SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-1t vn

Lp: 10SHLT

t ngp nc Vit Nam rt a dng v phong ph v kiu loi c phn b rng khp cc vng sinh thi, c gi tr v vai tr to ln i vi pht trin kinh t x hi, xa i gim ngho, duy tr v pht trin vn ha, bo v mi trng, duy tr v pht trin a dng sinh hc. Phng php s dng t ngp nc x l nc thi l mt phng php c nhiu u im, c bit n rt ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam hin nay do chi ph xy dng v vn hnh thp. Cc h thng t ngp nc nhn to c xy dng x l nc thi trong nng nghip, cng nghip hoc phc v cho nui trng thy sn, c phng theo cc qu trnh sinh hc, ha v l hc ca cc vng t ngp nc t nhin. Cc vng t ngp nc c th loi b cc cht nhim t nc thi hoc chuyn chng thnh cc dng vt cht t nh hng ti sc khe con ngi v mi trng. S dng NN t nhin x l nc thi c hm lng BOD thp. Ngoi ra s dng h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi l qu trnh x l c thc hin lin tc trong iu kin t nhin v vi mt gi thnh r v chi ph xy dng v bo qun thp. Do vy cn c s dng rng ri trong cc c s sn xut gy nhim. ng thi c th p dng nghin cu su hn, m rng hn v t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi, c bit l i vi cc loi nc thi c hm lng cht hu c cao nh nc thi nh my ch bin c ph, nh my giy, nh my ch bin thc phm, cc c s git m[2]

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-2-

Lp: 10SHLT

Phn 1 Tng quan t ngp nc nhn to 1.1. Khi qut chung v NN nhn to NN nhn to cng ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. Chng cung cp mt lng khng l ngun li thy sn nc ngt v nc mn bao gm c cc loi trai hn v gip xc. Bn cnh , t ngp nc cn gip bo v t lin, nh ca v t canh tc trc gi bo, hn ch nh hng ca l lt, np, tit nc ngm v cung cp ngun nc cho sinh hot. Tuy nhin, cc vng t ngp nc Vit Nam ang dn bin mt. Vic chuyn i t ngp nc thnh t canh tc, cht ph rng ngp mn ven bin nui tm, s nhim v pht trin ch l mt s trong rt nhiu tc ng c nguy c gy suy thoi vnh vin cc h sinh thi t ngp nc v cui cng l nh hng ti chnh li ch m t ngp nc mang li cho con ngi. NN nhn to khng c mt khi nim r rng, ch l nhng bng h thng phn loi. Tu theo t chc, mc ch nghin cu m phn loi khc nhau. Hin nay c rt nhiu bng phn loi c s dng nh bng phn loi ca cng c Ramsar, t chc bo tn thin nhin quc t 1.2. Chc nng ca t ngp nc 1.2.1. Chc nng sinh thi - Np nc ngm: nc c thm t cc vng t ngp nc xung cc tng t trong long t, nc c gi li v iu tit thnh dng chy b mt vng t ngp nc khc cho con ngi s dng. - Hn ch nh hng ca l: bng cch gi v iu ha lng nc ma nh bn cha t nhin, gii phng lng nc l t t, do c th ln gim hoc hn ch l lt vng h lu. - n nh vi kh hu: do chu trnh trao i cht v nc trong cc h sinh thi nh lp ph thc vt ca t ngp nc, s cn bng gia O 2 v CO2 trong kh quyn lm cho vi kh hu a phng n nh, c bit l nhit v lng ma n nh. Chng sng, bo, n nh b bin chng xi mn: nh lp ph thc vt,

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-3-

Lp: 10SHLT

c bit l rng ngp mn ven bin, thm c, c tc dng lm gim sc gi ca bo, v bo mn t ca sng bin. - X l, gi li cht cn, cht c, cht nhim: vng t ngp nc c coi nh b lc t nhin, c tc dng gi li cc cht lng ng v cht c( cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip). - Gi li cht dinh dng lm ngun phn bn cho cy trng v thc n ca cc sinh vt sng trong h sinh thi . - Sn xut sinh khi: rt nhiu vng t ngp nc l ni sn xut sinh khi lm ngun thc n cho cc sinh vt thy sinh, cc loi ng vt hoang d cng nh vt nui. - Giao thng ng thy hu ht sng knh rch, cc vng h cha nc ln, vng ngp nc thng xuyn hay theo ma c bit l vng ng bng song Cu Long, vn chuyn ng thy ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong i sng cng nh pht trin kinh t ca ngi dn sng xung quanh khu vc ny. - Gi tr , du lch: Cc khu bo tn t ngp nc nh Trm Chim( Tam Nng ng Thp), Xun Thy (Nam nh)[1] 1.2.2. Chc nng kinh t ca NN - Ti nguyn rng: cung cp mt lot cc sn phm quan trng nh g, than, ci v cc sn phm khc nh nha, tinh du, tanin, dc liu Nhiu vng NN giu ng vt hoang d c bit l cc loi chim nc, cung cp cc sn phm c gi tr thng mi cao. - Thu sn: Mi trng sng v ni cung cp thc n cho c, loi thu sn. - Ti nguyn c v to bin: Thc n ca nhiu loi thu sinh vt, ngi v gia sc, ngoi ra cn lm phn bn v dc liu - Sn phm nng nghip: cc rung la nc chuyn canh hoc xen canh vi cc cy hoa mu khc to nn nhiu sn phm quan trng ca vng NN. - Cung cp nc ngt: L ngun cung cp nc ngt cho sinh hot, ti tiu, cho chn nui gia sc v sn xut cng nghip.

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-4-

Lp: 10SHLT

- Tim nng nng lng: Than bn, cc p, thc nc l nhng ngun nng lng quan trng.[1] 1.2.3. Chc nng x hi - To cnh quan, vui chi, gii tr - Gi tr vn ho: l hi, gio dc, nghin cu - Gi tr a dng sinh hc Nhn thc c gi tr li ch ca wetland, kt hp vi cht lng v minh chng mi trng s dn n vic to wetland nhn to cho nhiu mc ch[1]. 1.2. Cc m hnh NN nhn to Cc m hnh NN nhn to ng dng trong x l nc c thit k theo h thng cc dng chy ca nc. c chia theo 3 h thng nh sau:
Cc h thng chy trn b mt (Free water surface - FWS). Cc h thng dng chy ngang di mt t (Horizontal subsurface flow).

Cc h thng vi dng chy thng ng (Vertical subsurface flow - VSF). 1.2.1. Cc h thng chy trn b mt (Free water surface - FWS) Nhng h thng ny thng l lu vc cha nc hoc cc knh dn nc, vi lp lt bn di ngn s r r nc, t hoc cc lp lc thch hp khc h tr cho thc vt ni.
Hnh 1.1. M hnh Free water surface - FWS

Lp nc nng, tc dng chy chm, s c mt ca thn cy quyt nh dng chy v c bit trong cc mng di v hp, bo m iu kin dng chy nh (Reed v cng s, 1998).[5] 1.2.2. Cc h thng vi dng chy ngang di mt t (Horizontal subsurface flow - HSF)

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-5-

Lp: 10SHLT

H thng ny c gi l dng chy ngang v nc thi c a vo v chy chm qua tng lc xp di b mt ca nn trn mt ng ngang cho ti khi n ti c ni dng chy ra. Trong sut thi gian ny, nc thi s tip xc vi mt mng li hot ng ca cc i hiu kh, him kh v k kh. Cc i hiu kh xung quanh r v bu r, ni lc O2 vo trong b mt. Khi nc thi chy qua i r, n c lm sch bi s phn hy sinh hc ca vi sinh vt bi cc qu trnh ha sinh. Loi thc vt s dng ph bin trong cc h thng HSF l cy sy.[5] 1.2.3. Cc h thng vi dng chy thng ng (Vertical subsurface flow VSF) Nc thi c a vo h thng qua ng dn trn b mt. Nc s chy xung di theo chiu thng ng. gn di y c ng thu nc x l a ra ngoi. Cc h thng VSF thng xuyn c s dng x l ln hai cho nc thi qua x ln mt. Thc l
Hnh 1.2. M hnh Horizontal subsurface flow

nghim ch ra l n ph thuc vo x s b nh b lng, ca x l sinh hc. Tuy nhin, trn thc t m hnh NN nhn to c xy dng theo hai h thng: Bi lc trng cy ngp nc (FWS); Bi lc trng cy dng chy ngm hay Bi lc ngm trng cy, vi dng chy ngang hay dng chy thng ng (SSF).

b t hoi. H thng t ngp nc cng c th c p dng nh mt giai on

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-6-

Lp: 10SHLT

Cch thc phn chia cc h thng khc nhau nhng chng hot ng theo cng mt c ch.[5] 1.3. Cc qu trnh x l cht nhim trong NN nhn to 1.3.1. Qu trnh x l cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc Trong cc bi lc, s phn hy sinh hc ng vai tr ln nht trong vic loi b cc cht hu c dng ha tan hay dng keo c kh nng phn hy sinh hc (BOD) trong nc thi. BOD cn li cng cc cht rn lng c s b loi b nh qu trnh lng. Phn hy sinh hc xy ra khi cc cht hu c ha tan c mang vo lp mng vi sinh bm trn phn thn ngp nc ca thc vt, h thng r v nhng phn vt liu lc xung quanh, nh qu trnh khuych tn. Vai tr ca thc vt trong bi lc l: Cung cp mi trng thch hp cho vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh phn Vn chuyn oxy vo vng r cung cp cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hy sinh hc c tr.

trong b r.[1]

Hnh 1.3. ng i cua BOD/Cacbon trong at ngap nc ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang 1.3.2. Qu trnh tch cc cht rn

-7-

Lp: 10SHLT

Cc cht rn lng c loi b d dng nh c ch lng trng lc, v cc h thng ny c thi gian lu nc di. Cht rn khng lng c, cht keo c th c loi b thng qua cc c ch lc. Cc c ch x l trong h thng ph thuc rt nhiu vo kch thc v tnh cht ca cc cht rn c trong nc thi v cc dng vt liu lc c s dng. Thc vt trong bi lc khng ng vai tr ng k trong loi b cc cht rn.[1]

Hnh 1.4. ng i cua cac hat ran trong at 1.3.3. Qu trnh kh Nit ngap nc Trong cc bi lc, s chuyn ha ca N2 xy ra trong cc tng oxi ha kh ca t, b mt tip xc gia r v t, phn ngp nc ca thc vt c thn nh ln mt t. N2 c loi b trong cc bi lc nh 3 c ch sau
S bay hi ca NH3

S hp th ca thc vt Nitrat ho/ kh nitrat - Trong cc bi lc, s chuyn ha ca nit xy ra trong cc tng oxy ha v kh ca b mt tip xc gia r v t, phn ngp nc ca thc vt c thn nh ln khi mt nc. Nit hu c b oxy ha thnh NH4+ trong c hai lp t oxy ha ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-8-

Lp: 10SHLT

v kh. Lp oxy ha v phn ngp nc ca thc vt l nhng ni ch yu xy ra qu trnh nitrat ha, ti y NH4+ chuyn thnh NO2- bi vi khun nitrosomonas v cui cng thnh NO3- bi vi khun Nitrobacter. mi trng nhit cao hn, mt s NH4+ chuyn sang NH3 v bay hi vo khng kh.[1]

Hnh 1.5. ng i cua Nit trong at ngap nc 1.3.4. Qu trnh kh Phospho Vai tr ca thc vt trong vic loi b P vn cn vn tranh ci nhng d sao y cng l c ch duy nht a hn P ra khi h thng bi lc. Cc qa trnh hp ph, kt ta v lng ch a c P vo t hay vt liu lc. Khi lng P trong lp vt liu vt qu kh nng cha th phn vt liu hay lp trm tch phi c no vt v x b. C ch loi b P trong cc bi lc gm c: S hp th ca thc vt Cc qu trnh ng ha ca vi khun S hp th ln t, vt liu lc v cc cht hu c Kt ta lng cng cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Mn2+.[1]

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-9-

Lp: 10SHLT

Hnh 1.6. ng i cua phospho trong at ngap nc 1.3.5. Qu trnh x l kim loi nng Cc loi thc vt khc nhau c kh nng hp thu kim loi mnh rt khc nhau. Bn cnh , thc vt m ly cng nh hng gin tip n s loi b v tch tr kim loi nng khi chng nh hng n ch thy lc, c ch ha hc lp trm tch v hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Cc vt liu lc l ni tch t ch yu cc kim loi nng. Cc c ch loi b chng gm c: Kt ta v lng dng hydroxit khng tan trong vng hiu kh, dng sunfit kim loi trong vng k kh ca lp vt liu. Hp ph ln cc kt ta oxyhidroxit st, mangan trong vng hiu kh Kt hp ln thc vt v t - Hp ph vo r, thn v l ca thc vt trong bi lc trng cy.[1] 1.3.6. Qu trnh x l cc hp cht hu c Cc hp cht hu c c loi b trong cc h thng ch yu nh c ch bay hi, hp ph, phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt (ch yu l vi khun v nm) v hp ph ca thc vt. Yu t quan trng nh hng n hiu sut loi b cc cht hu c

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-10-

Lp: 10SHLT

nh qu trnh bay hi l hm s ph thuc ca trng lng phn t cht gy nhim v p sut ring phn gia hai pha kh v nc. Cc cht bn hu c chnh cn c th loi b nh qu trnh ht bm vt l ln b mt cc cht lng c v sau l qu trnh lng. Qu trnh ny thng xy ra phn u bi lc. Cc cht hu c cng b thc vt hp th (Polprasert v Dan, 1994), tuy nhin c ch ny cn cha c hiu r v cn ph thuc nhiu vo loi thc vt c trng, cng nh c tnh ca cht bn. .[1] 1.3.7. Qu trnh x l vi khun v virus V bn cht cng ging nh qu trnh loi b cc vi sinh trong h sinh hc. Vi khun v virut c trong nc thi c loi b nh: Cc qu trnh vt l nh lng, dnh kt, lc, hp ph
Do iu kin mi trng khng thun li trong mt thi gian di Tc ng ca cc yu t l ha mi trng ti mc dit khun c

cng b trong nhiu ti liu: nhit ( Mara v Silva,1979), pH ( Parhad v Rao, 1974, Hirn v nnk, 1980, Pearson v nnk, 1987).Cc yu t sinh hc bao gm: thiu cht dinh dng (Wu v Klein, 1976), do cc sinh vt khc n (Ellis, 1983). [1]

Hnh 1.7. Qua trnh loai bo vi khuan trong at ngap nc Chng 2 t t nhn to trong qun l nc chy trn ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-11-

Lp: 10SHLT

2.1. Mc tiu xy dng Wetland qun l nc chy trn Gm c 2 mc ch chnh Hn ch l lt v kim sot dng chy Ci thin cht lng nc Sau khi c xy dng wetland s cung cp cc chc nng v sinh thi v x hi: Thit k cnh quan, to mi trng sng, khu gii tr cng cng, gio dc cng ng, ti s dng nc.[10] 2.1.1. Thit k Thit k wetland cho vic qun l nc chy trn ph thuc vo mc tiu v nhng kt qu ng theo yu cu v tiu chun cht lng nc trong vic bo v sng v h sinh thi thy vc. R rng k thut tt nht hin nay cho vic kim sot cht l lng ( v cht dinh dng) c th c trin khai gim thiu lng nc chy trn xm nhp vo wetland. Tuy nhin y ch cp n vai tr ca wetland nhn to trong vic cha ng nc chy trn, loi b cn lng, cht dinh dng. Nhng phn trc m t s quan trng ca thc vt wetland v qu trnh ha sinh hc, vt l, ha hc tham gia trong vic ci thin cht lng nc. Xuyn sut qu trnh chuyn ha vt l din ra d dng nh thc vt c ln, chng c vai tr quan trng nht trong vic ci thin cht lng nc. Qu trnh sinh hc v ha hc din ra lu hn nhng cng b nh hng bi phm vi ngp nc v mc thng xuyn ca chu k lm kh lm t. Thit k wetland phi thc y qu trnh ny. Hiu qu x l ca h thng wetland i hi mt s cn bng gia kh nng chu ti v thi gian nc lu. Wetland nhn to x l nc thi u vo c mc ti nc v ti nhim vi thi gian nc lu hiu qu nht trong vic loi b cc cht lng l lng v cht dinh dng queenslands trong vng 7 ngy.[3] 2.2. Cc yu t nh hng khi thit k s dng t ngp t x l nc thi 2.2.1 iu kin thy hc Kch c (din tch v khi lng) ph thuc vo quy m v khi lng dng chy, c im cc cht nhim trong dng chy, mc x l cht lng nc ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-12-

Lp: 10SHLT Halcrow

v quy m ca 1 wetland ng vai tr nh mt b cha. Theo

Environmental Services, M cho rng thit k thun li nht nn gi lng nc trong thi gian nh nht l 3-5 gi v c th ln n 10-15 gi s cho hiu qu x l tt nht, vi mt b mt wetland khong 0.5-5.0% vng dn nc. Theo Wong& Somes (1995), s dng d liu t h thng nc chy trn sn xut mt s thit k tng lng hiu sut thy hc ca mt wetland, da trn c s tng ng gia kch c wetland (khi lng lu tr nh t l phn trm ca khi lng nc hng nm) v thi gian nc lu. Kt qu ca h cho thy rng tng khi lng lu tr (t 0.5-5.0%) dn n vic tng hiu sut thy lc vi hiu qu 90% .Cc nh nghin cu kt lun rng, mt wetland thit k vi khng dung lng (<3%), s dn n vic nc chy trn qua, c bit, nu wetland y nc trc cn ma. Tuy nhin, i vi hiu sut thy hc, ch l mt tham s nh hng n kt qu x l, v vic loi b cc cht l lng v cht dinh dng, cui cng cng ph thuc vo tnh hiu qu ca cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc, sinh hc trong wetland v lng nc nhim. Thit k wetland i hi phi c mt s cn bng gia khu vc thch hp v thi gian nc lu, iu ny chu nh hng nhiu ca lng nc chy qua v s thay i kh hu. V vy, thit k wetland cho nhng vng nhit i v vng ven bin cn nhit i s khc nhau t cc khu vc kh hu. t c sn c th l mt mi lo ln i vi kch c wetland, tuy nhin, trong phn ny c th to c nu c mt din tch su, v vng nc m, kt hp vi mt khu vc thc vt nng.[4] 2.2.2. Cch b tr Wetland Zones - Mt wetland qun l nc chy trn c u t xy dng gm vng m nc su v vng cn c thc vt. Vng i vo thng ngp nc su (1,5-2m) nh ao vi lu lng ti a v v cho php kch c trung bnh ca wetland. T chc nhim TRAP cho rng song chn rc s c t trc khi nc chy vo vng wetland. Vng nc su c tc dng loi b cc cn lng nn cn c xem xt. Vng nc su hn c tc dng kim sot dng chy vo khu c thc vt thy sinh. ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-13-

Lp: 10SHLT

- Vng c thc vt thy sinh nn thit k t 10 25 cm, vi su ln nht l 50cm mc d mc nc c tng ln do nhng cn ma. Vng ny c kt qu cao trong vic loi b cc cht rn l lng, cc cht dinh dng thng qua vic kt hp gia cc qu trnh ha hc. sinh hc, vt l c ni phn 2.4. Vng i ra c th l s kt hp gia thc vt cn v mt ci ao su hay ci h rng a chc nng. Ty vo kch c ca wetland, kh nng gi v x l nc chy trn m nc vo cc knh nhm khc phc nhng lc dng chy c cng cao trong nhng cn ma. [4] 2.2.3. Vng c thc vt v thy triu Tim nng lu gi l quan trng cc vn lin quan n thy hc t hiu qu v chnh iu ny cng vi cc hiu qu v x l to nn mt hiu sut tng th ca wetland. Do vy iu ny rt quan trng trong vic thit k mt wetland nhn to x l nc chy trn. V vy, vng c thc vt thy sinh c th c thit k c h tr nh l mt loi thc vt wetland nhm thy phn cc cht c th. Vng t ngp nc nh k, vng m trong wetland t nhin c xem nh l mt ci h, n c th c to ra mt a im hay mt v tr mi, ni m ch ngp nc vo ma m t. Vng ny c th gm vng m nc su hay vng can c thc vt thy sinh, hay cng c th l vng hon ton kh ro Vng t ngp nc cn, nn thit k duy tr mc nc su t nht l 10cm trong sut ma kh v ln ti 50cm iu kin bnh thng. Trong khi t ngp nc su cn duy tr mc nc su t nht l 20cm trong ma kh. Mt vi kin (1996) cho rng 5 vng t ngp nc (vng m ly c thc vt thy sinh nh lau sy cn, vng m ly c thc vt thy sinh, vng m ly c thc vt thy sinh su, vng m nc). Cc vng ny c th kt hp a vo thit k mt wetland nhn to. Mt vi kin cho rng nh hng ca vng i ra trong hiu sut x l, iu chnh thy triu vo to tnh bn vng cho cc loi cy trng mi vng. [4] 2.2.4. Cc yu t khc Wetland nhn to vi s a dng ca nhiu loi thc vt v vng thc vt thy sinh ph thuc vo h thng lm t v kh, tt nh cc vng nc m t ti ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-14-

Lp: 10SHLT

a trong vic x l cc vn nh hng n cht lng nc. N s to nn s a dng ca thc vt thy sinh. Vng nc su c chc nng nh l mi trng sng cho cc thc vt thy sinh trong sut ma kh v cho php ngp nc nhanh chng ca vng mi bo ha. Vng c vai tr quan trng trong vic kim sot kh nng pht sinh mui khi c cc loi thin ch ca trng mui xut hin. S a dng ca vng thc vt thy sinh c th h tr nng cao gi tr v i sng hoang d ca wetland, ng vai tr nh mt cnh quan Cnh quan v gii tr ng vai tr rt quan trng trong th wetland x l nc chy trn. H hay m ca vng c thc vt thy sinh c th nhm duy tr cc ao. o c th c b sung nhm bo v ng vt hoang d Hiu qu s cao hn nu chia vng t ngp nc ra thnh nhiu i. Phn chia din tch t ngp nc s dng lm hai i nh: + i th nht c vai tr nh ao oxy ha nhm gim nng BOD, COD, TSS v cc cht nhim trc khi a vo i th hai. + i th hai l vng c trng thm cc loi cy c khn nng hp th cht nhim nhm gia tng hiu qu x l. Vic a cc loi thc vt c khn nng x l nc thi( nh sy, lc bnh) vo vng t ngp nc s lm nng cao hiu qu x l, gim ng k lng bc hi nc, gim nguy c gia tng nng nhim do bc hi.
Cac thong so thuy lc trong cac ao x ly. Theo

Kadlec va Knight (1996) cac thong so thuy lc trong cac ao x ly nh : thong so o doc, tai trong thuy lc, o sau at ong thai au vao va ra, thi gian lu nc thc te trong cac ao x ly. [4] 2.3. Thit lp v bo tr Wetland qun l nc chy trn 2.3.1. Thit lp h thng thc vt

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-15-

Lp: 10SHLT

Xy dng h thng song chn rc, b cha, cu trc u vo v u ra khng ch l l thuyt qun l nc chy trn, tuy nhin vic thit lp h thng chc nng Wetland v hiu bit v nhng loi thc vt v s tng trng ca chng l cn thit. Cc loi c chn lc theo chiu su ca khu t ngp nc. Nu c s ca Wetland l t st hay lp d thm qua th ti thiu cch mt t 15cm mi gn vo cho r pht trin ; t 20-30cm l cn thit cho nhng khu vc m tim tng vn tc nc cao, vo thi im trng cy th lp di phi c m nhng khng nht thit phi ngp. Trong thc t th mc nc phi c kim sot trong giai on u thnh lp cy trng m bo rng su ca nc khng vt qu chiu cao ca cy ging. Queensland, trng cy nn c trin khai sm vo u ma xun m bo cho cy ging pht trin h r tt trc khi c bo ma h. [3] 2.3.2. Bo tr Sau khi thit lp h thc vt, vn bo tr s tp trung vo vic loi b rc, c bit sau nhng cn ma ln v vic loi b nhng loi c di c th xm chim Wetland. Cc cng nhn vn hnh v bo tr nn hiu bit v h thc vt trong Wetland v thy c s thay i trong s a dng ca cc loi thc vt v s phn phi s xy ra trong sut thi gian. Vic thu hoch khng c xem nh l nguyn nhn gy ra s xo trn cn lng v s mt i nhng vt cht cn li trong Wetland. [3] 2.3.3. Kim sot mui S pht sinh mui l vn quan tm thng xuyn ca cng ng a phng v cc nh nghin cu cn trng. Tuy nhin di ci nhn tng qut ca cc nh nghin cu v 2 lnh vc wetland t nhin v wetland nhn to ch ra rng thnh cng ca vic kim sot c s pht sinh ca mui l do s c mt ca cc loi thin ch nh: ng vt gip xc nh, nhng, u trng b cng v chng lun lun c mt trong h sinh thi Wetland. Vn mu cht kim sot mui l m bo s cn bng trong h sinh thi h tr cho s a dng ca nhng sinh vt

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-16-

Lp: 10SHLT

thy sinh. a th ca Wetland nn m bo l vc nc nh nhng khng c lp vi dng chy. [3] 2.4. Duy tr, bo dng hot ng ca h thng NN nhn to nh du v tr cc bn cha. vic ny s gip ngn chn cc hot ng c th gy tn hi cc bn cha, nh mt ngi li xe trn mt chic xe cc bn cha.
Bo tn nc, duy tr trong thi gian hot ng l iu quan trng. a vo

qu nhiu nc s khng cho php thi gian cho cc cht rn lng xung, tch ring bit.
Hn ch s dng cc bn cha ph. Gim thiu hoc loi b vic s dng cc sn phm to rc vo h thng.

Thc n cht thi giy khn, bo ch, nha, du m, du nu n, thuc l, b c ph c x vo h thng s dn n nhu cu phi bm thng xuyn hn. Ngoi ra cc vi sinh vt trong h thng cng khng c kh nng phn hy cc nguyn vt liu kiu ny. Khng phun ra cht c hi nh: thuc tr su, thuc dit trng, axit, thuc men, sn, vani, xng du. Gim thiu vic s dng cc cht nguy hi chng hn nh cht ty v cht lm sch. Nhng cht ny c th nh hng hoc gy cht i vi vi sinh vt trong h thng. Khng dn nc t h bi,bnh nc nng vo h thng, c bit l nu cc nc cha chlorinated. Khng kt ni mi cng; tng hm hoc ng cng vo h thng. Trc khi trng cy, lun lun r sch t quanh cc gc cy. Nu t cn li trn gc ca n c th tch ly gia nhng vin si v chn dng chy ca nc. Th nghim vi cc ging khc nhau vi mu sc c th trong mt vn hoa. Cy s c s dng trong cc m ly nn c c la chn cn thn,

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-17-

Lp: 10SHLT

khng ch cho cc chc nng ca h thng trong x l m cn m bo tnh m quan.

Khng bao gi s dng si vi trong cc m ly. Vic s dng chng

s ngn cn tc tng trng cy trng trong cc h thng.[3]

Chng 3 ng dng m hnh t ngp nc nhn to ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-18-

Lp: 10SHLT

Da trn nhng c s , vic ng dng NN trong x l, loi b cc cht thi c hi trong mi trng nc l phng php mang li hiu qu cao, tit kim chi ph, khng gy nh hng li i vi mi trng, c kh nng thay th cc phng php ho l truyn thng. l phng php xy dng m hnh NN nhn to ( constructed wetlwand). 3.1. Nhng thun li v kh khn khi s dng h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi 3.1.1. Nhng thun li Thn thin vi sinh thi Trc quan rt hp dn. Thn thin vi mi trng, phng chng nhim Tit kim chi ph vn hnh (khng c ha cht hot ng, do gi gn v bo tr v cc chi ph u vo n mc ti thiu, hn ch v my mc, ph tng thay th, lng ln v lao ng k thut cn thit). 3.1.2. Nhng kh khn Ch yu lin quan n tnh kh dng ca cc din tch t cn thit, vn u t cho cc cng trnh xy dng qun l ca cc h sinh thi c nh hng n hot ng ca n. Cc din tch t cn thit cho cc h thng (FWS) c th l ln, c bit l nu trong yu cu loi b v nit hay phospho. Cc loi b BOD, COD, v nit c qu trnh sinh hc v c bn lin tc ti to. Cc phospho, kim loi, v mt s cht hu c c loi b ca h thng b rng buc trong trm tch v tch lu qua thi gian. Din tch t cn thit cho thit k l tng i ln nn kh khn cho nhng vng c din tch t hp. Trong ma ng lnh, kh hu nhit thp lm gim t l cho loi b i vi BOD v tng phn ng sinh hc Nitrat ha, phn nitrat ha

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-19-

Lp: 10SHLT

Mui v cn trng khc c th tr thnh mt vn cn quan tm. at ngap nc, ac biet la he thong FWS, cung cap ni ly tng cho muoi. Gia cm v cc ng vt hoang d trong cc h thng c th l ngun cung cp thm fecal coliforms. Yu cu bao gm c thy lc v kim sot v su ca mc nc, dng vo, dng ra, c cu lm sch, loi b c, qun l thc vt, mui v cn trng. Cac ke hoach kiem soat sinh hoc oi vi muoi c the hien qua viec s dung ca an muoi (Gambusia afinis) hn la viec s dung hoa chat trong kiem soat mam benh la can thiet phai bao gom trong viec thiet ke. DO tren 1mg/l la can thiet e duy tr quan the ca. Thc vat vi mat o tha co le cung can thiet e tranh hnh thanh nhng tui nc ma ca khong the vao c. Mc nc trong m ly c th cn iu chnh trn c s theo ma i hi phi kim sot, ty thuc vo iu kin ca a phng v yu cu c th. Thanh tra hot ng v tc tng trng thc vt, hot ng h thng thot nc, cu trc v thit hi, bay hi, r r, tch ly trm tch, mt ca thc vt. Thanh tra kim tra hng nm i vi cc thit hi cho cu trc u vo v u ra. Thng xuyn gim st cht lng nc. nh k mu s c ly v th nghim cung cp cho cc nh iu hnh mt s hiu bit v m ly hot ng ca h thng t hiu sut tt hn v c mt c s iu chnh, nu cn thit.[9] Do h thng tr nc nn c nguy c pht sinh mui gy bnh st xut huyt. 3.2. ng dng t ngp nc trong x l nc thi 3.2.1. Ti Vit Nam

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-20-

Lp: 10SHLT

nc ta, cng ngh ny cn l rt mi m. Tuy nhin vic s dng cc h thng t nhin ni chung v h thng t ngp nc nhn to ni ring bt u c s dng, nh h thng t ngp nc x l nc thi cho nh my ch bin c ph Khe Sanh, h thng t ngp nc Thnh ph Vit Tr.Cc ti nghin cu mi y nht v p dng phng php ny ti Vit Nam nh "X l nc thi sinh hot bng bi lc ngm trng cy dng chy thng ng trong iu kin Vit Nam" ca Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v khu cng nghip (Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni); "Xy dng m hnh h thng t ngp nc nhn to x l nc thi sinh hot ti cc x Minh Nng, Bn Gt, Vit Tr" ca Trng i hc Quc gia H Ni... cho thy hon ton c th p dng phng php ny trong iu kin ca Vit Nam. Theo Gs.TSKH. Nguyn Ngha Thn (B mn Thc vt, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin - i hc Quc gia H Ni) th Vit Nam c n 34 loi cy c th s dng lm sch mi trng nc. Cc loi cy ny hon ton d kim tm ngoi t nhin v chng cng c sc sng kh mnh m. Cc h thng t ngp nc nhn to ny c s dng cho vic x l cc loi nc thi c cha nhiu cht hu c nh nc thi nh my giy, nh my ch bin thc phm, bia ru, ch bin c ph, c s git m... Thi gian gn y, trn phm vi ton quc, trin khai nhiu d n ln v ci thin mi trng nhm gii quyt vic thot nc ma, xy dng h thng thu gom v x l nc thi. Nh th, h thng thot nc ti cc th ln tng khong 50-60%, th nh tng t 20-40%. Nhiu th v ang xy dng cc nh my x l nc thi nh H Ni, TP.H Ch Minh, H Long, Nng, Lt, Bun M Thut, Vng Tu...Kt hp vi cc m hnh NN nhn to ng dng thnh cng trong x l nc thi ti nhiu ni nh qun 9, thnh ph H Ch Minh, hay m hnh ti ng Nai vi cc loi thc vt ch yu nh Lc Bnh, c Vetiver.[7] Theo VIWASE, i vi th nc ta hin nay c 6 loi cng ngh x l nc thi tp trung cng sut t 2.000 ti 10.000m3/ngy thch hp: chui h sinh hc (t nhin v cng bc), b lc sinh hc (cao ti, thp ti), mng xy ha ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-21-

Lp: 10SHLT

(truyn thng v tng cng), x l sinh hc bn hot tnh truyn thng (truyn thng v tng cng), x l sinh hc bn hot tnh kiu m v x l bng ha cht. Theo nghin cu ca VIWASE kt hp vi nghin cu ca WB, i vi th c quy hoch b tr din tch t ln nn u tin la chn cng ngh x l mng xy ha v chui h sinh hc. Cn i vi cc th hn ch v din tch t s dng, nn p dng cng ngh x l bng ha cht, b lc sinh hc v x l sinh hc bn hot tnh kiu m. i vi cng ngh thot thot v x l nc thi phn tn, quy m t 50-500m3/ ngy, VIWASE cho rng cc loi cng ngh chi ph thp nh ho thm, cnh ng ngp nc, bi lc ngm trng cy, trm x l nc thi hp khi AFSB l ht sc cn thit. Vic la chn cc cng ngh ny ph thuc nhiu vo iu kin t nhin v iu kin x hi c th ti a phng[6]. T nm 2005, Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh M v ang nghin cu, trin khai p dng cng ngh m sinh hc (wetlands) kt hp mng vi ym kh cho khu vc H lu sui Trng Kh Cng ty than Hng Thi bc u c nhng c s khoa hc v kinh nghim thc tin. Wetlands l thut ng chung ch vng bao ph ly li, m ly, ng c ngp nc v n gin l khu ngp nc hay m sinh hc. Dng m sinh hc ci thin nc thi m c pht trin t nhiu nghin cu v s tng tc ca m sinh hc t nhin vi nc thi m. Cht lng nc thi m sau khi i qua m sinh hc cho thy ci thin mt cch ng k lng Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, SO42- v tng pH t gia 2,5-3,5 ti 4-6. iu cho thy, m sinh hc c th ph hp cho x l cc cht nhim trong nc thi m. Da vo m sinh hc t nhin xy dng m sinh hc nhn to (constructed wetlands) nhm x l nc thi m cng c nghin cu v p dng em li kt qu kh quan [7]. M hnh ao tm sinh thi (do GS. L Din Dc thit k v c Nh nc cng nhn Gii php hu ch) l mt phng thc nui tm mi bn vng v kinh t v sinh thi c th c s dng phc hi t ngp nc b suy ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-22-

Lp: 10SHLT

thoi do nui tm khng bn vng (ph rng ngp mn nui tm). M hnh ao tm sinh thi ny nu c nhn rng s gp phn phc hi nhiu din tch t ngp nc v rng ngp mn b suy thoi ca Vit Nam, to thu nhp bn vng cho ngi nng dn t nui tm, bo v mi trng v ngun li thy sn. M hnh c trin ban u.[1] Ti Tp Nng, nhng m hnh p dng NN nhn to cng mang li nhng thnh cng ng k. in hnh nh vic lm sch nc h m Rong, h Thc Gin bng bo Lc Bnh. y l ni tp trung nc thi ca c khu vc dn c rng khong 50ha, mt t 200 - 300 ngi/ha. Ngoi ra, h Thc Gin - Vnh Trung cn lm nhim v iu ho nc vo ma ma gim ngp lt cho cc tuyn ng Nguyn Vn Linh, Nguyn Hong, Hm Nghi, khu dn c cc phng Nam Dng, Vnh Trung, Thc Gin... Cng ty Mi trng th Nng cng thit k cc cha lc bnh gia h, b tr thnh cc hnh hoa vn va c tnh thm m, va x l c mi hi do tc dng ca lc bnh, to s thng thong cho mt h. Theo cng trnh t gii nht ti cuc thi Sony Xanh t chc (2007), sinh vin Trng H Bch Khoa thnh cng trong vic gp phn x l, lm sch h 29/3 Hnh 3.1 M hnh ao tm sinh thi

khai ti x Giao Thin va qua c nh gi l p ng ng vi thit k

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-23-

Lp: 10SHLT

bng h thng thc vt ni trn mt nc va m bo chc nng mi trng v to thm gi tr thm m cho L phi Xanh ca Tp.

Hnh 3.2. Vn hoa lc nc ti Nng

3.2.2. Trn th gii Vo nm 1997, mt nh tr Monrovia Growers, Cairo ng dng m hnh NN nhn to x l lng cht dinh dng v thuc tr su d tha ra khi nc chy trn b mt ca h. H thng m ly ny c thit k x l nc cho 120 khu vc sn xut mu Anh.[1]

Hnh 3.3. m ly x l nc sn xut mu Anh ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-24-

Lp: 10SHLT

Tip theo l qu trnh xy dng mt NN nhn to x l nc ma chy trn ti Hillandale Golf Course., m hnh NN nhn to ny c bt u xy dng t thng 5/2000.

Hnh 3.4

Hnh 3.5

Hnh 3.6

M hnh ny tn dng t mt nhnh con sng Hnh 3.4: Nhnh sng ban u Hnh 3.5: Ci ni, m rng din tch nhnh sng Hnh 3.5: H thng thc vt, ng vt pht trin Hnh thnh nn NN nhn to c kh nng x l nc ma chy trn.[7] 3.2.3. Mt s ch khi s dng ACN I ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-25-

Lp: 10SHLT

nh du v tr cc bn cha, vic ny s gip ngn chn cc hot ng c

th gy tn hi cc bn cha.
Bo tn nc, duy tr trong thi gian hot ng l iu quan trng. a

vo qu nhiu nc s khng cho php thi gian cho cc cht rn lng xung, tch ring bit Hn ch s dng cc bn cha ph Gim thiu hoc loi b vic s dng cc sn phm to rc vo h thng. Thc n cht thi giy khn, bo ch, nha, du m, du nu n, thuc l, b c ph c x vo h thng s dn n nhu cu phi bm thng xuyn hn. Ngoi ra cc vi sinh vt trong h thng cng khng c kh nng phn hy cc nguyn vt liu kiu ny Khng phun ra cht c hi nh: thuc tr su, thuc dit trng, axit, thuc men, sn, vani, xng du. Gim thiu vic s dng cc cht nguy hi chng hn nh cht ty v cht lm sch. Nhng cht ny c th nh hng hoc gy cht i vi vi sinh vt trong h thng Khng dn nc t h bi,bnh nc nng vo h thng, c bit l nu cc nc cha chlorinated Khng kt ni mi cng; tng hm hoc ng cng vo h thng. Trc khi trng cy, lun lun r sch t quanh cc gc cy. Nu t cn li trn gc ca n c th tch ly gia nhng vin si v chn dng chy ca nc. Th nghim vi cc ging khc nhau vi mu sc c th trong mt vn hoa. Cy s c s dng trong cc m ly nn c c la chn cn thn, khng ch cho cc chc nng ca h thng trong x l m cn m bo tnh m quan
Khng bao gi s dng si vi trong cc m ly. Vic s dng chng s

ngn cn tc tng trng cy trng trong cc h thng.[9] 3.3. u nhc im trong vic s dng t ngp nc x l nc thi

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang 3.3.1. u im

-26-

Lp: 10SHLT

Ngy nay, c nhiu nc s dng thc vt thy sinh x l nc thi v nc nhim. Hiu qu x l tuy chm nhng rt n nh i vi nhng loi nc COD, BOD thp, khng chc c t. Qua cc nghin cu v ng dng thc t a ra c nhng u im sau: Chi ph cho x l bng thc vt thy sinh thp Qu trnh cng ngh khng i hi k thut phc tp Hiu qu x l n nh i vi nhng loi nc nhim thp Sinh khi to ra sau qu trnh x l c ng dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh: - Lm nguyn liu cho th cng m ngh nh ci, ay, lc bnh - Lm thc phm cho con ngi nh c sen, c sung. - Lm thc phm gia sc nh bo - Lm phn xanh trong nng nghip Sn xut kh sinh hc - B r thn cy ngp nc, cy tri ni c coi nh l gi th rt tt cho vi sinh vt. nh s vn chuyn tri ni s a vi sinh vt di chuyn t v tyris ny n v tr khc trong t nhim, lm tng khn nng chuyn ha vt cht c trong nc. - S dng thc vt thy sinh x l nc nhim trong nhiu trng hp khng cn cung cp nng lng. Ngun nc sau khi x l nu t tiu chun cho php th hon ton an ton cho cc mc ch s dng khc nh s dng cho cc cng trnh thy li, ra ry, v sinh Li ch kinh t c th c bt ngun t nui trng c, sn xut sinh khi, phn bn, tim nng v Gio dc v gii tr (thc hnh nghin cu khoa hc, cu c, sn bn cc loi chim nc).

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-27-

Lp: 10SHLT

Gip a phng v cm cng nghip gii quyt c vn nc thi vt ngng cho php. To thm nhiu khu vc xanh cho vng cng nghip v ln cn L ni d tr tip nhn nc ma chy trn trong trng hp lng nc ma tng t bin. iu ny m bo cho vi hn ch nhng khu vc xung quanh 3.3.2. Nhc im Vic s dng thc vt thy sinh x l nc cng c nhng nhc im nht nh, trong c 2 nhc im quan trng nht, l: Th nht: Din tch cn dng x l nc cn phi ln. iu ny rt kh khn nhng khu vc th Trong iu kin cc loi thc vt pht trin mnh m cc ngun nc thi, b r ca chng nh nhng cht mang rt hu ch cho vi sinh vt bm trn . Trong trng hp khng c thc vt thy sinh, cc loi thc vt s khng c ni bm nn chng rt d tri theo dng nc hoc b lng xng y. 3.4. So snh qu trnh x l nc thi m bng NN t nhin v nhn to 3.4.1. X l nc thi m bng NN t nhin Cc vng NN t nhin thng pht trin loi thc vt b sung lp nn hu c to iu kin cho pht trin cc loi vi khun lm trung gian cho cc phn ng ha hc trong mt s iu kin mi trng nht nh, to thun li cho qu trnh loi b kim loi khi mi trng nc. Cc h thng NN t nhin c kh nng t lm sch m khng cn phi duy tr, bo dng. Cc NN t nhin thng c tc dng chy b mt thp. Mt s hn ch v thun li khi s dng NN t nhin, bao gm: - NN t nhin cn phi gn k vi khu vc cn x l nc thi - Tc dng chy v cht lng nc ca NN t nhin l nhng vn c th hn ch vic ng dng NN c th cho x l nc thi m do kh kim sot. - Phi c chin lc kim sot ch l thng xuyn m bo tnh n nh lu di ca cc vng NN t nhin

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-28-

Lp: 10SHLT

- Cc vng NN t nhin l ni c ng ca cc loi ng - thc vt hoang d - Do NN t nhin khng c thit k nn kh nh gi nh lng v tnh hiu qu ca x l nc thi. 3.4.2. X l nc thi m bng NN nhn to NN nhn to x l nc thi m c hnh thnh t cc khu vc trc y khng ngp nc hoc hnh thnh t cc khu vc NN hin ti. NN nhn to c thit k gn vi NN t nhin. Mc ch ca cc NN t nhin l li dng cc qu trnh t nhin x l nc thi. Cc qu trnh lm sch kim loi trong nc ca NN nhn to l do ht bm trc tip ca kim loi ln ng - thc vt hoc r thc vt ng vai tr ch o trong qu trnh ht bm ca kim loi ln r cy. i vi NN nhn to, thit k cn tnh n v d thi gian lu nc trung bnh khong 7 ngy, su trung bnh ca h thng 0.3m, cht lng nc BOD<10 mg/L; SS<10 mg/L, tng N<10 mg/L; tng P>5 mg/L. H thng NN tt hot ng vi tc dng chy >4-13 m3/ngy. H thng NN nhn to c th c hiu qu hn NN t nhin do ch thy lc c kim sot v chng c thit k v vn hnh vi hiu qu ti a. Cng ngh v thit k NN nhn to vn cn trong giai on pht trin v ci thin. Mt s vn i vi NN nhn to bao gm: - Vic thit k ch thy lc kh t c hiu qu ti u - Vi khi lng nc thi axit m cha hm lng kim loi cao th x l bng NN nhn to cng gp kh khn - Tui th ca loi NN nhn to dng x l nc thi m vn cn thi gian nh gi - S tch t cht nhim trong NN c th mang tnh khng n nh v lu di.[8]

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

-29-

Lp: 10SHLT

Chng 4 Kt lun Kin ngh 4.1. Ket luan X l nc thi bng m hnh NN nhn to l mt phng php hiu qu v thn thin vi mi trng sinh thi v con ngi. Trn th gii m hnh ny c nghin cu v ng dng nhiu mang kt qu tt. Tuy nhin, lnh vc ny cn kh mi m Vit Nam, cn c nhng nghin cu su hn ng dng nhm phc v sn xut v sinh hot.uyn 4.2. Kin ngh Vi cc vng c qu t d tr ln ta nn p dng m hnh t ngp nc x l nc thi cng nghip v vn kh nhn nht trong x l bng t ngp nc l qu t cho d n. Trong qu trnh quy hoch cc a phng nn mt phn t thit k h thng t ngp nc nhm phc v 3 mc ch. X l nc thi To thm din tch xanh cho khu vc
To thm ngun thu thu mi trng t vic cho php doanh nghip thi

nc thi vo h thng. Hong, Hm Nghi, khu dn c cc phng Nam Dng, Vnh Trung, Thc Gin... Cng

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

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Lp: 10SHLT

TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. Bi ging Qun l mi trng - Th.s Ng Duy Bch - Trng H Lm Nghip [2]. Cc bo v mi trng, ( 2005), Tng quan hin trng t ngp nc Vit Nam sau 15 nm thc hin cng c RAMSAR, NXB Cng ty TNHH Linh Hi, H Ni Vit nam [3]. Cc bo v mi trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Ti liu hng dn thc hin Cng c Ramsar. [4]. X l nc r bi rc trn m ph v vng t ngp nc xy dng. Trong K yu ca h thng t ngp nc 4 Hi ngh quc t kim sot nhim nc [5].Vymazal, J.; Krpfelov, L. x l nc thi Xy dng vng t ngp nc vi ngang Sub-b mt dng chy; Springer: Dordrecht, H Lan, 2008. [6]. De Jong, J. Thanh lc nc thi vi vin tr ca Ao Rush hoc Reed. Trong sinh hc Kim sot nhim nc; Tourbier, J., Pierson, RW, Eds, i hc Pennsylvania.: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1976, trang 133-139. [7]. http://www.thiennhien.net/news/153/ARTICLE/2401/2007-07-10.html [8]. http://www.khafa.org.vn/privateres/Htm/dongquanly/15-P.N.Hong.doc
[9]. http://www.wattpad.com/367435#!p=1 [10].http://123.25.71.107:82/hoidap/vi/news/Trai-dat-tuoi-dep/Cac-vung-dat-ngap-nuoc-oViet-Nam-dong-vai-tro-quan-trong-nhu-the-nao-10191/

Cng c Ramsar l mt cng c quc t v bo tn v s dng mt cch hp l v thch ng cc vng t ngp nc, vi mc ch ngn chn qu trnh xm ln ngy cng gia tng vo cc vng t ngp nc cng nh s mt i ca chng thi im hin nay cng nh trong tng

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi

SVTH: Phan Th Giang

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lai, cng nhn cc chc nng sinh thi hc nn tng ca cc vng t ngp nc v cc gi tr gii tr, khoa hc, vn ha v kinh t ca chng.

ACN I

ng dng t ngp nc nhn to trong x l nc thi