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K THUT NN NH S

IN T 3-K4 i hc Cng nghip H Ni

TNG QUAN V K THUT NN NH S


nh c th biu din di dng tn hiu tng t hoc tn hiu s. Trong biu din s ca cc nh a mc xm, mt nh c biu din di dng mt ma trn hai chiu. Mi phn t ca ma trn biu din cho mc xm hay cng ca nh ti v tr . Mi phn t trong ma trn c gi l mt phn t nh, thng thng k hiu l PEL (Picture Element) hoc l im nh (Pixel). Vi nh a cp xm: Nu dng 8 bit (1 byte) biu din mc xm, th s cc mc xm c th biu din c l 28 hay 256. Mi mc xm c biu din di dng l mt s nguyn nm trong khong t 0 n 255, vi mc 0 biu din cho mc cng en nht v 255 biu din cho mc cng sng nht.

TNG QUAN V K THUT NN NH S


Vi nh mu: Cch biu din cng tng t nh vi nh en trng, ch khc l cc s ti mi phn t ca ma trn biu din cho ba mu ring r gm: (red), lc (green) v lam (blue). biu din cho mt im nh mu cn 24 bit, 24 bit ny c chia thnh ba khong 8 bit. Mi khong ny biu din cho cng sng ca mt trong cc mu chnh.

TNG QUAN V K THUT NN NH S


Nn nh s l mt ti nghin cu rt ph bin trong lnh vc x l d liu a phng tin. Mc ch l lm th no lu tr bc nh di dng c kch thc nh hn hay di dng biu din m ch yu cu s bt m ho t hn so vi bc nh gc. Cng ngh s hin i cho php chng ta thao tc vi nhng tn hiu nhiu chiu bng nhng h thng t n gin nh cc mch in t n phc tp nh nhng my tnh song song cao cp. Mc ch ca vic thao tc ny c th chia thnh ba nhm: X l nh: nh vo nh ra Phn tch nh: nh vo s liu o c ra Hiu nh: nh vo thng tin m t ra

TNG QUAN V K THUT NN NH S


Mt nh s c m t trong mt khng gian 2 chiu c ly t nh thc trong mt khng gian hai chiu lin tc qua mt khu ly mu nh thng c gi l s ha. Hiu ng ca vic s ha c biu th nh hnh di. Tm hnh 2 chiu lin tc a(x,y ) c chia thnh N hng v M ct. Giao im ca mt hng v mt ct c gi l im nh. Gi tr c gn cho cc ta s nguyn [m,n], vi { m=0, 1, 2, , M-1} v { n= 0, 1, 2,, N-1} l a[m,n]. Thc ra, trong nhiu trng hp a(x,y ) - m ta c th coi l tn hiu vt l c tip nhn b mt 2 chiu ca thit b o - li l mt hm s ca nhiu bin bao gm su (z), mu (), v thi gian (t).

TNG QUAN V K THUT NN NH S


nh di c chia thnh N=16 hng v M=16 ct. Gi tr c gn cho mi im nh th bng trung bnh cng ca cc sng trong im nh, lm trn v s nguyn gn nht. Qu trnh biu din bin ca tn hiu 2 chiu ti mt ta xc nh nh s nguyn vi L cp xm khc nhau th thng c gi l ri rc ha bin hay n gin hn l ri rc ha.

Bin i Fourier ( Fourier Transform-FT): 1. FT ca hm 1 chiu: f(x)

C S TON HC TRONG X L NH

2. FT ca hm 2 chiu: f(x,y)

C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
3. Bin i Fourier 2 pha:

C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
4. c trng ca bin i Fourier:

5. Bin i Z ( chui Laurent): - Vi 2 bin m,n ta c chui x(m,n): + -m -n X(z1,z2)= + = = (, )z1 z2 vi z1, z2 l cc bin s phc. - Bin i Z ngc: x(m,n)= 1 = 2 = 1 c trng ca bin i Z:
1 2
2

(1 , 2 )1 1 2 1 dz1 d2 khi

C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
6. Ma trn v cc h qu: - Ma trn M hng v N ct

X L NH C BN

S tng qut:

X L NH C BN
Qu trnh thu nhn hnh nh: S khi qu trnh thu nhn hnh nh

Pre- filter

Ly mu

Lng t ha

Lu tr

1: nh sng hoc hnh nh cha c x l 2: tn hiu nh tng t 3: tn hiu nh s

X L NH C BN
Ly mu: Ly mu thnh phn hoc phn t ca nh nh. S minh ha qu trnh ly mu:

im

X L NH C BN

VD1: h s ly mu ca tn hiu video h NTSC 3(for color) x(512x512)[samples/frame]x30[samples/sec] =3x(1/4)M x 30[samples/sec] =3x 7,5M [samples/sec] VD2 : cha ly mu: c gn, rng ca => lc thng thp trc khi ly mu

X L NH C BN
Lng t ha: 8-bit u c lng t ha: thng p dng cho nh cha qua x l.
2 PSNR=10log10 2552 =10log10 2 /12

59dB. =1

VD: lng t ha cha hon thin

X L NH C BN

BIN I HNH NH
S dng cc php bin i ton hc: 1. Bin i Unita:

BIN I HNH NH

2. Bin i Unita m rng:

BIN I HNH NH
3. Bin i Fourier ri rc 1 pha (DFT): - Mt cp bin i DFT c nh ngha nh sau:

- Mt cp unita DFT c nh ngha nh sau:

BIN I HNH NH

4. Bin i DFT 2 pha:

BIN I HNH NH

VD: nh qua bin i DFT 2 pha

Tn hiu tng hp ca pha hoc ln:

BIN I HNH NH

5. Bin i Cosine ri rc:

BIN I HNH NH

Ngoi ra cn c cc php bin i khc nh bin i Hadamard, bin i Karhunen Loeve c s dng nhiu trong x l hnh nh.

CI THIN NH
Nng cao cht lng l bc cn thit trong x l nh nhm hon thin mt s c tnh ca nh. Nng cao cht lng nh gm hai cng on khc nhau: tng cng nh v khi phc nh. Tng cng nh nhm hon thin cc c tnh ca nh nh : 1. Lc nhiu, hay lm trn nh, 2. Tng tng phn, iu chnh mc xm ca nh, 3. Lm ni bin nh.

CI THIN NH
Cc thut ton trin khai vic nng cao cht lng nh hu ht da trn cc k thut trong min im, khng gian v tn s. Ton t im l php bin i i vi tng im nh ang xt, khng lin quan n cc im ln cn khc, trong khi , ton t khng gian s dng cc im ln cn quy chiu ti im nh ang xt. Mt s php bin i c tnh ton phc tp c chuyn sang min tn s thc hin, kt qu cui cng c chuyn tr li min khng gian nh cc bin i ngc.

CI THIN NH
Cc dng ton t im: 1) Tng tng phn 2) Tch nhiu v phn ngng 3) Bin i m bn 4) Ct theo mc 5) Trch chn bit

CI THIN NH
Lm trn nhiu s dng ton t khng gian: 1. S dng lc tuyn tnh: lc di thng thp v lc trung bnh. 2. Dng lc phi tuyn: lc trung v, lc ngoi. 3. Mt n g sai phn v lm nhn. 4. Lc thng thp, lc thng cao v lc di thng. 5. Khuch i v ni suy nh.

NN D LIU NH

o o o

Sau nh tip tc c x l qua cc bc tip theo: Pht hin bin nh Phn vng nh Nhn dng nh V bc x l cui cng l nn d liu nh.

NN D LIU NH
Nn d liu nhm lm gim lng thng tin d tha trong d liu gc v do vy, lng thng tin thu c sau khi nn thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu. Vi d liu nh, kt qu thng l 10:1. Mt s phng php cn cho kt qu cao hn. Theo kt qu nghin cu c cng b gn y ti Vin K thut Georfie, k thut nn fratal cho t s nn l 30 trn 1 [6] . T l nn l tham s quan trng nh gi kh nng nn ca h thng.

NN D LIU NH

Phn loi phng php nn: 1. Cch th nht da vo nguyn l nn. Cch ny phn cc phng php nn thnh hai h ln: o Nn chnh xc hay nn khng mt thng tin: gm cc phng php nn m sau khi nn ta thu c chnh xc d liu gc. o Nn co mt thng tin hay nn c tn hao: gm cc phng php m sau khi nn ta khng thu c d liu nh bn gc, phng php ny li dng tnh cht ca mt ngi, chp nhn mt s vn xon trong nh khi khi phc li. 2. Cch th hai da vo cch thc thc hin nn. 3. Da vo trit l ca s m ha, bao gm: o Cc phng php nn th h th nht. o Cc phng php nn th h th hai: da vo bo ha ca t l nn.

NN D LIU NH
Cc phng php nn th h th nht: 1. Phng php m ha lot di ( Run Length Coding ) o Phng php m ha lot di lc u c pht trin dnh cho nh s 2 mc: mc en (1), v mc trng (0) nh cc vn bn trn nn trng, trang in, cc bn v k thut. o Nguyn tc ca phng php l pht hin mt lot cc bt lp li, th d nh mt lot cc bt 0 nm gia hai bt 1, hay ngc li, mt lot bt 1 nm gia hai bt 0. Phng php ny ch c hiu qu khi chiu di dy lp ln hn mt ngng no . Dy cc bt lp gi l lot hay mch (run). Tip theo, thay th chui bi mt chui mi gm 2 thng tin: chiu di chui v bt lp k t lp). Nh vy, chui thay th s c chiu di ngn hn chui cn thay.

NN D LIU NH
o Cn lu rng, i vi nh, chiu di ca chui lp c th ln hn 255. Nu ta dng 1 byte m ha th s khng . Gii php c dng l tch cc chui thnh hai chui: mt chui c chiu di 255, chui kia l s bt cn li. Phng php RLC c s dng trong vic m ha lu tr cc nh Bitmap theo dng PCX, BMP. 2. Phng php m ha Huffman: o Phng php m ha Huffman l phng php da vo m hnh thng k. Da vo d liu gc, ngi ta tnh tn sut xut hin ca cc k t. Vic tnh tn sut c thc hin bi cch duyt tun t tp gc t u n cui. Vic x l y tnh theo bit. Trong phng php ny ngi ta gn cho cc k t c tn sut cao mt t m ngn, cc k t c tn sut thp t m di. Ni mt cch khc, cc k t c tn sut cng cao c gn m cng ngn v ngc li. R rng vi cch thc ny, ta lm gim chiu di trung bnh ca t m ha bng cch dng chiu di bin i. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung khi tn sut l rt thp, ta c th khng c li mt cht no, thm ch cn b thit mt t bit.

NN D LIU NH
3. Phng php LZW o Phng php nn t in da trn vic xy dng t in lu cc chui k t c tn sut lp li cao v thay th bng t m tng ng mi khi gp li chng. Gii thut LZW hay hn cc gii thut trc n k thut t chc t in cho php nng cao t l nn. o Gii thut nn LZW c s dng cho tt c cc loi file nh phn. N thng c dng nn cc loi vn bn, nh en trng, nh mu, nh a mc xm v l chun nn cho cc dng nh GIF v TIFF. Mc hiu qu ca LZW khng ph thuc vo s bt mu ca nh.

NN D LIU NH
Cc phng php nn da trn cc bin i 1. M ha dng bin i 2 chiu: KL ,bin i Hadamard, bin i FT, bin i sin, cosin. 2. M ha dng bin i Cosine: Cosine mt chiu, Cosine nhanh, Cosine ngc. o Php bin i Cosine mt chiu: c ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu phng php m ha nh khc nhau nh hiu sut gn nh ti u ca n i vi cc nh c tng quan cao gia cc im nh ln cn. Bin i Cosine ri rc c s dng trong chun nh nn JPEG v nh dng phim MPEG. o Php bin i Cosin ri rc mt chiu c nh ngha bi:

NN D LIU NH

o Khi dy u vo x(n) l thc th dy cc h s X(k) cng l s thc. Tnh ton trn trng s thc gim i mt na thi gian so vi bin i Fourier. t c tc bin i tha mn yu cu ca cc ng dng thc t, ngi ta ci tin k thut tnh ton v a ra nhiu thut ton bin i nhanh Cosine.

NN D LIU NH

o Php bin i Cosine ri rc hai chiu. o Php bin i Cosin ri rc hai chiu c nh ngha bi:

o Php bin i ngc c nh ngha bi cng thc:

NN D LIU NH

o nng cao tc bin i ngi ta pht trin cc gii thut bin i nhanh Cosin hai chiu. Cch lm ph bin nht l tn dng php bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu. Ta bin i cng thc (7.21) v dng:

NN D LIU NH

o Cng thc (7.24) l php bin i Cosin ri rc mt chiu ca x(n1, n2 ) , trong n2 l bin s, cn n1 ng vai tr l tham s thu c kt qu trung gian X(n1,k2). Cng thc (7.25) l php bin i Cosin ri rc ca X(n1,k2) vi n1 l bin s cn k2 l tham s. o Chun nn JPEG: JPEG l vit tt ca Joint Photographic Expert Group ( nhm cc chuyn gia pht trin nh ny). Chun JPEG c cng nhn l chun nh quc t nm 1990 phc v cc ng dng truyn nh cho cc lnh vc nh y hc, khoa hc, k thut, nh ngh thut

NN D LIU NH
o Chun JPEG c s dng m ha nh a mc xm, nh mu. Chun JPEG cung cp gii thut cho c hai loi nn l nn khng mt mt thng tin v nn mt mt thng tin. S thut ton v gii nn:

NN D LIU NH

o Qu trnh gii nn s c lm ngc li, ngi ta gii m tng phn nh nn tng ng vi phng php nn s dng trong phn nn nh cc thng tin lin quan ghi trong phn header ca file nn. Kt qu thu c l h s lng t. Cc h s ny c khi phc v gi tr trc khi lng t ha bng b tng t ha. Tip em bin i Cosin ngc ta c nh ban u vi trung thc nht nh.

NN D LIU NH

o S thut ton gii nn:

NN D LIU NH
Cc tham s tiu chun ca chun nn JPEG

NN D LIU NH

o Nn JPEG ly tin: Gii php nn JPEG ly tin c ci tin t JPEG tun t nn nhn chung chng c nhiu im tng ng. Khi nh c nn theo chun JPEG tun t, b gii nn, cc block nh s c khi phc theo trnh t t tri sang phi t trn xung di. Nh vy, ton b nh ch c hin th ln trn mn hnh sau khi nhn c tt c cc gi tin t pha pht. Trong mt s trng hp, c bit khi truyn nh s cht lng cao qua mng bng thng hp, thi gian truyn nh c th tng i lu v ngi xem phi ch mt thi gian di.

NN D LIU NH
Trn hnh v 3.3.18 l cc nh cho thy s khc nhau trong qu trnh gii nn JPEG ly tin v JPEG tun t.

Chun nn MPEG: Chun MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) l phng php nn nh ng khng nhng lm gim d tha trong khng gian m cn lm gim d tha gia cc khung nh (frame), y cng l khc bit c bn so vi JPEG l chun nn nh tnh ch lm gim d tha khng gian trong mt khung nh. K thut x l tn hiu trong MPEG: K thut b chuyn ng V tn s nh trong tn hiu video tng i cao (25 hoc 30 nh/giy) nn trong cc frames nm gn nhau thng c nhiu vng nh tng i ging nhau. Nguyn l b chuyn ng l tm ra cc vng nh ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau gia hai nh k tip (gi l nh tham kho v nh d on). Thng tin v nh d on s c truyn i di dng vector chuyn ng tc vector xc nh v tr mi ca vng nh thuc nh tham kho c mt trong nh d on. Qu trnh tm ra vector chuyn ng gi l qu trnh xp x chuyn ng (motion estimation), qu trnh khi phc nh da trn vector ny gi l qu trnh b chuyn ng (motion compensation). V d k thut xp x v b chuyn ng:

VD: mt nh trong chui nh MPEG sau khi c b chuyn ng da trn cc vector chuyn ng (cc ng thng mu xanh). Ch tit nh c tc dch chuyn nhanh (cnh tay vn ng vin) s to ra cc vector chuyn ng c di ln hn cc vector chuyn ng trong vng nh nn.

M ha MPEG: S khi ca b m ha MPEG c trnh by trn hnh

Gii m MPEG:

CC CHUN NN NH S
1. CC CHUN NN NH NG o Chun H.261 H.261 c pht trin nn tn hiu hnh nh cho dch v truyn hnh hi ngh v video phone qua ng truyn ISDN tc px64kbps (p=1..30). Trn ng truyn 64kbps, lung 48kbps dng truyn tn hiu video, 16kbps dnh cho audio. K thut nn nh c s dng trong chun H.261 s lm nn tng cho cc chun nn sau ny nh MPEG 1, 2. Trong chun nn H.261 c s dng cc k thut nn trong nh da trn bin i DCT, nn lin nh vi b b chuyn ng. H.261 h tr hai phn gii CIF (Common Intermediate Format) v QCIF (Quarter Common Intermediate Format)

CC CHUN NN NH S

o Chun H.263 y l chun nn c ci tin t H.261 to ra lung video tc thp, c th truyn trn mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Chun nn H.263 c cng nhn nm 1996. Ging nh H.261, H.263 s dng bin i DCT cho qu trnh nn trong nh v nh sai s (l hiu ca nh gc v nh nn). Chun H.263 h tr cc phn gii SQCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4 CIF v 16CIF.

CC CHUN NN NH S
2. CC CHUN NN NH TNH V VIDEO o Chun H.261: Chun H.261 l chun m ha tn hiu video s u tin c p dng trong thc t. Vic thit k chun H.261 l mt n lc tin phong, cc chun m ha video ton cu sau ny (MPEG- 1, MPEG-2/H.262, H.263, v ngay c H.264) cng ch yu da trn chun ny. Chun H.261 khng ch nh r phng php m ha video (v d: phng php d tm vector chuyn ng). Cc nh thit k b m ha c t do trong vic a ra cc gii thut m ha ca ring h.

CC CHUN NN NH S
o Chun H.262: Chun H.262 l mt chun m ha video s ITU-T. Chun ny lin quan n phn video ca chun ISO/IEC MPEG-2 (c bit di ci tn ISO/IEC 13818-2). Chun ny c pht trin do s hp tc ca ITU-T v cc t chc ISO/IEC JTC 1, v tr thnh chun chung cho c hai t chc ny. ITU-T Recommendation H.262 v ISO/IEC 13818-2 c pht trin v pht hnh di dng l chun quc t. Hai ti liu ny m t hu ht tt c cc kha cnh ca chun. o Chun H.263: Chun H.263 l chun m ha ITU-T thit k vo nm 1995/1996 dng cho gii php m ha nn tc truyn thp cho cc dch v hi ngh truyn hnh. Chun H.263 c pht trin nh l mt phin bn nng cp da trn chun H.261, v chun MPEG-1, MPEG-2.

CC CHUN NN NH S
o Chun H.264: Chun H.264, MPEG-4 Part 10, hay AVC (dng cho Advanced Video Coding), l mt chun m ha video s vi nn cc cao, l kt qu ca ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) kt hp vi ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), c xem l sn phm thng mi Joint Video Team (JVT). Chun ITU-T H.264 v ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Part 10(ISO/IEC 14496-10) ng dng cc cng ngh nn nh tin tin. Phin bn nhp u tin c hon thnh vo thng 05 nm 2003. Chun cn c gi bng cc tn khc H.264/AVC, AVC/H.264, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, MPEG-4/H.264 AVC nhm nhn mnh tnh k tha. o Chun JVT:

CC CHUN NN NH S

Chun JVT hon thnh vic nng cp, pht trin mt s tnh nng m rng so vi chun nguyn thu, c bit di tn l Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt). Cc phin bn m rng h tr m ha video vi trung thc cao bng cch thc gia tng chnh xc ly mu (bao gm ha 10-bit v 12-bit) vi thng tin mu phn gi cao (gm cc cu trc ly mu nh YUV 4:2:2 v YUV 4:4:4).

NHM 1 1. Nguyn Duy Hin 2. ng Vn Hin 3. Nguyn Minh Hng 4. V Vn Giang

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