v quy phm thc hnh v sinh khc c lin quan. 9.2 Sn phm phi ph hp vi mi quy nh v vi sinh vt quy nh trong CAC/GL 21 - 1997 Nguyn tc v thit lp v p dng tiu chun vi sinh vt trong thc phm.
1) 2)
Vt liu bao gi bao gm c loi vt liu bao gi ti ch dng cho thc phm. Nu s dng du hiu m, t ngi ng gi v/hoc ngi vn chuyn (hoc t vit tt tng ng) phi c nhn bit cht ch vi du hiu m.
41
Ph lc 2
QUY PHM BO QUN DA QU TI
TCVN 1871 : 2006 thay th TCVN 1871 : 1988 TCVN 1871 : 2006 hon ton tng ng vi CODEX STAN 182 : 1993, Rev. 1 - 1999, Adm. 1 - 2005
TCVN 1871 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh v c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny p dng cho da qu c trng t Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., thuc h Bromeliaceae, sau khi s ch v bao gi, bn cho ngi tiu dng di dng ti. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho da qu dng cho ch bin cng nghip.
2. Ti liu vin dn
TCVN 7087 : 2002 (Codex Stan 1 - 1985, Rev 1 - 1991) Ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn. CAC/RCP 44 - 1995 Khuyn co Quc t v quy phm thc hnh ng gi v vn chuyn rau, qu ti (Recommended International Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables). TCVN 5603 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969, Rev 4 - 2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm. CAC/RCP 53 - 2003 Quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti (Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables). CAC/GL 21 - 1997 Nguyn tc v thit lp v p dng tiu chun vi sinh vt trong thc phm (Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods).
3. Yu cu cht lng sn phm

3.1 Yu cu ti thiu Ty theo cc yu cu c th cho tng loi v dung sai cho php, tt c cc loi da phi: Nguyn vn, c hoc khng c chi ngn. Lnh ln, khng b dp nt hoc h hng khng ph hp cho s dng. Sch v khng c bt k tp cht l no nhn thy bng mt thng. Khng b h hi bi cn trng. Khng cha cn trng nh hng n ngoi quan chung ca sn phm. Khng b m bt thng ngoi v, tr khi va mi a ra t thit b bo qun lnh. Khng c mi, v l. Ti k c chi ngn, khng c c l cht hoc kh.
42
Khng b h hng do nhit thp, hoc cao. Khng thm nu pha trong. Khng b d hnh.
Khi cung c gi li th n khng c di qu 2,0cm v vt ct phi theo chiu ngang, thng v sch. Qu phi chn sinh l, th d: khng c bng chng l khng chn (m c, khng mi, tht qu qu xp3) hoc qu chn (tht qu ln men, m c). 3.1.1 Da phi c ct hi cn thn v t c chn v pht trin ph hp vi tiu chun thch hp cho tng loi v/hoc loi thng mi v vng trng. S pht trin v trng thi ca qu da qu phi c th: Chu c vn chuyn v Khi vn chuyn n ni da vn trong tnh trng tt. 3.1.2 Yu cu v chn Tng lng cht rn ha tan trong tht qu phi t ti thiu 12Bx (mi hai Brix). xc nh Brix, ly mt mu i din nc qu cho tt c cc qu th. 3.2 Phn hng Da qu c phn thnh ba hng nh sau: 3.2.1 Hng c bit Da qu thuc hng ny phi c cht lng cao nht. Chng phi c trng cho cc loi v/hoc loi thng mi. Khng c cc khuyt tt, tr cc khuyt tt rt nh trn b mt vi iu kin chng khng nh hng ti ngoi quan chung, cht lng, cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm trong bao gi. Chi ngn phi n, thng, khng c chi v phi nm trong khong t 50% n 150% chiu di qu cha ct b4) chi ngn. 3.2.2 Hng 1 Da qu thuc hng ny phi c cht lng tt. Chng phi c trng cho cc loi v/hoc loi thng mi. Cho php c cc khuyt tt nh vi iu kin chng khng nh hng ti ngoi quan chung, ti cht lng v cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm trong bao gi: Khuyt tt nh v hnh dng. Khuyt tt nh v mu sc, k c vt rm nng. Khuyt tt nh trn v ca qu (nh chn p, so, c xt, d tt) khng c vt qu 4% tng din tch b mt. Trong mi trng hp, cc khuyt tt khng c nh hng n tht qu. Chi ngn phi n, thng hoc hi cong nhng khng c chi v phi nm trong khong t 50 n 150% chiu di qu cha ct b5) chi ngn. 3.2.3 Hng 2 Hng ny bao gm da qu khng c coi l hng cao cp nhng phi p ng c cc yu cu ti thiu qui nh trong 2.1. C th cho php c cc khuyt tt sau y vi iu kin qu da qu m bo c cc c tnh c bn lin quan n cht lng, cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm. Khuyt tt v hnh dng. Khuyt tt v mu sc, k c vt rm nng.
43
Khuyt tt trn v ca qu (nh chn p, so, c xt, d tt) khng c vt qu 8% tng din tch b mt.
Trong mi trng hp, cc khuyt tt khng c nh hng n tht qu. Chi ngn phi n hoc i, thng hoc hi cong nhng khng c mm.
4. Yu cu v kch c
Kch c c xc nh bng khi lng trung bnh ca qu vi khi lng ti thiu l 700g, tr loi c nh3) m c th c khi lng ti thiu 250g, phi ph hp vi bng sau: M kch c
A B C D E F G H
Khi lng trung bnh (12%) gam C chi ngn Khng chi ngn
2750 2300 1900 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 2280 1910 1580 1330 1160 1000 830 660
Lng da qu trong thng mi quc t c ng gi v bn tnh trn s hp. Khi lng ca mi hp ti thiu nn th d 10 kg, 20 pao, 40 pao thch hp cho tng loi th trng. Cc qu da c khi lng theo m kch c trn c xp ring khi bao gi. Cc qu c khi lng xp x, c xp vo cc m kch c tng ng nhng phi m bo tnh ng u trong mi m kch c.
5. Yu cu v dung sai
Dung sai v cht lng v kch c trong mi l kim tra khng tha mn cc yu cu ca mi loi theo quy nh di y.
5.1 Dung sai v cht lng 5.1.1 Hng c bit Nm phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca da qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng c bit, nhng t cht lng hng I hoc nm trong gii hn dung sai ca hng . 5.1.2 Hng I Mi phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca da qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng I, nhng t cht lng hng II hoc nm trong gii hn dung sai ca hng . 5.1.3 Hng II Mi phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca da qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng II hay cc yu cu ti thiu, nhng khng cha sn phm b thi ra hoc h hng khng thch hp cho tiu dng. 5.2 Dung sai v kch c i vi tt c cc hng cho php 10% s lng qu da hoc khi lng ca cc qu cao hn hoc thp hn cc kch c ghi trn bao b.
44
6. Yu cu v cch trnh by
6.1 ng u Trong mi bao gi, sn phm phi ng u v ch cha da qu ca cng loi, cng kch c, cng mt tn thng mi, cng ngun gc v cng cht lng. i vi hng c bit th mu sc v chn phi ng u. Phn qu da nhn thy c ca bao gi phi i din cho ton b gi sn phm. 6.2 Bao gi Da qu phi c bao gi sao cho bo v c sn phm mt cch thch hp. Vt liu c s dng bn trong bao gi phi mi6), sch v c cht lng tt trnh c mi nguy c b h hi bn trong hoc bn ngoi i vi sn phm. Cho php s dng vt liu giy v tem lin quan n cc yu cu thng mi vi iu kin l vic in nhn hoc gn nhn s dng mc in hoc keo dn khng c. Da qu cn c ng gi trong tng vt cha ph hp vi Khuyn co Quc t v qui phm thc hnh ng gi v chuyn tr rau, qu ti (CAC/RCP 44 - 1995, Amd 1 : 2004). 6.2.1 Bao b Bao b phi m bo cht lng, v sinh, thng thong v cc c tnh v bn bo m thch hp cho vn chuyn, chuyn ch ng bin v bo ton cho qu da qu. Bao b khng c cha bt k tp cht v mi l no.
7. Ghi nhn
7.1 Bao b bn l Ngoi cc yu cu ca Tiu chun chung v ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn TCVN 7087 : 2002 [(CODEX STAN 1 : 1985, Rev 1 - 1991, Adm.2001)], cn p dng cc yu cu c th sau : 7.1.1 Tn sn phm
Nu sn phm khng nhn thy r t bn ngoi th mi bao gi phi c dn nhn ghi tn ca sn phm, tn ca loi v/hoc tn thng mi. Nu c chi ngn th cn phi ghi. 7.2 Bao b khng dng bn l Mi gi sn phm phi bao gm cc thng tin di y, cc ch phi c tp trung vo mt pha, d c, r rng, d nhn bit v c th nhn thy t pha bn ngoi hoc phi c ti liu km theo. 7.2.1 Du hiu nhn bit Tn v a ch nh xut khu, nh ng gi v/hoc ngi gi hng. M s nhn bit (ty chn)7). 7.2.2 Tn sn phm Tn ca sn phm, nu sn phm khng th nhn thy t pha bn ngoi. Tn ca loi hoc hng thng mi (ty chn). Phi ghi chi ngn nu c. 7.2.3 Ngun gc sn phm Quc gia v vng trng da qu hoc quc gia, khu vc hoc tn a phng. 7.2.4 Nhn bit v thng mi Cp hng. Kch c (m kch c hoc khi lng trung bnh tnh theo gam).
45
S lng n v (ty chn). Khi lng tnh (ty chn).
7.2.5 Du thanh tra chnh thc (ty chn)
8. Cht nhim bn
8.1 Kim loi nng Mc ti a cho php v kim loi nng theo quy nh hin hnh. 8.2 D lng thuc tr su Gii hn d lng ti a cho php theo quy nh hin hnh.
9. V sinh
9.1 Khuyn ngh cc sn phm l i tng ca tiu chun ny phi c ch bin v x l theo TCVN 5603 : 1998 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969; Rev. 4 - 2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm v cc Quy phm v v sinh, Quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti (CAC/RCP 53 - 2003) v cc Quy phm thc hnh v sinh v Quy phm thc hnh khc c lin quan. 9.2 Sn phm cn phi tun theo mi tiu chun vi sinh c thit lp ph hp vi Nguyn tc thit lp v p dng cc tiu chun vi sinh vt cho thc phm (CAC/GL 21 - 1997).
) ) 5) 6) 7)
3 4
Ngoi tr mt s loi thuc nhm Queen Ct b ch rch mt s l rch nh chi ngn. nh l Victoria v Queen. Vt liu bao gi bao gm c loi vt liu bao gi ti ch dng cho thc phm. Trong trng hp s dng cch thc ghi m s th phi ghi ngi ng gi v/hoc ngi gi (hoc cc cch vit tt tng ng) ch ni gn nht vi m s.
46
Ph lc 3
QUY PHM BO QUN CHUI QU TI
TCVN 1872 : 2006 thay th TCVN 1872 : 1986 TCVN 1872 : 2006 hon ton tng ng vi CODEX STAN 205 : 1997, Adm. 1 - 2005 TCVN 1872 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh v c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny p dng cho chui qu c trng t Musa spp. (AAA), thuc h Musaceae, dng xanh sau khi s ch v bao gi, bn cho ngi tiu dng di dng ti. Tiu chun ny p dng cho chui qu ch dng cho ch bin (chui qu) khng p dng cho chui dng ch bin cng nghip. Cc loi c quy nh bi tiu chun ny c lit k trong ph lc.
2. Ti liu vin dn
TCVN 7087 : 2002 (Codex Stan 1 - 1985, Rev 1 - 1991) Ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn. CAC/RCP 44 - 1995 Khuyn co Quc t v quy phm thc hnh ng gi v vn chuyn rau, qu ti (Recommended International Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables). TCVN 5603 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969, Rev 4 - 2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm.
CAC/RCP 53 - 2003 Quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti (Code of Hygienic Practice for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables). CAC/GL 21 - 1997 Nguyn tc v thit lp v p dng tiu chun vi sinh vt trong thc phm (Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods).
3. Yu cu cht lng
3.1 Yu cu ti thiu Ty theo cc yu cu c th cho tng hng v dung sai cho php, tt c cc hng chui qu phi: Nguyn vn (th d: cn gi cc cung qu). Lnh ln, khng b dp nt hoc h hng khng ph hp cho s dng. Sch v khng c tp cht nhn thy bng mt thng. Khng cha cn trng nh hng n ngoi quan chung ca sn phm. Khng b h hi bi cn trng. Khng b m bt thng ngoi v, tr khi va mi a ra t thit b bo qun lnh v chui c bao gi di iu kin khng kh c iu ho. Khng c mi, v l.
47
Cng. Khng b h hng do nhit thp. Khng c vt thm. Khng b d hnh hoc b cong bt thng. loi b ht nhy hoa. Cung qu cn nguyn vn, khng b b cong, h hi do nm hi hoc kh.
Ngoi ra, cc tay v ni chui phi gm c: Mt phn y nm qu c mu bnh thng, cng v khng b nhim nm. Nm qu c ct sch, khng b xin hoc ct su, khng c mu cung qu. 3.1.1 S pht trin v trng thi ca qu chui qu phi c th: t c chn sinh l thch hp tng ng vi cc c tnh ring ca tng loi. Chu c vn chuyn. Khi vn chuyn n ni qu chui vn trong tnh trng tt v t c chn cn thit. 3.2 Phn hng Chui qu c phn thnh ba hng nh sau: 3.2.1 Hng c bit Chui qu thuc hng ny phi c cht lng cao nht. Chng phi c trng cho tng loi v/ hoc tn thng mi. Qu chui khng c cc khuyt tt, tr cc khuyt tt rt nh trn b mt vi iu kin chng khng nh hng ti ngoi quan chung, ti cht lng, cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm khi bao gi. 3.2.2 Hng 1 Chui qu thuc hng ny phi c cht lng tt. Chng phi c trng cho tng loi. Cho php c cc khuyt tt nh vi iu kin chng khng nh hng ti ngoi quan chung, ti cht lng, cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm khi bao gi: Khuyt tt nh v hnh dng v mu sc. Khuyt tt nh trn v ca qu do c xt v cc khuyt tt b mt khc nhng tng din tch khuyt tt khng c vt qu 2 cm. Trong mi trng hp, cc khuyt tt khng c nh hng n tht qu. 3.2.3 Hng 2 Hng ny bao gm chui qu khng c coi l hng cao cp nhng phi p ng c cc yu cu ti thiu quy nh trong 2.1. C th cho php qu chui c cc khuyt tt sau y vi iu kin qu chui m bo c cc c tnh c bn lin quan n cht lng, cht lng bo qun v cch trnh by ca sn phm. Khuyt tt v hnh dng v mu sc, m bo sn phm duy tr c cc c tnh chung ca chui qu. Khuyt tt trn v ca qu do chn p, nm vy, c xt, d tt hoc cc nguyn nhn khc nhng tng din tch khuyt tt khng c vt qu 4 cm. Trong mi trng hp, cc khuyt tt khng c nh hng n tht qu.
4. Yu cu v kch c
Kch c ca cc phn nhm Gros Michel v Cavendish, chiu di ca ni c xc nh bng
48
ng cong ngoi t u nm n u cung qu ch kt thc ca tht v ng knh c xc nh theo dy ln nht ca qu chui theo mt ct ngang. Qu lm chun xc nh chiu di v ln l: i vi tay ni, qu gia nm trn hng ngoi cng ca tay ni. i vi chm qu, qu nm gn vi ch ct ca tay ni nm hng ngoi cng ca chm. Chiu di ti thiu khng c nh hn 14cm v ng knh ca qu khng nh hn 2,7cm.
5. Yu cu v dung sai
Dung sai v cht lng v kch c di y cho php khng tha mn cc yu cu ca mi loi theo qui nh. 5.1 Dung sai v cht lng 5.1.1 Hng c bit Nm phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca chui qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng c bit, nhng t cht lng hng I hoc nm trong gii hn dung sai ca hng . 5.1.2 Hng I Mi phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca chui qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng I, nhng t cht lng hng II hoc nm trong gii hn dung sai ca hng . 5.1.3 Hng II Mi phn trm s lng hoc khi lng ca chui qu khng tha mn cc yu cu ca hng II hay cc yu cu ti thiu, nhng khng cha sn phm b thi ra hoc h hng khng thch hp cho tiu dng. 5.2 Dung sai v kch c i vi tt c cc hng, cho php 10% s lng qu chui hoc khi lng cc qu chui cao hn hoc thp hn cc kch c quy nh trong iu 4.
6. Yu cu v cch trnh by
6.1 ng u Trong mi bao gi, sn phm phi ng u v ch cha chui qu ca cng loi, cng ngun gc v cng cht lng. Phn qu chui nhn thy c ca bao gi phi i din cho ton b gi sn phm. 6.2 Bao gi Chui qu phi c bao gi sao cho bo v c sn phm mt cch thch hp. Vt liu c s dng bn trong bao gi phi mi8), sch v c cht lng tt trnh c mi nguy c b h hi bn trong hoc bn ngoi i vi sn phm. Cho php s dng vt liu giy hoc tem lin quan n cc yu cu thng mi vi iu kin l vic in nhn hoc gn nhn s dng mc in hoc keo dn khng c. Chui qu cn c ng gi trong tng vt cha ph hp vi Khuyn co Quc t v quy phm thc hnh ng gi v chuyn tr rau, qu ti (CAC / RCP 44 - 1995, Amd 1 : 2004). 6.2.1 Vt cha Vt cha phi m bo cht lng, v sinh, thng thong v cc c tnh v bn bo m
49
thch hp cho vn chuyn, chuyn ch ng bin v bo ton cho qu chui qu. Bao b khng c cha bt k tp cht v mi l no. 6.3 Cch trnh by Chui qu cn phi c trnh by di dng ni v chm qu (cc phn ca ni) t nht 4 tay qu. Chui qu c th c trnh by theo tng qu ring bit. Cho php cc chm qu khng thiu qu 2 qu m cung khng b xin nhng ct sch khng c nguy c lm hng cc qu bn cnh. Khng qu mt chm c ba qu l qu khc nm trn cng mt hng trong cng mt bao gi c cng c tnh.
7. Ghi nhn
7.1 Bao b bn l Ngoi cc yu cu ca Tiu chun chung v ghi nhn thc phm bao gi sn TCVN 7087 : 2002 [(CODEX STAN 1 : 1985, Rev 1 - 1991)], cn p dng cc yu cu c th sau: 7.1.1 Bn cht ca sn phm Nu sn phm khng nhn thy r t bn ngoi th mi bao gi phi c dn nhn ghi tn ca sn phm v c th theo tn ca loi. 7.2 Bao b khng dng bn l Mi gi sn phm phi bao gm cc thng tin di y, cc ch phi c tp trung vo mt pha, d c, r rng, d nhn bit, c th nhn thy t pha bn ngoi hoc phi c ti liu km theo. 7.2.1 Du hiu nhn bit Tn v a ch nh xut khu, nh ng gi v/hoc ngi gi hng. M s nhn bit (tu chn)9). 7.2.2 Bn cht sn phm
Tn ca sn phm, nu sn phm khng th nhn thy t pha bn ngoi. Tn ca loi hoc hng thng mi (ty chn). 7.2.3 Ngun gc sn phm Quc gia v vng trng chui qu hoc quc gia, khu vc hoc tn a phng. 7.2.4 Nhn bit v thng mi Chui qu (khi thch hp). Cp hng. Khi lng tnh (tu chn). 7.2.5 Du thanh tra chnh thc (tu chn)
8. Cht nhim bn
8.1 Kim hng nng Mc ti a cho php v kim loi nng theo quy nh hin hnh. 8.2 D lng thuc tr su Gii hn d lng ti a cho php theo quy nh hin hnh.
50
9. V sinh
9.1 Khuyn ngh cc sn phm l i tng ca tiu chun ny phi c ch bin v x l theo TCVN 5603 : 1998 (CAC/RCP 1 - 1969; Rev. 4 - 2003) Quy phm thc hnh v nhng nguyn tc chung v v sinh thc phm v cc Quy phm v v sinh, Quy phm thc hnh v sinh i vi rau, qu ti (CAC/RCP 53 - 2003) v cc Quy phm thc hnh v sinh v Quy phm thc hnh khc c lin quan. 9.2 Sn phm cn phi tun theo mi tiu chun vi sinh c thit lp ph hp vi Nguyn tc thit lp v p dng cc tiu chun vi sinh vt cho thc phm (CAC/GL 21 - 1997).
8 9
) Vt liu bao gi bao gm c hng vt liu bao gi ti ch dng cho thc phm. ) Trong trng hp s dng cch thc ghi m s th phi ghi ngi ng gi v/ hoc ngi gi (hoc cc cch vit tt tng ng) ch ni gn nht vi m s.
51
Ph lc 4
SP L - HNG DN BO QUN V VN CHUYN LNH
TCVN 5000 : 2006 thay th TCVN 5000 : 1989 TCVN 5000 : 2006 hon ton tng ng vi ISO 949 : 1987 TCVN 5000 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny m t cc phng php bo qun lnh tt v vn chuyn lnh trn qung ng di cho cc ging sp l khc nhau c ngun gc t Brassica oleracea Linnaeus nhm botrytis Linnaeus phn nhm cauliora A.P.Decandolle dng tiu th trc tip hoc cho cng nghip ch bin.
2. Ti liu vin dn
TCVN 4885 : 1989 (ISO 2169) rau, qu. iu kin vt l trong kho lnh. nh ngha v php o. TCVN 6543 : 1999 (ISO 6661) Rau, qu ti. Cch sp xp cc kin hng hnh hp trong nhng xe vn ti ng b.
3. iu kin thu hoch v ng gi

3.1 Thu hoch
Sp l nh bo qun cn thu hoch trc khi khi hoa pht trin ti a. Thu hoch vo bui sng th tt hn. Thi im thu hoch phi c xc nh theo gi ca khi hoa. Trong thi tit nng, ch thu hoch chm mt ngy cng c th lm cho khi hoa b vng hoc b nt, v v pht tn hoa. 3.2 Yu cu cht lng Hoa phi ti, nguyn vn, khng dp nt, sch, khng b tn thng bi cn trng hoc loi gm nhm, khng mang vt bnh, h hng do sng gi, hoc bm dp. Nhng khi hoa c biu hin b hng do bt k ngun no cn phi c loi b. Khi hoa phi khng c c nc trn b mt . Khng nn ra sp l trc khi bo qun nhng nn ct ta mt vi l bo v v ct ngn cung ca sp l. 3.3 Bao gi Phn ln cc loi bao b l thng nan g tha nhng s dng cc loi cc tng sng cng c lt giy, lt xp cng rt tt. Giy da v bao b bng cht do (polyetylen, polyvinyl clorua ...) c th c s dng lm chm s thot m. Nhng vt liu ny c th c s dng chn hp, bc ci sp l hoc ph ln ng sp l trong cc thng nan g tha. Cc loi bao b s dng phi bo v c sn
52
phm nhng phi thong kh cung cp lnh cho sn phm trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun.
4. iu kin bo qun v vn chuyn ti u10)

4.1 a vo kho Sau khi thu hoch, sp l phi c lm mt cng nhanh cng tt, bi v ch sau 48 gi nhit 15C khi hoa bt u b vng v nhng bin i do vi khun hoc nm tr nn r rt. Nu thi gian vn chuyn t ni thu hoch n kho lnh mt vi ngy th sp l phi c lm lnh trc khi vn chuyn. 4.2 Nhit Nhit ti u bo qun v vn chuyn sp l trong khong 0C ti 4C. Nhit thp hn 0C s dn ti thay i cht lng do sng gi. Nhit la chn phi gi n nh trong thi gian bo qun v vn chuyn trnh ng nc b mt. 4.3 m tng i m tng i phi trong khong 90% n 95%. m tng i thp hn s lm cho khi hoa v l b ho v do s rt ngn thi hn bo qun. Mt s loi bao b c th gip gim s thot m t sn phm (xem 3.3). 4.4 Lu thng khng kh Trong sut qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn, lu thng khng kh phi c iu chnh sao cho nhit v m tng i quy nh iu 4.2 v 4.3 c th gi c n nh v ng u. 4.5 Bo qun i vi sp l c cc lp l pha ngoi c th xp sp l thnh hai lp. Lp trn phi xp sao cho khng lm tn thng cc khi hoa lp di. Sp l b mt ht lp l bo v th ch xp mt lp vi khi hoa quay ln pha trn. Tt hn l bc sp l t khi hoa tr xung bo v chng trnh c ng nc b mt, b thm v dnh bn trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Bao gi bng cch ny cng cho php loi tr tt c nc t do t vic thu hi v ra sch. 4.6 Thi hn bo qun Nu theo ng cc iu kin trn, thi hn bo qun c th t c t 3 n 6 tun ty loi sp l. Kim sot cht lng phi c tin hnh hng ngy trnh h hng.
5. iu kin vn chuyn v bc xp
5.1 Vn chuyn Trong qu trnh vn chuyn sp l, vic lm lnh phi c thc hin lin tc. t c mc ch ny, c th s dng cc xe chuyn ch bng ng st c my lnh hoc lm lnh bng hoc xe ti c thng lnh. Thit b phi trong iu kin k thut tt, v d: cc my thng kh trn mui xe phi trong iu kin lm vic, cc rnh thot trong xe chuyn ch bng ng st lm lnh bng phi thng v cc tm k sn m bo c s i lu khng kh phi ng v tr. Trc khi bc xp, nhit ca khu xp hng phi c iu chnh ti nhit yu cu hoc lm lnh bng cho cc thng cha hoc lm lnh bng my lnh.
53
Sau khi xp hng, khoang ca cc phng tin chuyn ch bng ng st lm lnh bng phi c y li. Nu, thi tit nng m hoc vn chuyn trong thi gian di, lm lnh c th tan chy trong phng tin chuyn ch bng ng st, vic lm lnh phi c tin hnh mt ga chuyn tip bo m rng phng tin chuyn ch n im cui vi khoang cn khng di 1/3 lng . 5.2 Sp xp kin hng Vic sp xp cc kin hng trong phng tin chuyn ch ng b phi c tin hnh theo cc quy nh trong tiu chun TCVN 6543 : 1999 (ISO 6661).
6. Cc cng vic khi kt thc bo qun v vn chuyn lnh

Sau khi bo qun, sp l phi c kim tra li v phi loi b tt c cc l b ho vng hoc cc h hng khc, cng phi ct li thn cy. Sau khi vn chuyn v d hng, phi tip tc duy tr vic lm lnh hoc sp l phi c dng ngay hoc c ch bin cng sm cng tt. Hn ch ca vic p dng. (Ph lc ny khng phi l mt phn ca tiu chun). Tiu chun ny ch a ra hng dn v mt cch thc chung. V tnh bin i ca sn phm theo thi gian v a im thu hoch, hon cnh ca a phng m c th cn thit quy nh cc iu kin khc cho vic thu hoch hoc cc iu kin vt l khc trong bo qun. Tiu chun ny c p dng rng ri cho tt c cc loi sp l trong mi iu kin thi tit v mi chuyn gia t quyt nh s thay i c cho l cn thit. Hn na, tiu chun ny khng tnh n vai tr ca cc yu t sinh thi v khng cp ti s hao ht trong qu trnh bo qun. Ty thuc vo cc hn ch c th tng ln t thc t l c chua l mt thc th sng v kh nng xem xt khc nhau, vic p dng cc quy nh trong tiu chun ny c th trnh c vic to nhiu rc trong qu trnh bo qun v trong phn ln trng hp vic bo qun theo yu cu u t c.
10
) i vi nh ngha v xc nh iu kin vt l nh hng ti bo qun, xem TCVN 4885 : 1989 (ISO 2169).
54
Ph lc 5
HNH TY - HNG DN BO QUN
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc phng php bo qun c hoc khng c lm lnh nhn to bo qun hnh ty thuc loi Allium cepa Linnaeus nhm bo qun lu di v s dng dng ti. Thng tin v hn ch ca vic s dng tiu chun ny c nu trong ph lc A.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i. TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981) rau, qu. iu kin vt l trong kho lnh. nh ngha v php o.
3. iu kin thu hoch v ng gi

3.1 Chn hnh
Cn chn cc cy hnh ph hp vi yu cu bo qun. CH THCH 1: Thng chn hnh ty mun bo qun. 3.2 Thu hoch Hnh ty phi c thu hoch khi 65% n 75% cc l xanh chuyn sang mu vng, phn c tr nn mm v cc l r xung v phn c c ph lp vy pha ngoi phn bit r rng ch ra rng chng trong trng thi chn sinh l. Hnh ty phi c thu hi sao cho khng b dp hoc b h hng. Cng hnh phi c ct sao cho khi sy kh hnh di khng qu 4cm (xem 3.4). 3.3 Yu cu cht lng Phi kim tra cht lng hnh ty trc khi a i bo qun. Cn thit phi la chn c hnh c cht lng tt, v phi t c cc yu cu sau: nguyn vn, khng b tn thng c hc, cc lp bc ngoi phi ph kn hon ton c, kh, chn v ng nht. Hnh ty phi khng c c mi l. Khng c a vo bo qun cc c c hoa hoc khng c bc kn bng lp bc ngoi, cc
55
c dnh hai, dnh ba hoc qu ln, qu nh, mo m, cha pht trin hon thin. 3.4 Cc x l khc trc khi bo qun trnh mc mm, phi s dng thuc c ch sinh trng c php s dng. Trc khi bo qun, hnh ty phi c lm kh loi b m bn ngoi v bn trong cc lp v, r. Nu khng th lm kh t nhin, phi s dng phng php sy nhn to thch hp, th d phi trong dng khng kh kh m trong vng t 4 ngy n ti a l 8 ngy, ty thuc vo mc m. Nhit khng kh c th n ti a l 30C v m tng i nu c th t 60% n 70%. Tc ca lung kh c th t 2 m3/pht n 2,5 m3/pht trn mt mt khi c. S thng gi nn s dng c bng khng kh t bn ngoi ni bo qun ln hn hp kh bn trong v bn ngoi, vi tc thay i khng kh khc nhau cho hai loi thng gi trn. Hoc khng kh bn trong c th tun hon n gin trong thit b tun hon kn, trong trng hp t s lu thng khng kh nn t 40/gi n 50/gi. Sy t yu cu khi hm lng m ca cc lp v ngoi t t 12% n 14%. hm lng m ny, c hnh s c ting lo xo khi va chm. trnh ri ro lm h hng hnh khi vn chuyn, nn sy kh ti ni bo qun, trong phng c trang b c bit thc hin vic x l ny. Vic sy kh nhn to phi c tin hnh ngay sau khi thu hoch khi hnh ty ang trong tnh trng chn sinh l v cc x l tip theo vi khng kh m (trn 30C) s y nhanh s ny mm. 3.5 a vo kho Hnh ty phi c bo qun lnh hoc trang b h thng lu thng khng kh c phn phi khng kh qua sn, kho phi kh, sch v kh trng hon ton. Vic hnh vo cc kho cha phi c tin hnh nhanh, khng c qu 7 n 8 ngy. Khng bo qun hnh ty vi cc loi rau, qu khc trnh nhim mi l. C th cho php bo qun hnh ty vi ti trong cng kho cha.
Hnh ty phi c a vo bo qun cng nhanh cng tt sau khi sy. Trong trng hp bo qun ri, nu hnh ty cha kh hon ton th phi bt u thng gi ngay khng i cho kho cha y. 3.6 Phng php bo qun Hnh ty c th bo qun dng ri trong cc bao gi, trn bc k, hp palet, thng nan, bao ti hoc trong container. Hnh ng trong bao ti c th bo qun c trong thi gian ngn. Trong trng hp bo qun ri, mc cha ti a cn phi nh sau: a) 2m n 2,5m cho kho cha c thng gi t nhin. b) 3,5m n 4,5m cho kho cha thng gi cng bc. Mc chnh xc ty thuc kh nng chu p ca c hnh. trnh h hng cc bao phi c xp thnh chng t 5 n 7 lp theo chiu cao v cch tng khong 15cm n 20cm v cc chng cch nhau 5cm n 8cm, cn phi c cung cp m bo c i lu khng kh t do.
56
4. iu kin bo qun ti u11)

4.1 Khi qut bo qun c hnh ty, cc iu kin nh nhit v m tng i c thay i ty theo a) K thut bo qun. b) c trng ca tng loi hnh. c) H thng bo qun. d) Nh kho t iu chnh, v d nh t vn hnh h thng thng kh iu ha hoc s dng lm lnh nhn to. Cc iu kin v nhit v m phi c duy tr khng i trong sut thi gian bo qun. Dao ng nhit v m tng i ti a cho php ln lt l 1C v 5%. Cc yu t bo qun phi c kim sot hng ngy. C 7 n 10 ngy tin hnh kim tra cht lng hnh ty mt ln xc nh tnh trng kim dch thc vt v trng thi ca sn phm. 4.2 Nhit 4.2.1 Nhit ti u Ty vo h thng bo qun c s dng v tnh chu nhit thp ca hnh, vic bo qun hnh ty di hn c th tin hnh nhiu nhit khc nhau nh sau: a) Bo qun nhit mi trng ti ni bo qun khng c lm lnh nhn to (c thng kh t nhin hoc cng bc). b) Bo qun nhit 0C 1C i vi hnh c kh nng chu lnh va phi. c) Bo qun nhit -1C n -2,5C (ngha l gn nh ng lnh) i vi hnh c kh nng chu lnh tt. 4.2.2 Kim sot iu kin nhit 4.2.2.1 Kim sot bng cch s dng khng kh lnh bn ngoi.
Khng kh lnh t bn ngoi phi c dn vo khi nhit bn ngoi thp hn nhit bn trong. trnh nguy c lm h hng hnh ty do sng gi, tuyt i khng a khng kh c nhit di -3C vo kho cha. H thng thng gi v cch ly phi sao cho nhit yu cu c th duy tr c chng no m cc iu kin bn ngoi cn cho php. 4.2.2.2 Kim sot bng cch s dng khng kh lm lnh nhn to Trong trng hp ny, s lu thng khng kh xy ra trong mt chu trnh kn. Khng kh cn c thay i u n trong sut thi gian bo qun. 4.3 m tng i ngn chn s pht trin ca nm mc v s ra r ca hnh, cn c m tng i khng i t 70% n 75%. 4.4 Lu thng khng kh c c nhit v m tng i khng thay i nh trn cn phi c yu cu nghim ngt i vi h thng lu thng khng kh. C th phn bit hai h thng lu thng khng kh khc nhau.
57
4.4.1 Lu thng theo chu trnh kn Mc tiu ca phng php ny l tng cng lm lnh gi nhit ng nht v loi b cc cht kh v hp cht d bay hi pht sinh t qu trnh chuyn ha ca hnh. Nn c mt t s lu thng khng kh t 20 n 30/gi cho h thng s dng khng kh lnh bn ngoi v h thng lm lnh nhn to. 4.4.2 Thay i khng kh Bo qun hnh ty vi mt cao dn ti s tch t cacbon dioxit do hnh h hp. Cn phi khng ch bng cch a khng kh mi vo u n trong sut thi gian bo qun. H thng lu thng khng kh phi cung cp mt tc thay i khng kh t 20 n 30 mi gi. 4.5 Thi hn bo qun Khi s dng ngun lnh t bn ngoi, thi hn bo qun c th thay i t 3 n 7 thng ty thuc vo hnh v iu kin kh hu trong nc hay vng ni hnh bo qun. Khi s dng lnh, thi hn bo qun d kin c th n 9 thng. 4.6 Cc cng vic trong v sau qu trnh bo qun Hnh khng c vn chuyn nu thy c tinh th . Trnh mi s c lm ng lnh do hnh qu lnh trong qu trnh bo qun. trnh du hiu ng nc b mt trn c hnh, khi hnh c a ra khi kho cha cn phi gi hnh iu kin nhit trung gian trong khong 24 gi sau mi tin hnh ng gi hoc cc hot ng khc.
5. Cc qu trnh bo qun khc

C th s dng ha cht c ch ny mm c php s dng. Trong trng hp hnh ty c xut khu sau khi bo qun, cn theo ng cc gii hn s dng cc ha cht c ch ca nc nhp khu.
thu c cc kt qu ng k trong vic s dng bc x ion ha trong khong 6.000 rad n 10.000 rad. Tuy nhin, cng ngh bo qun ny l vn hn ch mt s quc gia.
6. Tm tt cc khuyn ngh iu kin bo qun

Yu t cng ngh v thi gian bo qun v cc iu kin nh hng tng ng m b tc ng c trnh by trong bng 1.
58
Bng 1. Tm tt cc iu kin bo qun hnh ty Thi gian (ngy) m T s lu thng tng i khng kh (gi/ ti a (%) ngy)
70 75 75 18 n 20 16 n 20 6 n 8
K thut
Nhit (C)
Khng kh bn ngoi hoc kh m (ti a 30) + 2 n - 2 Khng kh xung quanh (3 pht) - 1 n + 11) - 1 n - 2,52)
Lm kh Lm lnh Bo qun iu kin mi trng xung quanh iu kin lm lnh nhn to
4 n 8 10 n 14 90 n 210 180 n 270
1) i vi hnh c kh nng chu lnh trung bnh 2) i vi hnh c kh nng chu lnh tt
Hn ch ca vic p dng Tiu chun ny ch a ra hng dn v mt cch thc chung. V tnh bin i ca sn phm theo thi gian v a im thu hoch, hon cnh ca a phng m c th cn thit quy nh cc iu kin khc cho vic thu hoch hoc cc iu kin vt l khc trong bo qun. Tiu chun ny khng p dng rng ri cho tt c cc loi hnh ty trong mi iu kin thi tit v mi chuyn gia c th a ra cc thay i cn thit. Hn na, tiu chun ny khng tnh n vai tr ca cc yu t sinh thi v khng cp ti s hao ht trong qu trnh bo qun. Ty thuc vo tt c hn ch c th tng ln t thc t hnh ty l loi rau l nguyn liu sng v vic p dng cc quy hng dn trong tiu chun ny cn trnh c kh nng to nhiu phn thi trong tng tr v do vy c kh nng bo qun trong thi gian di c th t c trong phn ln cc trng hp.
11
) nh ngha v php o cc i lng vt l nh hng ti bo qun theo TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981).
59
Ph lc 6
CI BP - HNG DN BO QUN V VN CHUYN LNH
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc yu cu chung bo qun v vn chuyn lnh ci bp. Cc yu cu ny c th cn c thay i cho ph hp vi tng ging ci bp ring, iu kin kh hu a phng, thc t thu hi v cc yu cu ca th trng, thi gian vn chuyn ... Cc nh chuyn mn c th thit lp cc quy nh ph hp nht vi cc yu cu ca th trng v iu kin sinh thi v k thut nng nghip. Hn na, cht lng thu hi v cc iu kin bo qun c th thu c trong phng tin vn chuyn c bit v bo qun lnh c th cn phi thay i theo cc yu cu ny. Ty thuc vo cc iu kin ca a phng v thc t l ci bp l mt thc th sng, vic p dng cc quy nh quy nh trong tiu chun ny c th trnh c vic to nhiu rc trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn lnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny hng dn cc thao tc trc v cc iu kin trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn lnh gi cht lng v trnh h hng ci bp (Brassica oleracea L. loi capitata L. v Brassica oleraces L. loi sabauda L.). Tiu chun ny c th p dng cho bp ci dng lm thc phm.
2. iu kin thu hoch v bo qun

2.1 Thu hoch Nn thu hoch cc ci bp khi pht trin (bp chc), v d nh kch thc v hnh dng ca bp ci l c trng ca cy trng v khi thi tit kh ro. Ch thch 1: Thu hoch non c th dn ti ci bp b ho v ngc li nu thu hoch mun c th gy ra hin tng nt bp ci. Thi gian tt nht thu hi l sng sm, lc thi tit kh ro, khng c sng v trong trng hp cy trng c ti, thu hoch sau ngy ti cui cng t 10 n 15 ngy ( trnh lm n cc m qu mc, lm gy hoa v thi l). Nu ci bp thu hoch vo lc m t phi kh trong thi gian cn thit trc khi a vo kho.
60
Ci bp b h hi hoc ng lnh k c b h hi mt phn cng phi c loi b. Phn cung phi c ct ngay di im pht sinh cc tu l, nhng l ny phi bm chc. Nht ct phi phng v chiu di ti a ca cung l 3cm trnh cho ci bp khi b nhng h hi do tc ng c hc gy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn. 2.2 Cc c tnh cht lng bo qun Cc loi ci bp mi y c khuyn ngh a vo bo qun. Ci bp bo qun phi c cht lng tt, lnh ln khng qu gi, ty thuc vo ging cy m khi lng t 1,6kg n 3kg i vi ci bp trng v 1kg n 2kg i vi ci bp . Ci bp khng nhim bnh v khng c cc khuyt tt sinh l. Phn bp phi c l ngoi ph kn bp v khng c k sinh trng, vt bm dp v h hng hoc tn thng v sng. Ci bp phi sch v khng b dnh t hoc tp cht l khc. D lng ha cht nng nghip khng c vt qu gii hn do nc nhp khu hoc nc sn xut quy nh. Phn bp ci khng b qu t b mt so vi bnh thng v phi c bc kn bi t nht mt lp l ngoi. 2.3 Kho bo qun Ci bp phi c bo qun trong cc khoang c lm lnh c dung tch ti a l 500 tn; khoang cha phi c kh trng trc, khng c cn trng gy hi v su b, c thng gi v lm lnh. trnh cc nh hng n cht lng ci bp nh l tch khi cung, gy phn bp ci v a vng trong qu trnh lu kho, khng c xp ci bp vo cc kho c cha cc rau, qu khc to nn kh etylen. Thi gian xp bp ci vo khoang cha khng c qu 7 ngy. 2.4 Phng php bo qun
Ci bp phi c bo qun ri trong kho hoc container c chun ha. Ci bp bo qun ri trong kho phi c thng gi theo chiu thng ng v chiu cao ca cc chng ci bp khng c vt qu 3m. Ci bp cha trong cc container c chun ha phi c thng gi theo chiu thng ng, chiu ngang hoc thng gi pha trn ca khoang. Chiu cao ca cc chng bp ci khng qu 6m v phn khng gian trng cn li gia hng trn cng ca container v trn ca khoang phi ti thiu l 80cm. Ci bp phi c xp thnh hng, pha cung quay ln trn. H thng bo qun phi m bo c i lu khng kh tt; theo cc chng ci bp cn phi cch nhau mt khong t 5cm n 10cm gia v gia chng ci bp n thnh container khong 65cm.
3. iu kin bo qun ti u12)

3.1 Nhit khng kh Nhit khng kh trung bnh trong kho cha lnh phi duy tr gia 0C v 1C. Nhit gia cc chng ci bp cng phi trong khong 0C v 1C, tuy nhin vi ci bp trng nhit bo qun c th dao ng ti -0,8C.
61
Ch thch 2: Vic gim nhit xung di -0,8C c th gy ra s phn hy m l. Vic ci bp tip tc h hp lm cho nhit tm chng ci bp tng nhanh nu sp xp cc chng bp ci khng ng cch v h thng thng gi khng thch hp v do nhit ca sn phm phi c theo di nhng chng bp ci i din. 3.2 m tng i m tng i phi c duy tr trong khong 90% n 98%. 3.3 Lu thng khng kh S lu thng khng kh (t 0,25 m/s n 0,4 m/s) trong sut qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn phi m bo nhit v m tng i quy nh trong 3.1 v 3.2 c duy tr khng i v ng u. 3.4 Thi hn bo qun v kim sot cht lng Thi hn bo qun ci bp ty thuc vo ging cy, cht lng v iu kin bo qun (xem ph lc A). Thi hn bo qun ca hu ht cc ging cy gm mt trong ba loi sau: Thi gian bo qun ngn (3 thng ti 5 thng), thi gian bo qun trung bnh (4 thng n 6 thng), thi gian bo qun di (5 thng n 7 thng). Phi tin hnh vic kim sot cht lng ca sn phm thng xuyn trong sut thi gian bo qun.
4. Cng vic khi kt thc bo qun

Phi kim tra v loi b cc l ngoi cng b vng hoc b hng ca ci bp trc khi tiu th nu cn cung cng phi c ct li ln na v loi b cc bp b nt hoc hng.
5. Vn chuyn lnh
duy tr cht lng ca ci bp trong qu trnh vn chuyn, ci bp phi c ng trong cc container c chun ha.
Thi gian vn chuyn c th c l t 2 n 3 ngy nhit 0C n 15C hoc 8 ngy n 10 ngy nhit 0C n 1C.
62
PH LC A (THAM KHO)
nh hng ca cc yu t k thut trng rau ln thi gian bo qun v cc khuyt tt pht sinh trong qu trnh bo qun A.1 nh hng ca cc yu t k thut trng trt ln thi gian bo qun Mt s yu t sinh thi v k thut trng trt c th c nhng nh hng khng tt i vi thi hn bo qun ca bp ci. Nhng yu t c tng hp nh sau: a) Ci bp thu hoch qu sm hoc qu mun (v d ci bp n bung hoc to ht). b) Ci bp c cc tu l qu xon v khng cun cht (c bit l cc loi xun, h, thu). c) Ci bp trng t bn qu nhiu phn m. d) Ci bp thu hoch vo lc thi tit m t. e) Ci bp b dp nt do b sng gi (xem ch thch 3) hoc ci bp b mt qu nhiu l hoc phn chp b dp. Ch thch 3: Ch trong mt s loi ci bp xanh chu c lnh, c th lnh gi nh nhng khng c lnh ng di 0C. A.2 Khuyt tt pht sinh trong qu trnh bo qun Ni chung, c phn bit gia nhng h hi sinh l v nhng h hi sinh hc. A.2.1 H hi sinh l H hi sinh l c th c c trng bi: a) Cc lp l ngoi cng b kh ho khi m tng i trong qu trnh bo qun qu thp. b) Cc l c th c dng trong sut khi nhit trong kho qu thp (ng lnh) chng c th bin sang mu nu khi gp nng. c) Xut hin nhng vt lm m nh mu nu do bn ngoi thiu xy trong qu trnh bo qun (thiu xy xut hin khi ci bp hoc container c ph mng cht do). d) Rng l ngoi, hoc l b rch tp do nhng ri lon sinh l. A.2.2 H hi sinh hc H hi sinh hc do vi khun nh hin tng cc gn b en li do vi khun Pseudomonas campestris, hoc hy hoi do nm.
12
) Xem tiu chun TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169) Rau v qu. iu kin vt l trong kho bo qun lnh. nh ngha v php o.
63
Ph lc 7
C CHUA - HNG DN BO QUN V VN CHUYN LNH
TCVN 5007 : 2006 thay th TCVN 5007 : 1989 TCVN 5007 : 2006 hon ton tng ng vi ISO 5524 : 1991 TCVN 5007 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh v c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
Tiu chun ny a ra cc quy nh chung cho vic bo qun v vn chuyn lnh c chua. Cc yu cu ny c th cn c thay i cho ph hp vi tng ging c chua ring, iu kin kh hu a phng, thc t thu hi v cc yu cu ca th trng, thi gian vn chuyn ... Cc nh chuyn mn c th thit lp cc quy nh ph hp nht vi cc yu cu ca th trng iu kin sinh thi v k thut nng nghip. Hn na, cht lng thu hi v cc iu kin bo qun c th thu c trong phng tin vn chuyn c bit v bo qun lnh c th cn phi thay i theo cc yu cu ny. Ty thuc vo cc iu kin ca a phng v thc t l c chua l mt thc th sng, vic p dng cc quy nh quy nh trong tiu chun ny c th trnh c vic to nhiu rc trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn lnh.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny hng dn nhng thao tc trc v cc iu kin cn phi p ng c trong qu trnh bo qun lnh v vn chuyn lnh c chua [Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farw., syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Miller nom. cons., syn. Solanum lycopersicum L.] gi c cht lng v trnh b h hng. Tiu chun ny khng p dng cho c chua s dng ch bin cng nghip.
2. S ch c chua vn chuyn lnh v bo qun lnh

2.1 Thu hoch C chua phi c thu hoch khi thi tit kh ro. chn ca c chua thi im thu hi c biu th bng mu sc (xem bng 1) phi ph hp vi thi hn v iu kin vn chuyn cng nh mc ch s dng c chua v thi hn bo qun yu cu. Do vy, mu ca c chua l tiu ch quan trng nht thit lp thi gian thu hoch. Cng cn phi tnh n ni tiu th v thi gian a ra th trng. C chua phi c phn loi, ng gi v chuyn i hoc bo qun ngay sau khi thu hoch vi thi gian khng qu 12 gi.
64
2.2 Cht lng C chua vn chuyn hoc bo qun trong thi gian ngn phi theo tiu chun k thut v cc yu cu ca th trng ni a hoc xut khu. C chua phi c phn loi cn thn v phn hng theo kch c. Qu phi nguyn vn, sch, c cng c trng theo chn v khng c nc ng trn b mt. Qu c th cn cung; ty thuc vo ni c chua c chuyn n v khng phi l iu kin duy nht bo qun v vn chuyn lnh. iu quan trng l m bo c mc chn ca c chua trong cng mt l cng ng u cng tt v do s khc bit v mu sc khng c vt qu hai lin k trn bng mu (xem bng 1). 2.3 ng gi C chua dng bo qun v vn chuyn lnh c th c bao gi trong nhiu loi bao b khc nhau (th d: vt liu g, si thy tinh hoc cht do), sao cho s nn p ln cc qu khng lm gim cht lng qu trong khi bo qun v vn chuyn. Cn xem xt c qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn, cao tng cng ca cc lp qu khng vt qu 20cm. Cn phi thng kh tt xung quanh v qua cc bao gi. 2.4 Lm lnh trc Nu c chua c bo qun lnh cho ti khi c a ra bn, c chua cn phi c lm lnh trc. Sau khi c chua c thu hoch, phn loi v bao gi, chng phi c lm lnh trc ti nhit sai khc khng qu 2C so vi nhit bo qun v vn chuyn ti u. trnh s ngng t hi nc trn sn phm, phng tin chuyn ch nn c lm lnh trc.
3. Xp c chua vo phng tin chuyn ch lnh hoc kho lnh

C chua cn phi c xp trong phng tin vn chuyn hoc trong kho lnh ngay khi c th nhng khng c chm hn 24 gi sau khi thu hoch. Cht lng c chua suy gim r rt nu nhit ca qu tng trn 25C trong vi gi. Nu di nhit ti u trong bng 1 v bng 2 khng th duy tr c, nhit phi nm trong khong t 6C n 25C, nhng c chua cn phi khng c gi nhit ngoi khong nhit ti u qu 12 gi. Nn xp c chua c cng chn, cp hng v kch c vo cng mt khoang cha hoc trong cng mt phng tin vn chuyn. Cc bao cha c chua cn c bc d cn thn. Nu s dng thit b xp/d hng c gii trong qu trnh bo qun, cc bao cha nn c trong cc palet vng chc. Khi cc bao cha c a vo kho, phi xp sao cho m bo i lu khng kh tt.
4. Cc iu kin bo qun v vn chuyn lnh ti u13)

4.1 Nhit Nhit bo qun ti u ty thuc vo mc chn ca c chua, thi gian d nh cho bo qun v vn chuyn lnh v cc iu kin khi phn phi. Ni chung, cc qu chn hn c th chu c
65
nhit bo qun thp hn. Bng 1 Quy nh nhit bo qun theo chn ca c chua. Bng 1 - Nhit bo qun ti u theo chn chn1)
1 2 3 4 5
Nhit oC
12 n 13 10 n 12 9 n 10 8 n 10 6 n 8
1) 1, ang i mu; 2, hng nht; 3, hng n cam nht; 4, cam n nht; 5,
Bng 2 Quy nh nhit trong phng tin vn chuyn theo chn ca c chua v thi gian vn chuyn. Cn phi c chua chn hon ton trc khi phn phi, nn gi c chua nhit ti thiu 18C nhng khng qu 25C trong ti thiu 12 gi 1). Bng 2 - Nhit bo qun ti u trong phng tin vn chuyn theo chn v thi gian vn chuyn chn1) khi xp hng
1 2 3 4
Thi gian vn chuyn

2 ngy n 3 ngy Nhit khi vn chuyn (C) 12 n 14 12 n 14 10 n 12 8 n 10 8 n 10 chn sau vn chuyn
1)
4 ngy n 6 ngy Nhit khi vn chuyn C 12 n 14 12 n 14 10 n 12 6 n 8 8 n 10 6 n 8 8 n 10 chn1) sau vn chuyn 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
4 4 5 5 5
5 1) Xem bng 1
4.2 m tng i m tng i ca khng kh phi c duy tr n nh (90 + 3)%. 4.3 Lu thng khng kh Lu thng khng kh trong kho v thit b vn chuyn sao cho nhit v m c n nh v phi ng u. 4.4 Thi hn bo qun trong kho lnh Vic duy tr cht lng c chua bo qun, iu kin v nhit v m tng i c quy nh theo chn ca qu, nhit bo qun, phng tin vn chuyn v ging c chua. C chua c th duy tr c cht lng trong thi gian t 7 n 21 ngy.
66
5. Nhng cng vic c tin hnh trong v khi kt thc bo qun v trong phng tin vn chuyn
Nn tin hnh kim tra mt cch u n cht lng ca c chua trong qu trnh bo qun. Sau khi bo qun hoc vn chuyn, c chua phi c lm m trc trnh ng hi nc trn b mt qu.
13
) Xem tiu chun ISO 3659 : 1997 Rau v qu - chn sau bo qun lnh.
67
Ph lc 8
XOI - BO QUN LNH
Xoi l ging bn a vng Assam/Burma v trng bng mi loi xoi, thu hoch theo ma v d b h hng. Xoi c thu hoch chn thch hp m c th gi c trng thi ti vi tun iu kin thng. Do vy cn phi gi xoi iu kin thch hp ko di thi gian c th s dng di dng ti hoc dng cho ch bin. Tiu chun ny a ra nhiu hng dn bo qun hn i vi cc ging xoi t gp. Mong rng nhng hng dn ny s c ch trong vic tng thi gian bo qun v trnh rc thi.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh nhng iu kin bo qun tt i vi cc loi xoi thng dng (Mangifera indica Linnaeus) dng s dng ti v ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc nhau.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i. TCVN (ISO 750 : 1981) Sn phm rau, qu. Xc nh axit chun c. TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981) Sn phm rau, qu. iu kin vt l trong kho lnh. nh ngha v php o. TCVN (ISO 2173 : 1978) Sn phm rau, qu. Xc nh hm lng cht rn ha tan. Phng php khc x.
3. iu kin thu hoch v a vo bo qun

3.1 Thu hoch Xoi c hi vo giai on chn hon ton. Trng hp xoi c bo qun s dng sau hoc ch bin th cn hi ngay trc khi chn. xc nh giai on ti u ca chn thu hoch, cn da vo cc cn c ch yu sau: a) chc ca tht qu: nh gi bng dng c th nghim nn ln qu. b) Mu ca v: giai on khi mu xanh thm ca v mi bt u chuyn sang mu nht hn. gim dm nn dng qu xanh gi c axit. c) Tui qu: c tnh t ngy hoa n ht.
68
d) Tng hm lng cht kh ha tan: c o bng khc x k 20C (xem TCVN (ISO 2173)), hoc nhit trong phng v c hiu chnh nhit . e) axit: c o bng chun nc xoi p vi dung dch kim (xem TCVN (ISO 750)). f) Mu tht qu. g) T trng. h) Hnh dng qu: xoi c hnh m bu mi c thu hoch. Nhng cn c ny khng c gi tr tt c mi ni; cc cn c ny c th khc nhau gia cc loi ca mt loi, thm ch ngay trong mt loi c trng cc vng khc nhau cng khng ging nhau v do ngi trng vn da trn kinh nghim s quyt nh tiu ch ca ring mnh thu hoch. 3.2 c trng cht lng bo qun Qu hi bo qun phi lnh ln, khng c khuyt tt, vt thm hay cc ri lon sinh l r rt v khng c c nhng du hiu c th thy c v s xm nhp ca nm hay vi khun. Qu phi sch v khng c c vt nc v bn. 3.3 Nhng x l khc trc khi bo qun Nu qu c trng khu vc c cc loi cn trng ph hoi qu th cn thit phi xng khi. Tuyt i khng c lm cho xoi chn trc. Qu phi nhng vo mt dung dch nh tng sp cha cht dit nm vi nng thch hp v c lm kh trong mt lung khng kh nng lm chm qu trnh chn. 3.4 a vo bo qun Sau khi thu hoch qu cn c a vo bo qun cng sm cng tt v qu thu hoch s chn rt nhanh. Qu cn c ng trong cc thng cc tng, thng g tha hoc ng trong cc hp g v hp cc tng. S lng qu ng trong mi thng cha ty thuc vo kch thc ca qu v vo dung tch ca thng cha. Hp cc tng cn c cc l hng trn thng hi y . Cc hp c th c 6 l c hai mt trn v mt y, 3 l mt bn ngn v 6 l mt bn di. Kch thc ca l vo khong 30mm. Xp hp trong bng rm, trong phng trnh c chut. 3.5 Phng php bo qun Thng cha phi l loi thch hp v c xp trong kho sao cho khng kh c lu thng t do v trnh cho qu khng b nt hoc lm h hi. Mt bo qun thch hp nn t 250kg n 300kg cho 1m3 khng gian s dng. Tuy nhin, nu dng hp palet th c th nng mt bo qun ln xp x 10%.
4. iu kin bo qun ti u
Cc nh ngha v php o ca cc c tnh vt l nh hng ti bo qun, xem TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981). 4.1 Khng lm lnh 4.1.1 Nhit v m tng i Xoi c th c bo qun ni thng thong tt vi nhit 30C 2C. m tng i t 60% n 85%.
69
4.1.2 Thi hn bo qun Cc quy nh c a ra trong bng 1: Loi

Badami Neclum Peter (Raspuri) Malgoa Totapuri
Thi hn bo qun (ngy)

T 12 n 16 T 8 n 12 T 8 n 12 T 8 n 12 T 16 n 20
Ghi ch
Cho n khi chn ti mc n c
4.2 Bo qun lnh 4.2.1 Lm mt trc Vic lm mt trc c thc hin khi qu cn gi trong mt thi k di v nhit cui cng cn phi t c trong thi gian ti a t 3 n 4 ngy. S dng cc iu kin sau: a) Nhit lm mt trc: 13C 2C; b) T s lu thng khng kh: 100 n 200; c) m tng i: 90%. 4.2.2 Bo qun 4.2.2.1 Nhit Nhit bo qun i vi mt s loi c quy nh trong bng 2: Loi
Carabao (Philippines) Alphonse v totapuri (ca Sudan)
Nhit (C)
9 n 10 > 13 10 10 10 13 10 12 10 9 9 9 n 10
Thi hn bo qun d kin (tun)

2 n 3 2 n 3 4 n 5 3 2 n 3 3 4 3 4 4 4
Tt c cc loi ca Ai cp ngoi tr loi Company Company (Ai cp) Irwin, Tommy Atkin Haden, Keitt Keaw Sawoey Nang Klarngwun Okrong Pimsen Mun Rad Tongdum Ch thch: m tng i t 85% n 95%
4.2.2.2 m tng i m tng i ti u cho bo qun t 85% n 90%. 4.2.2.3 Lu thng khng kh Cn c s phn b khng kh ng u trong kho lnh, tc trn kh phi gi s chnh lch v nhit v m trong khng gian nhng gii hn hp l. Nn gi t s lu thng khng kh t 20 n 30.
70
4.2.2.4 S thay i khng kh Xoi bo qun trong dng gi kn do h hp ca qu gy ra s tch t kh cacbon dioxit v nhit. Nu kho lnh tng i kn cn c mt s phng tin thng gi thay i khng kh. 4.2.3 Thi hn bo qun Bng 2 a ra c th t c thi hn bo qun cho nhiu loi khc nhau di nhng iu kin bo qun m t trong 4.2.2. iu kin cn thit trong mi trng hp l vic bo qun khng c ko di qu nhng gii hn thch hp vi vic duy tr cht lng tt ca xoi. Cn phi nh k ly mu qu c th pht hin nhng h hi xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun. Qu c th c lm chn bng cch s dng etylen nhit gia 21C v 24C.
71
Ph lc 9
TI - BO QUN LNH
TCVN 5009 : 2006 thay th TCVN 5009 : 2006 TCVN 5009 : 2006 hon ton tng ng vi ISO 6663 : 1995 TCVN 5009 : 2006 do Ban k thut Tiu chun TCVN/TC/F10 rau, qu v sn phm rau, qu bin son, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng ngh v c B Khoa hc v Cng ngh ban hnh.
Tiu chun ny ch a ra hng dn chung nht. C th cn phi xc nh cc iu kin khc thu hoch hoc cc iu kin vt l khc trong qu trnh bo qun v s thay i ca sn phm ty thuc vo thi gian v a im thu hoch, iu kin a phng. Tiu chun ny khng bt buc p dng cho tt c cc ging ti trong mi iu kin kh hu, ty tng chuyn gia m tiu chun ny c th c gi nguyn hoc thay i. Ty thuc vo tt c cc hn ch tng ln t thc t l ti l mt thc th sng, vic p dng cc hng dn trong tiu chun ny c th trnh c vic to nhiu rc trong qu trnh bo qun v thi hn bo qun di c th t c trong hu ht cc trng hp.
1. Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh cc iu kin bo qun lnh gi ti (Allium sativum Linnaeus) trng thi ti.
2. Ti liu vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l rt cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun. i vi cc ti liu vin dn ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi nm ban hnh th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i. TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981) Sn phm rau, qu. iu kin vt l trong kho lnh. nh ngha v php o.
3. iu kin thu hoch v bo qun

3.1 Thu hoch Ti dng bo qun c thu hoch khi u l hoc l bt u chuyn sang mu vng, cc m c c bt u mm v khi lng c khng tng ln na. C phi hnh thnh tt, chn sinh l. V bo v bn ngoi kh v c mu c trng. Vic thu hoch cn tin hnh trong thi tit kh v trong thi gian ngn. 3.2 c trng cht lng bo qun Ch bo qun nhng loi (cy trng) ti c kh nng gi c lu di. Ti dng bo qun lnh phi c cht lng hng ha tt v phi:
72
Nguyn c, kh, sch. Chc, chn nhng khng c mm. Pht trin tt, c v bn ngoi kh. Khng mang mm bnh v su hi ngoi ng hoc trong kho (giun trn v rp). Khng b h hng do nng hoc lnh gi. Khng c mi, v l.
3.3 Cch x l trc khi bo qun Sau khi thu hoch, ti phi c lm kh (x l bo qun c lu). Cng vic ny c bt u t ngoi ng v c tip tc trong kho nhit 20C n 30C trong 8 n 10 ngy, hoc nhit 35C n 40C trong na ngy n 1 ngy vi m tng i 60% n 70%. Vic kh trng c bng metyl bromua (bromometan) ch c php i vi ti dng lm ging. Thi hn bo qun ti c th ko di bng cch x l ti vi hydrazit maleic hoc cht c ch ny mm trc khi thu hoch. X l ny c hiu qu trong vic kim sot s ny mm v tn tht khi lng. 3.4 Kch c Kch c ca c ti phi c xc nh theo ng knh c. ng knh ti thiu l 45 mm i vi loi ho hng v 30 mm i vi ti loi I v loi II. S khc nhau v ng knh c ti trong cng bao gi khng vt qu 2,5 mm. 3.5 Bao gi Ti phi c bao gi bo qun trong thng khi hp (hp), khay hp (cc hp c th xp ln khay), thng cha mt li kim loi hoc bao ti c th xp ln palet. Vt liu bao gi phi sch, mi v c cht lng trnh c mi nguyn nhn gy h hng sn phm t bn trong cng nh bn ngoi, nhng khng ngn cn s i lu khng kh xung quanh sn phm.
3.6 a vo bo qun Ti khng c xp vo kho cng vi sn phm khc. Cc kho cn c cht y trong mt thi gian ngn. 3.7 Phng php bo qun Cc bao ti c cha sao cho m bo khng kh lu thng c. Cc bao kin phi nguyn vn, sch v c kh trng. Khay hp hoc bao ti t trn khay c th c xp chng 5 hoc 6 tng. Trng hp cc hp xp chng trn palet n 8 hoc 9 tng, phi li khong trng lu thng khng kh theo tt c cc hng. Phi li mt khong trng chng 0,50m c pha di v pha trn chng hng.
4. iu kin bo qun ti u
Php o cc i lng vt l nh hng n bo qun theo TCVN 4885 : 2006 (ISO 2169 : 1981). 4.1 Nhit Ti phi c bo qun nhit 0C v chnh lch nhit khng vt qu 0,5C.
73
4.2 m tng i Khi lm kh v trong qu trnh bo qun, m tng i ca khng kh phi c duy tr trong khong t 65% n 70%. 4.3 Lu thng khng kh Lu thng khng kh phi c duy tr thng xuyn m bo nhit ng u. 4.4 Thi hn bo qun Thi hn bo qun thay i t 130 n 220 ngy ty theo loi (cy trng) ca loi ti v phng php canh tc. iu kin ca sn phm bo qun phi c kim tra 7 hoc 10 ngy mt ln. 4.5 Cc cng vic sau khi kt thc Khi chuyn khi bung lnh, ti phi c lm m t t trnh lm ngng t hi nc trn b mt sn phm. Nu c yu cu, ti c phn loi theo cht lng.
74
T chc Gio dc Khoa hc v Vn ha ca Lin Hp Quc
Vn phng UNESCO H Ni 23 Cao B Qut, H Ni T: 04 37470275/6 Fax: 04 37470274 Email: registry@unesco.org.vn www.unesco.org/hanoi

Bao Quan Nong San

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bao Quan Nong San

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VIN KHOA HC GIO DC VIT NAM

TRUNG TM NGHIN CU GDKCQ

HY QUAN TM TI BO QUN NNG SN NNG CAO CHT LNG V HIU QU KINH T

Tc gi: Nguyn Thu Huyn Cao Vn Hng Nguyn Vn Anh

Vn phng UNESCO H Ni 2009 Xut bn bi Vn phng UNESCO H Ni

bit thm thng tin xin lin h:

H Ni, thng 7 nm 2009 V Gio dc Thng xuyn B Gio dc v o to

I. MT S KHI NIM LIN QUAN

II. NGUYN NHN TN THT

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hnh 1: Mt s bnh thng gp trn nng sn bo qun:

Bnh mc lc cam qut Penicillium digitatum

Bnh mc lam cam qut Penicillium italitum

Bnh mc xm cam qut Botrytis sp.

Bnh thn th cam qut Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

Bnh thi chua cam Geotrichum sp.

Bnh thi en cam qut Alternaria sp.

Bnh thi cung xoi Botryodiplodia theobromae

Bnh thn th xoi Collttotrichum gloeosporioides

Bnh thi to Penicillium expansum

Bnh thi cung chui do nhiu loi nm gy hi

Bnh thn th u C. gloeosporioides

Bnh thn th tri b C. gloeosporioides

2. nh hng ca yu t bn trong: bao gm qu trnh chuyn ha, qu trnh

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

III. PHN LOI TN THT

5) Tn tht do ny mm: T l ny mm v sc ny mm thp.

IV. K THUT BO QUN

2. Bo qun nng sn bng phng php ha hc v sinh hc

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

3. Bo qun trong kh quyn iu bin (MA) v iu chnh (CA)

4. Bo qun tng hp cc k thut trn

2. Yu cu ca cng tc kim nghim, kim tra, nh gi

3. Yu cu v cc bin php k thut

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

4. Yu cu v tiu chun phm cht nng sn

VI. M BO V SINH AN TON THC PHM

1. Vi sinh vt (VSV) gy bnh

VII. THC TRNG V VN BO QUN NNG SN

VIII. GII PHP CHO VN BO QUN NNG SN

2. Gii php bo qun i vi nhm rau, qu

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

I. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN THC

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

II. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN NG

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

III. K THUT BO QUN KHOAI LANG

VI. K THUT THU HOCH V BO QUN SN

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

I. MT S VN CHUNG V BO QUN RAU, QU

III. PHNG PHP BO QUN RAU, QU

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

VI. MT S IM CN CH KHI BO QUN RAU, QU

2. S ch, phn loi v bao gi

5. K thut thu hi v bo qun mt s loi qu ph bin

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t

Hy quan tm ti bo qun nng sn nng cao cht lng v hiu qu kinh t