1 Mch khuch i

1.1 Khi nim v mch khuyh i . Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit b in t, nh mch khuych i m tn trong Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l :

Khuych i v in p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu c bin ln hn nhiu ln. Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s thu c mt tn hiu cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln.

Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu c tn hiu c cng xut mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i cng xut l kt hp c

hai mch khuych i in p v khuych i dng in lm mt. 1.2 Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo mc ch s dng m mch khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB hoc ch C a) Mch khuych i ch A. L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn hiu ng vo.

Mch khuych i ch A khuych i c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo * Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc. * Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian nh khuych i cao tn, khuych i trung tn, tin khuych i vv.. b) Mach khuych i ch B. Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k dng ta dng transistor NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch khuych i ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo. * Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch i cng xut y ko nh cng xut m tn, cng xut mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai n NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch khuych i y ko phi c cc thng s k thut nh nhau: * Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2 khuych i cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m. c) Mch khuych i ch AB. Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho in p UBEsp s 0,6 V, mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc hin tng mo giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko .

d) Mch khuych i ch C L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn nh ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung ng b trong ti vi mu.

ng dng mch khuych i ch C trong mch tch xung ng b Ti vi mu.

2 Cc kiu mc ca Transistor
2.1 Transistor mc theo kiu E chung. Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass hoc u qua t xung mass thot thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung , Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in tr nh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p . c im ca mch khuych i E chung.

Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc. Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i v in p.

Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng ng k.

Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng => dng ICE tng => st p trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim, v ngc li khi in p u vo gim th in p chn C li tng => v vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo.

Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu nht trong thit b in t.

2.2 Transistor mc theo kiu C chung. Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng ngun (Lu : v phng din xoay chiu th dng ngun tng ng vi mass), Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E, mch c s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E c im ca mch khuych i C chung .

Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo .

Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, in p vo gim th in p ra cng gim.

Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin tng => dng IBE s tng => dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50 ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE s tng 50mA, dng ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu vo.

Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm nhiu nhnh, ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu kho hn. Ngoi ra mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun (ta s tm hiu trong phn sau)

2.3 Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.

Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass thng qua t.

Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung, khuych i v in p v khng khuych i v dng in.

3 Cc kiu ghp tng

3.1 Ghp tng qua t in. * S mch ghp tng qua t in

Mch khuych i u t c hai tng khuych i c ghp vi nhau qua t in.

trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette, mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo kiu E chung, cc tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua t in, ngi ta s dng cc t C1 , C3 , C5 lm t ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc ngun.

u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c s dng rt nhiu trong thit b in t, nhc im l khng khai thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do h s khuych i khng ln.

trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F.

Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr s nh khong vi nan Fara.

3.2 Ghp tng qua bin p . * S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng.

trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c ghp qua bin p i vo tng pha sau.

u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do khai thc c ti u h s khuych i , hn na cun s cp bin p c th u song song vi t cng hng khi mch khuych i mt tn s c nh.

Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v chim nhiu din tch.

3.3 Ghp tng trc tip . * Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn.

Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1 c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v Q3.

4 Phng php kim tra mt tng khuch i

4.1 Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nh th no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng.

Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch c UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu .

4.2 Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao .

Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao ) ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s khuych i ca mch b gim mnh. Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.

Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.

Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun => th tng khuych i c vn . Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) , hoc t Rg. Nu UCE qu cao ~ Vcc th c th t Rt hoc hng Transistor.

Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c : UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc