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C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
2. FT ca hm 2 chiu: f(x,y)
C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
3. Bin i Fourier 2 pha:
C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
4. c trng ca bin i Fourier:
5. Bin i Z ( chui Laurent): - Vi 2 bin m,n ta c chui x(m,n): + -m -n X(z1,z2)= + = = (, )z1 z2 vi z1, z2 l cc bin s phc. - Bin i Z ngc: x(m,n)= 1 = 2 = 1 c trng ca bin i Z:
1 2
2
(1 , 2 )1 1 2 1 dz1 d2 khi
C S TON HC TRONG X L NH
6. Ma trn v cc h qu: - Ma trn M hng v N ct
X L NH C BN
S tng qut:
X L NH C BN
Qu trnh thu nhn hnh nh: S khi qu trnh thu nhn hnh nh
Pre- filter
Ly mu
Lng t ha
Lu tr
X L NH C BN
Ly mu: Ly mu thnh phn hoc phn t ca nh nh. S minh ha qu trnh ly mu:
im
X L NH C BN
VD1: h s ly mu ca tn hiu video h NTSC 3(for color) x(512x512)[samples/frame]x30[samples/sec] =3x(1/4)M x 30[samples/sec] =3x 7,5M [samples/sec] VD2 : cha ly mu: c gn, rng ca => lc thng thp trc khi ly mu
X L NH C BN
Lng t ha: 8-bit u c lng t ha: thng p dng cho nh cha qua x l.
2 PSNR=10log10 2552 =10log10 2 /12
59dB. =1
X L NH C BN
BIN I HNH NH
S dng cc php bin i ton hc: 1. Bin i Unita:
BIN I HNH NH
BIN I HNH NH
3. Bin i Fourier ri rc 1 pha (DFT): - Mt cp bin i DFT c nh ngha nh sau:
BIN I HNH NH
BIN I HNH NH
BIN I HNH NH
BIN I HNH NH
Ngoi ra cn c cc php bin i khc nh bin i Hadamard, bin i Karhunen Loeve c s dng nhiu trong x l hnh nh.
CI THIN NH
Nng cao cht lng l bc cn thit trong x l nh nhm hon thin mt s c tnh ca nh. Nng cao cht lng nh gm hai cng on khc nhau: tng cng nh v khi phc nh. Tng cng nh nhm hon thin cc c tnh ca nh nh : 1. Lc nhiu, hay lm trn nh, 2. Tng tng phn, iu chnh mc xm ca nh, 3. Lm ni bin nh.
CI THIN NH
Cc thut ton trin khai vic nng cao cht lng nh hu ht da trn cc k thut trong min im, khng gian v tn s. Ton t im l php bin i i vi tng im nh ang xt, khng lin quan n cc im ln cn khc, trong khi , ton t khng gian s dng cc im ln cn quy chiu ti im nh ang xt. Mt s php bin i c tnh ton phc tp c chuyn sang min tn s thc hin, kt qu cui cng c chuyn tr li min khng gian nh cc bin i ngc.
CI THIN NH
Cc dng ton t im: 1) Tng tng phn 2) Tch nhiu v phn ngng 3) Bin i m bn 4) Ct theo mc 5) Trch chn bit
CI THIN NH
Lm trn nhiu s dng ton t khng gian: 1. S dng lc tuyn tnh: lc di thng thp v lc trung bnh. 2. Dng lc phi tuyn: lc trung v, lc ngoi. 3. Mt n g sai phn v lm nhn. 4. Lc thng thp, lc thng cao v lc di thng. 5. Khuch i v ni suy nh.
NN D LIU NH
o o o
Sau nh tip tc c x l qua cc bc tip theo: Pht hin bin nh Phn vng nh Nhn dng nh V bc x l cui cng l nn d liu nh.
NN D LIU NH
Nn d liu nhm lm gim lng thng tin d tha trong d liu gc v do vy, lng thng tin thu c sau khi nn thng nh hn d liu gc rt nhiu. Vi d liu nh, kt qu thng l 10:1. Mt s phng php cn cho kt qu cao hn. Theo kt qu nghin cu c cng b gn y ti Vin K thut Georfie, k thut nn fratal cho t s nn l 30 trn 1 [6] . T l nn l tham s quan trng nh gi kh nng nn ca h thng.
NN D LIU NH
Phn loi phng php nn: 1. Cch th nht da vo nguyn l nn. Cch ny phn cc phng php nn thnh hai h ln: o Nn chnh xc hay nn khng mt thng tin: gm cc phng php nn m sau khi nn ta thu c chnh xc d liu gc. o Nn co mt thng tin hay nn c tn hao: gm cc phng php m sau khi nn ta khng thu c d liu nh bn gc, phng php ny li dng tnh cht ca mt ngi, chp nhn mt s vn xon trong nh khi khi phc li. 2. Cch th hai da vo cch thc thc hin nn. 3. Da vo trit l ca s m ha, bao gm: o Cc phng php nn th h th nht. o Cc phng php nn th h th hai: da vo bo ha ca t l nn.
NN D LIU NH
Cc phng php nn th h th nht: 1. Phng php m ha lot di ( Run Length Coding ) o Phng php m ha lot di lc u c pht trin dnh cho nh s 2 mc: mc en (1), v mc trng (0) nh cc vn bn trn nn trng, trang in, cc bn v k thut. o Nguyn tc ca phng php l pht hin mt lot cc bt lp li, th d nh mt lot cc bt 0 nm gia hai bt 1, hay ngc li, mt lot bt 1 nm gia hai bt 0. Phng php ny ch c hiu qu khi chiu di dy lp ln hn mt ngng no . Dy cc bt lp gi l lot hay mch (run). Tip theo, thay th chui bi mt chui mi gm 2 thng tin: chiu di chui v bt lp k t lp). Nh vy, chui thay th s c chiu di ngn hn chui cn thay.
NN D LIU NH
o Cn lu rng, i vi nh, chiu di ca chui lp c th ln hn 255. Nu ta dng 1 byte m ha th s khng . Gii php c dng l tch cc chui thnh hai chui: mt chui c chiu di 255, chui kia l s bt cn li. Phng php RLC c s dng trong vic m ha lu tr cc nh Bitmap theo dng PCX, BMP. 2. Phng php m ha Huffman: o Phng php m ha Huffman l phng php da vo m hnh thng k. Da vo d liu gc, ngi ta tnh tn sut xut hin ca cc k t. Vic tnh tn sut c thc hin bi cch duyt tun t tp gc t u n cui. Vic x l y tnh theo bit. Trong phng php ny ngi ta gn cho cc k t c tn sut cao mt t m ngn, cc k t c tn sut thp t m di. Ni mt cch khc, cc k t c tn sut cng cao c gn m cng ngn v ngc li. R rng vi cch thc ny, ta lm gim chiu di trung bnh ca t m ha bng cch dng chiu di bin i. Tuy nhin, trong mt s tnh hung khi tn sut l rt thp, ta c th khng c li mt cht no, thm ch cn b thit mt t bit.
NN D LIU NH
3. Phng php LZW o Phng php nn t in da trn vic xy dng t in lu cc chui k t c tn sut lp li cao v thay th bng t m tng ng mi khi gp li chng. Gii thut LZW hay hn cc gii thut trc n k thut t chc t in cho php nng cao t l nn. o Gii thut nn LZW c s dng cho tt c cc loi file nh phn. N thng c dng nn cc loi vn bn, nh en trng, nh mu, nh a mc xm v l chun nn cho cc dng nh GIF v TIFF. Mc hiu qu ca LZW khng ph thuc vo s bt mu ca nh.
NN D LIU NH
Cc phng php nn da trn cc bin i 1. M ha dng bin i 2 chiu: KL ,bin i Hadamard, bin i FT, bin i sin, cosin. 2. M ha dng bin i Cosine: Cosine mt chiu, Cosine nhanh, Cosine ngc. o Php bin i Cosine mt chiu: c ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu phng php m ha nh khc nhau nh hiu sut gn nh ti u ca n i vi cc nh c tng quan cao gia cc im nh ln cn. Bin i Cosine ri rc c s dng trong chun nh nn JPEG v nh dng phim MPEG. o Php bin i Cosin ri rc mt chiu c nh ngha bi:
NN D LIU NH
o Khi dy u vo x(n) l thc th dy cc h s X(k) cng l s thc. Tnh ton trn trng s thc gim i mt na thi gian so vi bin i Fourier. t c tc bin i tha mn yu cu ca cc ng dng thc t, ngi ta ci tin k thut tnh ton v a ra nhiu thut ton bin i nhanh Cosine.
NN D LIU NH
o Php bin i Cosine ri rc hai chiu. o Php bin i Cosin ri rc hai chiu c nh ngha bi:
NN D LIU NH
o nng cao tc bin i ngi ta pht trin cc gii thut bin i nhanh Cosin hai chiu. Cch lm ph bin nht l tn dng php bin i nhanh Cosin mt chiu. Ta bin i cng thc (7.21) v dng:
NN D LIU NH
o Cng thc (7.24) l php bin i Cosin ri rc mt chiu ca x(n1, n2 ) , trong n2 l bin s, cn n1 ng vai tr l tham s thu c kt qu trung gian X(n1,k2). Cng thc (7.25) l php bin i Cosin ri rc ca X(n1,k2) vi n1 l bin s cn k2 l tham s. o Chun nn JPEG: JPEG l vit tt ca Joint Photographic Expert Group ( nhm cc chuyn gia pht trin nh ny). Chun JPEG c cng nhn l chun nh quc t nm 1990 phc v cc ng dng truyn nh cho cc lnh vc nh y hc, khoa hc, k thut, nh ngh thut
NN D LIU NH
o Chun JPEG c s dng m ha nh a mc xm, nh mu. Chun JPEG cung cp gii thut cho c hai loi nn l nn khng mt mt thng tin v nn mt mt thng tin. S thut ton v gii nn:
NN D LIU NH
o Qu trnh gii nn s c lm ngc li, ngi ta gii m tng phn nh nn tng ng vi phng php nn s dng trong phn nn nh cc thng tin lin quan ghi trong phn header ca file nn. Kt qu thu c l h s lng t. Cc h s ny c khi phc v gi tr trc khi lng t ha bng b tng t ha. Tip em bin i Cosin ngc ta c nh ban u vi trung thc nht nh.
NN D LIU NH
NN D LIU NH
Cc tham s tiu chun ca chun nn JPEG
NN D LIU NH
o Nn JPEG ly tin: Gii php nn JPEG ly tin c ci tin t JPEG tun t nn nhn chung chng c nhiu im tng ng. Khi nh c nn theo chun JPEG tun t, b gii nn, cc block nh s c khi phc theo trnh t t tri sang phi t trn xung di. Nh vy, ton b nh ch c hin th ln trn mn hnh sau khi nhn c tt c cc gi tin t pha pht. Trong mt s trng hp, c bit khi truyn nh s cht lng cao qua mng bng thng hp, thi gian truyn nh c th tng i lu v ngi xem phi ch mt thi gian di.
NN D LIU NH
Trn hnh v 3.3.18 l cc nh cho thy s khc nhau trong qu trnh gii nn JPEG ly tin v JPEG tun t.
Chun nn MPEG: Chun MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) l phng php nn nh ng khng nhng lm gim d tha trong khng gian m cn lm gim d tha gia cc khung nh (frame), y cng l khc bit c bn so vi JPEG l chun nn nh tnh ch lm gim d tha khng gian trong mt khung nh. K thut x l tn hiu trong MPEG: K thut b chuyn ng V tn s nh trong tn hiu video tng i cao (25 hoc 30 nh/giy) nn trong cc frames nm gn nhau thng c nhiu vng nh tng i ging nhau. Nguyn l b chuyn ng l tm ra cc vng nh ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau gia hai nh k tip (gi l nh tham kho v nh d on). Thng tin v nh d on s c truyn i di dng vector chuyn ng tc vector xc nh v tr mi ca vng nh thuc nh tham kho c mt trong nh d on. Qu trnh tm ra vector chuyn ng gi l qu trnh xp x chuyn ng (motion estimation), qu trnh khi phc nh da trn vector ny gi l qu trnh b chuyn ng (motion compensation). V d k thut xp x v b chuyn ng:
VD: mt nh trong chui nh MPEG sau khi c b chuyn ng da trn cc vector chuyn ng (cc ng thng mu xanh). Ch tit nh c tc dch chuyn nhanh (cnh tay vn ng vin) s to ra cc vector chuyn ng c di ln hn cc vector chuyn ng trong vng nh nn.
Gii m MPEG:
CC CHUN NN NH S
1. CC CHUN NN NH NG o Chun H.261 H.261 c pht trin nn tn hiu hnh nh cho dch v truyn hnh hi ngh v video phone qua ng truyn ISDN tc px64kbps (p=1..30). Trn ng truyn 64kbps, lung 48kbps dng truyn tn hiu video, 16kbps dnh cho audio. K thut nn nh c s dng trong chun H.261 s lm nn tng cho cc chun nn sau ny nh MPEG 1, 2. Trong chun nn H.261 c s dng cc k thut nn trong nh da trn bin i DCT, nn lin nh vi b b chuyn ng. H.261 h tr hai phn gii CIF (Common Intermediate Format) v QCIF (Quarter Common Intermediate Format)
CC CHUN NN NH S
o Chun H.263 y l chun nn c ci tin t H.261 to ra lung video tc thp, c th truyn trn mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Chun nn H.263 c cng nhn nm 1996. Ging nh H.261, H.263 s dng bin i DCT cho qu trnh nn trong nh v nh sai s (l hiu ca nh gc v nh nn). Chun H.263 h tr cc phn gii SQCIF, QCIF, CIF, 4 CIF v 16CIF.
CC CHUN NN NH S
2. CC CHUN NN NH TNH V VIDEO o Chun H.261: Chun H.261 l chun m ha tn hiu video s u tin c p dng trong thc t. Vic thit k chun H.261 l mt n lc tin phong, cc chun m ha video ton cu sau ny (MPEG- 1, MPEG-2/H.262, H.263, v ngay c H.264) cng ch yu da trn chun ny. Chun H.261 khng ch nh r phng php m ha video (v d: phng php d tm vector chuyn ng). Cc nh thit k b m ha c t do trong vic a ra cc gii thut m ha ca ring h.
CC CHUN NN NH S
o Chun H.262: Chun H.262 l mt chun m ha video s ITU-T. Chun ny lin quan n phn video ca chun ISO/IEC MPEG-2 (c bit di ci tn ISO/IEC 13818-2). Chun ny c pht trin do s hp tc ca ITU-T v cc t chc ISO/IEC JTC 1, v tr thnh chun chung cho c hai t chc ny. ITU-T Recommendation H.262 v ISO/IEC 13818-2 c pht trin v pht hnh di dng l chun quc t. Hai ti liu ny m t hu ht tt c cc kha cnh ca chun. o Chun H.263: Chun H.263 l chun m ha ITU-T thit k vo nm 1995/1996 dng cho gii php m ha nn tc truyn thp cho cc dch v hi ngh truyn hnh. Chun H.263 c pht trin nh l mt phin bn nng cp da trn chun H.261, v chun MPEG-1, MPEG-2.
CC CHUN NN NH S
o Chun H.264: Chun H.264, MPEG-4 Part 10, hay AVC (dng cho Advanced Video Coding), l mt chun m ha video s vi nn cc cao, l kt qu ca ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) kt hp vi ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), c xem l sn phm thng mi Joint Video Team (JVT). Chun ITU-T H.264 v ISO/IEC MPEG-4 Part 10(ISO/IEC 14496-10) ng dng cc cng ngh nn nh tin tin. Phin bn nhp u tin c hon thnh vo thng 05 nm 2003. Chun cn c gi bng cc tn khc H.264/AVC, AVC/H.264, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, MPEG-4/H.264 AVC nhm nhn mnh tnh k tha. o Chun JVT:
CC CHUN NN NH S
Chun JVT hon thnh vic nng cp, pht trin mt s tnh nng m rng so vi chun nguyn thu, c bit di tn l Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt). Cc phin bn m rng h tr m ha video vi trung thc cao bng cch thc gia tng chnh xc ly mu (bao gm ha 10-bit v 12-bit) vi thng tin mu phn gi cao (gm cc cu trc ly mu nh YUV 4:2:2 v YUV 4:4:4).