O Nhiem Nuoc Va Hau Qua Cua No

TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.
H CH MINH KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

BI BO CO: KHOA HC MI TRNG
NHIM NC V HU QU CA N
GVHD: L Quc Tun Thc hin: Nhm 6- DH08DL
1. L Th Thy 2. L Th Thu 3. L Th Ngc Dip 4. H Th Hong Oanh 5. Phan Th Dim Thy 6. Nguyn Th Ngon 7. Nguyn Th Thu Cc 8. Nguyn Th Thin Thanh 9. Nguyn Th Hng Dim 10. Trnh Vn Khi 11. Nguyn ng Khoa 12. Nguyn Minh Tun 13. Mai Hunh c Dng Thng 11-2009
nhim nc v hu qu ca n
LI NI U
Nc - ngun ti nguyn v cng qu gi nhng khng phi v tn. Mc d lng nc chim hn 97% b mt tri t nhng lng nc c th dng cho sinh hot v sn xut rt t, ch chim khong 3%. Nhng hin nay ngun nc ny ang b nhim trm trng do nhiu nguyn nhn m nguyn nhn chnh l do hot ng sn xut v thc ca con ngi. Vic khan him ngun nc ngt v ang gy ra hu qu ht sc nghim trng n mi trng, h sinh thi, cc loi sinh vt, trong c con ngi ,tim n nguy c chin tranh.Do vy ti nhim ngun nc v hu qu vi mc tiu gii thiu s lc v hin trng nhim nc trn th gii v nc ta, cng nh hu qu m n gy ra. T ra bin php gii quyt, ku gi mi ngi chung tay bo v ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, cng chnh l bo v chng ta v th h mai sau.
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MC LC
I. TI NGUYN NC V VAI TR CA N .............................................5 I.1. TI NGUYN NC CA TRI T ................................................5 I.2. VAI TR CA NC .............................................................................6 1. Vai tr ca nc vi sc khe con ngi .................................................6 2. Vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi trong nn kinh t quc dn .............7 II. NHIM MI TRNG NC .................................................................7 II.1. KHI NIM NHIM NC ..............................................................7 II.2. NGUN GC, CC TC NHN GY NHIM NC.................8 1. Ngun gc ...................................................................................................8 a) nhim t nhin: ................................................................................8 b) nhim nhn to ................................................................................8 i. T sinh hot: ........................................................................................8 ii. T cc hot ng cng nghip: .....................................................10 iii. T y t: ............................................................................................12 iv. T hot ng sn xut nng, ng nghip:....................................13 2. Cc tc nhn gy nhim nc:.............................................................14 a) Cc ion v c ha tan: .......................................................................14 i. Cc cht dinh dng (N, P) ...............................................................14 ii. Sulfat (SO42-): .................................................................................15 iii. Clorua (Cl-): ....................................................................................15 iv. Cc kim loi nng: .........................................................................15 b) Cc cht hu c .................................................................................17 i. Cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc (cc cht tiu th oxi) ...17 ii. Cc cht hu c bn vng .............................................................17 d) Cc cht c mu .................................................................................19 e) Cc cht gy mi v ............................................................................19 f) Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh ........................................................................20 i. Vi khun: ............................................................................................20 ii. Vi rt ...............................................................................................20 iii. ng vt n bo ...........................................................................20 iv. Giun sn ..........................................................................................20 v. Cc sinh vt ch th cho sinh vt gy bnh ....................................21 II.3. PHN LOI NC NHIM ............................................................22 1. nhim sinh hc: ....................................................................................22 2. nhim ha hc do cht v c: ..............................................................22 3. nhim do cht hu c tng hp: .........................................................23 a) Hydrocarbons (CxHy) .........................................................................23 b) Cht ty ra: bt git tng hp v x bng ......................................24 c) Nng dc (Pesticides) ......................................................................24 4. nhim vt l: .........................................................................................25 II.4. TNH TRNG NHIM NC .........................................................25 1. Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii ....................................................25 2. Tnh trng nhim nc nc ta ........................................................27 a) thnh th v cc khu sn xut: ......................................................27 b) nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip: ..........................29 DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 3 /52
c) Hin trng nhim nc mt s sng ln nc ta: ..............29 i. Lu vc sng Cu ..............................................................................30 ii. Lu vc sng Nhu ........................................................................31 iii. Lu vc sng ng Nai v sng Si Gn .....................................31 iv. Lu vc sng Tin Giang v Hu Giang ......................................32 III.1. NH HNG N MI TRNG .................................................34 1. Nc v sinh vt nc: ............................................................................34 a) Nc ...................................................................................................34 b) Sinh vt nc: ....................................................................................34 2. t v sinh vt t:...................................................................................36 a) t .......................................................................................................36 b) Sinh vt t .........................................................................................36 3. Khng kh: ................................................................................................36 III.2. NH HNG N CON NGI .....................................................37 1. Sc khe con ngi: ................................................................................37 a) Do kim loi trong nc: ....................................................................37 i. Trong nc nhim ch .......................................................................37 ii. Trong nc nhim thy ngn ........................................................38 iii. Trong nc nhim Asen ................................................................41 iv. Nc nhim Crom:.........................................................................42 v. Nc nhim Mangan .....................................................................43 vi. Bnh do nng nitrat cao trong nc. .......................................43 b) Cc hp cht hu c:.........................................................................44 c) Vi khun trong nc thi: .................................................................45 i. Bnh ng rut: ...............................................................................46 ii. Cc bnh do k sinh trng, vi khun, viruts v nm mc: ...........46 iii. Cc bnh do trung gian: ................................................................47 2. nh hng n i sng: ........................................................................48 a) Sinh hot thng ngy: .....................................................................48 b) Hot ng sn xut: ...........................................................................49
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I.TI NGUYN NC V VAI TR CA N

I.1. TI NGUYN NC CA TRI T
Tri t c khong 361 triu km2 din tch cc i dng( chim 71% din tch b mt tri t). Tr lng ti nguyn nc c khong 1,5 t km3, trong nc ni a ch chim 91 triu km3 ( 6,1%), cn 93,9% l nc bin v i dng. Ti nguyn nc ngt chim 28,25 triu km3 (1,88% thy quyn), nhng phn ln li dng ng bng hai cc tri t ( hn 70% lng nc ngt). Lng nc thc t con ngi c th s dng c l 4,2 triu km2 (0,28% thy quyn ). V tr Th tch(x 1012 m3) 125 104 1,25 67 8350 29200 37800 13 1320000 1360000 T l(%) 0,009 0,008 0,0001 0,005 0,61 2,14 2,8 0,001 97,3 100
Vng lc a
H nc ngt H nc mn, bin ni a Sng m trong t Nc ngm( su di 4000m) Bng cc cc Tng vng lc a( lm trn)
Kh quyn( hi nc) Cc i dng Tng cng lm trn
Cc ngun nc trong t nhin khng ngng vn ng v chuyn trng thi (lng, rn, kh), to nn vng tun hon nc trong sinh quyn: nc bc hi, ngng t v ma. Nc vn chuyn trong cc quyn, ha tan v mang theo nhiu cht dinh dng, cht khong v mt s cht cn thit cho i sng ca ng v thc vt. Nc ao, h, sng v i dng nh nng lng mt tri bc hi vo kh quyn, hi nc ngng t li ri ma ri xung b mt tri t. Nc chu chuyn trong phm vi ton cu, to nn cc cn cn bng nc v tham gia vo qu trnh iu ha kh hu tri t. Hi nc thot t cc loi thc vt lm tng m khng kh. Mt phn nc ma thm qua t thnh nc ngm, nc ngm v nc mt u hng ra bin tun hon tr li, l chu trnh nc. Tuy nhin lng nc ngt v nc ma trn hnh tinh phn b khng u. Hin nay hng nm trn ton th gii mi ch s dng khong 4000 km3 nc ngt, chim khong hn 40% lng nc ngt c th khai thc c.
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Chu trnh tun hon nc trn tri t
I.2. VAI TR CA NC
Nc tham gia vo thnh phn cu trc sinh quyn, iu ha cc yu t kh hu, t ai v sinh vt. Nc cn p ng nhng nhu cu a dng ca con ngi trong sinh hot hng ngy, ti tiu cho nng nghip, sn xut cng nghip, sn xut in nng v to ra nhiu cnh quan p.
1.Vai tr ca nc vi sc khe con ngi

Nc rt cn thit cho hot ng sng ca con ngi cng nh cc sinh vt. Nc chim 74% trng lng tr s sinh, 55% n 60% c th nam trng thnh, 50% c th n trng thnh. Nc cn thit cho s tng trng v duy tr c th bi n lin quan n nhiu qu trnh sinh hot quan trng. Mun tiu ha, hp thu s dng tt lng thc, thc phm ... u cn c nc. Nhiu nghin cu trn th gii cho thy con ngi c th sng nhn n trong nm tun, nhng nhn ung nc th khng qu nm ngy v nhn th khng qu nm pht. Khi i trong mt thi gian di, c th s tiu th ht lng glycogen, ton b m d tr, mt na lng pr-t-in duy tr s sng. Nhng nu c th ch cn mt hn 10% nc l nguy him n tnh mng v mt 20- 22% nc s dn n t vong. Theo nghin cu ca vin dinh dng quc gia: Khong 80% thnh phn m no c cu to bi nc, vic thng xuyn thiu nc lm gim st tinh thn, kh nng tp trung km v i khi mt tr nh. Nu thiu nc, s chuyn ha pr-
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t-in v enzymer a cht dinh dng n cc b phn khc ca c th s gp kh khn. Ngoi ra, nc cn c nhim v thanh lc v gii phng nhng c t xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha v h hp mt cch hiu qu. Nhiu nghin cu cng cho thy: nc l thnh phn ch yu ca lp sn v cht hot dch, khi b phn ny c cung cp nc, s va chm trc tip s gim i, t gim nguy c vim khp. Ung nc lm cho h thng bi tit c hot ng thng xuyn, bi thi nhng c t trong c th, c th ngn nga s tn ng lu di ca nhng c t gy bnh ung th: ung nc nhiu hng ngy gip lm long v gia tng lng nc tiu bi tit cng nh gp phn thc y s lu thng ton c th, t ngn nga hnh thnh ca cc loi si: ng tit niu, bng quang, niu qun... Nc cng l mt bin php gim cn hu hiu v n gin, nht l ung mt ly nc y khi cm thy i hoc trc mi ba n. Cm gic y d dy do nc (khng ca-lo, khng cht bo) s ngn cn s thm n v quan trng hn nc kch ng qu trnh chuyn ha, t chy nhanh lng ca-lo va hp thu qua thc phm. Nu mi ngy ung u n su ly nc th mt nm c th gim hai kg trng lng c th.
2.Vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi trong nn kinh t quc dn

Cng nh khng kh v nh sng, nc khng th thiu c trong i sng con ngi. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh s sng trn Tri t th nc v mi trng nc ng vai tr quan trng. Nc tham gia vo vai tr ti sinh th gii hu c ( tham gia qu trnh quang hp). Trong qu trnh trao i cht nc ng vai tr trung tm. Nhng phn ng l ha hc din ra vi s tham gia bt buc ca nc. Nc l dung mi ca nhiu cht v ng vai tr dn ng cho cc mui i vo c th. Trong khu dn c, nc phc v cho mc ch sinh hot, nng cao i sng tinh thn cho dn ( mt ngi nh hin i khng c nc khc no mt c th khng c mu). Nc ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong sn xut cng nghip. i vi cy trng nc l nhu cu thit yu, ng thi cn c vai tr iu tit cc ch nhit, nh sng, cht dinh dng, vi sinh vt, thong kh trong t Tm li, nc c vai tr cc k quan trng, do bo v ngun nc l rt cn thit cho cuc sng con ngi hm nay v mai sau.
II. NHIM MI TRNG NC

II.1. KHI NIM NHIM NC
nhim nc l s thay i theo chiu xu i cc tnh cht vt l ho hc sinh hc ca nc, vi s xut hin cc cht l th lng, rn lm cho ngun nc tr nn c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt. Lm gim a dng sinh vt trong nc. Xt v tc lan truyn v quy m nh hng th nhim nc l vn ng lo ngi hn nhim t. nhim nc xy ra khi nc b mt chy qua rc thi sinh hot, nc rc cng nghip, cc cht nhim trn mt t, ri thm xung nc ngm
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nhim nc v hu qu ca n Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha:

" nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d". Hin tng nhim nc xy ra khi cc loi ho cht c hi, cc loi vi khun gy bnh, virut, k sinh trng pht sinh t cc ngun thi khc nhau nh cht thi cng nghip t cc nh my sn xut, cc loi rc thi ca cc bnh vin, cc loi rc thi sinh hot bnh thng ca con ngi hay ho cht, thuc tr su, phn bn hu c... s dng trong sn xut nng nghip c y ra cc ao, h, sng, sui hoc ngm xung nc di t m khng qua x l hoc vi khi lng qu ln vt qu kh nng t iu chnh v t lm sch ca cc loi ao, h, sng, sui.
II.2. NGUN GC, CC TC NHN GY NHIM NC

1.Ngun gc
Nc b nhim l do s ph dng xy ra ch yu cc khu vc nc ngt v cc vng ven bin, vng bin khp kn. Do lng mui khong v hm lng cc cht hu c qu d tha lm cho cc qun th sinh vt trong nc khng th ng ho c. Kt qu lm cho hm lng xy trong nc gim t ngt, cc kh c tng ln, tng c ca nc, gy suy thoi thy vc.
a) nhim t nhin:
L do ma,tuyt tan, l lt,gi bo hoc do cc sn phm hot ng sng ca sinh vt, k c xc cht ca chng. Cy ci, sinh vt cht i , chng b vi sinh vt phn hy thnh cht hu c. Mt phn s ngm vo lng t, sau n su vo nc ngm, gy nhim. hoc theo dng nc ngm ha vo dng ln. Lt li c th lm nc mt s trong sch, khuy ng nhng cht d trong h thng cng rnh, mang theo nhiu cht thi c hi t ni rc, v cun theo cc loi ho cht trc y c ct gi. Nc lt c th b nhim do ho cht dng trong nng nghip, k ngh hoc do cc tc nhn c hi cc khu ph thi. Cng nhn thu dn ln cn cc cng trng k ngh b lt c th b tc hi bi nc nhim ho cht. nhim nc do cc yu t t nhin (ni la, xi mn, bo, lt,...) c th rt nghim trng, nhng khng thng xuyn, v khng phi l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi cht lng nc ton cu.
b) nhim nhn to i. T sinh hot:

Nc thi sinh hot (domestic wastewater): l nc thi pht sinh t cc h gia nh, bnh vin, khch sn, c quan trng hc, cha cc cht thi trong qu trnh sinh hot, v sinh ca con ngi.
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Thnh phn c bn ca nc thi sinh hot l cc cht hu c d b phn hy sinh hc (cacbohydrat, protein, du m), cht dinh dng (photpho, nit), cht rn v vi trng. Ty theo mc sng v li sng m lng nc thi cng nh ti lng cc cht c trong nc thi ca mi ngi trong mt ngy l khc nhau. Nhn chung mc sng cng cao th lng nc thi v ti lng thi cng cao. Nc thi th (municipal wastewater): l loi nc thi to thnh do s gp chung nc thi sinh hot, nc thi v sinh v nc thi ca cc c s thng mi, cng nghip nh trong khu th. Nc thi th thng c thu gom vo h thng cng thi thnh ph, th x l chung. Thng thng cc th c h thng cng thi, khong 70% n 90% tng lng nc s dng ca th s tr thnh nc thi th v chy vo ng cng. Nhn chung, thnh phn c bn ca nc thi th cng gn tng t nc thi sinh hot. nhiu vng , phn ngi v nc thi sinh hot khng c x l m quay tr li vng tun hon ca nc. Do bnh tt c iu kin ly lan v gy nhim mi trng. Nc thi khng c x l chy vo sng rch v ao h gy thiu ht oxy lm cho nhiu loi ng vt v cy c khng th tn ti. Theo thng k ca S Khoa hc Cng ngh & Mi trng Cn Th, trung bnh mi ngy 1 ngi dn th Cn Th thi ra hn 0,89 kg rc. Lng rc thu gom vo bi rc ch khong 60%, s cn li ngi dn ra sng, ao h, cng rnh, knh, rch gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Khng ch c ho cht, rc, bnh phm, trn hu ht cc sng, knh trn a phn tnh Cn Th, ngi dn ua nhau ln chim lng sng, lm cn tr dng chy, cn tr giao thng ng thu v tranh th s dng khong sng nh hp y nh mt h thng WC. Cc bi rc l ni cha ng s nhim rt cao, nu khng c thu dn, x l trit th nc t cc bi rc theo nc ma, chy vo cc ao h gn khu dn c, hoc thm vo ngun nc ngm gy nhim. Theo bo co mi nht ca S KHCN & MT TP.HCM (22/10/2002) trung bnh mi ngy sng ng Nai v Si Gn phi hng chu trn 852.000 m3 lng nhim t nc thi sinh hot vi hm lng DO thp v COD qu cao (tiu chun sau ny c tnh nng hu c trong nc. Cn ti cc khu th, trung bnh mi ngy thi ra 20.000 tn cht thi rn nhng ch thu gom v a ra cc bi rc c trn 60% tng lng cht thi nn gy nhim ngun nc.
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nhim nc do rc thi sinh hot
ii.
T cc hot ng cng nghip:
Nc thi cng nghip (industrial wastewater): l nc thi t cc c s sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, giao thng vn ti. Khc vi nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip khng c thnh phn c bn ging nhau, m ph thuc vo ngnh sn xut cng nghip c th. V d: nc thi ca cc x nghip ch bin thc phm thng cha lng ln cc cht hu c; nc thi ca cc x nghip thuc da ngoi cc cht hu c cn c cc kim loi nng, sulfua,... Ngi ta thng s dng i lng PE (population equivalent) so snh mt cch tng i mc gy nhim ca nc thi cng nghip vi nc thi DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 10 /52
th. i lng ny c xc nh da vo lng thi trung bnh ca mt ngi trong mt ngy i vi mt tc nhn gy nhim xc nh. Cc tc nhn gy nhim chnh thng c s dng so snh l COD (nhu cu oxy ha hc), BOD5 (nhu cu oxy sinh ha), SS (cht rn l lng). V d: Tnh PE ca ngun nc thi c lu lng l 200 m3/ngy, nng BOD5 ca nc thi l 1200 mg/L. Lng BOD5 trung bnh do mt ngi thi ra trong mt ngy l 50 g/ngi.ngy. Nh vy, xt i vi thng s BOD5, nc thi ca ngun thi ny tng ng vi nc thi ca mt khu dn c c 4800 ngi. C nhiu hot ng sn xut cng nghip gy nhim nc, trong ch yu l: Do cc hot ng sn xut: Hin nay trong tng s 134 khu cng nghip, khu ch xut i vo hot ng nc ta mi ch c 1/3 khu cng nghip, ch xut c h thng x l nc thi. Nhiu nh my vn dng cng ngh c, c khu cng nghip thi ra 500.000 m3 nc thi mi ngy cha qua x l. Cht lng nc thi cng nghip u vt qu nhiu ln gii hn cho php. c bit l nc thi cc ngnh cng nghip nhm, thuc da, ch bin thc phm, ha cht c hm lng cc cht gy nhim cao, khng c x l thi trc tip vo h thng thot nc lm cho ngun nc b nhim nng. Do khai thc khong sn: Trong vic khai khong cng nghip th kh khn ln nht l x l cht thi di dng t v bn. Trong cht thi ny c th c cc ha cht c hi m ngi ta s dng tch qung khi t . Trong cht thi cc m thng c cc hp cht sulfid-kim loi, chng c th to thnh axt, vi khi lng ln chng c th gy hi i vi ng rung v ngun nc xung quanh. Bn t cc khu m chy ra sng sui c th gy n tc dng chy t gy l lt. Mt lng cht thi rt ln bao gm cht thi rn, nc thi v bn thi hng nm, khng c qun l v x l, gy nhim mi trng. Hin tng nhim v lng ng trm tch cc sng v bin do khai thc khong sn cng c th e da n a dng sinh hc trong cc thy vc, e da n sc khe ca ngi dn gn , v xa hn na l lm nh hng n cc cng ng sng ph thuc vo ngun nc. Cc cht thi c th lm bn cc ngun nc d tr khc nh cc ti nc ngm. Xi l t cc mi dc khng c rng bao ph lm cc con sng y p bn ph sa v lm tng kh nng l lt. Khai thc khong sn gn cc lu vc sng, c bit l m than hm l cng lm tng thm nhng nguy c tai nn do b ngp lt. T cc l nung v ch bin hp kim: Trong qu trnh sn xut v ch bin cc loi kim loi nh ng, nicken, km, bc, kobalt, vng v kadmium, mi trng b nh hng nng n. Hydrofluor, Sunfua-dioxit, Nit-oxit khi c cng nh cc kim loi nng nh ch, Arsen, Chrom, Kadmium, Nickel, ng v km b thi ra mi trng.Mt lng ln axt-sunfuaric c s dng ch bin. Cht thi rn c hi cng gy hi n mi trng. Thng thng con ngi ht th cc cht c hi ny hoc chng thm nhp vo chui thc phm. Bi mn gy hi nng n v nh hng ti ngun nc.
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Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng n cc ngun nc mt trong vng dn c. Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp trung l rt ln. iu nguy him hn l trong s cc c s sn xut cng nghip, cc khu ch xut a phn cha c trm x l nc thi, kh thi v h thng c s h tng p ng yu cu bo v mi trng.
iii. T y t:
Nc thi bnh vin bao gm nc thi t cc phng phu thut, phng xt nghim, phng th nghim, t cc nh v sinh, khu git l, ra thc phm, bt a, t vic lm v sinh phng... cng c th t cc hot ng sinh hot ca bnh nhn, ngi nui bnh v cn b cng nhn vin lm vic trong BV. Nc thi y t c kh nng lan truyn rt mnh cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l i vi nc thi c x ra t nhng bnh vin hay nhng khoa truyn nhim, ly nhim. c tnh ca nc thi BV: ngoi nhng yu t nhim thng thng nh cht hu c, du m ng thc vt, vi khun, cn c nhng cht bn khong v hu c c th nh cc ph phm thuc, cc cht kh trng, cc dung mi ha hc, d lng thuc khng sinh, cc ng v phng x c s dng trong qu trnh chn on v iu tr bnh. Vic s dng rng ri cc cht ty ra (cht hot ng b mt) xng git ca BV cng to nguy c lm xu i mc hot ng ca cng trnh x l nc thi BV. im c th ca nc thi BV l s lan truyn rt mnh cc vi khun gy bnh, nht l nc thi t nhng BV chuyn v bnh truyn nhim cng nh khoa ly nhim ca cc BV khc. Nhng ngun nc thi ny l mt trong nhng nhn t c bn c kh nng gy truyn nhim qua ng tiu ha v lm nhim mi trng. c bit nguy him khi nc thi b nhim cc vi khun gy bnh c th dn n dch bnh cho ngi v ng vt qua ngun nc, qua cc loi rau c ti bng nc thi. Nc thi bnh vin cha v s loi vi trng, virus v cc mm bnh sinh hc khc trong mu m, dch, m, phn ca ngi bnh, cc loi ha cht c hi t c th v ch phm iu tr, thm ch c cht phng x. Do , n c xp vo danh mc cht thi nguy hi, gy nguy him cho ngi tip xc Theo kt qu phn tch ca c quan chc nng, loi nc ny nhim nng v mt hu c v vi sinh. Hm lng vi sinh cao gp 100 - 1.000 ln tiu chun cho php, vi nhiu loi vi khun nh Salmonella, t cu, lin cu, virus ng tiu ho, bi lit, cc loi k sinh trng, amip, nm. Hm lng cht rn l lng cao gp 2-3 ln tiu chun cho php. Ngoi ra, nhng cht thi nh mu, dch, nc tiu c hm lng hu c cao, phn hy nhanh nu khng c x l ng mc, khng ch gy bnh m cn gy mi hi thi nng nc, lm nhim khng kh trong cc khu dn c. Sau khi ha vo h thng nc thi sinh hot, nhng mm bnh ny chu du khp ni, xm nhp vo cc loi thy sn, vt nui, cy trng, nht l rau thy canh DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 12 /52
v tr li vi con ngi. Vic tip xc gn vi ngun nhim cn lm tng nguy c ung th v cc bnh him ngho khc cho ngi dn.
iv. T hot ng sn xut nng, ng nghip: Trong sn xut nng nghip:

Cc hot ng chn nui gia sc: phn, nc tiu gia sc, thc n tha khng qua x l a vo mi trng v cc hot ng sn xut nng nghip khc: thuc tr su, phn bn t cc rung la, da, vn cy, rau cha cc cht ha hc c hi c th gy nhim ngun nc ngm v nc mt. Trong qu trnh sn xut nng nghip, a s nng dn u s dng thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) gp ba ln liu khuyn co. Chng nhng th, nng dn cn s dng c cc loi thuc tr su b cm nh Aldrin, Thiodol, Monitor... Trong qu trnh bn phn, phun xt thuc, ngi nng dn khng h trang b bo h lao ng. a s nng dn khng c kho ct gi bo qun thuc, thuc khi mua v cha s dng c ct gi khp ni, k c gn nh n, ging sinh hot... a s v chai thuc sau khi s dng xong b vt ngay ra b rung, s cn li c gom bn ph liu...
Trong sn xut ng nghip:

Nc ta l nc c b bin di v c nhiu iu kin thun li cho ngnh nui trng thy hi sn, tuy nhin cng v m vic nhim ngun nc do cc h nui trng thy sn gy ra khng phi l nh. Nguyn nhn l do thc n, nc trong h, ao nui lu ngy b phn hy khng c x l tt m x ra sng sui, bin gy nhim ngun nc. Cc cht thi nui trng thy sn l ngun thc n d tha thi ra b phn hy, cc cht tn d s dng nh ha cht v thuc khng sinh, vi v cc loi khong cht. Cht thi ao nui cng nghip c th cha n trn 45% Nitrogen v 22% l cc cht hu c khc, l ngun c th gy nhim mi trng v dch bnh thy sn pht sinh trong mi trng nc. Bn cnh , cc xng ch bin mi ngy ch bin hng tn thy hi sn, tuy nhin trong qu trnh ch bin thi ra mi trng ton b lng nc thi, bao gm c ha cht, cht bo qun. Ngoi ra, nhiu loi thy hi sn ch ly mt phn, phn cn li vt xung sng, bin lm nc b nhim, bc mi hi kh chu. Mt thc trng ang xy ra vi cc c s nui trng thy sn l hin tng thc n nui trng thy sn gy nhim. Do thiu quy hoch v thc v mi trng, cc doanh nghip v c nhn, nc ta c ngh nui c lng trn bin ang pht trin rt mnh. nhim mi trng bin khu vc ny ang din bin ht sc phc tp. Mi ngy nhng lng nui c gi, ngi nui a xung bin mt lng thc n nui c gm hng chc tn cc loi. Lng thc n ny mt phn do c n khng ht, hoc lt qua li ri xung y bin, tri sang khu vc bin gn DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 13 /52
. Mi b li c mt kiu cho c n ring. Cc loi c sng, c cht c bm nh dng lm thc n, ri tinh bt, rau tiTt c u tng xung hng chc nghn lng.
2.Cc tc nhn gy nhim nc: a) Cc ion v c ha tan:

Nhiu ion v c c nng rt cao trong nc t nhin, c bit l trong nc bin.Trong nc thi th lun cha mt lng ln cc ion Cl-, SO42-, PO43-, Na+, K+. Trong nc thi cng nghip, ngoi cc ion k trn cn c th c cc cht v c c c tnh rt cao nh cc hp cht ca Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Sb, Cr, F...
i.
Cc cht dinh dng (N, P)
Mui ca nit v photpho l cc cht dinh dng i vi thc vt, nng thch hp chng to iu kin cho cy c, rong to pht trin. Amoni, nitrat, photphat l cc cht dinh dng thng c mt trong cc ngun nc t nhin, hot ng sinh hot v sn xut ca con ngi lm gia tng nng cc ion ny trong nc t nhin. Amoni v amoniac (NH4+, NH3): nc mt thng ch cha mt lng nh (di 0,05 mg/L) ion amoni (trong nc c mi trng axt) hoc amoniac (trong nc c mi trng kim). Nng amoni trong nc ngm thng cao hn nhiu so vi nc mt. Nng amoni trong nc thi th hoc nc thi cng nghip ch bin thc phm thng rt cao, c lc ln n 100 mg/L. Tiu chun Mi trng Vit Nam v nc mt (TCVN 5942-1995) quy nh nng ti a ca amoni (hoc amoniac) trong ngun nc dng vo mc ch sinh hot l 0,05 mg/L (tnh theo N) hoc 1,0 mg/L cho cc mc ch s dng khc. Nitrat (NO3-): l sn phm cui cng ca s phn hy cc cht cha nit c trong cht thi ca ngi v ng vt. Trong nc t nhin nng nitrat thng nh hn 5 mg/L. Do cc cht thi cng nghip, nc chy trn cha phn bn t cc khu nng nghip, nng ca nitrat trong cc ngun nc c th tng cao, gy nh hng n cht lng nc sinh hot v nui trng thy sn. Tr em ung nc cha nhiu nitrat c th b mc hi chng methemoglobin (hi chng tr xanh xao). TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nng ti a ca nitrat trong ngun nc mt dng vo mc ch sinh hot l 10 mg/L (tnh theo N) hoc 15mg/L cho cc mc ch s dng khc. Photphat (PO43-): cng nh nitrat, photphat l cht dinh dng cn cho s pht trin ca thc vt thy sinh. Nng photphat trong cc ngun nc khng nhim thng nh hn 0,01 mg/L. Nc sng b nhim do nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip hoc nc chy trn t ng rung cha nhiu loi phn bn, c th c nng photphat n 0,5 mg/L. Photphat khng thuc loi ha cht c hi i vi con ngi, nhiu tiu chun cht lng nc khng quy nh nng ti a cho photphat. Mc d khng c hi i vi ngi, song khi c mt trong nc nng tng i ln, cng vi nit, photphat s gy ra hin tng ph dng (eutrophication, cn c gi l ph dng). Theo nhiu tc gi, khi hm lng
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photphat trong nc t n mc 0,01 mg/l (tnh theo P) v t l P:N:C vt qu 1:16:100, th s gy ra hin tng ph dng ngunnc. T eutrophication bt ngun t ting Hy Lp, c ngha l c nui dng tt. Ph dng ch tnh trng ca mt h nc ang c s pht trin mnh ca to. Mc du to pht trin mnh trong iu kin ph dng c th h tr cho chui thc n trong h sinh thi nc, nhng s pht trin bng n ca to s gy ra nhng hu qu lm suy gim mnh cht lng nc. Hin tng ph dng thng xy ra vi cc h, hoc cc vng nc t lu thng trao i. Khi mi hnh thnh, cc h u tnh trng ngho cht dinh dng (oligotrophic) nc h thng kh trong. Sau mt thi gian, do s xm nhp ca cc cht dinh dng t nc chy trn, s pht trin v phn hy ca sinh vt thy sinh, h bt u tch t mt lng ln cc cht hu c. Lc bt u xy ra hin tng ph dng vi s pht trin bng n ca to, nc h tr nn c mu xanh, mt lng ln bn lng c to thnh do xc ca to cht. Dn dn, h s tr thnh vng m ly v cui cng l vng t kh, cuc sng ca ng vt thy sinh trong h b ngng tr.
ii.
Sulfat (SO42-):
Cc ngun nc t nhin, c bit nc bin v nc phn, thng c nng sulfat cao. Sulfat trong nc c th b vi sinh vt chuyn ha to ra sulfit v axit sulfuric c th gy n mn ng ng v b tng. nng cao, sulfat c th gy hi cho cy trng.
iii.
Clorua (Cl-):
L mt trong cc ion quan trng trong nc v nc thi. Clorua kt hp vi cc ion khc nh natri, kali gy ra v cho nc. Ngun nc c nng clorua cao c kh nng n mn kim loi, gy hi cho cy trng, gim tui th ca cc cng trnh bng b tng,... Nhn chung clorua khng gy hi cho sc khe con ngi, nhng clorua c th gy ra v mn ca nc do t nhiu nh hng n mc ch n ung v sinh hot.
iv.
Cc kim loi nng:
Pb, Hg, Cr, Cd, As, Mn,...thng c trong nc thi cng nghip. Hu ht cc kim loi nng u c c tnh cao i vi con ngi v cc ng vt khc. Ch (Pb): ch c trong nc thi ca cc c s sn xut pin, acqui, luyn kim, ha du. Ch cn c a vo mi trng nc t ngun khng kh b nhim do kh thi giao thng. Ch c kh nng tch ly trong c th, gy c thn kinh, gy cht nu b nhim c nng. Ch cng rt c i vi ng vt thy sinh. Cc hp cht ch hu c c gp 10 100 ln so vi ch v c i vi cc loi c. Thy ngn (Hg): thy ngn l kim loi c s dng trong nng nghip (thuc chng nm) v trong cng nghip (lm in cc). Trong t nhin, thy ngn c a vo mi trng t ngun kh ni la. cc vng c m thy ngn, nng thy ngn trong nc kh cao. Nhiu loi nc thi cng nghip c cha thy ngn dng mui v c ca Hg(I), Hg(II) hoc cc hp cht hu c cha thy ngn. DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 15 /52
Thy ngn l kim loi nng rt c i vi con ngi. Vo thp nin 50, 60, nhim thy ngn hu c vnh Minamata, Nht Bn, gy tch ly Hg trong hi sn. Hn 1000 ngi cht do b nhim c thy ngn sau khi n cc loi hi sn nh bt trong vnh ny. y l mt trong cc s c mi trng nghim trng nht trong lch s hin i. Thy ngn cng rt c vi cc ng vt khc v cc vi sinh vt. Nhiu loi hp cht ca thy ngn c dng dit nm mc. Asen (As): asen trong cc ngun nc c th do cc ngun gy nhim t nhin (cc loi khong cha asen) hoc ngun nhn to (luyn kim, khai khong...). Asen thng c mt trong nc di dng asenit (AsO33-), asenat (AsO43-) hoc asen hu c (cc hp cht loi methyl asen c trong mi trng do cc phn ng chuyn ha sinh hc asen v c). Asen v cc hp cht ca n l cc cht c mnh (cho ngi, cc ng vt khc v vi sinh vt), n c kh nng tch ly trong c th v gy ung th. c tnh ca cc dng hp cht asen: As(III) > As(V) > Asen hu c.
Nng ti a cho php ca mt s kim loi nng trong cc loi nc theo tiu chun Vit Nam v mi trng:
Nng ti a cho php TCVN TCVN TCVN 5924-1995 5943-1995 5944-1995 ( nc mt) (nc bin ven b) (nc ngm) 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,01 0,005 0,01 0,05 0,1 0,05 0,1 0,1 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1 0,02 1,0 1 0,1 5,0 0,1 0,1 0,1-0,5 0,1 1 0,005 0,001
STT Kim loi nng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Asen Cadmi Ch Crom(III) Crom(IV) ng Km Mangan Niken Thy ngn
n v Mg/l -
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b) Cc cht hu c i.
oxi)
Cacbonhidrat, protein, cht bo thng c mt trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th , nc thi cng nghip ch bin thc phm l cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc. Trong nc tha sinh hot, c khong 60-80% lng cht hu c thuc loi d b phn hu sinh hc.Cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc thng nh hng c hi n ngun li thu sn, v khi b phn hu cc cht ny s lm gim oxy ho tan trong nc, dn n cht tm c.
Cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc (cc cht tiu th
ii.
Cc cht hu c bn vng
Cc cht hu c c c tnh cao thng l cc cht bn vng, kh b vi sinh vt phn hu trong mi trng. Mt s cht hu c c kh nng tn lu lu di trong mi trng v tch lu sinh hc trong c th sinh vt. Do c kh nng tch lu sinh hc, nn chng c th thm nhp vo chui thc n v t i vo c th con ngi. Cc cht polychlorophenol(PCPs), polychlorobiphenyl(PCBs: polychlorinated biphenyls), cc hydrocacbon a vng ngng t(PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocacbons), cc hp cht d vng N, hoc O l cc hp cht hu c bn vng. Cc cht ny thng c trong nc thi cng nghip, nc chy trn t ng rung (c cha nhiu thuc tr su, dit c, kch thoch sinh trng). Cc hp cht ny thng l cc tc nhn gy nhim nguy him, ngay c khi c mt vi nng rt nh trong mi trng. Nhm hp cht phenol Phenol v cc dn xut phenol c trong nc thi ca mt s nghnh cng nghip(lc ho du, sn xut bt giy, nhum). Cc hp cht ny lm cho nc c mi, gy tc hi cho h sinh thi nc, sc kho con ngi, mt s dn xut phenol c kh nng gy ung th (carcinogens). TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nng ti a ca cc hp cht phenol trong nc b mt dng cho sinh hot l 0,001 mg/l. Nhm ho cht bo v thc vt(HCBVTV) hu c. Hin nay c hng trm, thm ch hng ngn cc loi HCBVTV ang c sn xut v s dng dit su, cn trng, nm mc, dit c. Trong s phn ln l cc hp cht hu c, chng c chia thnh cc nhm: Photpho hu c Clo hu c Cacbamat Phenoxyaxetic Pyrethroid
Hu ht cc cht ny c tnh cao i vi con ngi v ng vt. Nhiu nht trong s , c bit l cc clo hu c, b phn hu rt chm trong mi trng, c kh nng tch lu trong c th sinh vt v con ngi. Nhiu trong s cc DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 17 /52
HCBVTV l tc nhn gy ung th. TCVN 5942-1995 quy nh nmg ti a cho php ca tng cc HCBVTV trong nc b mt l 0,15 mg/l, ring vi DDT l 0,01 mg/l. Nhm hp cht dioxin. Nhm dioxin l hai nhm hp cht tp cht sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut cc hp cht clo ho. Dioxin cng c to thnh khi t chy cc hp cht clo ho nhit thp (di 1000o C). Hai nhm ha cht ny l polychlorinated dibenzop-dioxins(PCDDs) v polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Nhm hp cht polychlorinated biphenyl(PCBs). PCB l nhm hp cht c t 1 n 10 nguyn t clo gn vo cc v tr khc nhau ca phn t phenyl. C th c n 209 hp cht thuc loi ny. Cng nghip thng sn xut c cc hn hp cha nhiu loi PCB khc nhau, tu thuc vo iu kin, trong thng thng c mt t tp cht dioxin. PCBs bn ho hc v cch in tt, nn c dng lm du bin th v t in, ngoi ra chng cn c dng lm du bi trn, du thu lc, tc nhn truyn nhit n khong thp nin 1960 ngi ta pht hin ra nguy c gy nhim PCBs t cc nghnh cng nghip. PCBs lc c mt gn nh khp ni, c bit l nguy c tch lu PCBs trong m m ng vt. Trong m m ca nhiu loi ng vt c v bin c cha nng PCBs ln gp 10 triu ln PCBs trong nc. Nhng nm cui thp nin 1970, vic sn xut PCBs bt u b nh ch hu ht cc nc. PCBs c th lm gim kh nng sinh sn, gim kh nng hc tp ca tr em; chng cng c th l tc nhn gy ung th. Tuy vy, cng nh cc dioxin, bng chng v tc hi ca PCBs cng cha r lm, do nng ca chng trong mi trng thng rt nh v tc hi li c xu hng din ra sau mt thi gian di. Nhm hp cht hidrocacbon a vng ngng t (polynuclear aromatic hidrocacbon PAHs) Cc hp cht PAH thng cha hai hay nhiu vng thm. PAH l sn phm ph ca cc qu trnh chy khmg hon ton nh: chy rng, chy tho nguyn, ni la phun tro (qu trnh t nhin); ng c xe my, l nung than cc, sn xut nha asphalt, sn xut thuc l, nng tht(qu trnh nhn to). Cc PAH thng gy hi khi tip xc vi liu lng nh trong mt thi gian di, nhng khng gy hi ng k nu dng mt lng ln trong mt ln. Trong s cc hp cht PAH c 8 hp cht c xem l tc nhn gy ung th. Thng thng thc phm hng ngy l ngun a PAHs chnh vo c th ngi(95%), thuc l, rau khng ra sch, ng cc cha c tinh ch, tht c xng khi l cc ngun a mt lng ng k PAHs vo c th.
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c) Du m
Du m l cht kh tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong cc dung mi hu c. Du m c thnh phn ha hc rt phc tp. Du th c cha hng ngn cc phn t khc nhau, nhng phn ln l cc Hidro cacbon c s cacbon t 2 n 26. Trong du th cn c cc hp cht lu hunh, nit, kim loi. Cc loi du nhin liu sau tinh ch (du DO2, FO) v mt s sn phm du m khc cn cha cc cht c nh PAHs, PCBs,Do , du m thng c c tnh cao v tng i bn trong mi trng nc. c tnh v tc ng ca du m n h sinh thi nc khng ging nhau m ph thuc vo loi du m. Hu ht cc loi ng thc vt u b tc hi ca du m. Cc loi ng thc vt thy sinh d b cht do du m ngn cn qu trnh h hp, quang hp v cung cp nng lng. Tuy nhin, mt s loi to li km nhy cm vi du m, do trong iu kin nhim du m, nhiu loi to li pht trin mnh. Giao thng thy, khai thc v c bit vn chuyn du th l ngun gy nhim du m ch yu i vi mi trng nc.
d) Cc cht c mu
Nc nguyn cht khng c mu, nhng nc trong t nhin thng c mu do cc cht c mt trong nc nh: - Cc cht hu c do xc thc vt b phn hy st v mangan dng keo hoc dng ha tan, cc cht thi cng nghip. - Cc cht thi cng nghip (phm mu, crom, tanin, Lignin) Mu thc ca nc to ra do cc cht ha tan hoc cht keo c trong nc. Mu biu kin ca nc do cc cht rn l lng trong nc gy ra. Ngoi cc tc hi c th c ca cc cht gy mu trong nc, nc c mu cn c xem l khng t tiu chun v mt cm quan, gy tr ngi cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau.
e) Cc cht gy mi v
Nhiu cht c th gy mi v cho nc. Trong , nhiu cht c tc hi n sc khe con ngi cng nh gy cc tc hi khc n ng thc vt v h sinh thi nh: - Cc cht hu c t nc thi th, nc thi cng nghip. - Cc sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy xc ng thc vt. - Du m v cc sn phm du m. Cng nh cc cht gy mu, cc cht gy mi v c th gy hi cho i sng ng thc vt v lm gim cht lng nc v mt cm quan. Tuy nhin mt s khong cht c mt trong nc to ra v nc t nhin, khng th thiu c trong nc ung sch, do chng l ngun cung cp cc cht vi lng cn thit cho c th con ngi. Khi hm lng cc cht khong ny thp hoc khng c, nc ung s tr nn rt nht nho.
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f) Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh
Nhiu vi sinh vt gy bnh c mt trong nc gy tc hi cho mc ch s dng nc trong sinh hot. Cc sinh vt ny c th truyn hay gy bnh cho ngi. Cc sinh vt gy bnh ny vn khng bt ngun t nc, chng cn c vt ch sng k sinh, pht trin v sinh sn. Mt s cc sinh vt gy bnh c th sng mt thi gian kh di trong nc v l nguy c truyn bnh tim tng. Cc sinh vt ny l vi khun, virt, ng vt n bo, giun sn.
i.
Vi khun:
Vi khun l cc vi sinh vt n bo, c cu to t bo, nhng cha c cu trc nhn phc tp, thuc nhm prokaryotes v thng khng mu. Vi khun l dng sng thp nht c kh nng t tng hp nguyn sinh cht t mi trng xung quanh. Vi khun thng c dng que (bacilli), dng hnh cu (cocci) v dng hnh phy (spirilla, vibrios, spirochetes). Cc loi vi khun gy bnh c trong nc thng gy cc bnh v ng rut, nh dch t (cholera, do vi khun Vibrio comma), bnh thng hn (typhoid, do vi khun Salmonella typhosa),
ii.
Vi rt
Vi rt l nhm vi sinh vt cha c cu to t bo, c kch thc rt b, c th chui qua c mng lc vi khun. Cho n nay, vi rt l cu trc sinh hc nh nht c bit n, ch c th thy c vi rt qua knh hin vi in t. Vi rt c mang y thng tin v gen cn thit gip cho qu trnh sinh sn v nhng vt k sinh cn phi sng bm vo t bo sinh vt ch (t vi khun n t bo ng vt, thc vt). V rt c trong nc c th gy cc bnh c lin quan n s ri lon h thn kinh trung ng, vim tu xm, vim gan, Thng thng kh trng bng cc qu trnh khc nhau trong giai on x l nc c th dit c vi rt. Nhng hiu qu c th ca qu trnh kh trng cha c nh gi ng mc i vi virt, do kch thc vi rt qu nh v cha c phng php kim tra nhanh phn tch.
iii.
ng vt n bo
ng vt n bo l dng ng vt sng nh nht, c th c cu to n bo nhng c chc nng hot ng phc tp hn vi khun v vi rt. ng vt n bo c th sng c lp hoc k sinh, c th thuc loi gy bnh hoc khng, c loi kch thc rt nh, nhng cng c loi kch thc ln nhn thy c. Cc loi ng vt n bo d dng thch nghi vi iu kin bn ngoi nn chng tn ti rt ph bin trong t nhin, nhng ch c mt s t thuc loi sinh vt gy bnh. Trong iu kin mi trng khng thun li, cc loi ng vt n bo thng to lp v kn bao bc (cyst), rt kh tiu dit trong qu trnh kh trng. V vy, thng thng trong qu trnh x l nc sinh hot cn c cng on lc loi b cc ng vt n bo dng kn ny.
iv.
Giun sn
Giun sn l loi sinh vt k sinh c vng i gn lin vi hai hay nhiu ng vt ch, con ngi c th l mt trong s cc vt ch ny. Cht thi ca ngi v ng vt l ngun a giun sn vo nc. Nc l mi trng vn chuyn giun sn quan trng. Tuy nhin, cc phng php x l nc hin nay tiu dit giun sn rt DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 20 /52
hiu qu. Ngi thng tip xc vi cc loi nc cha x l c th c nguy c nhim giun sn.
v.
Cc sinh vt ch th cho sinh vt gy bnh
Vic phn tch nc pht hin ton b cc vi sinh vt gy bnh thng rt mt thi gian v cng sc. Thng thng, ngi ta ch thc hin mt php kim nghim c th no xc nh s c mt ca mt vi sinh vt gy bnh xc nh khi c l do nghi ng v s c mt ca chng trong ngun nc. Khi cn kim tra thng k cht lng nc, ngi ta s dng cc vi sinh vt ch th. Cc sinh vt ch th l l cc sinh vt m s hin din ca chng biu th cho thy nc ang b nhim cc sinh vt gy bnh, ng thi phn nh s b bn cht v mc nhim. Mt s sinh vt ch th l tng phi tho mn cc im sau: - C th s dung cho tt c cc loi nc. - Lun lun c mt khi c sinh vt gy bnh. - Lun lun khng c mt khi khng c sinh vt gy bnh. - C th xc nh c d dng thng qua cc phng php kim nghim,khng b nh hng cn tr do s c mt ca cc sinh vt khc trong nc. - Khng phi l sinh vt gy bnh, do khng c hi cho kim nghim vin. Trong thc t, hu nh khng th tm c sinh vt ch th no hi cc iu kin nu trn. Hu ht cc sinh vt gy bnh c mt trong nc thng xut pht t ngun gc phn ngi v ng vt. Do , bt k sinh vt no c mt trong ng rut ca ngi v ng vt v tho mn cc iu kin nu trn u c th dng lm sinh vt ch th. Tng coliforms (total coliforms), fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, v clostridium perfringens, thng l cc sinh vt ch th c dng pht hin s nhim phn ca nc. Trong s , nhm tng coliform (total coliforms group) bao gm Escherichia coli (E.coli), Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter fruendii, thng dc s dng nht. Total coliforms thng c dng nh gi kh nng b nhim phn ca nc ung. Fecal coliforms c dng vi cc loi nc sng sui b nhim, nc cng, nc h bi, cc vng n i E.coli l loi chim u th trong ng rut con ngi, trong lc nc vng nhit i E.coli khng phi l loi vi khun ch yu trong rut con ngi. V vy, total coliform l test thng dng pht hin kh nng nhim phn ca nc vng ny. Fecal streptococci, cng l loi vi khun ng rut, nhng c nhiu trong ng vt hn con ngi. Do , t s ca Fecal coliforms v Fecal streptococci (FC/FS) c th cho bit nc ang b nhim phn ngi hay phn ng vt. Khi t s ny nh hn 0.7 th nc c xem l b nhim phn ng vt. Sinh vt (vi khun) ch th thng c xc nh bng 2 cch: phng php lc mng (membrane filter, hay cn gi l phng php MF, kt qu biu din bng s vi khun/100 ml) v phng php MPN (Most Probale Number, hay cn gi l phng php ln men ng nghim, kt qu biu din bng s MPN/100 ml).
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II.3. PHN LOI NC NHIM

1. nhim sinh hc:
nhim nc sinh hc do cc ngun thi th hay k ngh c cc cht thi sinh hot, phn, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy... S nhim v mt sinh hc ch yu l do s thi cc cht hu c c th ln men c: s thi sinh hot hoc k ngh c cha cht cn b sinh hot, phn tiu, nc ra ca cc nh my ng, giy, l st sinh... S nhim sinh hc th hin bng s nhim bn do vi khun rt nng, t thnh vn ln cho v sinh cng cng ch yu cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bnh cu trng, vim gan do siu vi khun tng ln lin tc nhiu quc gia cha k n cc trn dch t. Cc s nhim bnh c tng cng do nhim sinh hc ngun nc. Th d thng hn, vim rut siu khun. Cc nc thi t l st sinh cha mt lng ln mm bnh. Th d l st sinh La Villette, Paris thi ra 350 triu mm hiu kh v 20 triu mm ym kh trong 1cm3 nc thi, trong c nhiu loi gy bnh ( Plancho in Furon,1962). Cc nh my giy thi ra nc c cha nhiu glucid d dy men. Mt nh my trung bnh lm nhim bn nc tng ngvi mt thnh ph 500.000 dn. Cc nh my ch bin thc phm, sn xut hp, thuc da, l m, u c nc thi cha protein. Khi c thi ra dng chy, protein nhanh chng b phn hy cho ra acid amin, acid bo, acid thm, H2S, nhiu cht cha S v P, c tnh c v mi kh chu. Mi hi ca phn v nc cng ch yu l do indol v dn xut cha methyl ca n l skatol. nhim hu c c nh gi bng BOD5: nhu cu O2 sinh hc trong 5 ngy. l hm lng O2 cn thit vi sinh vt phn hy ht cc cht hu c trong 1 lt nc nhim. Th d Paris BOD5 l 70g/ngi/ngy. Tiu chun nc ung ca Php l lng hu c c BOD5 di 5mg/l, nng O2 ho tan l hn 4mg/l, cha di 50 mm coliforme/cm3 v khng c cht no c c. Tiu chun ca cc quc gia khc cng tng t.
2. nhim ha hc do cht v c:
Do thi vo nc cc cht nitrat, phosphat dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi do luyn kim v cc cng ngh khc nh Zn, Cr, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, Hg l nhng cht c cho thy sinh vt. S nhim do cc cht khong l do s thi vo nc cc cht nh nitrat, phosphat v cc cht khc dng trong nng nghip v cc cht thi t cc ngnh cng nghip. Nhim c ch (Saturnisne) : l ch c s dng lm cht ph gia trong xng v cc cht kim loi khc nh ng, km, chrom, nickel, cadnium rt c i vi sinh vt thy sinh. Thy ngn di dng hp cht rt c i vi sinh vt v ngi. Tai nn vnh Minamata Nht Bn l mt th d ng bun, gy t vong cho hng trm
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ngi v gy nhim c nng hng ngn ngi khc. Nguyn nhn y l ngi dn n c v cc ng vt bin khc b nhim thu ngn do nh my thi ra. S nhim nc do nitrat v phosphat t phn bn ha hc cng ng lo ngi. Khi phn bn c s dng mt cch hp l th lm tng nng sut cy trng v cht lng ca sn phm cng c ci thin r rt. Nhng cc cy trng ch s dng c khong 30 - 40% lng phn bn, lng d tha s vo cc dng nc mt hoc nc ngm, s gy hin tng ph nhiu ho sng h, gy ym kh cc lp nc di.
3. nhim do cht hu c tng hp:

nhim ny ch yu do hydrocarbon, nng dc, cht ty ra...
a) Hydrocarbons (CxHy)
Hydrocarbons l cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t ca cacbon v hydrogen. Vi CxHy c trng lng phn t nh (methan, ethan v ethylen) dng kh trong nhit v p sut bnh thng. Tuy nhin , i a s CxHy l lng v rn. Chng t tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong du v cc dung mi hu c (Walker et al., 1996). Chng l mt trong nhng ngun nhim ca nn vn minh hin i. Vn ht sc nghim trng nhng vng nc l v thm lc a c nhiu c. i khi c bt c khng th n c v c mi du la. S nhim bi cc hydrocarbon l do cc hin tng khai thc m du, vn chuyn bin v cc cht thi b nhim xng du. c tnh khong 1 t tn du c ch bng ng bin mi nm. Mt phn ca khi lng ny, khong 0,1 0,3% c nm ra bin mt cch tng i hp php: l s ra cc tu du bng nc bin. Cc tai nn m tu ch du l tng i thng xuyn. c 129 tai nn tu du t 1973 - 1975, lm nhim bin bi 340.000 tn du (Ramade, 1989). c tnh c khong 3.6 triu tn du th thi ra bin hng nm (Baker,1983). Mt tn du loang rng 12 km2 trn mt bin, do bin lun lun c mt lp mng du trn mt (Furon,1962). Cc vc nc t lin cng b nhim bn bi hydrocarbon. S thi ca cc nh my lc du, hay s thi du nht xe tu, hoc l do v lm ri vi xng du. Tc thm ca xng du ln gp 7 ln ca nc, s lm cc lp nc ngm b nhim. Khong 1,6 triu tn hydrocarbon do cc con sng ca cc quc gia k ngh ha thi ra vng b bin.
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Hnh 1. Con ng vn chuyn du m
b) Cht ty ra: bt git tng hp v x bng

Bt git tng hp ph bin t nm 1950. Chng l cc cht hu c c cc (polar) v khng c cc (non-polar). C 3 loi bt git: anionic, cationic v nonionic. Bt git anionic c s dng nhiu nht, n c cha TBS (tetrazopylne benzen sulfonate), khng b phn hy sinh hc. X bng l tn gi chung ca mui kim loi vi acid bo. Ngoi cc x bng natri v kali tan c trong nc, thng dng trong sinh hot, cn cc x bng khng tan th cha calci, st, nhm...s dng trong k thut (cc cht bi trn, sn, verni).
c) Nng dc (Pesticides)
Cc nng dc hin i a s l cc cht hu c tng hp. Thut ng pesticides l do t ting Anh pest l loi gy hi, nn pesticides cn gi l cht dit dch hay cht dit ho. Ngi ta phn bit: Thuc st trng (insecticides). Thuc dit nm (fongicides). Thuc dit c (herbicides). Thuc dit chut (dit gm nhm = rodenticides). Thuc dit tuyn trng (nematocides). Chng to thnh mt ngun nhim quan trng cho cc vc nc. Nguyn nhn gy nhim l do cc nh my thi cc cht cn b ra sng hoc s dng cc nng dc trong nng nghip, lm nhim nc mt, nc ngm v cc vng ca sng, b bin. Nc dng ca dn thnh ph Arles (min nam nc Php) c mi kh chu khng s dng c, vo nm 1948. Nguyn nhn l do mt nh my sn xut thuc dit c 2,4-D cch hng trm km thi cht cn b k ngh ra sng lm nhim ngun nc. nhim ca vng b bin Thi Bnh Dng ca Hoa K, vnh Californie, bi hng Montrose Chemicals do s sn xut nng dc. Hng ny sn xut t u DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 24 /52
nm 1970, 2/3 s lng DDT ton cu lm nhim mt din tch 10.000 km2 (Mc Gregor, 1976), lm cho mt s c khng th n c tuy nhiu nm tri qua. S dng nng dc mang li nhiu hiu qu trong nng nghip, nhng hu qu cho mi trng v sinh vt cng rt ng k.
4. nhim vt l:
Cc cht rn khng tan khi c thi vo nc lm tng lng cht l lng, tc lm tng c ca nc. Cc cht ny c th l gc v c hay hu c, c th c vi khun n. S pht trin ca vi khun v cc vi sinh vt khc li cng lm tng c ca nc v lm gim xuyn thu ca nh sng. Nhiu cht thi cng nghip c cha cc cht c mu, hu ht l mu hu c, lm gim gi tr s dng ca nc v mt y t cng nh thm m. Ngoi ra cc cht thi cng nghip cn cha nhiu hp cht ho hc nh mui st, mangan, clor t do, hydro sulfur, phenol... lm cho nc c v khng bnh thng. Cc cht amoniac, sulfur, cyanur, du lm nc c mi l. Thanh to lm nc c mi bn, mt s sinh vt n bo lm nc c mi tanh ca c.
II.4. TNH TRNG NHIM NC

1.Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii
Trong thp nin 60, nhim nc lc a v i dng gia tng vi nhp ng lo ngi. Tin nhim nc phn nh trung thc tin b pht trin k ngh. Ta c th k ra y vi th d tiu biu. Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch. N tr thnh ng cng l thin vo gia th k ny. Cc sng khc cng c tnh trng tng t trc khi ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo v nghim ngt. Nc Php rng hn, k ngh phn tn v nhiu sng ln, nhng vn cng khng khc bao nhiu. Dn Paris cn ung nc sng Seine n cui th k 18. T vn i khc: cc sng ln v nc ngm nhiu ni khng cn dng lm nc sinh hot c na, 5.000 km sng ca Php b nhim mn tnh. Sng Rhin chy qua vng k ngh ha mnh, khu vc c hn 40 triu ngi, l nn nhn ca nhiu tai nn (nh chy nh my thuc Sandoz Ble nm 1986) thm vo cc ngun nhim thng xuyn. Hoa K tnh trng thm thng b pha ng cng nh nhiu vng khc. Vng i h b nhim nng, trong h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim trng.
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nhim nc- vn nn ln ca th gii
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2.Tnh trng nhim nc nc ta

a) thnh th v cc khu sn xut:
Hin nay Vit Nam, mc d cc cp, cc ngnh c nhiu c gng trong vic thc hin chnh sch v php lut v bo v mi trng, nhng tnh trng nhim nc l vn rt ng lo ngi. Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc ngy cng nng n di vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. nhim nc do sn xut cng nghip l rt nng. V d: ngnh cng nghip dt may, ngnh cng nghip giy v bt giy, nc thi thng c pH trung bnh t 9-11; ch s nhu cu xy sinh ho (BOD), nhu cu xy ho hc (COD) c th ln n 700mg/1 v 2.500mg/1; hm lng cht rn l lng... cao gp nhiu ln gii hn cho php. Hm lng nc thi ca cc ngnh ny c cha xyanua (CN-) vt n 84 ln, H2S vt 4,2 ln, hm lng NH3 vt 84 ln tiu chun cho php nn gy nhim nng n cc ngun nc mt trong vng dn c. Mc nhim nc cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cm cng nghip tp trung l rt ln. Ti cm cng nghip Tham Lng, thnh ph H Ch Minh, ngun nc b nhim bn bi nc thi cng nghip vi tng lng nc thi c tnh 500.000 m3/ngy t cc nh my giy, bt git, nhum, dt. thnh ph Thi Nguyn, nc thi cng nghip thi ra t cc c s sn xut giy, luyn gang thp, luyn kim mu, khai thc than; v ma cn tng lng nc thi khu vc thnh ph Thi Nguyn chim khong 15% lu lng sng Cu; nc thi t sn xut giy c pH t 8,4-9 v hm lng NH4 l 4mg/1, hm lng cht hu c cao, nc thi c mu nu, mi kh chu Kho st mt s lng ngh st thp, c ng, nhm, ch, giy, dt nhum Bc Ninh cho thy c lng nc thi hng ngn m3/ ngy khng qua x l, gy nhim ngun nc v mi trng trong khu vc. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi; mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng. thnh ph H Ni, tng lng nc thi ca thnh ph ln ti 300.000 DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 27 /52
400.000 m3/ngy; hin mi ch c 5/31 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thi, chim 25% lng nc thi bnh vin; 36/400 c s sn xut c x l nc thi; lng rc thi sinh hoi cha c thu gom khong 1.200m3/ngy ang x vo cc khu t ven cc h, knh, mng trong ni thnh; ch s BOD, oxy ho tan, cc cht NH4, NO2, NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy nh cho php thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thi ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thi; khong 3.000 c s sn xut gy nhim thuc din phi di di. Khng ch H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh m cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng nc thi sinh hot cng khng c x l nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php (TCCP), cc thng s cht l lng (SS), BOD; COD; xy ho tan (DO) u vt t 5-10 ln, thm ch 20 ln TCCP.
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b) nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip:

V tnh trng nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip, hin nay Vit Nam c gn 76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao. Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, s vi khun Feca coliform trung bnh bin i t 1.5003.500MNP/100ml cc vng ven sng Tin v sng Hu, tng ln ti 380012.500MNP/100ML cc knh ti tiu. Trong sn xut nng nghip, do lm dng cc loi thuc bo v thc vt, cc ngun nc sng, h, knh, mng b nhim, nh hng ln n mi trng nc v sc kho nhn dn. Theo thng k ca B Thu sn, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thu sn n nm 2001 ca c nc l 751.999 ha. Do nui trng thu sn t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut nn gy nhiu tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Cng vi vic s dng nhiu v khng ng cch cc loi ho cht trong nui trng thu sn, th cc thc n d lng xung y ao, h, lng sng lm cho mi trng nc b nhim cc cht hu c, lm pht trin mt s loi sinh vt gy bnh v xut hin mt s to c; thm ch c du hiu xut hin thu triu mt s vng ven bin Vit Nam.
c) Hin trng nhim nc mt s sng ln nc ta:

Sau gn 20 nm m ca v y mnh kinh t vi hn 64 khu ch xut v khu cng nghip, cng thm hng trm ngn c s ha cht v ch bin trn ton quc. Vn cht thi l mt vn nan gii i vi nhng quc gia cn ang pht trin, v cht thi lng trong trng hp Vit Nam tr thnh mt vn nn ln cho quc gia hin ti v chng c thi hi thng vo cc dng sng m khng qua x l. Qua thi gian, nguy c nhim ngy cng tng dn, v cho n hm nay, c th ni rng tnh trng nhim trn nhng dng sng Vit Nam tng cng kinh DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 29 /52
khng v khng cn phng cch no cu cha c na. Qua bo ch v truyn thanh VN t hn hai nm qua, tin tc nhim ngun nc hu ht sng ngi VN, c bit nhng ni c pht trin trng im. Nhiu dng sng trc kia l ni git gi tm ra, v nc sng c x dng nh nc sinh hot gia nh. Nay tnh trng hon ton khc hn. Ngi dn nhiu ni khng th dng nhng ngun nc sng ny na. Nhng ni c cp n c th c chia ra tng khu vc khc nhau t Bc ch Nam ty theo s pht trin ca tng ni mt. l: Lu vc sng Cu v cc ph lu qua cc tnh Bc Cn, Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Bc Giang, Bc Ninh v Hi Dng. Lu vc sng Nhu, sng y chy qua cc tnh Ha Bnh, TP H Ni, H Ty, H Nam, Nam nh, v Ninh Bnh. Lu vc sng ng Nai, sng Si Gn gm cc tnh Lm ng, c Lc, c Nng, Bnh Phc, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh, ng Nai (Bin Ha), TP HCM, B Ra-Vng Tu, Ninh Thun, v Bnh Thun. Lu vc Tin Giang v Hu Giang gm cc tnh thuc BSCL.
i.
Lu vc sng Cu
y khng phi l nguy c nhim m l mt lu vc b nhim hon ton. Dn s sng trong lu vc ny chim khong 7 triu trn mt din tch 10 ngn km2. Trong lu vc ny, ngoi khu sn xut cng nghip ln nht Thi Nguyn, qua vic khai thc m v ha cht, cn c trn di 800 c s sn xut tiu th cng nghip v quy m cng nghip nh nh cc lng ngh tp trung. Lng cht thi lng thi hi vo lu vc sng Cu c tnh khong 40 triu m3/nm. Ring khu vc Thi Nguyn thi hi khong 24 triu m3 trong c nhiu kim loi c hi nh Selenium, Mangan, Ch, Thit, Thy Ngn v cc hp cht hu c t cc nh my sn xut ha cht bo v thc vt nh thuc st trng, thuc tr su ry, tr nm mc v.v.... Ti tnh Bc Ninh, c trn 60 lng ngh c t lu i. Ni y cng cn c cc ngnh ch bin lm sn v k ngh giy v ti sinh giy. Cc k ngh ny pht thi nhiu ha cht hu c c hi trong cc cht ty trng cha chlor l mt nguy c nhim cao nht. V trong cng on ny pht sinh ra dioxin, mm mng ca bnh ung th. Thm na, trong cc ph lu ca sng Cu, hu ht nhng thng s phn tch u vt qua tiu chun cho php t 2 n hn 50 ln nh nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD), lng oxy ha tan (DO), tng cn l lng (TSS), nitrite (NO2). Vi nhng thng s ghi nhn tn c bit l DO, mt thng s ch lng oxy ha tan rt thp, nhiu khi di 1,0 n v, c ngha l trong lu vc sng Cu lng tm c hu nh khng cn hin din na.
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Mt on sng b nhim
ii.
Lu vc sng Nhu
Dn s trong lu vc ny khong 10 triu trn mt din tch 7.700 km2. y l mt vng c mt dn s cao trn 1.000 ngi/km2 v cng l mt trung tm kinh t quan trng. Do ngoi nc thi cng nghip, cn phi k thm nc thi sinh hot gia c, tt c u thng ra sng h. Lng nc thi sinh hot c c tnh l 140 triu m3 theo thng k 2004. Cn cc ngun nc thi ca trn 120 c s sn xut cng nghip vng ny tr H Ni c tnh khong 120 triu m3/nm. Ring ti H Ni, c 400 x nghip v khong 11 ngn c s sn xut tiu th cng nghip thi hi trung bnh 20 triu m3/nm. H Ty l ni trng im ca lng ngh chim 120 lng trn tng s 286 lng ngh trong khu vc. Hai h lu c nhim trm trng nht l sng Nhu v sng T Lch vi hm lng DO hu nh trit tiu, ngha l khng cn iu kin cho tm c sng c, v vo ma kh nhiu on sng trn hai sng ny ch l nhng bi bn nm tr cng tri t. iii.
Lu vc sng ng Nai v sng Si Gn
Lu vc ny chng nhng l mt vng ng dn c nh H Ni, vi din tch 14.500 km2 v dn s khong 17,5 triu, v cng l mt vng tp trung pht trin cng nghip ln nht v cng l mt vng c th ha nhanh nht nc. Hng nm sng ngi trong lu vc ny tip nhn khong 40 triu m3 nc thi cng nghip, khng k mt s lng khng nh ca trn 30 ngn c s sn xut ha cht ri rc trong thnh ph HCM. Nc thi sinh hot c tnh khong 360 triu m3. Ngoi nhng cht thi cng nghip nh hp cht hu c, kim loi c hi nh: ng, ch, st, km, thy ngn, cadmium, mangan, cc loi thuc bo v thc vt. Ni y cn xy ra hin tng nc sng b acid ha nh on sng t cu Bnh Long n Bn Than, nhiu khi pH xung n 4,0 ( pH trung ha l 7,0), v trng im l sng Rch Tra, ni tt c nc r t cc bi rc thnh ph v h thng nh my dt nhum khu Tham Lng vo. Lu vc ny hin ang b khai thc qu ti, nc sng hon ton b nhim v h sinh thi ca vng ny b tn ph kinh khng, v y cng l mt yu t sng cn DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 31 /52
cho s pht trin cho c nc, chim 30% tng sn lng quc dn. Vo thng 12/2005, B Ti Nguyn & Mi Trng t chc hi tho Bo v mi trng lu vc h thng sng ng Nai ni ln tnh cch quan trng ca vn . Kt lun c ghi nhn trong hi tho ny l c 4 khu vc b nhim trm trng. l: 1 on sng ng Nai t cu Ha An n cu ng Nai, ni cung cp ngun nc chnh cho c dn Si Gn, 2 - on t Bnh Phc n Tn Thun, a phn ca trn 10 khu ch xut, 3 - on sng Th Vi t nh my ha cht v bt ngt Vedan ca i Loan n cng Ph M, 4 - V nc sng Vm C ng. Ring sng Vm C ng, nc sng ny ang b acid ha nng. Cng ty Vedan sau nhiu ln c S Mi Trng Thnh Ph ngh ng ca t nm 1997, hin nay vn l mt ti nhc nhi cho B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng . Theo ch th ca ng Mai i Trc, B Trng, ti y cn phi c chuyn vin tc trc hng ngy theo di tnh trng nhim ; v trong nm 2006, nu cng ty khng gii quyt cc vn nhim s c ch ti bng k thut v s c trnh ng ca vnh vin. Hin nay, lu vc sng ng Nai c 39 khu ch xut, khu cng nghip; v s lng ny s tng ln 74 n nm 2010 theo k hoch son tho xong. Do tnh trng nhim trong nhng nm sp n s tr nn cu chuyn hng ngy ca lu vc ny.
iv.
Lu vc sng Tin Giang v Hu Giang
y l mt vng ht sc c bit v cng l mt lu vc ln nht v ng dn nht vi din tch 39 ngn Km2 v gn 30 triu c dn. Pht trin kinh t ni y t trng tm l nng nghip v chn nui thy sn. V y khng phi l mt trng im cng nghip cho nn nhng vn nn mi trng khng ging nh tnh trng ca 3 lu vc va k trn. Nhng vic khai thc nng nghip v thy sn tr thnh mt vn cn phi lu tm trong hin ti. Vic nhim ha cht do d lng phn bn v thuc bo v thc vt l kt qu ca vic khai thc ti a ngun t cho nng nghip. c nhiu ch du cho thy cc ha cht c hi nh DDT, Nitrate, ha cht BVTV thuc nhm organophosphate, nguyn nhn ca nhng mm bnh ung th hin din trong nc. Thm na, vin nh ngun nc lu vc ny b nhim arsenic do vic o trn 300 ngn ging dng cho sinh hot v ti tiu cng s l mt quc nn trong tng lai khng xa. Thm na, vic khai thc chn nui thy sn trn sng, ngoi vic lm cn tr dng chy ca sng, vic di chuyn trn sng s kh khn thm, m cn l mt vn nn mi trng khng th trnh khi. T thng ngun Chu c, An Giang, cho n tn M Tho, c b trong ma c va qua b cht hng lot do ngun nc nhim t thng ngun do c cht ly lan xung h lu. Kt qu l trn 40% lng tm c b tht thot trong ma va qua (VN trong gian on ny phi nhp cng tm s v c basa ca Trung Quc v M Lai thanh ton hp ng cn ang tn ng vi cc nc khc). Ngoi ra, do vic tn dng ngun nc cho ti tiu, vic khai m iu khng hp l khin cho BSCL phi i mt vi vn ngp mn do nn hn DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 32 /52
hn ko di trong khi h sinh thi c nguy c b hy dit do nhim. Nm 2005 va qua, nc mn vo su trn 120 Km trong t lin lm tng kh nng b hoang ha ca t trong vng ny. Pht trin kinh t khng i i vi vic bo v mi trng, kt qu tt nhin l tnh trng mi trng ngy cng xung cp v cng nhim ngy cng tng thm m thi. Tnh trng cho n ngy hm nay c th ni l n giai on gn nh b tc. B Trng Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng cng ku gi a phng cu ly cc con sng trc khi qu mun, ng nh trng hp ca sng y v sng T Lch. Tng lai l nhng dng sng VN s tr nn nhng dng sng cht cng nh vic pht trin s b nh hng v mi trng khng th chp nhn thm ngun nc thi thm na. Kh nng VN khng cn nhiu thi gian gii quyt vn nu khng ni l mun ri. Nhng vic cp bch cn lm c th cu vn tnh hnh cn c khn trng trin khai.
Mt khc sng nhim trm trng
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III.HU QU NHIM NC
III.1. NH HNG N MI TRNG
a) Nc
Nc ngm: Ngoi vic cc cn l lng trong nc mt, cc cht thi nng lng xung y sng, sau khi phn hu, 1 phn lng cht c cc sinh vt tiu th, 1 phn thm xung mch nc bn di (nc ngm) qua t, lm bin i tnh cht ca loi nc ny theo chiu hng xu (do cc cht cha nhiu cht hu c, kim loi nng),bn cnh , vic khai thc nc ngm ba bi v ngi dn xy dng cc loi hm cha cht thi cng gp phn lm suy gim cht lng nc ngm, lm cho lng nc ngm vn khan him, nay cng him hn na. Nc mt: Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, gy ra s mt cn bng gia lng cht thi ra mi trng nc (rc thi sinh hot, cc cht hu c,) v cc sinh vt tiu th lng cht thi ny (vi sinh vt, to,) lm cho cc cht hu c, cht rn l lng, khng c phn hu, vn cn lu li trong nc vi khi lng ln, dn n vic nc dn mt i s tinh khit ban u, lm cht lng ngun nc b suy gim nghim trng.
1. Nc v sinh vt nc:
b) Sinh vt nc:
nhim nc nh hng trc tip n cc sinh vt nc, c bit l vng sng, do nc chu tc ng ca nhim nhiu nht. Nhiu loi thu sinh do hp th cc cht c trong nc, thi gian lu ngy gy bin i trong c th nhiu loi thu sinh, mt s trng hp gy t bin gen, to nhiu loi mi, mt s trng hp lm cho nhiu loi thu sinh cht. Trong 4 ngy lin tip (t 18 - 21.10), tm, c cht hng lot ti kinh Gia Nh (p m Cng, x Trn Thi, huyn Ci Nc, C Mau), cnh X nghip ch bin thu sn Nam Long thuc Cng ty c phn xut khu thu sn Ci i Vm (Cadovimex). Nc trong kinh en ngm v mi hi thi bc ln nng nc. i n u kinh cnh X nghip ch bin thu sn Nam Long th thy nc thi trong bi rc sinh hot ca x nghip ny ang trn xung kinh. Xc c cht trn kinh Gia Nh, huyn Ci Nc (tnh C Mau). y l con kinh chy di gn 4 km, ni t bi rc ca X nghip ch bin thu sn Nam Long vi sng Ci Nc - m Cng, c hng trm h dn ly nc t dng kinh ny nui c, tm. i dng tuy chim din tch tri t, nhng cng khng th khng chu tc ng bi vic nc b nhim, m mt phn s nhim nc i dng l do cc hot ng ca con ngi nh vic khai thc du, rc thi t ngi i bin, gy nh hng khng nh n i dng v cc sinh vt i dng, lm xut hin nhiu hin tng l, ng thi lm cho nhiu loi sinh vt bin khng c ni sng, mt s vng c nhiu loi sinh vt bin cht hng lot, ,
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nhim nc v hu qu ca n Hin tng thy triu en: Tnh trng cht lng nc h gim t ngt
nghim trng v tnh trng c cht hng lot trong nhiu ngy k t thp nin 1970. Hin tng ny c cc nh khoa hc gi tn l thy triu en. Phn tch cc mu nc h ly t nhiu nc trn th gii cho thy hin tng thy triu en thng xy trong h nc vo ma thu. Khi , cht hu c di y h bt u phn hy di tc dng ca cc vi sinh vt, lm thiu xy di y h, gim hm lng pH v tng nng cc gc axt kali nitrat. Chu k ny lm tng tnh trng thiu xy trong nc v ly lan hp cht sunfua, bin nc h c mu en v mi hi. Trong qu trnh thay i cht lng nc, cc hot ng ca con ngi nh thi cht thi cng nghip v sinh hot vo h cng c th to ra thy triu.
Thy triu : S pht trin qu mc ca nn cng nghip hin i ko

theo nhng hu qu nng n v mi trng, lm thay i h sinh thi bin. Mt khc, s nhim nc bin do cc ch phm phc v nui tm, d lng cc loi thuc kch thch, thuc tr su, thuc bo v thc vt... gp phn lm tng vt tn sut xut hin thu triu nhiu ni trn th gii v Vit Nam. Khng ch nh hng nghim trng n nn kinh t bin, thu triu cn lm mt cn bng sinh thi bin, nhim mi trng bin. Khi gp nhng mi trng thun li nh iu kin nhit , s u dng ca vc nc... cc loi vi to pht trin theo kiu bng n s lng t bo, lm thay i hn mu nc. Cc nh khoa hc gi l s n hoa ca to hay thu triu . Thu triu ph v s cn bng sinh thi bin, gy hi trc tip i vi sinh vt v con ngi. Mt s loi vi to sn sinh ra c t. V vy, con ngi c th b ng c do n phi nhng sinh vt b nhim c t vi to. Thu triu l tp hp ca mt s lng cc ln loi to c c tn gi Alexandrium fundyense. Loi to ny c cha loi c t saxintoxin, git cht 14 con c voi trn vng bin Atlantic, vo nm 1987.
Hnh nh :Thy triu Cape Rodney, New Zealand
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2. t v sinh vt t:
a) t
Nc b nhim mang nhiu cht v c v hu c thm vo t gy nhim nghim trng cho t. Nc nhim thm vo t lm : Lin kt gia cc ht keo t b b gy, cu trc t b ph v. Thay i c tnh l hc, ha hc ca t. Vai tr m, tnh oxy ha, tnh dn in, dn nhit ca mi trng t thay i mnh. Thnh phn cht hu c gim nhanh lm kh nng gi nc v thot nc ca t b thay i. Mt s cht hay ion c trong nc thi nh hng n t : Qu trnh oxy ha cc ion Fe2+ v Mn2+ c nng cao to thnh cc axit khng tan Fe2O3 v MnO2 gy ra hin tng nc phn dn n ng thnh vng trn mt t (ng phn) Canxi, magie v cc ion kim loi khc trong t b nc cha axit cacbonic ra tri th t s b chua ha
b) Sinh vt t
Khi cc cht nhim t nc thm vo t khng nhng gy nh hng n t m cn nh hng n c cc sinh vt ang sinh sng trong t. Cc ion Fe2+ v Mn2+ nng cao l cc cht c hi vi thc vt. Cu trong ngun nc nhim t cc khu cng nghip thi ra thm vo t khng c lm i vi ng vt nhng c i vi cy ci nng trung bnh. Cc cht nhim lm gim qu trnh hot ng phn hy cht ca mt s vi sinh vt trong t L nguyn nhn lm cho nhiu cy ci ci cc, kh nng chng chu km, khng pht trin c hoc c th b thi gc m cht C nhiu loi cht c bn vng kh b phn hy c kh nng xm nhp tch ly trong c th sinh vt. Khi vo c th sinh vt cht c cng c th phi cn thi gian tch ly n lc t mc nng gy c.
3. Khng kh:
nhim mi trng nc khng ch nh hng n con ngi, t, nc m cn nh hng n khng kh. Cc hp cht hu c, v c c hi trong nc thi thng qua vng tun hon nc, theo hi nc vo khng kh lm cho mt bi bn trong khng kh tng ln. Khng nhng vy, cc hi nc ny cn l gi bm cho cc vi sinh vt v cc loi kh bn cng nghip c hi khc. Mt s cht kh c hnh thnh do qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht hu c trong nc thi nh SO2, CO2, CO, nh hng nghim trng n mi trng kh quyn v con ngi, gy ra cc cn bnh lin quan n ng h hp nh: nim
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mc ng h hp trn, vim phi, vim ph qun mn tnh, gy bnh tim mch, tng mn cm nhng ngi mc bnh hen, Hnh nh : thy triu Cape Rodney, New Zealand
III.2.
NH HNG N CON NGI
1. Sc khe con ngi:

a) Do kim loi trong nc:
Cc kim loi nng c trong nc l cn thit cho sinh vt v con ngi v chng l nhng nguyn t vi lng m sinh vt cn tuy nhin vi hm lng cao n li l nguyn nhn gy c cho con ngi, gy ra nhiu bnh him ngho nh ung th, t bin. c bit au lng hn l n l nguyn nhn gy nn nhng lng ung th. Cc ion kim loi c pht hin l hp cht km hm ezyme mnh. Chng tc dng ln phi t nh nhm SCH3 v SH trong methionin v xystein. Sau y l mt s kim loi c nhiu nh hng nhim trng nht
i.
Trong nc nhim ch
Ch c tnh c cao i vi con ngi v ng vt. S thm nhim ch vo c th con ngi t rt sm t tun th 20 ca thai k v tip din sut k mang thai. Tr em c mc hp th ch cao gp 3-4 ln ngi ln. Mt khc thi gian bn sinh hc ch ca tr em cng di hn ca ngi ln. Ch tch ng xng . Tr em t 6 tui tr xung v ph n c thai l nhng i tng mn cm vi nhng nh hng nguy hi ca ch gy ra. Ch cng cn tr chuyn ha canxi bng cch trc tip hay gin tip thng qua km hm s chuyn ha vitamin D. Ch gy c c c quan thn kinh trung ng ln thn kinh ngoi bin. Ch tc ng ln h enzyme, c bit l enzyme vn chuyn hiro. Khi b nhim c, ngi bnh b mt s ri lon c th, trong ch yu l ri lon b phn to huyt (ty xng) . Ty theo mc nhim c c th gy ra nhng tai bin nh au bng ch, ng vin en Burton li, au khp, vim thn, cao huyt p vnh vin, lit, tai bin lo nu nng c th gy t vong. Tc dng ha sinh ca ch ch yu gy nh hng n tng hp mu, ph v hng cu. Ch c ch mt s enzyme quan trng trong qu trnh tng hp mu do tch ng cc hp cht trung gian ca qu trnh trao i cht. Ch km hm qu trnh s dng O2 v glucozo sn xut nng lng cho qu trnh sng. S km hm ny c th nhn thy khi nng ch trong mu khong 0,3mg/l. Khi nng ch trong mu ln hn 0,8mg/l c th gy ra hin tng thiu mu do thiu hemoglobin. Nu hm lng ch trong mu khong 0,5-0,8mg/l s gy ri lon chc nng ca thn v ph hy no. JECFA thit lp gi tri tm thi cho lng ch a vo c th c th chu ng c i vi tr s sinh v thiu nhi l 25mg/kg th trng. Hn 90% lng ch trong mu tn ti trong hng cu. Dng ln nht v tc chm l trong khung xng, chu k bn hy l 20nm, dng khng bn hn nm
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trong m mm. Tng s tch ly sut i ca ch c th t 200mg-500mg. Ch trong h thn kinh trung ng c xu hng tch ly trong i no v nhn t bo. Triu chng ng c ch gm: au bng trn, to bn, nn ma. trn li ca bnh nhn, ngi ta nhn thy mt ng xanh en do ch sufua ng li. Chng vim no tuy rt him nhng li l bin chng nghim trng ngi trong trng hp nhim c ch, trng hp cng thng hay gp tr em. Bnh thiu mu: thiu mu thng xuyn xy ra trong trng hp nhim c ch v c v thng xy ra trong giai on cui, nhng ngay khi nhim c ch, ngi ta pht hin ri lan t hp mu. S km hm t hp mu l yu t gy ra bnh thiu mu do ch nhng ch cng to ra nhng tc ng trc tip n hng cu. Tnh thm ht ca mng b thay i ty thuc vo lng kali b mt v thi k bn phn hy ca hng cu b rt ngn. Ngoi ra cn c nhng thay i trong qu trnh trao i st v nhng t bo cha st cng xut hin trong mu v ty xng. Lng st trong huyt thanh tng ln. Mc nguy him ty thuc vo tui v tnh trng ca c th v nguy him chnh l c hi ti h thn kinh. Hu ht nhy cm vi ch l tr em, c bit l tr em mi tp i, tr s sinh v bo thai. Tr s sinh, tr em di 16 tui v ph n c thai l i tng nhy cm nht vi c t ch, tc ng mn tnh n s pht trin tr tu ca tr em. Vi nhng ph n c thai thng xuyn tip xc vi ch kh nng xy thai hoc thai nhi cht sau khi sinh l rt ln. Vi tr em, h thn kinh ang pht trin rt nhy cm khi b nhim ch d nng thp, h s thng minh (IQ) gim xung. i vi ngi trng thnh, cng vic thng xuyn tip xc vi ch qu mc hoc do gp s c c th b nhim bnh thn kinh ngoi vi hoc thn kinh mn tnh. Tuy nhin ngi ln cc nh hng cp tnh hay hu ht cc nh hng nhy cm ca ch c th l bnh tng huyt p. Ngoi ra khi nhim c ch cn c th nh hng dn mt s c quan khc trong c th nh d dy, rut non, c quan sinh sn. ii.
Trong nc nhim thy ngn
Thy ngn v c ch yu nh hng n thn, trong khi methyl thy ngn nh hng chnh n h thn kinh trung ng. Sau khi b nhim c ngi bnh d cu gt, kch thch, xc ng, ri lon tiu ha ri lon thn kinh, vim li, rung chn. Nu b nhim c nng c th t vong. c tnh ca thy ngn tc dng len nhm sunfuahydryl (-SH) ca h thng enzyme. S lin kt ca thy ngn vi mng t bo ngn cn s vn chuyn ng qua mng v cho php dch chuyn kali ti mng. iu ny dn n s thiu ht nng lng trong t bo v gy ri lon thn kinh. Chnh v nguyn nhn ny nhng tr s sinh nhim methyl thy ngn t m s b tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, mc cc bnh nh tm thn phn lit, km pht trin tr tu, co git. Nhim c methyl thy ngn cn dn ti phn lp th nhim sc, ph v th nhim sc v ngn cn s phn chia t bo. Trong mi trng nc, thy sinh vt c th hp th thy ngn vo c th, c bit l c v cc loi ng vt khng xng sng, c hp th thy ngn v
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chuyn ha thnh methyl thy ngn (CH3Hg+) rt c vi c th ngi. Cht ny ha tan trong m, phn cht bo ca cc mng v trong ty. Tc hi cp tnh do nhim c thy ngn: Khi b nhim c thy ngn nng bnh nhn thng ho, kh th, th gp, st, bun nn, nn e v c cm gic au tht ngc. C nhng bnh nhn c biu hin b rt run, tm ti. Trong trng hp nh hin tng kh th c th ko di c tun l, nu cp nng hn bnh nhn c th b ngt i v dn n t vong. Tc hi mn tnh: Nhim c thy ngn kinh nin c th gy tc ng nghim trng ti h thn kinh v thn. Nhng triu chng u tin l vng da, ri lon tiu ha, au u, vim li v tit nhiu nc bt. Rng c th b long v rng, nhng chic cn li c th b xn v mn vt, trn li c nhng ng mu en sm mu. Tip xc thng xuyn vi hp cht thy ngn v c c th b xm da v nhng bnh bt pht nga vim da, l lot. Nhng biu hin ri lon thn kinh do nhim c thy ngn kinh nin nh run tay, tip theo l m mt, mi, lui, tay chn v cui cng l ni ln. Ngoi ra cn c cc triu chng nh ri lon thn kinh, dng i co cng, cc phn x gn ct b ri lon, c bit l u gi co git nhiu. Cc triu chng ri lon cm gic nh: ri lon khu gic, v gic, mt cm gic u ngn tay ngn chn, khi chm vo thng thy au. C trng hp b ic, ng c thy ngn hu c gy co tht thn kinh ngoi bin, teo v no. Tuy nhin khng th khng ni n cc tc ng chnh ca thy ngn n qu trnh sng ca con ngi: Gy ung th v bin i gen. Khi cc nh khoa hc nghin cu thc nghim th thy mt s th nhim sc b gy, s phn chia b sai bi tip xc vi thy ngn. Mt v d v bnh do thy ngn gy ra l cn bnh Minamata, th trn Minamata Nht Bn, sau 12 nm ngin cu, n nm 1969 cc nh nghin cu a ra kt lun cn bnh ny do nhim c methyl thy ngn gy ra. Methyl thy ngn do h thng nc thu nh my phn ha hc Chisso thi ra. Hu qu 2248 ngi mc bnh, trong 1004 ngi cht v 2000 ngi i bi thng. Minamata l tn ca mt thnh ph th mng, xinh p thuc tnh Kumamoto (Nht Bn). Nhng Minamata cn l tn gi mt cn bnh tng gy ni kinh hong cho bit bao ngi Nht. Nm 1956 v nm 1968, ngi ta pht hin ra nhng ngi mc bnh Minamata vi biu hin chn tay b lit hoc run ly by, tai ic, mt m, ni lp bp... Nhiu bnh nhn b in, bt tnh v cht sau mt thng mc bnh. C nhiu ngi b mc bnh Minamata kinh nin, hoc bm sinh. H sinh ra b tn tt v ngi m khi mang thai n c b nhim c vng vnh.... V sao li nh vy? Mi n nm 1968, Chnh ph Nht Bn mi chnh thc tuyn b: cn bnh ny do Cng ty Chisso gy ra v lm nhim mi trng. Cc nh my ha cht ca Cng ty ny thi ra qu nhiu lng thy ngn hu c c hi lm cho c b nhim c. Khi n c, thy ngn hu c xm nhp vo c th con ngi, chng s tn cng vo c quan thn kinh trung ng, gy nn cn bnh m cc nh y hc gi l bnh Minamata. T chc cu tr Nht Bn cho bit, n nay c gn 13.000 ngi mc bnh Minamata, c hn 2.000 ngi b cht. Nm1965, bnh Minamata cn bng pht dc theo con sng Agano thuc tnh DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 39 /52
Nigata, do cng ty Showa Denko thi thy ngn xung lng sng. Ngoi bnh Minamata, cc nh nghin cu v kinh t-mi trng ca Nht khng ngn ngi khi a ra bn danh sch cc cn bnh, cc v nhim c nh bnh itai-itai tnh Toyama, nhim c catmi, nhim c ng.... do cc nh my thi cht thi nguy hi ra mi trng trong sut my chc nm pht trin cng nghip.
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Chng tch kinh hong v cn bnh Minamata do thy ngn mang li iii. Trong nc nhim Asen
Asen gy ra ba tc ng chnh ti sc khe con ngi l: lm ng keo protein, to phc vi asen(III) v ph hy qu trnh pht pho ha. Cc triu chng ca nhim c asen nh: th cp tnh gy ho, tc ngc v kh th, mt thng bng, au u, nn ma, au bng au c. Nu nhim c kinh nin th nh hng n da nh au, sng ty da, vt trng trn mngtay Asen v cc hp cht ca n tc dng ln sunfuahydryl (-SH) v cc men ph v qu trnh photphoryl ha, to phc co-enzyme ngn cn qu trnh sinh nng lng. asen c kh nng gy ung th biu m da, ph qun, phi, xoang Asen v c c ha tr 3 c th lm s cng gan bn chn, ung th da. Asen v c c th li nh hng kinh nin vi h thn kinh ngoi bin, mt vi nghin cu ch ra asen v c cn tc ng ln c ch hot ng ca AND. S dng ngun nc b nhim asen lu di l khng an ton v mt ss nc trn th gii vn nh hng sc khe do asen rt ng lo ngi. u tin l cc ca tn thng da do asen Ty Ban Nha, n nm 1983, hn 1,5 triu ngi c cho l nhim asen ti y, vi khong hn 20000 ca nhim c. Ti Bangladesh khong 35 n 77 triu ngi trong tng s 125 triu ngi ang i DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 41 /52
mt vi nguy c nhim asen trong nc ung. C t nht 100000 ca b tn thng da. Khi s dng nc ung c hm lng asen cao trong thi gian di, dn n ri lon mch mu ngoi vi v c triu chng lm sng nh l chn rng en. Cc nh hng c hi c th xut hin nh yu chc nng gan, bnh tiu ng, cc loi ung th ni tng( bng quang, gan, thn), cc loi bnh v da( chng tng m biu b, chng tng sc t m v ung th da). Bnh sm da, mt sc t da, cahi cng da, v ri lon tun hon ngoi bin l cc triu chng do tip xc thng xuyn vi asen. Ung th da v nhiu ung th ni tng cng do vy. Cc bnh nh tim mch cng c pht hin c lien quan n thc n, nc ung c asen v do tip xc vi asen. Trong nghin cu s ngi dn ung nc c nng asen cao cho thy, t l ung th gia tng theo liu lng asen v thi gian ung nc.
Cc bnh v da do nhim c asenic iv. Nc nhim Crom:
Hp cht CR+ rt c c th gy ung th phi, gy lot d dy,rut non, vim gan, vim thn, gy c cho h thn kinh v timCrom xm nhp vo ngun
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 42 /52
nc t nc th ca cc nh my mi in, nhun thuc da, cht n, gm, sn xut mc vit, mc in, in trng nh
v.
Nc nhim Mangan
Mangan di vo mi trng nc do qu trnh ra tri, si mn v cht thi cng nhip luyn kim, acquy, phn ha hc Vi hm lng cao mangan gy c mnh vi nguyn sinh cht ca t bo, c bit l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, gy tn thng thn v b my tun hon, phi, ng c nng v t vong. Tiu chun cho php ca WHO vi mangan khng qu 0,1mg/l
vi.
Bnh do nng nitrat cao trong nc.
Nng nitrat cao trong nc c th do phn hy cht hu c trong t nhin hoc do nh hng ca cht thi nhim. Trong nc cha hm lng nitrat trn 10mg/l c th gy bnh tm ti tr em. Ngi ta thy hm lng mthemoglobine trong mu cao vi c tr em v ngi ln khi dng nc c hm lng nitrat cao hn gii han cho php.
Bng gii thiu mt s kim loi trong nc nhim v tc hi ca n n sc khe ca con ngi
Stt 1 Nguyn t As Ngun thi Thuc tr su, cht thi ha hc Tc dng Rt c, gy ung th o ngc vai tr ha sinh ca ezym, gy cao huyt p,hng 2 Cd thn, ph hy cc m v hng cu, c tnh c vi ng vt di nc. Than , nng lng 3 Be ht nhn v cng nghip v tr. Than , sn xut cht 4 5 B Cr ty ra, cht thi cng nghip M kim loi Nguyn t cn dng vt, gy c vi mt s loi cy c tnh mnh v bn, c kh nng gy ung th.
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 43 /52
ung th(VI) Cc ngun a cht t 7 F(ion) nhin, cht thi cng nghip, cht b sung vo nc Cng nghip m, than 8 Pb , xng, h thng ng dn. 9 Mn Cht thi cng nghip m. Cht thi cng nghip 10 Hg m, thuc tr su, than 12 Se Cc ngun a cht t nhin, than Cht thi cng nghip, 13 Zn m kim loi, h thng ng dn b) Cc hp cht hu c: Trn th gii hang nm c khong 60.105 tn cc cht hu c tng hp bao gm cc cht nhin liu,cht mu, thuc tr su, thuc kch thch tng trng, cc ph gia trong dc phm thc phm. Cc cht ny thng c v c bn sinh hc kh cao, c bit l cc hidrocacbnon thm gy nhim mi trng mnh, gy nh hng ln n sc khe con ngi. Cc hp cht hu c nh: cc hp cht hu c ca phenol, cc hp cht bo v thc vt nh thuc tr su DDT, linden(666), endrin, parathion, sevin, bassa Cc cht ty ra c hot tnh b mt cao l nhng cht nh hng khng tt n sc khe, b nghi ng l gy ung th. c nng cao Gy c c tnh cao. Gy thiu mu, bnh thn. ri lon thn kinh, mi trng b ph hy. Tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, gy tn thng thn v b my tun hon, phi Nng 5mg/l gy ph hy xng v gy vt rng.
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 44 /52
nhim nc v hu qu ca n Bng sau l mt s hp cht gy ung th

Hp cht 4-ntophenyl -Naphtylamin 4,4-Metylenbis(2cloanilin) Metyl-cloanilin ete Sn xut phm mu 3,3-Diclobenzidin Bis(clometyl)ete -Naphthylamin Benzidin Etylenimin -propiolacton etylen diclorua Sn xut nha trao i ion th Sn phm mu cao su, cht do, mc in Ch ha giy vi. Sn xut cht do. Cht gy ung th ni ting Dung mi cng nghip. cht Nghi ng gy ung th cho st trng ht lng thc v ngi. cht ph gia cho xng thu Gy ung th d dy, l gom ch, mi nm thi ra lch, phi ngoi mi trng 74.106 Gy ung th bng quang S dng Phn tch ha hc xut phm mu, phim mu Tc nhn lu ha cht do Sn xut nha trao i ion Gy ung th bng quang B nhim cht gy ung th biclometyl ete Cht gy ung th ni ting Gy ung th bng quang Mc gy nguy him Gy ung th bng quang
Cht chng oxi ha. Sn Gy ung th bng quang
Sn xut thuc nhum thuc Gy ung th phi
c) Vi khun trong nc thi: Vi khun c hi trong nc b nhim c t cht thi sinh hot ca con ngi v ng vt nh bnh t, thng hn v bi lit.
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 45 /52
Ecoil- vi khun ng rut gy bnh d dy, vim nhim ng tit liu , a chy cp i. Bnh ng rut:
Bnh ng rut gy nn ch yu do cc loi vi khun sng trong nc nh vi khun i trng, thng hn. t, l ngoi ra trong nc t nhin v nc sinh hot cn c th c cc loi vi khun gy bnh a chy tr em nh Leptospira, Brucella,tularensis, cc siu vi khun bi lit, vim gan, ECHO, Coksaki Bnh a chy l bnh ly lan ch yu bi phn ngi. Bn cnh thc n nc ung b nhim cng l nguyn nhn gy bnh. Nhiu nc trn th gii kh ngi m sinh con, c nhiu kh nng l a tr s cht trc khi sinh nht ln th nht. T l c th ln ti 220 tr cht trong 1000 tr sinh ra, trong t nht c 25% tr cht v cc bnh a chy. ii. Cc bnh do k sinh trng, vi khun, viruts v nm mc: Con ngi c th mc cc bnh do k sinh trng gy ra nh amip, giun sn cc loi; bnh ngoi da, vim mt do cc loi vi khun, viruts, nm mc v cc loi k sinh trng khc. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do thiu nc sch v v sinh c nhn
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 46 /52
km. Nc b nhim k sinh trng l do vic qun l phn v cht thi khng tt, gy nhim mi trng xung quanh v tng t l mc bnh trong dn c
bnh st do leptospira Bnh st do Leptospira cc vng rng ni, cc khu vc khai hoang pht trin
nng nghip hay xy dng cng nghip. l bnh truyn nhim do nhiu chng Leptospira t gia sc chuyn sanh ngi. ng ly nhim ch yu l do tip xc vi t hoc nc b nhim do nc tiu ca sc vt b bnh, trong khi lao ng phi ngm mnh di nc hoc bn ly. Cng c th ly trc tip t sc vt, mm bnh vo c th do da xy xt hoc qua nim mc, bnh cn c th ly qua nc ung hoc thc phm b nhim. iu kin tn ti v pht trin ca mm bnh l nng v m t. Ti nhng vng nhit i nng m quanh nm, bnh d pht trin nhng ngi phi lao ng bn sc vt b bnh hay tip xc vi t, nc nhim nhng ao t, h nc ng, sng sui chy chm.. Triu chng: Cc triu chng sm xut hin l : n khng ngon, au c, nhc u d di, lin tc, ngi l v au vng sau nhn cu, m hi v ra nhiu. Bnh nhn thng bun nn, c th b a chy hoc to bn, vim thn kinh mt v i khi vim nh thn kinh vn ng nhn cu. Mng no b tn thng, c biu hin c b cng. Bch cu n nhn tng ln >50/mm3, c yu v lit. Thn b tn thng, i tiu ra m, mu. Bnh do Leptospira nng thng do Lipterohaemorrhagiae gy ra. Cc triu chng cng nh vy nhng nng hn, bun nn c bit l tiu chy nng, rt hay co biu hin xut huyt, vim phi, vim c tim, try mch ngoi bin. Gan to, vng da, chc nng gan b nh hng, cc triu chng v h thn kinh trung ng thng nng hn, bch cu tng, ch yu bch cu a nhn. Thn b suy, protein liu tng, tiu tin t hoc v hiu.
iii. Cc bnh do trung gian:

Cn trng trung gian truyn bnh ch yu l cc loi mui. qu trnh sinh sn ca mui phi qua mi trng nc. trong cc vng c dch bnh lu hnh, mui c kh nng truyn cc bnh nh bnh st rt, bnh Dengue, bnh st xut huyt, bnh giun ch
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 47 /52
bnh st rt
St rt l mt trong nhng bnh nguy him bc nht tc ng n con ngi cc nc ang pht trin c kh hu nhit i hoc cn nhit i. st rt c bit nguy him vi ph n c thai v tr em ( di 5 tui). Nu h b st rt, c th nhanh chng lm vo tnh trng suy nhc trm trng v c th dn n t vong. St rt l bnh gy ra do nhng vi sinh vt cc nh c gi l k sinh trng trong mu. Mt vt trung giam truyn bnh l mui. Mui ci c kh nng t ngi v truyn nhim nguy him cho con ngi. mui c khng th ht mu v khng th truyn bnh. Mui thng c tr nhng ni nh: vng nc ngt hoc nc l nh. Nht l ni nc t ng hay chy chm, vng nc t sau cn ma hoc do thot nc km, m ly, rung la, h cha, ao h nh, chum mng,vng tru, m c nc t ng, du chn ng vt cha nc, chum, thng, b cha Bo co mi trng quc gia 2006 i vi ba lu vc sng (LVS) Cu, Nhu- y v h thng sng ng Nai cng nu r: ti nhng ni c dng chy nhim i qua t l ngi dn mc cc bnh lin quan n cht lng nc mt tng i cao. C th, ti LVS Cu tnh Bc Kn (c nc sng Cu v cc ph lu t b nhim) v Thi Nguyn (s dng ch yu nc h Ni Cc) cho nc sinh hot, s ngi mc bnh v ng tiu ho t hn so vi cc tnh h ngun nh Vnh Phc, Bc Ninh, Bc Giang v Hi Dng. Bn cnh , ti khu vc nc sng Nhu- y b nhim cng nh hng n sc kho ca cng ng trong lu vc. iu ny c th hin qua s gia tng mc cc bnh v ng tiu ho so vi cc tnh khc. Chng hn trong tnh H Ty cc huyn nm cnh sng Nhu c t l mc ngi dn mc bnh l v cc bnh tiu chy cao hn hn so vi cc huyn khc. Cng theo bo co ny; t l ngi dn mc cc bnh lin quan n nc ti cc tnh thuc LVHTS ng Nai trong nhng nm gn y tng kh nhanh. ng lu l trong s i tng mc bnh lin quan n ngun nc th tr em chim t l kh cao.
2. nh hng n i sng: a) Sinh hot thng ngy:

Nc nhim nh hng rt ln n sinh hot ca ngi dn, lm xo trn cuc sng v sinh hot hng ngy. Mt s ni nng thn, nhn dn ly ngun nc sng lm nc sinh hot hng ngy nh : huyn Hng H, ng Hng, V Th v Thnh Ph Thi Bnh, ngi dn y ly nc sinh hot t h thng sng DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 48 /52
pha Bc ca tnh Thi Bnh, sng Sa Lung. Vy m gi y ngun nc li b nhim lm cho i sng sinh hot ca nhn dn ni y s phn no b xo trn do ngun nc sinh hot hng ngy ca h khng cn gi c nh xa. B H Th Hin, thn Tng Th, x ng M, khng khi xt xa khi hng ngy chng kin cnh con gi v chu ngoi ca mnh s dng ngun nc sng ny lm nc sinh hot: Hng ngy con, chu ti c phi sinh hot, ra ry y, cn nc n th i xin. Nhng m chng ti lo ngi cho chu c nh th ny ri sau ny khng bit dng nc bn nh th ny, ri c nhiu ngi m nh vy, liu c b b nhim bnh khng?Nhng bit lm sao c, by gi ti th gi ri, 80 tui ri, ch yu lo cho cc chu. cc x Qung Lu, Qung Hi, Qung Thi, huyn Qung Xng (Thanh Ho), hn by nm qua, gn 100 h dn mt s thn ca phi i hng km ch nc v sinh hot v ngun nc y b nhim nng do nc thi t cc h nui tm trn ct. Hng ngy, nhng h dn thn 1 x Qung Lu phi dng xe p mang theo canh, thng i hng km th nc sch v sinh hot. Trong khi nhng chic ging khoan phi b ph v ngun nc b nhim nng n t cc h nui tm trn ct. Ch Trnh Th Snh, thn 1 x Qung Lu cho bit: Trc y ngi dn chng ti khng phi i xa ch nc vt v nh by gi, my nm nay ngun nc b nhim nng khng th s dng c. Hng ngy trong gia nh ti phi phn cng mt ngi chuyn i ch nc nhng cng ch n ung, cn tm ra th vn phi dng ngun nc b nhim. V hng ngy phi tm ra bng ngun nc b nhim nn nhiu ngi trong thn, nht l tr con c hin tng b nga, ni mn, c ngi cn b mc u l sau gy. Nhiu ngi dn i khm ti cc c s y t nhng cc bc s khng chun on c bnh g nn hin ti ngi dn rt hoang mang. Khng ring g ngi dn thn 1 x Qung Lu m hng chc h dn khc thn 1 x Qung Thi v thn 8 Qung Hi cng phi sng chung vi ngun nc ngm b nhim nng n. Khng nhng vy nhim ngun nc cn lm cho bc mi hi thi cc khu vc ny lm cho i sng ngi dn khng cn n nh nh trc. Ngi dn buc phi sng chung vi nhim, thm ch h phi bn nh i ni khc sinh sng m bo sc khe cho ngi thn ca mnh. T hn na nhiu ngi l mua phi nh khu vc ny th phi ng ca b trng, khng v na. Ti mt s vng nng thn h thng x nc thi c xy dng tm b gi y tr nn ng, trn ra xung quanh lm nhim mi trng khng nhng th n cn gy tr ngi cho lu thng, i li ca nhn dn trong vng.Mc khc n cn lm cho ngun nc ngm b nhim trm trng, gy thiu ht ngun nc ngt nghim trng. Cn thnh th, ngun nc sinh hot ch yu l nc my. Tuy nhin cht lng ngun nc ny ang t ra du chm hi ln. Khi ngun nc ny b nhim ngi dn khng cn cch no khc l phi mua nc khong v dng trong khi vn tr tin hng thng cho cng ty cp thot nc. Vic mua nc phi thc hin lc sng sm hoc ti v ban ngy h phi i lm nn nh hng rt ln n thi gian lm vic v sinh hot.
b) Hot ng sn xut:
Nc thi nhim nh hng rt ln n hot ng sn xut, c bit ti cc thnh th ln ni c hm lng cht nhim cao.
DH08DL- NHM 6
Trang 49 /52
Ti TP.H Ch Minh Tm tuyn knh chnh phc v ti tiu cho 8.000 ha t sn xut nng nghip thuc nm x ca huyn Bnh Chnh v Hc Mn b nhim trm trng: kin, c cht, cy ci i mu, nh hng nghim trng n i sng ca ngi dn. Trong khi y, cc c quan chc nng li bt lc ng nhn, cha tm ra phng thuc c tr hu hiu no cu t, cu la.
C cht v ngun nc b nhim H thng thu li ca huyn Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh bao gm tm tuyn knh chnh: knh Thy Cai, knh An H, knh An H knh C, knh lin vng, knh ranh Long An, knh A, knh B, knh C H thng ny m bo ti tiu cho trn 8.000ha t nng nghip, trong phm vi cc x Phm Vn Hai, L Minh Xun, Vnh Lc B (Bnh Chnh); x Xun Thi Sn, Tn Thi Nh (Hc Mn), v mt phn qun Bnh Tn. Theo kt qu phn tch cht lng ngun nc knh Thy Cai, An H, knh B, C ca s Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT) TP.HCM cho thy, cc thng s COD, BOD5, Coliform (cc ch tiu xc nh mc nhim bn ca nc) u vt tiu chun cht lng nc dng cho thu li v tiu chun nc thi cng nghip t vi ln n hng chc ngn ln. Tng dng nc c mu nu en, mi kh chu chy v cc nhnh. Nhiu h dn, sng dc theo con knh ny cho bit, knh B, C thng xuyn bc mi hi thi. Ngun nc hai knh ny b nhim bi khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip L Minh Xun v cc c s nh l dc knh. i din ca s NN&PTNT cho bit, khu cng nghip L Minh Xun tp trung ch yu t knh C12 n C18. y l khu cng nghip tp trung nhiu ngnh sn xut c tnh cht nhim nng. Khu cng nghip ny hin c khong 277 doanh nghip sn xut kinh doanh cc ngnh ngh nh: sn xut sn, bao b nha, cao su, bnh cquy. Khu cng nghip ny tuy xy dng nh my x l nc thi vi cng sut 4.000 m3 khi/ngy nhng cha c giy php x thi vo h thng cng trnh thu li. DH08DL- NHM 6 Trang 50 /52
Vic nhim knh B v C nh hng trc tip ti ngun nc ti ton b khu nam tnh l 10 thuc h thng thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh (trn 4.500 ha). Knh Thy Cai con knh u ngun ca h thng nc phc v ti tiu ton cng trnh thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh (trn 8.000 ha) v ngun nc sng Si Gn phc v cc d n cp nc thnh ph cn nhim nng n hn. Kt qu quan trc cht lng nc ti y cho thy, nm 2008 ch tiu COD vt tiu chun 1 2 ln, ch tiu Fcal Coliform vt t 1 120 ln. H thng thu li Hc Mn bc Bnh Chnh, theo thit k ch c chc nng ngn mn, gi ngt, ti tiu theo triu, phc v sn xut nng nghip v khng c nhim v iu tit, gim thiu nhim. Tuy nhin, trc tnh hnh nhim nng, cng trnh ny cn phi gnh thm trch nhim tiu thot nc nhim trong khu vc, dn n h thng knh ny qu ti, gy kh khn cho sn xut nng nghip ca cc huyn ngoi thnh. Theo quan st, con knh ny b nhim bi ngun cht thi ca khu x l cht thi rn Hip Phc v khu cng nghip Tn Ph Trung (C Chi). Khu cng nghip ny mc d xy dng c nh my x l nc thi tp trung nhng h thng u ni, thu gom nc thi cha hon chnh nn nh my ny cha vn hnh c. Cc n v sn xut trong khu cng nghip x l cc b v x nc thi ring l, trc tip vo knh Thy Cai. i din s NN&PTNT cho bit, ngun nc b nhim nh hng n cng tc iu tit phc v ti tiu, ngn mn, x phn v phng chng chy rng, c bit l nh hng ti i sng sinh hot, sc kho ca ngi dn qun vng ven v cc huyn ngoi thnh. Trong nhiu nm qua cht thi nhim t khu cng nghip L Minh Xun gy ra hin tng c cht, vt cht (2004), cy c bin i mu (2007), c su cht, kin cht hng lot (2008) Ngun nc nhim cng lm gim thiu nng sut cy trng, c nhng khu t phi b khng v nhim qu nng. Trc y ti p 1, x Phc Thi, huyn Long Thnh - gn Vedan, c mt cnh ng vi din tch trn 10 ha sn xut 3 v la/nm nhng do nhim bi nhng cht thi c hi cha qua x l ca Vedan, nn phi b hoang t hng chc nm qua. Hn 200 h dn vi hn 1.000 nhn khu sinh sng bng ngh trng la v ngh chi li phi t tm kim ngh khc sinh sng. Ngoi ra, cn hn 40 h dn ti khu vc ny lm ngh nui trng thu sn vi din tch mt nc 70 ha cng b nh hng nng n bi nhim, tm c khng th sng ni, nhiu ao h phi b khng t nhiu nm qua mt s ni khc v nhim qu nng nn ngi dn khng th trng trt, chn nui c, nhiu ngi dn nh b ngh hoc i ni khc sinh sng.
DH08DL- NHM 6
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Th.s ng nh Bch-TS Nguyn Vn Hi. Gio trnh ha hc mi trng. 123-176, NXB KHOA HC V K THUT 2. Trng S, 1997. Hin trng nhim nc di t mt s khu dn c kinh t quan trng thuc ng bng Bc B. Bo co Hi tho Ti nguyn nc di t: 99-112. H Ni. 3. UNICEF Vit Nam, 2002. Hng ti gim nh s nhim arsen Vit Nam. Bo co Hi tho xy dng chng trnh hnh ng v arsen, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, H Ni. 4. Th.s Hong Thi Long, 2007. Ha hc mi trng.51-77.NXB Hu 5. http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/Nuoc-thai-y-te-SOS/20078/49457.laodong 6. http://www.nhandan.org.vn/tinbai/? 7. http://thaibinhtv.vn/print.php?
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O Nhiem Nuoc Va Hau Qua Cua No

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TRNG I HC NNG LM TP.

H CH MINH KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN

I.TI NGUYN NC V VAI TR CA N

Kh quyn( hi nc) Cc i dng Tng cng lm trn

Chu trnh tun hon nc trn tri t

1.Vai tr ca nc vi sc khe con ngi

2.Vai tr ca nc i vi con ngi trong nn kinh t quc dn

II. NHIM MI TRNG NC

nhim nc v hu qu ca n Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha:

II.2. NGUN GC, CC TC NHN GY NHIM NC

b) nhim nhn to i. T sinh hot:

nhim nc do rc thi sinh hot

T cc hot ng cng nghip:

iv. T hot ng sn xut nng, ng nghip: Trong sn xut nng nghip:

Trong sn xut ng nghip:

2.Cc tc nhn gy nhim nc: a) Cc ion v c ha tan:

Cc cht dinh dng (N, P)

Cc kim loi nng:

Cc cht hu c d b phn hu sinh hc (cc cht tiu th

Cc sinh vt ch th cho sinh vt gy bnh

II.3. PHN LOI NC NHIM

3. nhim do cht hu c tng hp:

Hnh 1. Con ng vn chuyn du m

b) Cht ty ra: bt git tng hp v x bng

II.4. TNH TRNG NHIM NC

nhim nc- vn nn ln ca th gii

2.Tnh trng nhim nc nc ta

b) nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip:

c) Hin trng nhim nc mt s sng ln nc ta:

Lu vc sng ng Nai v sng Si Gn

Lu vc sng Tin Giang v Hu Giang

Mt khc sng nhim trm trng

Thy triu : S pht trin qu mc ca nn cng nghip hin i ko

Hnh nh :Thy triu Cape Rodney, New Zealand

NH HNG N CON NGI

1. Sc khe con ngi:

Trong nc nhim thy ngn

Cc bnh v da do nhim c asenic iv. Nc nhim Crom:

Bnh do nng nitrat cao trong nc.

nhim nc v hu qu ca n Bng sau l mt s hp cht gy ung th

Cht chng oxi ha. Sn Gy ung th bng quang

Sn xut thuc nhum thuc Gy ung th phi

iii. Cc bnh do trung gian:

2. nh hng n i sng: a) Sinh hot thng ngy:

TI LIU THAM KHO

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