Ly Thuyet Mach 1

TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT HNG YN
KHOA IN IN T
..***
GIO TRNH L THUYT MCH

QUYN 1
MCH IN KIRHOF
MCH IN BA PHA
MNG HAI CA
BIN SON: QUANG HUY-NGUYN TRUNG THNH-BI KIM THOA
- NM 2008 1
CHNG 1:
CC KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.1. Cu trc hnh hc ca mch in
1.1.1. Mch in
Mch in l tp hp cc thit b in ni vi nhau bng cc dy dn (phn t dn)
to thnh nhng vng kn trong dng in c th chy qua. Mch in thng
gm cc loi phn t sau: ngun in, ph ti (ti), dy dn.
a. Ngun in: Ngun in l thit b pht ra in nng. V nguyn l, ngun in
l thit b bin i cc dng nng lng nh c nng, ha nng, nhit nng thnh in
nng.
b. Ti: Ti l cc thit b tiu th in nng v bin i in nng thnh cc dng
nng lung khc nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng v.v.
c. Dy dn: Dy dn lm bng kim loi (ng, nhm ) dng truyn ti in
nng t ngun n ti.
1.1.2. Kt cu hnh hc ca mch in

a. Nhnh: Nhnh l mt on mch gm cc phn t ghp ni tip nhau, trong c
cng mt dng in chy t u ny n u kia.
b. Nt: Nt l im gp nhau ca t ba nhnh tr ln.
c. Vng: Vng l li i khp kn qua cc nhnh.
d. Mt li : vng m bn trong khng c vng no khc
1.2. Cc i lng c bn.
c trng cho qu trnh nng lng cho mt nhnh hoc mt phn t
ca mch
in ta dng hai i lng: dng in i v in p u.
Cng sut ca nhnh: p = u.i
1.2.1. in p.
Ti mi im trong mch in c mt in th. Hiu in th gia hai im gi l in
p. Vy in p gia hai im A v B c in th A, B l:
uAB =( A - B)
(1.1)
2
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Chiu in p quy c l chiu t im c in th cao n in th thp.

T dng v p ta c th tnh cng sut p = ui
1.2.2. Cng dng in.
Dng in i v tr s bng tc bin thin ca lng in tch q qua tit din ngang
ca dy dn.
i
A
B
UAB
Hnh 1.2
i = dq/dt
(1.2)
Chiu dng in qui c l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch dng trong

in trng.
1.2.3. Chiu dng dng in v in p.
i vi cc mch in n gin, theo qui c trn ta d dng xcnh c chiu
dng in v in p trong mt nhnh. V d mch in mt chiu c mt ti nh trn
hnh v ta c th v chiu in p u cc ngun in, chiu in p trn nhnh ti, v
chiu dng in trong mch.
Tuy nhin khi tnh ton mch in phc tp, ta khng th
d rng xc nh ngay c chiu dng in v in p trong cc

nhnh, c bit i vi dng in xoay chiu, chiu ca chng
+
u
thay i theo thi gian. V th khi gii mch in, ta tu

chn chiu dng in v in p trong cc nhnh gi l chiu
dng. Trn c s cc chiu v, thit lp gii phng trnh

lp, tnh ton ra cc dng in v in p, nu dng tnh ra c
du dng th chiu chn l ng, nu m th c chiu ngc
Hnh 1.3
li.
1.2.4. Cng sut
Trong mch in, mt nhnh hoc mt phn t c th nhn v pht nng lng. Gi
thit cc chiu p v dng trong nhnh l trng nhau v tnh ton kt qu cng sut ta
a n kt lun.
p = ui > 0 nhnh nhn nng lng
p = ui < 0 nhnh pht nng lng
Nu ta chn chiu dng v p ngc nhau th ta c kt lun ngc li.
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1.2.4. Nng lng.

1.3. nh lut Kirchoff.
1.3.1. nh lut Kirchoff 1.
nh lut K1 pht biu nh sau:
Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng
i = 0
(1.3)
Trong nu ta quy c dng in i vo nt mang du dng th dng in i ra

khi nt mang du m, hoc ngc li
VD: Ti nt K trn hnh v ta c th vit K1 nh sau:
i1
i4
K
i1 + i2 i3 + i4 = 0
Ta suy ra
i3
i2
i 3 = i1 + i 2 + i 4
Hnh 1.4
Ngha l tng cc dng in ti nt bng tng cc dng in ri khi nt. K1 ni ln

tnh lin tc ca dng in tc l trong mt nt khng c tch lu in tch.
1.3.2. nh lut Kirchoff 2.
nh lut K2 pht biu nh sau:
i theo mt vng kn vi chiu ty , tng i s cc in p ri trn cc phn t
bng khng.
u = 0
(1.4)
Nu mch in c sut in ng ta c th tnh nh sau:
u = e
(1.5)
Khi nh lut kirhoff 2 pht biu nh sau

i theo mt vng kn, theo mt chiu tu chn,
i3
tng i s cc in p ri trn cc phn t bng

tng i s cc sc in ng trong vng.
e2
C3
i2
L2
R3
Trong nhng sc in ng no c chiu

trng vi chiu i vng s mang du dng,
e1
ngc li mang du m.
VD: Xt mch kn nh hnh v
R3i3 +
1
i 3 dt - L2 di 2 + R1i1 = e2 e1
C
dt
4
i1
R1
Hnh 1.5
nh lut K2 ni ln tnh cht th ca mch in. Trong mt mch in xut pht t

mt im theo
mt vng khp kn v tr li v tr xut pht th lng tng th bng khng.
Ch : nh lut K1, K2 vit cho dng in tc thi v in p tc thi hoc phc
1.3.3. nh lut cn bng cng sut.
phat
= Pthu ;
phat
= Qthu
(1.6)
1.4. Cc phn t 2 cc.

1.4.1. in tr.
Cho dng in i chy qua in tr R v gy ra in p ri trn in tr R l uR.
Theo nh lut m quan h gia dng in v in p l:
uR = Ri
(1.7)
Ngi ta cn a ra khi nim in dn
R
i
g = 1/R (n v 1/ = S : Simen)
uR
Hnh 1.6
Cng sut tiu th trn mch in tr l:

p = ui = i2R
(1.8)
in nng tiu th trong mt tri gian l:

A=
2
2
pdt = iR dt khi i = cosnt th A = i Rt
(1.9)
1.4.2. in cm.
Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy c w vng s sinh ra mt t thng mc vng vi
cun dy
= w
(1.10)
in cm ca cun dy c nh ngha:
L=
w
=
n v l (Henry H)
i
i
(1.11)
Nu t thng bin thin th dng in cng bin thin v theo nh lut cm ng in

t trong cun dy xut hin sc in ng t cm.
eL = -
d
di
= L
dt
dt
(1.12)
eL
in p trn cun dy
di
uL =- eL = L
dt
(1.13)
uL
Himhf 1.7
Cng sut trn cun dy

pL = uLi = Li
di
dt
(1.14)
Nng lng t trng tch lu trongcun dy

wM =
pdt = iLdi = Li
/2
(1.15)
Nh vy in cm L c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng t trng ca

mch. Hin tng h cm
Hin tng h cm l hin tng xut hin t trng trong 1 cun dy do dng
in bin thin trong 1 cun dy khc sinh ra. Trn hnh v c 2 cun dy c lin h h
cm vi nhau. T thng h cm trong cun 2 do dng in trong cun 1 sinh ra l:
21=Mi1
Hnh 1.8
Vi M l h s h cm gia 2 cun dy. Nu i1 bin thin th in p h cm ca

cun dy 2 do cun dy 1 sinh ra l:
u21= d 21 = M .di1
dt
(1.16)
dt
Tng t th in p h cm ca cun 1 do dng trong cun 2 sinh ra l:

u12= d 12 = M .di2
dt
(1.17)
dt
Cng nh in p t cm, in p h cm l Henry (H). H cm M c k hiu

trn H.b v dng cch nh du cc bng du (*) xc nh du ca phng trnh
xc nh in p h cm u21 v u12
Cc cc c gi l c cng cc tnh khi cc dng in c chiu cng i vo (hoc
cng i ra) khi cc cc y th t thng t cm 11 v t thng h cm 21 cng
chiu. Cng cc tnh hay khc cc tnh ph thuc vo chiu qun dy v v tr t
cc in p h cm.
6
1.4.3. in dung.
Khi t in p uc ln t in c in dung C th t in s c np in vi in tch
q.
Q = Cuc
i=
(1.19)
du
dq d
= (Cu c ) = C c
dt dt
dt
(1.20)
T suy ra
1t
uc = idt
Co
(1.21)
Nu ti thi im ban u trn t C c in tch th in p c tnh nh sau:

uc =
1t
idt + uc(0)
Co
(1.22)
Cng sut trn t in

pc = uci
(1.23)
Nng lng tch ly trong in trng ca t in

t
WE = p C dt =
0
1 2
Cu
2
(1.24)
Nh vy in dung c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng in trng trong t
in.
1.4.4. Ngun p.
Ngun in p c trng cho kh nng to nn
v duy tr mt in p trn hai cc ca ngun.
Nh hnh v k hiu l mt sc in ng e(t) c

chiu t in th thp n in cao, v th in p
u cc ngun c chiu ngc vi chiu sc in ng.
u(t)
Hnh 1.9
u(t) = e
1.4.5. Ngun dng j(t)
Ngun dng in j(t) c trng cho kh nng ca ngun in to nn v duy tr dng
in cp cho mch ngoi. K hiu ngun dng nh sau.
j(t)
Hnh 1.10
1.5. Cc phn t bn cc.

1.5.1. Ngun ph thuc.
1.5.2. Cun dy ghp h cm.
1.5.3. Bin p l tng.
CHNG 2:
MCH TUYN TNH CH XC LP IU HO
2.1. Cc i lng c trng cho dng in, in p xoay chiu hnh sin.
2.1.1. Cc i lng c trng cho dng in hnh sin
Tr s dng in, in p hnh sin mt thi im t gi l tr s tc thi v c biu
din nh sau.
i = Imaxsin(t + i )
(2.1)
u = Umaxsin(t + u )
Trong
+ i, u: tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p
+ Imax, Umax: tr s cc i (bin ) ca dng in v in p.
phn bit, tr s tc thi k hiu bng ch thng: i, u, e tr s cc i vit bng
ch hoa: Imax, Umax v (t + i ), (t + u ): gi l gc pha ca dng in v in p
ti thi im tc thi.
- i , u : gi l gc pha u ca dng in, in p
- : tn s gc ca dng in (rad/s)
u
Umax
u
0
i
> 0
i < 0
T
Hnh 2.1
T: Chu k dng in sin thi gian ngn nht lp li tr s v chiu bin thin,
tc l trong khong thi gian T gc pha bin i mt lng l T = 2
8
S chu k ca dng in trong mt giy gi l tn s f =
1
(Hz)
T
Do c tnh cc thng s ca mch, cc i lng dng in, in p thng c s

lch pha nhau. Gc lch pha l hiu s pha u ca in p v dng in, gc lch pha
gia dng in v in p k hiu l c tnh nh sau:
= u - i
Gc lch pha thng ph thuc vo thng s mch
> 0 in p vt trc dng in (h2.2a)
< 0 dng in vt trc in p (h.2.2b)
= 0 in p cung pha dng in (h.2.2c)
u i
u i
u i
u
i
i
b
h.nh 2.2
2.1.2. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu.

Xt mt dng in xoay chiu i(t) chy qua mt nhnh c trng tiu tn bi thng s
r, in nng s bin thnh cc dng khc nhau nh: nhit nng c nng vi cng
sut tiu tn p = ri2(t). Nng lng tiu tn trong mt chu k bng:
A=
ri 2 (t )dt
Khi cng sut tc dng c tnh nh sau:

P=
Trong
Tr s I =
A 1
=
T T
I=
ri 2 (t )dt = r
1
T
i 2 (t )dt = rI2
1 T 2
i dt
T 0
(2.2)
1 T 2
i dt c gi l tr s hiu dng ca dng in bin i. N dng
T 0
nh gi, tnh ton hiu qu tc ng ca dng in bin thin.

i vi dng in sin, thay i = Imaxsint vo (2.2), sau khi ly tch phn, ta
c quan h gia tr s hiu dng v dng in cc i l:
I=
I max
2
(2.3)
Tng t, ta c tr s hiu dng ca in p, sc in ng.

U=
U max
E
; E = max
2
2
Thay tr s Imax, Umax, vo cc cng thc tnh dng in, v in p ta c tnh

i = I 2 sin(t + i)
nh sau.
(2.4)
u = I 2 sin(t + u)
Qua y ta thy dng in hiu dng c th c dng mt cch rng ri.
2.2. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh R-L-C.
2.2.1. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun tr.
Khi c dng in i = Imaxsin(t) qua in tr R, in p trn in tr s l:
uR(t)=Ri = R.Imaxsin(t) =URmaxsin(t)
Trong : URmax = RImax, UR =
(2.5)
U max
= R.I
2
Khi quan h gia tr s hiu dng ca dng in v in p l:

U = I.R hay I =
U
R
Dng in v in p c cng tn s v trng pha nhau. th vector c th hin

trong hnh v sau
Cng sut tc thi ca in tr l.
PR(t) = uRi = Umax.Imax sin2(t) = URI(1- cos2t)
P
(2.6)
UR
PR
UR
uR
iR
UI
T
2
T
Hnh 2.3
Trn hnh v ta thy ng cong uR, i, pR. Ta thy PR(t) 0. Ngha l in tr R lin
tc tiu th in nng ca ngun in v bin i sang dng nng lng khc. V cng
sut tc thi tc dng khng c ngha nn ta a ra cng sut tc dng P v c
tnh theo cng thc sau:
(2.7)
P = URI = RI2, n v (w)
2.2.2. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun in cm
Khi cho dng in i = Imaxsin(t) chy qua in cm L, in p trn in cm s l:
10
uL(t) =L
d ( I max sin t )
di
=L
= LI max sin(t + ) = U L max sin(t + )
dt
2
2
dt
(2.8)
Trong :
UL = LImax = XLImax
UL =
U L max
= XLI
2
XL = L c th nguyn ca in tr (), gi l cm khng. T rt ra

quan h gia tr s hiu dng ca dng in v in p nh sau:
UL = XLI hoc
I=
UL
XL
Dng in v in p c cng tn s v lch nhau mt gc /2. Dng in chm sau

in p mt gc /2 th vector th hin trong hnh v.
uL i, pL
UL
pL
uL
UL
/2
I
iL
Hnh 2.4
Cng sut tc thi ca in cm l:

PL(t) = uLi = UmaxImaxsin(t + /2)sint =
U max I max
2
sin 2t = ULIsin2t
T th ta thy trong khong t = 0 n t = /2 cng sut pL(t) >0, in cm nhn

nng lng v tch lu trong t trng. Trong khong tip theo t = /2 v t = ,
cng sut pL(t) < 0 nng lng tch lu tr v ngun v mch ngoi. Qu trnh c tip
tc v cng sut p(t) trong mt chu k bng khng.
PL =
1 T
p L (t )dt = 0
T 0
(2.9)
biu th qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in cm ta a ra khi nim cng sut

phn khng QL ca in cm, theo cng thc sau:
(2.10)
QL = ULI = XlI2, n v (VAr)
2.2.3. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun dung.
Khi cho dng in i = Imax sint qua in dung th in p trn in dung l:
11
1
1
1
idt = I max sin tdt =
I max sin(t / 2)
C
C
C
UC(t) =
(2.11)
UC(t) = UCmaxsin(t-/2)
Trong :
UCmax =
1
I max = X C I max
C
U C max
= XCI
2
1
c th nguyn ca in tr , c gi l in dung.
XC =
C
UC =
T rt ra kt lun nh sau
Quan h gia tr s hiu dng ca in p v dng in trong mch l
UC = XcI hoc I =
UC
=> ta nhn thy dng in n in p c cng tn s,
XC
v dng in vt trc in mt gc /2.

Cng sut tc thi ca in dung l:
pC(t) = uCi = UCmaxImaxsintsin(t-/2) = - UIsin2t
(2.12)
Cng sut tc dng trong mt chu k l

PC =
1T
p C ( t )dt = 0
T0
(2.13)
biu th cng qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in dung, ta a ra khi nim

cng sut phn khng QC tnh theo cng thc sau;
(2.14)
QC = - UCI = XCI2, kVAr, VAr
2.2.4. Dng in sin trong nhnh RLC ni tip
Khi cho dng in i = Imax sint chy qua RLC ni tip gy ra nhng in p
uR, uL, uC trn cc phn t RLC nh bit cc i lng dng in vc in p bin
thin cng tn s, do ta c th biu din trn cng mt th vector
T cc kt lun cc nhnh thun tr, cm, dung ta thy
9
i cng pha vi uR do = 0
i chm pha vi uR mt gc 900 do =

2
i nhanh pha vi uR mt gc -900 do = -
Ta c th nh sau
in p ngun U bng
r r
r
r
U = UR + UL + UC
12
T th vector ta tnh c tr s hiu dng ca in p
U 2R + ( U L U C ) = (IR ) 2 + (IX L IX C ) 2
2
U=
U = I (R ) 2 + (X L X C ) 2 = Iz
Trong
z=
(R ) 2 + (X L X C ) 2 , c th nguyn l , gi l tng tr
t X = XL XC
X c gi l in khng nhnh, t cng thc chng ta thy R, z, X l 3 cnh
ca mt tam gic vung gip ta d dng nh dc cng thc v quan h R, z, X v
tnh c gc lch pha
Quan h gia tr s hiu dng dng in v p RLC l
U = zI hoc I =
U
z
(2.15)
in p lch pha vi dng in mt gc l = u - i

tg =
U L U C I(X L X C ) X L X C X
=
=
=
UR
R
R
R
(2.16)
Khi XL Xc = 0, gc = 0 dng in trng pha vi in p.

Khi XL > Xc, gc > 0 dng in c tnh cm do chm pha so vi in p
mt gc .
Khi XL < Xc, gc < 0 dng in c tnh dung do nhanh pha so vi in p
mt gc .
2.3. S phc, biu din i lng iu ha dng nh phc.
2.3.1 S phc
Ta xt mt vect OM = V c biu din trn mt phng X0Y khi ta c th phn
tch thnh hai thnh phn V X v V Y vi n v hai trc l 1.

Vy
r r
r
V = V X + V Y hay vit di dng i s nh sau
V = Vsin + Vcos = 1.a + 1.b
Nu ta biu din OM = V trn mt phng vi hai trc l trc thc v trc o khc nhau
v ngha vi n v trn trc thc l 1 v trn trc o l j. Khi ta c th vit vector
di dng i s ca trc phc l:
& = jVsin + Vcos = j.a + 1.b

V
13
Vi
V =
a 2 + b 2 - gi l modul
= arctg
a
- gi l argumen
b
j
ja
r
V
r
V
Tm li s phc l mt lng gm hai thnh phn thc v o trong 2 thnh phn

khc nhau hn v bn cht. Vi j = 1
Biu din s phc c hai dng nh sau:
& =b+ja
*V
& = Vcos + j Vsin = Vej = V
Hoc * V
Trong cos + j sin = ejHnh 2.5
Cc php tnh vi s phc
Xt hai s phc
& = a1 +j b1
A
1
& = a2 +j b2
A
2
& = a1 +j b1 th nghch o s phc l A

& * 1 = a1 - j b1
* Nu A
1
& =A
& th a1 = a2 ;b1 = b2
* Nu A
1
2
& +A
& th a1 + jb1 + a2 +jb2 = (a1 + a2) + j(b1 + b2)
* Nu A
1
2
& -A
& th
* Nu A
1
2
a1 - jb1 + a2 -jb2 = (a1 - a2) + j(b1 - b2)
& *A
& th (a1 + jb1)*(a2 +jb2) = A1*A2ej1. ej2 = A1*A2ej(1+2)
* Nu A
1
2
& /A
& th
* Nu A
1
2
(a1 + jb1)/(a2 +jb2) = A1/A2*ej(1-2)
Ch cc s phc c bit
ej/2 = j ; e-j/2 = -j
VD:
Xt hai s phc
& = 4 +j 8
A
1
& = 9 -j 3
A
2
& +A
& ;A
& -A
& ;A
& *A
& ;A
& /A
&
Hy tnh A
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
14
2.3.2 Biu din i lng iu ha dng nh phc.

Cc bin trng thi iu ha cng mt tn s nh dng p v cc s c c
trng bng cp s hiu dng v gc pha
biu din chng ta c th vit nh sau
i(t) =
2 Isin(t + i) ==> &I = I i = I e j
u(t) =
& = U = U e j
2 Usin(t + u) ==> U
u
*Biu din o hm
(2.17)
di
,nu xt mt dng in i(t) = 2 Isin(t+i)c biu
dt
di
= 2 Icos(t + i) = 2 Isin(t+ i + )
din bng s phc &I th o hm
dt
di
= I e j( / 2 + ) ---------> j &I
dt
i
* Biu din tch phn idt , nu xt mt dng in i(t) =
2 Isin(t+i) c
biu bng s phc &I th tch phn
idt =-
idt
2 Icos(t + i) =
1
2 Isin(t + i - /2)
&I
1
I e j( / 2 ) --------->
j
i
*Biu din tng tr bng s phc

Z=
Vi
u( t )
=
i( t )
& Ue j
U
= j = z.e j(
&I
Ie
u
u i )
= z.e j
R 2 + X2
X
= artg
R
z=
*Biu din cng sut bng s phc
Hay
~
S = S.ej = S ej(u - i) = UI.eiu.e-j
~ & *
S=U
I
~
S = S.ej = S cos + jS sin
~
S =P+jQ
2.3.3 Cc nh lut c bn ca mch in dng phc.

1. nh lut Ohm m rng.
15
(2.18)
(2.19)
E& = U& AB + Z .I&
(2.20)
Hnh 2.6
2. nh lut Kirchoff.
nh lut K1: t biu thc
i = 0 suy ra &I = 0
(2.21)
nh lut K2: vit nh lut K2 cho mt nhnh RLC ni tip ta c

Vit di dng tc thi nh sau
u = uR + uL+ uC = Ri + L
di 1
+ idt
dt C
Ta c th biu din biu thc trn di dng s phc nh sau
& = R&I + jL&I +

U
&I
1 &
) I = Z&I
= R + j(L
j C
C
(2.22)
Tm li: ngha ca vic biu din s phc gii mch in iu ha l:

+ Ta c th tuyn tnh ha cc hm tch phn v vi phn c th n gin ha
mch in.
+ Ta c th a mch in phc tp v thnh cc mch in n gin (nh a
cc mch in xoay chiu thnh cc mch mt chiu)
2.3.4. ng dng: phn tch mch ch xc lp iu ha.
VD: cho mch in nh hnh v, vi cc
L1
thng s nh sau
e1 =
2 E1 sin(t + 1) ;
e2 =
2 E2 sin(t +2)
cc thng s R,L, C, bit
e1
e2
R1
R2
R3
C3
Vit cc phng trnh nh lut K1, K2

di dng tc thi v dng phc
Hnh 2.7
2.4. Tr khng v dn np.
Trong mch in, thng s ca cc phn t xc nh quan h gia in p t
trn v dng in chy qua chng. Khi thc hin s bin i tn hiu, nu tn hiu tc
ng vo mch c dng in p th c th kho st phn ng ca mch qua dng in
sinh ra trong n di tc dng ca tc ng in p . Ngc li, nu tn hiu tc
ng vo l dng in, th kho st phn ng ca mch qua in p to nn trn hai
u ca n. Do , nu chng ta coi mch in c nhim v thc hin mt ton t no
i vi cc hm tn hiu tc ng ln n th c th coi ton t thc hin s bin
i in p - dng in hay ngc li. Trng hp bin i dng in-in p, ton t
16
gi l tr khng ca mch v trng hp bin i in p-dng in ton t gi l dn

np Y.
u (t ) = Z {i (t )};
i (t ) = Y {u (t )}
2.5. Cng sut.

2.5.1. Cng sut tc dng.
Cng sut tc dng c trng cho hin tng bin i nng lng sang cc dng
khc nh nhit, c nng.
P = UI.cos hoc c th tnh nh sau
P=
(2.23)
I . Trong Rn, In l in tr, dng in ca nhnh
2
n n
2.5.2. Cng sut phn khng.

Cng sut phn khng c trng cho cng trao i nng lng in t trng
Q = UIsin hoc
Q = QL + QC =
I X Cn I 2n ,
2
Ln n
(2.24)
Trong XL, XC, In in dung, khng, dng in ca nhnh
2.5.3. Cng sut phc.
Hay
~
S = S.ej = S ej(u - i) = UI.eiu.e-j
.
~ & *
S=U
I Vi I* l lin hp ca I
~
S = S.ej = S cos + jS sin
~
S =P+jQ
(2.25)
2.5.4. Cng sut biu kin.

Cng sut biu kin S (gi l cng sut ton phn)
S = UI
(2.26)
Vy P, Q, S c cng th nguyn, song phn bit chng l khc nhau th n
v l P (W), Q (VAr), S (VA)
Quan h P, Q, S nh sau
S2 = P2 + Q2 ; P = S cos; Q = S sin
2.5.5. nh lut cn bng cng sut phc.
2.6 Cng hng.
2.7. Mch in c h cm, ngun dng
2.8. Phn tch mch bng phng php dng nhnh.
Tng qut: Xt mch c Nh nhnh v N nt.
Thut ton:
- Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh v chiu ca vng.
- Vit (N-1) phng trnh cho (N-1) nt bt k theo nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
17
- Vit (Nh N + 1) phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2 cho (Nh N + 1) vng c
bn.
- Gii h Nh phng trnh tm ra Nh dng in nhnh.
V d 2.4: Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.5.
Bit: e1 (t ) = 100 2 sin(t + 30 0 ); e3 (t ) = 50 2 sin(t + 60 0 ) ; Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 2 + j 2 ()
Gii mch in theo phng php dng
in nhnh tm gi tr hiu dng ca dng in
Z1
Z3
trong cc nhnh.
Z2
Gii:
e1(t)
e3(t)
Mch c hai nt v 3 nhnh do c hai vng c
bn k hiu l vng 1 v 2, chiu ca dng in
Hnh 2.8
nhnh v chiu ca vng quy c nh trn hnh v
2.9
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff 1, vit phng trnh cho mt trong hai nt ta c:
I 1 I 2 I 3 = 0 (2.27)
Theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2, vit phng trnh cho vng 1 v 2:
Vng 1:
(2.28)
Z 1 I1 + Z 2 I 2 = E1
Vng 2: Z 2 I 2 + Z 3 I 3 = E3
i1
(2.29)
I1 I 2 I 3 = 0
j 300
+
+
+
= 86,6 + j 50
(
2
j
2
)
I
(
2
j
2
)
I
1
2 = 100e
0
(2 + j 2) I 2 + (2 + j 2) I 3 = 50e j 60 = 25 + j 43,3
i2
Z1
Gii h 3 phng trnh:
i3
Z2
e1(t)
Z3
e3(t)
Hnh 2.9
Ta c: I 1 = 28,459 j4,575; I 2 = 5,692 j4,575; I 3 = 22,767

Vy: I1 = 28,824; I2 = 7,303; I3 = 22,767.
Vi phng php dng in nhnh, h phng trnh dng in nhnh c s
phng trnh bng s nhnh ca mch. Do i vi nhng mch in phc tp vic
gii h phng trnh dng in nhnh s rt phc tp nn trong thc t phng php
ny t c ng dng.
2.9. Phn tch mch bng phng php dng vng.
Tng qut: Xt mch c Nh nhnh v N nt.
Thut ton:
- Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh v chiu ca vng.
- Gn cho mi vng mt dng in gi tng c chiu trng vi chiu ca vng.
- Vit (Nh N +1) phng trnh dng in vng theo nh lut Kirchhoff 2.
18
- Gii h (Nh N + 1) phng trnh tm ra cc dng in vng.

- T cc dng in vng suy ra cc dng in nhnh.
V d 2.5: Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.8.
Bit: E1 = 100e j 30 ; E 2 = 50e j 60 ; Z 1 = Z 2 = Z 3 = 2 + j 2 () ; f = 50Hz.

Gii mch in theo phng php dng in vng tm biu thc tc thi ca
dng in trong cc nhnh.
Gii
Chiu ca dng in nhnh, chiu ca dng in vng v chiu ca vng quy
c nh trn hnh 2.9.1.
i1
i3
p dng nh lt Kirchhoff 2 cho hai
vng ta c h phng trnh:
i2
Z1
Z
( Z 1 + Z 2 ) I v1 Z 2 I v 2 = E1
Z 2 I v1 + ( Z 2 + Z 2 ) I v 2 = E3
e1(t)
(2.30)
Thay s:
iv1
Z2
iv2
e3(t)
Hnh 2.9.1
(4 + j 4) I v1 (2 + j 2) I v 2 = 86,6 + j50
(2 + j 2) I v1 + (4 + j 4) I v 2 = 25 + j 43,3
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
I v1 = 28,459 j4,575 = 28,824 9,1330 ; I v 2 = 22,767
Vy: I 1 = I v1 = 28,824 9,1330 i1(t) = 40,763sin(100t-9,1330)
I 2 = I v1 I v 2 = 5,692 j 4,575 = 7,303 38,791
i2(t) = 10,328sin(100t-38,7910)
I 3 = I v 2 = 22,767
i3(t) = 32,197sin100t
i vi mch in c M vng c lp, h phng trnh dng in mch vng s

c dng:
z11iv1 + z12 iv 2 + ... + z1M ivM = e11
z i + z i + ... + z i = e
21 v1
22 v 2
2 M vM
22
[M V ][I V ] = [EV ]
..........
..........
..........
..........
..........
z M 1iv1 + z M 2 iv 2 + ... + z M 1M ivM = eMM
Trong :
[IV] l vct ma trn ct, mi phn t ca n l cc dng in mch vng
tng ng: [IV] = [iv1 iv2 iv3]T
[EV] l vect ma trn ct, mi phn t ca n l tng i s cc ngun in p
tc ng cha trong cc nhnh thuc mch vng tng ng: [EV] = [e11 e22 eMM]T
19
[MV] l ma trn ton t vng:

z1M
z11 z12
z z
z 2M
21
22
[M V ] =
................................
z MM
zM1 zM 2
(2.31)
Ma trn ton t [MV] l ma trn vung cp M M, cc phn t nm trn ng

cho chnh zkk l tng cc ton t nhnh ca cc nhnh thuc mch vng th k lun
mang du +. Cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho chnh zkr =zrk l ton t nhnh
chung ca mch vng th k v mch vng th r mang du + khi dng in mch
vng ca mch vng th k v r chy qua nhnh chung l cng chiu, ngc li mang
du -, nu gia mch vng k v mch vng r khng c nhnh chung th phn t zkr =
zrk = 0.
Khi phn tch mch in bng phng php dng in mch vng i vi cc
mch in c ngun dng in tc ng, ta phi chn cc mch vng c lp sao cho
cc nhnh cha ngun dng phi l nhnh c lp (nhnh khng nm trong mch vng
khc) ca cc mch vng, khi s phng trnh trong h phng trnh dng in
mch vng ca mch s gim i ng bng s ngun dng tc ng vo mch, v cc
dng in ca cc mch vng cha ngun dng ng bng ngun dng bit.
V d cho mch in c s hnh 2.9.2
c ngun dng i0 tc ng, nu chn cc mch
Z1
iV1
iV2
vng c lp v chiu cc dng in mch vng
Z3
i0
nh trn hnh v th dng in mch vng th e1(t)
Z5
Z4
nht iv1 =i0 bit, do ta s c h phng trnh
mch vng gm hai phng trnh vit cho vng 2
iV3
Z6
v vng 3 vi hai n s cn tm l iv2 v iv3:
Hnh 2.9.2
(z1 + z3 + z4 + z5 )iv2 (z4 + z5 )iv3 = e1 + (z1 + z4 )i0
(z4 + z5 )iv2 + (z4 + z5 + z6 )iv3 = z4i0
20
(2.32)
thun tin cho vic thit lp h phng trnh dng in

z1i0
mch vng ca cc mch in c cha ngun dng ta c
th bin i tng ng mch c cha ngun dng v
iV2
mch khng cha ngun dng theo quy tc sau: sau khi
e1(t)
chn cc mch vng c lp v chiu cc dng in mch
Z4 z4i0 Z5
vng, thc hin thm vo cc nhnh ca mch vng c
cha ngun dng mt ngun in p c sc in ng
iV3
Z6
bng ton t nhnh nhn vi ngun dng v c chiu
Hnh 2.9.3
ngc vi chiu dng mch vng ( chn cng chiu vi
ngun dng), sau cho ngun dng bng khng.
Mch in trn hnh 2.9.2 c th bin i v mch tng ng nh hnh 2.9.3
2.10. Phn tch mch bng phng php in th nt.
Thut ton:
- Chn mt nt bt k trong N nt lm nt gc c in th bng 0V.
- Tu chn chiu dng in trong cc nhnh.
- Xy dng cc cng thc bin i nt.
- p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 vit phng trnh cho (N - 1) nt cn li (tr
nt gc)
- Gii h (N-1) phng trnh tm ra (N-1) in th nt.
- T cc in th nt suy ra cc dng in nhnh.
V d 2.6.1: Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.10.
Bit: E1 = 15V; E2 = E3 = 16V; R1 = R4 = 1; R2 = 3; R3 = 2.
A
Tm dng in trong cc nhnh.

Gii
Chn nt B lm nt gc: UB = 0V UAB = UA.
Chn chiu dng in nh trn hnh 2.10.1
R1
R2
R3
R4
I1
E1
I2
E2
I3
E3
I4
U E3
U E1
U E2
U
Ta c: I 1 = A
; I2 = A
; I3 = A
; I1 = A
R1
R2
R3
R4
p dng nh lut Kirchhoff 1 cho nt A ta c: I1+I2+I3+I4 = 0.

U A E1 U A E 2 U A E3 U A
+
+
+
=0
R1
R2
R3
R4
E1 E 2 E3
+
+
R1 R2 R3
= 10V
UA =
1
1
1
1
+
+
+
R1 R2 R3 R4
Dng in trong cc nhnh:

21
Hnh2.10.1
(2.33)
Z3
I1 = -5A; I2 = -2A; I3 = -3A; I4 = 10A.

Nh vy ta thy chiu thc ca I1, I2, I3 ngc chiu vi chiu quy c.
T biu thc ca UA tm c trn ta c th a ra mt cng thc tng qut
tm UA trong trng hp mch c nhiu nhnh mc song song vi nhau:
Ei
Ri
UA =
1
R
i
(2.34)
Trong ai =1 nu trn nhnh i chiu ca dng in v chiu ca sc in ng

l ngc nhau, ngc li ai = -1.
V d 2.6.2.
Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.10.2, tm dng in trong cc nhnh.
Gii
Chn nt 0 lm nt gc v cho in th nt U0 = 0.
e2
i2 Z2
Ta c:
i1 = (u2 e1)/Z1 = (u2 e1)y1
i3 Z3 2 Z1 e1 i1
1
i2 = (u1 e2)/Z2 = (u1 e2)y2
i3 = (u1 u2 )/Z3 = (u1 u2 )y3
(*)
Z4
Z
5
i
i4 = u2/Z4 = u2y4
5
i4
0
i5 = u1 /Z5 = u1 y5
Hnh 2.10.2
Vit h phng trnh theo nh lut Kiechhoff I i vi cc nt 1 v 2 ta c:
i2 + i3 + i5 = 0
i1 + i3 i4 = 0
(2.36)
Thay cc dng in t cc biu thc (*) ta nhn c:

u1 ( y 2 + y 3 + y 5 ) u 2 y 3 = e2 y 2
u y u 2 y12 = e2 y 2
1 11
u1 y 21 + u 2 y 22 = e1 y1
u1 y 3 + u 2 ( y1 + y 3 + y 4 ) = e1 y1
(2.37)
Trong y11, y22 l tng dn np ca cc nhnh ni vi cc nt 1,2 tng ng;

y12, y21 l dn np ca nhnh ni gia nt 1 v nt 2. V phi ca h phng trnh l
tng i s cc ngun dng ni vi cc nt tng ng.
Gii h phng trnh trn ta tm c cc in th nt u1 v u2, t cc in th
nt thay vo biu thc (*) ta tm c dng in trn cc nhnh.
Bng cch chng minh tng t c th suy ra rng, vi mch in gm n nt v
tr khng trn cc nhnh bit, sau khi chn mt nt lm nt gc v cho in th nt
bng 0, ta s thit lp c h phng trnh in th nt ca mch nh sau:
22
u1 y11 + u 2 y12 + ... + u N y1N = J 1
u1 y 21 + u 2 y 22 + ... + u N y 2 N = J 2 [Y ][u ] = [J ]
................................................
u1 y N 1 + u 2 y N 2 + ... + u N y NN = J N
trong N = n 1,
y11 y12 ...............y1N

y
y ...............y 2N
[Y] = 21 22
;
....................................
y N 1 y N2 ...............y NN
u1
u
[u ] = 2 ;
...

u N
J1
J
[J ] = 2
...

J N
(2.38)
(2.39)
Trong ma trn Y, cc ton t nm trn ng cho chnh yKK l tng dn np

ca cc nhnh ni vi nt K lun mang du +. Cc ton t nm ngoi ng cho
chnh yKL = yLK l dn np ca nhnh chung ni gia nt K v nt L lun mang du . Nu gia nt L v nt M ca mch khng c nhnh chung th yLM = yML = 0.
Khi phn tch mch in bng phng php in th nt i vi cc mch c
ngun in p mc trc tip gia hai nt, ta phi chn nt gc l mt trong hai nt c
ngun in p mc trc tip gia hai nt , khi s phng trnh trong h phng
trnh in th nt ca mch s gim i v khi in th ca nt th hai bit.
tin cho vic lp ma trn tng dn [Y] ca mch, c bit khi phn tch
mch bng my tnh, ta c th bin i mch c ngun in p mc trc tip gia hai
nt v mch tng ng khng c ngun in p mc trc tip gia hai nt nh sau:
Sau khi chn mt nt lm nt gc, ta thm vo cc nhnh ni vi nt cn li mt
ngun in p c sc in ng ng bng in th ca nt v c chiu ri khi
nt, sau ngn mch ngun in p.
V d, xt mch in c s hnh 2.10.3 c ngun in p e2 mc gia nt 0
v nt 2, nu chn nt 0 lm nt gc, cho in th nt gc u0 = 0V, ta s c in th
nt 2:
u2 = e2 bit, khi h phng trnh in th nt c dng:
u1 ( y1 + y 4 + y 6 ) u 3 y 6 = (e2 e1 ) y1 e6 y 6
u1 y 6 + u 3 ( y 3 + y 5 + y 6 ) = e2 y 3 + e6 y 6
(2.40)
e2(t)
2
Z1
e2(t)
Z1
Z3
e2(t)
e1(t)
Z5
Z4
Z6
e6(t)
Hnh 2.10.3
Z3
e1(t)
1
Z5
Z4
Z6
e6(t)
Hnh 2.10.4
23
Ta c th chuyn s hnh 2.10.3 sang thnh s tng ng hnh 2.10.4,

khi nt 0 v nt 2 l trng nhau.
Phn tch mch in c h cm
Cc mch c h cm khc vi cc mch khng c h cm s tn ti thm in
p h cm Ulk do tc ng ca cc dng in chy trong cc cun dy khc.
Vi cc mch in c h cm ta ch xt hai phng php gii mch la phng
php dng in nhnh v dng in vng.
Cch lp h phng trnh cng cn bn nh i vi mch khng h cm, ch
khc l khi lp phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff II cho mi vng cn thm nhng
in p h cm trong vng y.
U kl = jM I l u kl = M
dil
dt
(2.42)
V d 2.7:Cho s ca mt bin p khng c li thp nh hnh 2.11.
Bit: U = 10V ; r1 = 100; r2 = 200; L1 = 500; L2 = 1500; M = 700;

1
= 1800 .
C 2
r1
Hy tnh cc dng in s cp v th cp.
Gii
Lp h phng trnh theo nh lut Kirchhoff II
cho cc vng s cp v th cp:
+
+
=
(
r
j
L
)
I
j
M
I
U
1
1
1
2
1
) I2 = 0
jM I 1 + r2 + j (L2
C 2
L1
** L
I2
r2
2
C2
Hnh 2.11
(2.43)
Thay s:
(100 + j 500) I 1 + j 700 I 2 = 10
j 700 I 1 + (500 j 300) I 2 = 0
Gii h phng trnh ta c:
I 1 = 0,005 j 0,006 = 8.10 3 50,194 0
I 2 = 0,003 j 0,009 = 9.10 3 71,565 0
Vy: I1 = 8mA; I2 = 9mA.
24
I1 M
2.11. Cc phng php bin i mch.

2.11.1. Tr khng ghp ni tip.
Nhng phn t c tng tr Z1, Z2,,
Zk,.. mc ni tip gia hai cc tng ng
.
U
vi mt phn t c tng tr: Zt = Zk.
.
U
.
U
.
U
.
Hnh 2.12
.
U
2.11.2. Tr khng ghp song song.

Nhng phn t c tng dn Y1, Y2,.,
Yk,mc song song gia hai cc tng
ng vi mt phn t c tng dn: Yt
= Yk.
I
.
U
.
U
n
Hnh 2.13
2.11.3. Bin i sao-tam gic v ngc li.
Z1
Z3
Z31
Z2
Hnh 2.14a
Z12
Z23
Hnh 2.14b
Tng tr mt cnh hnh sao bng tch tng tr hai cnh tng ng ca tam gic
chia cho tng cc tng tr ba cnh:
Z1 =
Z 12 Z 31
Z 23 Z 12
Z 23 Z 13
; Z2 =
; Z3 =
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
Z 12 + Z 23 + Z 31
(2.44)
Ngc li tng tr mt cnh tam gic bng tng ca cc tng tr hai cnh sao
tng ng vi thng gia tch ca chng vi tng tr cnh sao cn li:
Z 12 = Z 1 + Z 2 +
Z Z
ZZ
Z1Z 2
; Z 23 = Z 2 + Z 3 + 2 3 ; Z 31 = Z 1 + Z 3 + 1 3
Z3
Z1
Z2
25
(2.45)
2.11.4. Ngun p ghp ni tip.

Nhng sc in ng E1, E2,,Ek,.. ni tip trn mt nhnh tng ng vi
mt sc in ng: Etd = akEk. Trong ak = 1 nu Ek cng chiu vi Et, ngc li
ak = -1.
2.11.5. Ngun p ghp song song.
Nhng ngun dng i1, i2,,ik,.. bm vo mt nt tng ng vi mt ngun
dng: itd = akik. Trong ak = 1 nu ik cng chiu vi it, ngc li ak = -1.
2.12. Mng mt ca
2.12.1. Khi nim chung v mng mt ca
2.12.2. S tng ng v cc nh l v mng mt ca tuyn tnh c ngun.
1. nh l Thevenin, Norton, v s thay th
nh l: Mt phn mch c cha ngun v c ni vi phn cn li ca mch
hai im, ng thi gia hai phn khng c ghp h cm vi nhau, c th c thay
th bng mt ngun sc in ng tng ng c gi tr bng in p h mch mc
ni tip vi tr khng bng tr khng u vo ca phn mch khi cho cc ngun tc
ng bn trong bng khng hoc c th thay th bng ngun dng in tng ng
c gi tr bng dng in ngn mch khi mc song song vi tr khng bng tr khng
u vo ca phn mch khi cho cc ngun tc ng bn trong bng khng.
Gi s xt phn mch A c cha ngun v ni vi phn cn li hai im
aa (hnh 2.15).
a
Xt A mt cch ring r (tch phn mch A
U aa
A
B
ra khi mch): Di tc ng ca ngun cha trong
a
A, hai u ca n s c mt in p
'
Hnh 2.15
U hm = U aa ' (in p h mch trn A). Nh vy,c
th coi A tng ng vi mt ngun v c biu din theo hai cch: ngun sc in

ng v ngun dng in nh hnh 2.15a v 2.15b.
Ztd
a
ing
etd
Hnh 2.15a
Ztd
Hnh 2.15b
Ta thy nh l Thevenin v Norton cho php gii cc bi ton ch yu cu tm

dng in hay in p trn mt nhnh mt cch n gin.
*Cc bc tnh dng in mt nhnh theo phng php Thevenin v Norton:
26
- Tnh cc ngun p U ho hoc ngun dng I ng ca mt ca c tch khi nhnh cn

tm dng p.
- Tnh tng tr vo Z hoc tng dn vo Y ca mt ca .
- Dng cc cng thc sau tm dng, p trn nhnh cn xt:
.
.
.
U ho
; U = Z t . I (Zt: ti)
+ i vi s Thevenin: I =
Z + Zt
.
+ i vi s Norton: I = I ng
.
.
Z
; U = Zt . I
Z + Zt
(2.46)
(Zt: ti)
(2.47)
V d 2.8: Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.16. Tm dng in trong nhnh Z3?

Gii
A i3 Z3 B
Tch ring nhnh Z3 ra khi mch v thay
phn cn li ca mch bng ngun tng ng.
Z1
Xt phn cn li ca mch gia hai im
Z4
Z2
e1(t)
AC v BC:
Phn AC c thay bng ngun sc in
ng
tng
ng
(hnh
2.16a):
C
ECA = U AChm = I .Z 2
E1
Z2
Trong : I =
Vy: ECA =
E1
Z1 + Z 2
Z1 + Z 2
Tr khng trong: Z AC
ECB = U BChm
uBChm
S mch tng ng nh hnh 2.16c:
i3 Z3
ZBC
Z5
Z4
C
Hnh 2.16b
Z .Z
= 4 5
Z4 + Z5
ECA
uAChm
CB
Hnh 2.16a
Z4
E5
=
Z4 + Z5
ZAC
Hnh 2.16
A
Z2
e1(t)
Vi tr khng trong: Z BC
e5(t)
Z1
Z .Z
= 1 2
Z1 + Z 2
Tng t, phn BC c thay th bng ngun sc

in ng tng ng (hnh2.16b):
Z5
E CB
Hnh 2.16c
27
Z1
e1(t)
ECA ECB
Vy: I 3 =
Z AC + Z 3 + Z BC
2.13. Nguyn l xp chng.

Phng php:
- nh s cc ngun tc ng trong mch v cc gi tr ban u v dng in v
in p trong cc thng s qun tnh.
- Cho ln lt cc ngun tc ng lm vic ring r. Cc ngun khc khng lm
vic phi tun theo nguyn tc sau y: Ngun sc in ng thay bng ngn mch (Z
= 0) cn ngun dng in thay bng h mch (Z = ).
- Tng cng cc p ng ca mch do tt c cc ngun tc ng ring r gy ra.
V d 2.9: Cho mch in c s nh hnh v 2.17.
Bit: R1=R2=R3=2; L2 = 0,1H; e1 = e3 = 100 2 sin 314t
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh?
Gii
Tch mch in thnh hai mch nh hnh
2.17a v 2.17b (Cho ln lt ngun e1 v e3 lm
vic).
i3a
i1a
i2a
R1
R2
e1(t)
R1
I 1a =
I 2a
Hnh 2.17
i3b
i2b
R2
L2
Hnh 2.17b
Z 2 .R3
= 3,984 + j 0,125
Z 2 + R3
E1
Z td
= 25,076 j 0,787
R .I
= 3 1a = 0,151 j1,578
Z 2 + R3
I 3a = I 1a I 2 a = 24,925 + j 0,791
28
e3(t)
L2
+ jL22.17a
= 2 + j 31,4
t: Z 2 = R2 Hnh
Z td = R1 +
R3
R2
e1(t)
e1(t)
L2
Mch hnh 3.14a:
i2
R1
i1b
R3
i3
i1
R3
e3(t)
Mch hnh 2.14b hon ton ging mch hnh 2.14a, ta c:
I 3b = I 1a ; I 2b = I 2 a ; I 1b = I 3a .
Xp chng hai mch ta c:
I 1 = I 1a I 1b = 0,151 j1,578
I 2 = I 2 a + I 2b = 0,301 j 3,156
I 3 = I 3b I 3a = 0,151 j1,178
2.14. Bi tp
BI TP
2.1. Cho mch in c s nh hnh v 2.18.
Bit: E1 = 1V ; E 6 = jV ; Z1 = 1; Z 2 = j; Z 3 = j; Z 4 = 1; Z 5 = j; Z 6 = 1;
Tm dng in trong cc nhnh theo phng
php dng in vng v in p nt.
p s:
I 1 = 0,3 j 0,1; I 2 = 0,5 + j 0,5; I 3 = 0,2 + j 0,6;
Z1
Z3
Z2
e1(t)
Z4
Z5
Z6
e6(t)
I 4 = 0,2 + j 0,6; I 5 = 0,3 j 0,1; I 6 = 0,1 j 0,7;

2.2. Hai cun dy c lin h h cm vi nhau nh hnh
2.19.
Hnh 2.18
Bit: R1 = 4; X1 = 3; U = 100V ; R2 = 6; X2 = 8; M = 2;
Tm dng in I?
R1
L1
R2
U
Hnh 2.19
L2
p s: I = 3,077 j 4,615
2.3. Cho mch in c h cm nh hnh 2.20.
I1 *
Bit: r = r1 = 100; r2 = 50; U = 220V ; f = 50Hz;
L1
L1 = 0,2H; L2 = 0,3H; M = 0,15H. Tm dng in trong cc nhnh?
r1
p s: I 1 = 0,603 j 0,062; I 2 = 0,683 j 0,577
transistor. Cho Ia = 10-3mA, R = 100, M = 2k;
Hnh 2.20
R
2.4. Mch vo ca mt b khuch i transistor gm mch vng RL-C c lin h h cm vi dng in trong anten Ia (hnh 2.21).
Bit mch trng thi cng hng, tm in p baz - emit ca
Ia
1
= 1k .
C
p s: U BE = 20mV
29
**
C
Hnh 2.21
I2 *
L2
r2
2.5. Cun dy phi tuyn c s nh bi tp 5 vi cc c trng: R=const, (t)=ai-bi3 cung
cp bi mt ngun p u(t). Hy vit phng trnh trng thi vi bin l dng nhnh v tm h
s in cm
(Gi : uL=d/dt; L = / i )
2.6. Cho s mch nh hnh 2.22. Hy vit cc
phng trnh theo lut Kirhof cho:
a. Cc dng nhnh
b. Cc in p trn nhng phn t nhnh c bn
L1
C1
e3
L2
R1
e1
*
R3
R2
Hnh 2.22
2.7. Cho mch in nh hnh 2.23. Vit cc phng trnh Kirhop 1 & 2 cho mch
J
*
L4
C1
R1
R5
e3
L2
e1
R3
R2
Hnh 2.23
2.8. Phn tch mch in trn bng cc phng php nhnh, nt, vng, xp chng.
Z1
Z5
Z2
Z1
Z5
Z4
E&1
Z3
Z2
Z3
E& 2
E&1
Z4
E& 4
Hnh 2.24
2.9. Cho s ca mt my bin p khng li thp, c ti R2, C2
Hy tnh cc dng in s cp v thc cp bit
U=10V, R1= 0,2.R2=100, L1 = 500,

L2=1000, M=500, 1/C2=1500
R1
U&
*
L1 L2
Hnh 2.25
2.10. Cho mch in c h cm. Hy tnh cc dng in trong cc nhnh bit: U=10V,
30
R2
C2
f=50Hz, R1=100,
R2=200,L2=100, M=50,
L1=200, R=50.
U&
L1 L2
R1
R2
Hnh 2.26
2.11. Cho mch in mt my bin p ba dy qun. Cho R1= 200; L1=1000=L3;
L2=4000;R2= 400; M12=2000; R3=300
M12
M23=600; M31=300; U1=220V
*
*
Tnh in p trn hai cc ca cun dy th 3 khi:

a. Cun dy th 2 c ti Rt=3600
U1
Rt
R2, L2
R1, L1
M31
b. Cun dy th hai h mch
M31
M23
*
R3, L3
Hnh 2.27
2.12. Cho mch in mt chiu c s nh hnh 2.20.

Bit: I0 = 4A; E = 6V; r1 = r2 = r3 = r4 = r5 = r6 = 2. Xc nh dng in qua r3
bng cc phng php: Xp chng v ngun tng ng.
r2
r4
r6
I3
r1
I0
r3
D
r5
E6
Hnh 2.28
p s: I3 = 1,38A.
2.13. Cho mch in c s hnh 2.29.
Bit: E1 = 20V; E2 = 15V; R2 = 25; R3 = 50; R4 =120; R5 = 20. Tm
dng in trong tt c cc nhnh bng phng php xp chng.
R3
E3
R4
R5
E2
R2
E1
R3
R1
R5
R4
Hnh 2.29
E1
I
Hnh 2.30
31
E2
p s: I1 = 0,384A; I2 = 0,236A; I3 = 0,218A; I4 = 0,166A; I5 = 0,454A.

2.7. Cho mch in c s hnh 2.30.
Bit: E1 = 120V; E2 = 50V; E3 =24V; I = 20mA; R1 = 120; R3 = 50;R4
=100;
R5 = 270. Tm dng in trong tt c cc nhnh bng phng php xp
chng.
p s: I1 = 542mA; I2 = -562mA; I3 = 546mA; I4 =-4mA; I5 = 16mA.
2.14. Tm mi lin h gia cc in tr ca cc mch in trn hnh 3.31a v 3.31b
cho hai mch in l tng ng nhau?
R1
R3
R31
R12
R2
R23
Hnh 2.31a
Hnh 2.31b
p s: R12 = R1 + R2 +
R R
RR
R1 R2
; R23 = R2 + R3 + 2 3 ; R31 = R1 + R3 + 1 3 ;
R3
R1
R2
2.15. Cho mch in c s nh hnh 2.32. Bit: R0 = 40; R1 = 20; R2 = 80; R3

= 100; R4 = 50; in p gia hai im ab: Uab = 100V. Xc nh dng in trong
cc nhnh v in p t vo mch U.
R0
Uab
R2
R1
R3
E3
E2
Z5
Hnh 2.32.
Z4 I
E1
R4
Z3
Z2
Z1
d Hnh 2.33
2.16. Xc nh Ampemet trong mch in hnh 2.33 ch bao nhiu.
Bit: Z1=Z5=j10; Z2=Z4=20; Z3=-j10; E1 = E 2 = E3 = 120V ; I = 10 A.

p s: IA = 19,1A.
2.17. Tnh dng trong cc nhnh ca mch cho hnh 2.34.
Bit: Z1=(20-j5);
Z2=j10;
Z3=j20;
Z4=35;
Z5=17,5;
E1 = 100V .
32
Z6=70;
Z6
Z4
Z2
E3
Z1
Z3
Z4
Z3
Z1
Z2
E1
E1
E2
Hnh 2.35
a
Hnh 2.34
p s:
Z5
Z5
I 1 = 2,5 A; I 2 = 1,7745 0 A; I 3 = 1,77 45 0 A;
I 4 = 1,24 35 0 A; I 5 = 1,6 26,6 0 A; I 6 = 0,56370,5 0 A.
2.18. Cho mch in nh hnh 2.35. Bit:Z1=Z2=(1+j);
Z3=(1-j);
Z4=-j;
Z5=(2+j); E1 = j10V ; E 2 = (5 + j 6)V ; E3 = (3 + j10)V . Tm dng in qua tng tr Z5?
p s: I 5 = 1A
2.19. Cho mch in nh hnh 2.36. Bit:Z1=(1+j); Z2=(1-j); Z3=j; Z4=(2-j);
E = j 2V ; I = 1A. Xc nh in p U ab ?
p s: U ab =
2 j
V
3
I1
Z4
a
Z1
Z2
R1
Z3
X1
Uab
a
X2
E1
I2
Hnh 2.36
R3
R2
b
X3
I3
Hnh 2.37.
2.20. Cho mch in nh hnh 3.37. Bit:R1=2; X1=8; X1=5; R5=5; R3=10;
X3=10; Uab=20V.
Hy xc nh cc gi tr dng in I1, I2, I3 sc in ng E v cng sut tiu
hao ca mch?
p s: I1=3,16A; I2=2,82A; I3=1,41A; E=32V; P=79,7W.
33
CHNG 3:
MCH IN BA PHA
3.1. Khi nim chung.
3.1.1. Ngun ba pha, ti ba pha.
Mch in ba pha bao gm ngun in ba pha, ng dy truyn ti v cc ti
ba pha. to ra ngun ba pha ta dng my pht in ng b ba pha.
Cu to:
+ Phn tnh (stato): li thp x rnh, trong rnh t dy qun ba pha (ba dy qun).
+ Phn quay (roto): l nam chm in N-S
Gi s:
e A = 2 E sin t
2
)
3
2
eC = 2 E sin(t +
)
3
eB = 2 E sin(t
(3.1)
EC
A
2/3
2/3
EA
Z
N
2/3
EB
Hnh 3.1
- Ngun in gm ba sc in ng hnh sin cng bin , tn s lch pha nhau gc

2/3 gi l ngun i xng:
e A + eB + eC = 0
- Nu ti c (tng tr phc ca ti):

ZA = ZB = ZC
eA
eB
th ti i xng. Mch
in ba pha gm ngun, ti v ng
dy i xng gi l mch in ba pha
i xng. Nu khng tha mn mt
trong cc iu kin trn th khng i
xng.
eC
Hnh 3.2
3.1.2. Cc i lng dy v pha.

Trong mch in ba pha ta phn bit hai loi i lng l cc i lng dy v pha:
34
+ Cc dng in chy trn dy dn t ngun n ti v in p gia cc dy y gi l

cc dng v p dy: Id, Ud.
+ Cc dng v p trn cc pha ca ti hoc ngun gi l cc dng v p pha: Ip, Up.
Mch in ba pha c coi l mt h thng nht, cc i lng dy c trng cho qu
trnh nng lng ton h.
3.1.3. Ghp ni mch ba pha.
1.Cch ni hnh sao
A
a. Cch ni
Ba im cui ca pha ni vi nhau to
X Y
thnh im trung tnh.
Z
B
Hnh 3.3
b.Quan h gia cc i lng dy pha:

Ip
EA
Id=IA
Up=UAO
O
EB
UAB
UA
Ud=UAB
EA
I0
EC
C
Up
UB
UC
IB
IC
IA
UCA
IC
O
C
UBC
UAB
B
IB
Hnh 3.5
Hnh 3.4
Nhn mch hnh bn ta thy: I d = I p
(3.2)
& =U
& U
&
U
AB
A
B
& =U
& U
&
U
BC
B
C
&
&
&
U = U U
(3.3)
E A .Y + E B .Y + EC .Y
=0
3Y
O O' hay : E& A = U& A ; E& B = U& B ; E& C = U& C
(3.4)
CA
U O'O =
Theo tam gic s ta c: U d = 3U p

Tht vy: Xt tam gic OAB
AB = 2OA.cos30 0 = 2.OA.
3
= 3 .OA
2
hay U d = 3U p
(3.5)
-V pha th nhn hnh v ta thy Ud vt trc Up mt gc 300

(V d: UAB vt trc UA mt gc 300)
2. Cch ni hnh tam gic
35
a. Cch ni:
Cui ca pha ny ni vi u ca pha kia.
b. Quan h gia cc i lng dy pha:
Dng in ti cc nt A,B,C (theo K1)
Ip
Id=IA
Ud=UCA
ECA
EAB
IC
EBC
IB
Hnh 3.6
UAB
ICA
UCA
IAB
300
IBC
IA
E
-ICA
F
UBC
Hnh 3.7
.
.
.
I
A = I AB I CA
.
.
.
I B = I BC I AB
.
.
.
I C = I CA I BC
hay
.
.
j 300
I A = 3.I AB .e
.
.
j 300
I B = 3.I BC .e
.
.
I C = 3.I CA .e j 300
(3.6)
Tr s in p: U d = U p
(3.7)
Tr s dng in I d = 3I p
(3.8)
Tht vy: xt tam gic OEF:

EF = 2.OE.cos30 0 = 2.OE.
3
= OE 3 I d = 3I f
2
V pha th I A , I B , I C lch nhau gc 2 3 v chm sau dng in pha tng ng mt

gc 300.(V d: IA chm sau IAB mt gc 300 ).
3.1.4. Cng sut mch in 3 pha.
1. Cng sut tc dng.
.
36
Cng sut tc dng P ca mch 3 pha bng tng cong sut tc dng ca cc pha. Gi
PA, PB, PC tng ng l cng sut tc dng ca pha A, B, C.
Ta c:
P = PA + PB + PC = U A .I A .cos A + U B .I B .cos B + U C .I C .cosC
(3.9)
Khi mch 3 pha i xng ta c:

UA = UB = UC = UP
IA = IB = IC = I P
(3.10)
cos A = cos B = cos C = cos
Vy: P = 3.U p .I p .cos
hoc p = 3.R p .I 2 p
(Rp: in tr pha)
Mt khc :
Ni sao: I p = I d ; U p =
Ud
3
Ni tam gic: U d = U p ; I d = I p . 3 (I p =
Id
)
3
Ta c: P vit cho c hai trng hp ni sao v tam gic:

P = 3.U d .I d .cos
(3.11)
Trong : l gc lch pha gia in p pha v dng in pha tng ng.

2. Cng sut phn khng:
Q = Q A + Q B + Q C = U A .I A .sin A + U B .I B .sin B + U C .I C .sin C
(3.12)
Khi i xng ta c:
Q = 3.U p .I p .sin
hoc Q = 3.X p .I p
hoc Q = 3.U d .I d .sin
3. Cng sut biu kin S:

c trng cho kh nng ca ti a ra cng sut biu kin S (VA, KVA,
MVA)
S = P 2 + Q 2 = 3.U p .I p = 3U d .I d
(3.13)
4.o cng sut mch 3 pha

*Mch 3 pha i xng: Dng mt Ot mt
mt pha.
P=3.Pp=3.W
W: s ch ot k mt pha
B
C
O
*Mch 3 pha khng i xng: dng ba Ot mt hoc hai Ot mt

P = PA + PB + PC
37
Mch ba
pha i
xng
Hnh 3.8
(3.14)
A
B
C
Mch ba
pha khng
i xng
W
W
C
O
Mch ba
pha khng
i xng
Hnh 3.9
Trng hp dng hai Ot mt nh hnh v trn ta c:

r r
r r
r
r r
r
r r
r r
r r
r r r
P = U AC . I A + U BC . I B = (U A U C ). I A + (U B U C ). I B = U A . I A + U B . I B U C ( I A + I B ) =
(3.15)
r r
r r
r
r
r r
r r
r r
= U A . I A + U B . I B U C .( IC ) = U A . I A + U B . I B + U C . IC = PA + PB + PC
3.2. Gii mch ba pha i xng

i vi mch 3 pha i xng: dng (p) cc pha c gi tr bng nhau, lch pha 2/3.
V vy khi gii mch i xng, ta tch ra mt pha tnh.
3.2.1.Ngun ni sao i xng: (thng gp)
+ Theo hnh v hnh (3.2) ta c O l trung tnh ca ngun
O l trung tnh ca ti (nu ti ni sao)
+ Cc dy AA BB CC l cc dy pha; OO l dy trunng tnh.
+ Mch c dy trung tnh l mch 3 pha 4 dy, mch khng trung tnh l mch 3 pha 3
dy.
.
+ Mch i xng th : I 0 = I A + I B + I C = 0 c th b dy trung tnh.

- Nu gi sc in ng pha ca ngun l Ep th Ud v Up ca mch:
in p pha pha u ngun: Up = Ep
in p dy pha u ngun: U d = 3E p
3.2.2.Ngun ni tam gic i xng:
+ in p pha pha u ngun: Up = Ep
+ in p dy pha u ngun: Ud = Up = Ep
- Ngun thng ch ni hnh sao v khi U p =
Ud
cch in ca cc pha s d
3
dng hn. Ni sao cn to ra hai loi in p khc nhau.

T gi tr Ud (Up) ca mch in 3 pha ta xc nh in p pha ca ti.
Ta i xt c th:
38
3.23.Gii mch 3 pha i xng ti ni sao.

* in p t ln mi pha (b qua Zd)
U
Up = d
3
UB
Tng tr pha ti: Z p = R p2 + X p2
Ud
Up
Zp
Zp
Zp
UC
Rp , Xp: l in tr, in khng mi pha ti.

Ud: in p dy ca mch 3 pha
Dng in pha ca ti:
Ip =
Zp
Id=Ip
UA
Hnh 3.10
Ud
(3.16)
3. R p2 + X p2
Gc lch pha gia in p pha v dng in pha l: = arctg
Xp
Rp
Dng in: Id = Ip.

Biu din phc quan h ny:
U& = 3.U 30 0
p
d
&
I d = I& p
&
I& = U p
p
Zp
(3.17)
* Khi xt n tng tr ng dy Zd:

Id=Ip
UA
UB
Ud
UC
Cch tnh tng t:

Id = I p =
Zd
Zp
Zd
Zp
Zd
Zp
Hnh 3.11
Ud
(3.18)
3. ( Rd + R p ) 2 + ( X d + X p ) 2
R: in tr mch
X: in khng mch
3.2.4. Gii mch in 3 pha i xng ti ni tam gic:
39
Id=IA
Id=IA
Zp
Ud
IB
Ud
A
Zd
C
IB
IC
Zp
B
IC
Hnh 3.12
* Khi khng xt tng tr ng dy

Up = Ud
Dng in pha ti l: I p =
Up
Zp
Ud
(3.19)
R 2p + X 2p
Gc lch pha gia p v dng : = arctg
Xp
Rp
Dng in dy: I d = 3I p
Biu din phc quan h ny:
U& = 3.U 30 0
p
d
&
&
I d = I p
&
I& = U p
Zp
p
* Khi c xt tng tr ng dy:

Tng tr mi pha lc ni tam gic: Z = R p + jX p
Bin i sang sao: Z Y =
Xp
Z R p
=
+j
3
3
3
(3.20)
Sau gii nh 3.5.2

Dng in dy v pha:
Ud
Id =
3. ( Rd +
Rp
3
)2 + ( X d +
Xp
3
Ip =
;
)2
Id
3
(3.21)
3.3. Mch ba pha khng i xng

Khi ti khng i xng Z A Z B Z C th dng in v in p trn cc pha khng i
xng. Ta xt mt s trng hp sau:
3.3.1.Ti ni hnh Y, c dy trung tnh tng tr Z0, khng c tng tr ng dy
40
&
U
A
IA
ZA
&
U
B
IB
ZB
&
U
C
IC
ZC
I0
Z0
Hnh 3.13
gii mch in ny ta thng dng phng php in p 2 nt. Ta c in p 2 nt

gia hai im trung tnh OO
U& .Y + U& B .YB + U& C .YC
U& O'O = A A
YA + YB + YC
Trong : YA =
(3.22)
1
1
1
1
; YB =
; YC =
; Y0 =
ZA
ZB
ZC
Z0
(3.23)
l tng dn phc cc pha ca ti v dy trung tnh.

Trng hp ngun i xng th ta c:
U& A = U p
0
U& B = U p .e j .120
0
U& C = U p .e j .240
Y + Y .e j .120 + YC .e j .240
Vy ta c: U& O'O = U p . A B
YA + YB + YC + Y0
(3.24)
Sau khi tnh c U& O O ta tnh c in p trn cc pha ca ti:

'
Ti pha A: U& A' = U& A U& O'O
(3.25)
Ti pha B: U& B' = U& B U& O'O
(3.26)
Ti pha C: U& C' = U& C U& O'O
(3.27)
Dng in trn cc pha:

U& '
U& '
U& '
'
'
I&A = A = U& A' .YA ; I&B = B = U& B .YB ; I&C = C = U& C .YC ;
Z
Z
ZA
B
C
U&
I&0 = O 'O = U& O 'O .YO hoc I&0 = I A + I&B + I&C
ZO
41
(3.28)
3.3.2.Ti ni hnh Y, c dy trung tnh tng tr Z0, c tng tr ng dy Zd:

Phng php tnh ton vn nh vy
&
U
A
ZA
ZA
IA
nhng lc tng tr cc pha phi
&
U
B
gm c tng tr dy dn Z . V vy:
I
Z
Z
d
1
1
YA =
; YB =
;
Z A + Zd
ZB + Zd
&
U
C
ZC
IC
ZC
I0
1
1
; Y0 =
YC =
ZC + Zd
Z0 + Zd
Z0
Hnh 3.14
3.3.3.Ti ni hnh Y, dy trung tnh tng tr Z0=0:

Khi im trung tnh ca ti O trng vi
im trung tnh ca ngun O v in p trn cc
pha ca ti bng in p pha tng ng ca ngun.
R rng l nh c dy trung tnh nn in p pha
trn ti tr thnh i xng. Cho nn vic tnh dng
in trn tng pha ta ch vic p dng nh lut m
cho tng pha ring r.
&
U
A
IA
ZA
&
U
B
IB
ZB
&
U
C
IC
ZC
Hnh 3.15
U&
U&
U&
I&A = A = U& A .YA ; I&B = B = U& B .YB ; I&C = C = U& C .YC ;
ZB
ZC
ZA
(3.29)
3.3.4. Ti ni hnh Y, dy trung tnh b t hoc khng c dy trung tnh:

V Z O = hay YO = 0 nn in p U& O 'O c th rt ln, nn in p trn cc pha ca ti
khc in p pha ngun rt nhiu, c th gy nn qu in p trn mt pha no .
Cch gii mch vn tng t, ta gii mch bng phng php in th nt:
0
YA + YB .e j .120 + YC .e j .240
&
U O'O = U p .
YA + YB + YC
trong : U& A = U p ; U& B = U p .e j .120 ; U& C = U p .e j .240

in p trn cc pha l khc nhau nn ta c th
dng mch in ny lm cc ch th t pha (sinh
vin c th t chng minh).
42
&
U
A
IA
ZA
&
U
B
IB
ZB
&
U
C
IC
ZC
Hnh 3.16
3.3.5. Gii mch ba pha ti ni tam gic khng i xng, khng c tng tr ng
dy:
Trng hp ti khng i xng
A
ni tam gic, ta chn ngun l i
A
Id=IA
xng ly theo in p dy:
Z CA
Z AB
j .0
U& AB = U d .e
U& BC = U d .e j .120
IB
Z BC
IC
0
U& CA = U d .e j .240
Hnh 3.17
Nu khng xt tng tr cc dy dn pha, in p ln cc pha ca ti l cc in p

dy ca ngun, do ta tnh ngay c dng in trong cc pha ti:
U&
U&
U&
I&AB = AB ; I&BC = BC ; I&CA = CA
(3.30)
Z BC
Z CA
Z AB
p dng nh lut Kirhop ti cc nt A, B, C ta suy ra c dng in dy:
I&A = I&AB I&CA ; I&B = I&BC I&AB ; I&C = I&CA I&BC
(3.31)
3.3.6. Gii mch ba pha ti ni tam gic khng i xng, c tng tr ng dy Zd:
Trng hp ny ta chn ngun l i xng ly theo in p pha:
0
0
0
U& AB = U d .e j .0 ; U& BC = U d .e j .120 ; U& CA = U d .e j .240 hoc:
0
0
0
U& A = U p .e j .0 ; U& B = U p .e j .120 ; U& C = U p .e j .240
Ti phi c chuyn t hnh tam gic

sang hnh sao, khi bi ton tr thnh gii
mch hnh sao c tng tr ng dy v
khng c dy trung tnh, c th dng phng
php in th nt gii mch.
Id=IA
Ud
A
Zd
ZCA
C
IB
IC
Hnh 3.18
43
ZAB
ZBC
3.4. Bi tp
Bi 3.1: Mch 3 pha i xng: Ud=380V, cung cp cho 2 ti.
Ti 1: ni sao (R1=20 ; X1=10)
Id
Ti 2: ng c c P2m=5kW; cos
Id1
Ud
= 0,8 ni tam gic, hiu sut

= 0,9
Id2
Z2
Tnh:
+ Dng in trong cc pha ti (Ip1;
Ip2)
+ Dng in trn ng dy (Id1;
Id2)
+ Dng in tng Id
+ Cng sut: P, Q, S ton mch
Z1
Hnh 3.19
Bi3. 2:
Mch 3 pha i xng: Ud=380V,
cung cp cho 2 ti.
Id
Ud
Ti 1 (sao: R1=20 ; X1=20)
Id1
Id2
Z2
Ti 2 (sao: R2=30 ; X2=40)

Tnh:
Z1
+ Id1, Id2, Id
+ Cng sut P, Q, S tng
Hnh 3.20
ti
Bi3. 3:
Cho ng c ba pha cng sut P = 10 KW u Y in p li 380 V h s cng sut
cos = 0,8; = 0,8. Tnh Id, Ip, v th Up, Ip
Bi3. 4:
Cho ng c ba pha cng sut P = 10 KW u in p li 380 V h s cng
sut cos = 0,8; = 0,8. Tnh Id, Ip, v th Up, Ip
Bi 3.5:
Zd = 2 + j2 ()
Id
Zp = 4 + j4 ()
Ud = 220 V
Tnh Ip; Id; Up; P; Q
Ud
Zp
C
B
44
Hnh 3.21
Bi3. 6:
Ngun in 3 pha i xng: Ud=380V, f=50 Hz, cung cp cho ti ba pha i xng ni
Y : Z = 4 + j.5 () . Xc nh dng in, in p, cng sut trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Ch lm vic bnh thng
b. t dy pha C
c. Ngn mch ti pha C
Bi 3.7:
Ngun in 3 pha i xng: Ud=380V, f=50 Hz, cung cp cho ti ba pha i xng ni
: Z = 6 + j.6 () . Xc nh dng in, in p, cng sut trong cc trng hp sau:
a. Ch lm vic bnh thng

b. t dy C t ngun ti ti
c. t dy pha ti BC
Bi 3.8:
Ngun in 3 pha i xng: Ud=220V, f=50 Hz, cung cp cho ti ba pha khng i
xng ni tam gic: Z AB = 4 + j.6 () ; Z BC = 2 + j.3 () ; Z CA = 6 + j.9 () .
a. Tnh dng in pha, dng in dy, cng sut P, Q ca mch in v s ch
ca cc Ot k mc AB v CB khi mch lm vic bnh thng.
b. Tnh dng in pha, dng in dy, cng sut P, Q ca mch in khi t
dy C t ngun ti ti.
c. Tnh dng in pha, dng in dy, cng sut P, Q ca mch in khi t
dy pha ti BC
CHNG 4:
MNG HAI CA
4.1. Khi nim chung.
Mch hai ca hay cn gi l mng bn cc l
I2
I1
2
phn mch c bn u dy dn ra 1,1,2,2. Trng 1
thi ca n c xc nh bi cc in p U1, U2
U2
U1
tng cp u dy dn (mi cp u dy lm thnh
1 I1
2
I2
mt ca) v cc dng in I1, I2 cc ca (hnh 4.1).
Hnh 4.1.
iu kin v dng in: I1 = I1 ; I2 = I2 (1)

Cc iu kin v dng in c tho mn trong hai trng hp:
- Trng hp 1: C hai ca u mc ti, trn cc ti ny iu kin (1) c tho
mn (hnh 4.2).
45
- Trng hp 2: Cu to bn trong ca bn cc m bo tho mn iu kin (1)

I2
I1
(hnh 3.3).
I2
I1
U2
U1
I 1
Hnh 4.2.
I2
I1
I2
Hnh 4.3
Cc chiu dng in v in p nh trn hnh v l cc chiu quy c dng.

tnh ton thun tin, ngi ta thng
I1
I2
tng tng cu to bn trong ca bn cc sao cho
cc u 1, 2 c ni chung (hnh 4.4).
U1
U2
Vi bn cc chng ta thng k hiu cp u
1,1 l ca vo (hay ca s cp) thng mc
Hnh 4.4
ngun tc ng, cn cp u 2,2 l ca ta (hay ca
th cp) thng mc ti.
Cc k hiu U,I l cc k hiu tng qut, chng c th l cc i lng in p
hoc dng in 1 chiu, c th l cc gi tr hiu dng trong mch xoay chiu hoc c
th l nh Laplace trong trng hp tng qut tn hiu l hm thi gian bt k.
4.2. Cc b thng s c trng.
Phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc tuyn tnh th ng phi l phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht.
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh c tnh:
a11U 1 + a12U 2 + b11 I 1 + b12 I 2 = 0.
a 21U 1 + a 22U 2 + b21 I 1 + b22 I 2 = 0.
T h phng trnh trn ta thy c th rt ra hai i lng bt k theo hai i

lng cn li. Nh vy, ta c 6 t hp hai i lng bt k t bn i lng trn, t 6
t hp ta s c 6 h phng trnh c tnh khc nhau.
Chng ta s xt ln lt cc h phng trnh c tnh cng vi ngha ca
cc h s trong cc phng trnh (c gi l cc thng s ca bn cc) v cch
xc nh chng. S d chng ta phi a ra cc phng trnh c tnh khc nhau v
trong thc t ng vi tng dng ca bn cc ta c th phn tch chng d dng hn
da vo mt loi h phng trnh c tnh nht nh.
4.2.1. B thng s dng Z.
Gi thit cc dng in bit v tnh in p theo dng in:
U 1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(4.1)
H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh c tnh tr khng v cc

thng s zij c n v l ; zij cn c gi l cc thng s tr khng.
46
H phng trnh trn c vit di dng ma trn nh sau:

I1
U 1
U = Z I
2
2
z11
z 21
Trong : Z =
z12
c gi l ma trn tr khng.
z 22
* ngha vt l ca cc thng s tr khng:

- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v h mch ca 2, ta c: z11 =
U1
I1
v z 21 =
I 2 =0
U2
I1
I 2 =0
Ta thy:
z11 l tr khng vo ca ca 1 khi h mch ca 2 nn z11 c gi l tr
khng vo h mch ca ca 1.
z21 l t s gia in p ca 2 v dng ca 1 khi ca 2 h mch nn z21 c
gi l tr khng truyn t h mch ca ca 1.
- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v h mch ca 1, ta c: z12 =
U1
I2
v z 22 =
I1 = 0
U2
I2
.
I1 = 0
z12 c gi l tr khng truyn t h mch ca ca 2.

z22 c gi l tr khng vo h mch ca ca 2.
Tm li, cc thng s zij c gi l cc thng s tr khng h mch, do h
phng trnh (3.1) cn c gi l h phng trnh c tnh tr khng h mch.
Vi bn cc tuyn tnh tng h: z2 = z1
4.2.2. B thng s dng Y.
Gi thit cc in p bit ta tm dng in theo in p, nh vy ta nhn
c h phng trnh c tnh dn np vi cc thng s dn np yij:
I 1 = y11U 1 + y12U 2
I 2 = y 21U 1 + y 22U 2
(4.2)
H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh c tnh dn np v cc thng

s yij c n v l S; yij cn c gi l cc thng s dn np.
I1
U 1
I = Y U
2
2
y
Trong : Y = 11
y 21
y12
1 Z 22
= Z 1 =
y 22
Z - Z 21
- Z12
c gi l ma trn dn
Z11
np.
* ngha vt l ca cc thng s dn np:
47
- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v ngn mch ca 2, ta c: y11 =

y 21 =
I2
U1
I1
U1
U 2 =0
I1
U2
U1 = 0
U 2 =0
y11 l dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 1.

y21 l dn np truyn t ngn mch ca ca 1.
- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v ngn mch ca 1, ta c: y12 =
y 22 =
I2
U2
U1 = 0
y12 c gi l dn np truyn t ngn mch ca ca 2.

y22 c gi l dn np vo ngn mch ca ca 2.
Tm li, cc thng s yij c gi l cc thng s dn np ngn mch, do h
phng trnh (4.2) cn c gi l h phng trnh c tnh dn np ngn mch.
Vi bn cc tuyn tnh tng h: y12 = y21.
4.2.3. B thng s dng H.
Coi dng in ca ny v in p ca kia bit, tm dng in v in p
cn li ta s nhn c cc h phng trnh c tnh hn hp.
a. H phng trnh c tnh hn hp thun
U 1 = h11 I 1 + h12U 2
I 2 = h21 I 1 + h22U 2
(4.3)
H phng trnh trn c gi l h phng trnh c tnh hn hp v: h11 c

n v l , h22 c n v l S, h12 v h21 l cc i lng khng th nguyn.
U 1
I1
I = H U
2
2
Trong : H = 11
h 21
h 12
c gi l ma trn hn hp thun.
h 22
* ngha vt l ca cc thng s hn hp:

- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v ngn mch ca 2, ta c: h11 =
U1
I1
v h21 =
U 2 =0
I2
I1
U 2 =0
h11 l tr khng vo ngn mch ca ca 1.

h21 l h s truyn t dng in ngn mch t ca 1 n ca 2.
- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v h mch ca 1, ta c: h12 =
48
U1
U2
v h22 =
I1 = 0
I2
U2
I1 = 0
h12 c gi l h s truyn t in p h mch t ca 2 n ca 1.

h22 c gi l dn np vo h mch ca ca 2.
4.2.4. B thng s dng G.
I 1 = g11U 1 + g 12 I 2
U 2 = g 21U 1 + g 22 I 2
(4.4)
g11 c n v l S, g22 c n v l , h12 v h21 l cc i lng khng th

nguyn.
I1
U 1
U = G I
2
2
g11
g 21
Trong : G =
g 12
= H 1 c gi l ma trn hn hp ngc.
g 22
* ngha vt l ca cc thng s hn hp ngc:

- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v h mch ca 2, ta c: g11 =
I1
U1
v g 21 =
I 2 =0
U2
U1
I 2 =0
g11 l dn np vo h mch ca ca 1.
g21 l h s truyn t in p h mch t ca 1 n ca 2.
- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v ngn mch ca 1, ta c: g12 =
I1
I2
v g 22 =
U1 = 0
U2
I2
U1 = 0
g12 c gi l h s truyn t dng in ngn mch t ca 2 n ca 1.

g22 c gi l tr khng vo ngn mch ca ca 2.
4.2.5. B thng s dng A.
U 1 = a11U 2 + a12 I 2
I 1 = a 21U 2 + a 22 I 2
(4.5)
a21 c n v l S, a12 c n v l , a11 v a22 l cc i lng khng th

nguyn.
U 1
I =
1
U 2
A
I 2
a
Trong : A = 11
a 21
a 12
c gi l ma trn truyn t thun.
a 22
* Cch tnh cc thng s truyn t thun aij :

- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v h mch ca 2, ta c: a11 =
U1
U2
v a 21 =
I 2 =0
49
I1
U2
I 2 =0
- Nu mc ngun ca 1 v ngn mch ca 2, ta c: a12 =
U1
I2
v a 22 =
U 2 =0
I1
I2
U 2 =0
4.2.6. B thng s dng B.

U 2 = b11U 1 + b12 I 1
I 2 = b21U 1 + b22 I 1
(4.6)
b21 c n v l S, b12 c n v l , b11 v b22 l cc i lng khng th

nguyn.
U 2
U 1
I = BI
2
1
b11
b 21
Trong : B =
b12
= A 1 c gi l ma trn truyn t ngc.
b 22
* Cch tnh cc thng s truyn t ngc bij :

- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v h mch ca 1, ta c: b11 =
U2
U1
- Nu mc ngun ca 2 v ngn mch ca 1, ta c: b12 =
v b21 =
I1 = 0
U2
I1
I2
U1
v b22 =
U1 = 0
I1 = 0
I2
I1
U1 = 0
4.2.7. Quan h gia cc thng s ca bn cc

Bng mi quan h gia cc thng s
z21
z22
g21
g22
b11 -b12
a11
h22
h12 -h21
y22 -y12
z11
Hn hp ngc
g11
Truyn t ngc
b21 -b22
Truyn t
a21
Hn hp
Dn np ngn mch
Tr khng h mch
Zij
z12
-g12
-y21
-a12
-a22
1
h11
y11
T mt loi thng s bt k ta c th suy ra cc thng s khc.

Quy tc lp mi quan h gia cc thng s:
1.Cc hng t l vi nhau, nu bit c thng s ca mt hng c th tm c thng
s ca cc hng cn li.
V d cc thng s zij bit, tm cc thng s aij theo zij:
a 21 =
z
z
z
1
z
; a11 = 11 ; a = 12 ; a 22 = 22 ;a12 =
z 21
z 21
z 21
z 21
z 21
(4.7)
2.Cc ct t l vi nhau, nu bit c thng s ca mt ct c th tm c thng s

ca cc ct cn li.
50
V d cc thng s trn ct 1 bit, tm cc thng s trn ct 3:

z12 =
g
a
h
1
y
; g12 = 11 ;a = 21 ; h12 = 22 ; y12 =
b21
b21
b21
b21
b21
(4.8)
3. Trong mt hnh ch nht bt k, tch s cc thng s trn ng cho bng nhau.

(4.9)
V d: -g12 = g11.z12; b21.(-a22) = a21.b11.
* iu kin tng h ca bn cc i vi tng loi thng s:
z12 = z21; y12 = y21; h12 = -h21; -g12 = g21; a = -1; b = -1.
(4.10)
4.3. Cc cch ghp ni nhiu bn cc

Khi gp cc h thng phc tp, mt trong nhng phng php phn tch c
hiu lc l coi n nh c hp thnh bi nhiu h thng n gin hn ni ghp
vi nhau theo nhng cch khc nhau. i vi mi hnh thc ghp ni s c mt h
phng trnh v mt h thng s thch hp nht.
4.3.1. Ghp ni ni tip ni tip (N -N)
Hnh 4.5 v hai bn cc mc N-N vi nhau.
Ta c:
I 1 = I 1' = I 1'' ; I 2 = I 2' = I 2'' ;

U 1 = U 1' + U 1'' ;U 2 = U 2' + U 2'' .
I1
(4.11)
H phng trnh c tnh tr khng ca hai

bn cc c vit di dng ma trn:
I ''
I 2
I 2
I 2
U 1'
U 2'
U2
U1
I 2''
I 1''
U 1'
I 1'
U 1''
I 1''
' = Z 1 ' v '' = Z 2 ''
U 2
U 2
I 2
I 2
I '
I 2' I2
I 1'
U 1''
t 1' = 1'' = 1 v cng hai h phng
U 2''
Hnh 4.5.
trnh theo tng v ta c:

U 1 U 1' + U 1''
I1
I1
[
]
Z
Z
Z
=
=
+
= '
1
2
I
''
U 2 U 2 + U 2
2
I 2
(4.12)
Nh vy: Z = Z1 + Z2
n
Tng qut: Vi n bn cc mc N N vi nhau ta c Z = Z k .

k =1
Pht biu: Ma trn tr khng ca h thng nhiu bn cc ni N N vi nhau bng

tng cc ma trn tr khng ca cc bn cc thnh phn.
4.3.2. Ghp ni song song-song song (S-S)
Hnh 4.6 v hai bn cc mc S-S vi nhau.
Ta c:
U 1 = U 1' = U 1'' ;U 2 = U 2' = U 2'' ; I 1 = I 1' + I 1'' ; I 2 = I 2' + I 2'' .
H phng trnh c tnh dn np ca hai bn cc c vit di dng ma trn:

I 1'
U 1'
' = Y1 '
I 2
U 2
I 1''
U 1''
; '' = Y2 ''
I 2
U 2
(4.13)
51
I 2'
I 1'
U1
U 2'
U 1'
I1
I2
U2
I 2''
I 1''
U 2''
U 1''
Hnh 4.6.
U 1' U 1'' U 1
t ' = '' = v cng hai h phng trnh theo tng v ta c:
U 2 U 2 U 2
I 1 I 1' + I 1''
U 1
U 1
[
]
Y
Y
Y
=
=
+
= '
1
2
U
''
I 2 I 2 + I 2
2
U 2
(4.14)
Nh vy: Y = Y1 + Y2
n
Tng qut: Vi n bn cc mc N N vi nhau ta c Y = Yk .

k =1
Pht biu: Ma trn dn np ca h thng nhiu bn cc ni S S vi nhau bng tng

cc ma trn dn np ca cc bn cc thnh phn.
4.3.3. Ghp ni ni tip song song (N - S)
Hnh 4.7 v hai bn cc mc N-S vi nhau.
I 1 = I 1' = I 1'' ;U 2 = U 2' = U 2'' ;U 1 = U 1' + U 1'' ; I 2 = I 2' + I 2'' .
Ta c:
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ca hai bn cc c vit di dng ma trn:

I1
U 1'
I 1'
=
H
'
1 '
I 2
U 2
U
I
'' = H 2 ''
I 2
U 2
''
1
''
1
I 2'
I 1'
U 1'
U 2'
I2
U1
I 1''
U 1''
U2
I 2''
U 2''
2
Hnh 4.7.
I I I1
= '' = v cng hai h phng trnh theo tng v ta c:
'
U 2 U 2 U 2
'
1
''
1
U 1 U 1' + U 1''
I1
I1
[
]
=
+
=
H
H
H
= '
1
2
U
''
I 2 I 2 + I 2
U 2
2
(4.15)
Nh vy: H = H1 + H2
n
Tng qut: Vi n bn cc mc N S vi nhau ta c H = H k .

k =1
52
Pht biu: Ma trn hn hp ca h thng nhiu bn cc ni N S vi nhau bng tng

cc ma trn hn hp ca cc bn cc thnh phn.
4.3.4. Ghp ni song song ni tip (S - N)
Hnh 4.8 v hai bn cc mc S-N vi nhau.
Ta c:
U 1 = U 1' = U 1'' ;U 2 = U 2' + U 2'' ; I 1 = I 1' + I 1'' ; I 2 = I 2' = I 2'' .
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc ca hai bn cc c vit di dng ma trn:

I 1'
U 1'
G
=
'
1 '
U 2
I 2
I 1''
U 1''
'' = G 2 ''
U 2
I 2
I1
'
1
'
1
I 2' I2
U 2'
U2
U1
I 2''
I 1''
U
U 2''
''
1
Hnh 4.8.
U 1' U 1'' U 1
t ' = '' = v cng hai h phng trnh theo tng v ta c:
I 2 I 2 I 2
I 1 I 1' + I 1''
U 1
U 1
[
]
G
=
G
G
=
+
= '
1
2
I
''
U 2 U 2 + U 2
2
I 2
(4.16)
Nh vy: G = G1 + G2
n
Tng qut: Vi n bn cc mc S N vi nhau ta c G = Gk .

k =1
Pht biu: Ma trn hn hp ngc ca h thng nhiu bn cc mc S N vi nhau

bng tng cc ma trn hn hp ngc ca cc bn cc thnh phn.
4.3.5. Ghp ni dy chuyn
Hnh 4.9 v hai bn cc ghp ni dy chuyn vi nhau.
I1
I 1'
U1
U 1'
I 2'
1
I 2'' I 2'
I 1''
U 2' U 1''
U 2'' U 2
Hnh 4.9
Ta c: U 1 = U 1' ;U 2' = U 1'' ;U 2'' = U 2 ; I 1 = I 1' ; I 2' = I 1'' ; I 2 = I 2'' .

H phng trnh truyn t thun ca cc bn cc thnh phn c vit di dng ma
trn:
U 1'
U 2'
=
A
(*)
'
1 '
I 1
I 2
U 1''
U 2''
=
A
''
2 ''
I 1
I 2
53
(**)
Nu i du ct th hai ca A1 ta c ma trn A1* , lc h phng trnh (*) c th

vit di dng:
U 1'
U 2'
U 1''
*
*
*
=
=
.
.
A
A
'
1
1 '' = A1 . A2
'
I 1
I 2
I 1
].U
I
''
2
U 2
U 1
*
I = A. I = A1 . A2
2
1
''
2
].U
I 2
2
(4.17)
Vy: A = A1* . A2
n 1
Tng qut: A = Ak* . An

k =1
Khi tnh ton cn ch n th t ghp ni v php nhn ma trn khng giao hon
c.
4.4. Cc bn cc i xng. nh l Bartlett Brune
4.4.1. Cc bn cc i xng
a. Khi nim i xng v mt in ca bn cc
- Mt bn cc c gi l i xng v mt in khi ca 1 v ca 2 c th i
ln cho nhau m cc thng s ca bn cc hon ton khng i.
U 1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
Phng trnh tr khng ca bn cc:
U 2 = z11 I 2 + z12 I 1
U 1 = z 21 I 2 + z 22 I 1
Nu bn cc i xng v mt in:
(4.18)
(4.19)
Nh vy r rng: z2 = z21 v z11 = z22.

iu kin i xng v mt in l z11 = z22, mt bn cc tuyn tnh tng h
i xng v mt in ch cn quan tm n hai thng s z11(hoc z22) v z12 (hoc z21).
- i vi cc thng s khc th tng t, do vy bn cc i xng l bn cc
tha mn:
Z12 = Z 21
Y = Y21
H = H 21
G = G21
A = 1
B = 1
12
12
12
H = 1
G = 1
A11 = A22
B11 = B22
Z11 = Z 22
Y11 = Y22
- Ring i vi trng hp chn dng I2 c chiu i ra khi ca 2 th cng thc

trn c mt cht thay i:
Z12 = Z 21
Y = Y21
H = H 21
G = G21
A = 1
B = 1
12
12
12
H = 1
G = 1
A11 = A22
B11 = B22
Z11 = Z 22
Y11 = Y22
b. Khi nim i xng v mt hnh hc ca bn cc

S i xng v mt hnh hc ca mt mch in thng c biu din l s
i xng qua trc ng chia bn cc thnh hai phn ging ht nh nhau.
Mt bn cc i xng c th biu din nh hnh 4.10:
54
I1
R1
R1
U1
U2
R2
R1
I1
U1
I2
R2
I1
I2
R2
U1
I1
U2
U1
R1
R1
2R2
R1/2
I2
2R2
U2
R1/2
I2
R2
R2
U2
Hnh 4.10
Nhn xt:
Cc bn cc i xng v mt hnh hc th cng i xng v mt in nhng cc
bn cc i xng v mt in th c th khng i xng v mt hnh hc.
V d 4.1:
Cho bn cc i xng v mt in nh hnh 4.11.
R3
I1
R1
I2
Trong trng hp no th bn cc i xng v mt
hnh hc?
Gii:
U1
U2
R2
R4
z11 =
z 22
U1
I1
U
= 2
I2
=
I 2 =0
I1 = 0
( R3 + R4 ).R2
+ R1
R2 + R3 + R4
Hnh 4.11
( R + R2 ).R4
= 3
R2 + R3 + R4
Do bn cc l i xng v mt in nn z11 = z22

Ta c: R1 = R3 .
R4 R2
R2 + R3 + R4
Nu R4 = R2 th R1 = 0 khi bn cc s i xng c v mt hnh hc.

Nu R4 th R1 = R3 khi bn cc cng s i xng c v mt hnh hc.
Cc bn cc i xng v mt in c c trng bi hai thng s z11 v z12, s
kho st chng c a v s kho st mch cu (hnh 4.12a). Mch hnh 4.12a c
gi l mch cu v khi mc ngun vo ca 1 v ti 2 th mch c bin i thnh
dng mch hnh 4.12b. Hnh 4.12b l mt mch cu c bit c tng cp tr khng
55
bng nhau. iu kin cn bng cu l tch cc tr khng nm i din nhau bng nhau,
trong trng hp Za = Zb, lc trn tr khng Z2 s khng c in p, s truyn t
ca bn cc bng 0.
Za
Zb
U2
Z1
Z2
Z2
Zb
Z2
Za
Z1
Z1
b)
a)
Hnh 4.12.
Tnh cc thng s tr khng h mch ca mch cu:

z11 =
U1
I1
=
I 2 =0
Z a + Zb
2
Khi h mch ca 2, theo nh lut Kickhp II, ta c:

Za
I1
I
I
+ U 2 Z b 1 = 0 U 2 = (Z b Z a ) 1
2
2
2
Do : z12 =
U2
I1
=
I 2 =0
Zb Za
2
Mt bn cc i xng bao gi cng c s tng ng l hnh cu. S

xc nh tr khng cu trong s tng ng c thc hin d dng theo nh
l Bartlett-Brune.
4.4.2. nh l Bartlett-Brune dng cho bn cc i xng
nh l Bartlett-Brune c pht biu nh sau:
Bn cc i xng c th cha bin p l tng 1:1, hoc 1:-1, hoc cc dy dn
cho nhau trn trc i xng, c th c thay th bi s cu tng ng c tr
khng Za bng tr khng vo ca na bn cc i xng khi ngn mch cc dy dn ni
hai na bn cc v cun dy th cp ca bin p 1:1, cn i vi bin p 1:-1 hoc hai
dy dn cho nhau th phi h mch; c tr khng cu Zb bng tr khng vo ca na
bn cc i xng khi h mch cc dy ni hai na bn cc v cun th cp ca bin
p 1:1, ngn mch cun th cp bin p 1:-1 hoc hai dy dn cho nhau.
56
Ni dung nh l Bartlett-Brune c minh ho trn hnh 4.13:

1/2
Bn
cc
i
xng
Bn
cc
i
xng
1/2
Bn
cc
i
xng
1:1
1:-1
Z/2
Z/2
Za
1/2
Bn
cc
i
xng
1:1
Zb
1:-1
Z/2
Z/2
1/2
Bn
cc
i
xng
1:1
1:-1
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
Z/2
Hnh 4.13
hiu r nh l trn, chng ta xt cc bin p. Bin p l tng l mt bn

cc, c coi l mt trong cc phn t bn cc c bn ca mch in.
Bin p l tng theo nh ngha l mt bn cc c cch in 1 chiu gia
cc ca vo v ra, c h phng trnh c trng sau:
U 2 = nU 1
1
I 2 = I1
n
I1
U1
a)
1:n I2
I1
U1
U2
Hnh 4.14
1:n
I2
U2
b)
K hiu bin p l tng nh trn hnh 4.14a.

B phn ch yu ca bin p thc gm hai cun dy ghp h cm vi nhau.
Nu b qua cc in tr ca cc cun dy th bin p c v nh trn hnh 4.14b (n l
t s gia cc vng dy ca cun s cp ca 1 v cun th cp ca 2).
i vi bin p l tng nu n = 1 th: U2 = U1, I2 = -I1.
57
Vy bin p 1:1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy dn song song ni t ca

1 n ca 2 (hnh 4.15a)
I1
1:1 I2
U1
U2
I1
I1
I2
U2
U1
a)
1:-1 I2
U1
I2
I1
U2
U1
U2
b)
Hnh 4.15
Nu n = -1 th bin p l tng 1:-1 c : U2 = -U1, I2 = I1.

Vy bin p 1:-1 tng ng vi bn cc c hai dy cho nhau (hnh 4.15b).
V d 4.2: ng dng nh l Bartlett-Brune trn mch cu hnh 4.16a.
Z1/2
Z1/2
Z1
Z2
Z2
Z2/2
Z2/2
Z2/2
Z2/2
Z1/2
Z1
a)
Z1/2
b)
Z1/2
Z1/2
Z2/2
Z2/2
Z1
Z2/2
Z2
Z2/2
Z1/2
c)
Z1/2
d)
Hnh 4.16
Cch gii:
Theo nh l Bartlett-Brune ta chia mch cu ra hai na ging ht nhau nh
hnh 4.16b. Ta nhn c Z1 nu ngn mch cc dy dn thng, h mch cc dy dn
cho (hnh 4.16c). Cn Z2 s nhn c khi h mch cc dy dn thng v ngn mch
cc dy dn cho (hnh 4.16d).
4.3. S thay th hnh T v hnh ca mng hai ca
Mch bn cc tuyn tnh tng h hon ton c xc nh nh ba thng s:
z11, z12 (z21) v z22, quan h gia cc dng in v in p hai ca ca bn cc bt k
s tng ng vi quan h ca cc i lng ny. Ta c th thay i kt cu ca
mch nhng cc thng s khng thay i, c hai loi s tng ng l s hnh
T v .
58
I2
I1
U2
U1
I2
Zb
U1
Zc
Za
I1
4.3.1. S tng ng hnh ch T
U2
Hnh 4.18
Hnh 4.17
Ta gi cc tr khng ca bn cc hnh T l Za, Zb, Zc (hnh 4.18). Xc nh Za,

Zb, Zc theo zij.
U 1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
Ta c:
(4.20)
T s hnh 4.18 ta c: z11 =Za + Zb; z12 = z21 = Zb; z22 = Zb + Zc.
Z a = z11 z12
Vy: Z b = z12 = z 21
Z = z z
22
12
C
*(4.21)
4.3.2. S tng ng hnh
Yb
I1
I2
I2
I1
U2
U1
Hnh 4.19.
U1
Ya
Yc
U2
Hnh 4.20.
Ta gi dn np cc nhnh ca s hnh l Ya, Yb, Yc. Xc nh Ya, Yb, Yc

theo yij.
I 1 = y11U 1 + y12U 2
I 2 = y 21U 1 + y 22U 2
Ta c:
(4.22)
T s hnh 4.6 ta c: y11 = Ya + Yb; y12 = y21 = -Yb; y22 = Yb + Yc.

Ya = y11 + y12
Vy: Yb = y12
Y = y + y
22
12
c
(4.23)
Nu bn cc cn thay th l bn cc i xng th ch cn bit hai thng s. S

tng ng hnh T v hnh lc cng gm ba phn t nhng ch biu th hai
thng s v cu trc ca chng l i xng, lc trong s hnh T v hnh ta c
Za = Zc. i vi bn cc i xng ta cn c s tng ng l mch cu (hnh X),
quan h gia cc thng s tr khng h mch v cc tr khng cu nh sau:
59
z11 =
Za + Zb
= z 22 ;
2
Nh vy: Za = z11 +z12;
z 12 =
Zb Za
= z 21
2
Zb = z11 z12.
4.4. Tr khng vo v hm truyn t.

4.3.1. Tr khng vo.
Trong thc t, cc bn cc thng l phn t c ni gia ngun v ti.
Thng thng ngi ta coi ca ni vi ngun l ca s cp, ca ni vi ti l ca th
cp.
E
Z1 I1
I2
U1
U2
Z1
Z2
I1
U1
ZV
Hnh 4.21.
Theo s hnh 4.21, trn ti Z2 s c quan h gia dng v p nh sau: U2=-I2.Z2

Mt khc, ta c h phng trnh c tnh tr khng:
U 1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
T ta c tr khng vo ca ca s cp:
Z v1 =
U 1 z11 .Z 2 + z
, trong z = z11.z22 z12.z21.
=
I1
Z 2 + z 22
(4.22)
Trong trng hp bn cc khng c ti (ca th cp h mch, Z2 = ), ta c:

Zv1=z11 (ng vi nh ngha ca z11).
Trong trng hp Z2 = 0 (ngn mch ca 2), ta c:
Z v1 =
z
1
=
(ng vi nh ngha ca y11).
z 22 y11
Nu ca 2 ta t ngun tc ng, ti Z1 t ca 1, th hon ton tng t

nh vy ta tnh c tr khng ca ca 2: Z v 2 =
U 2 z 22 .Z 1 + z
=
I2
Z 1 + z11
Ta c th tnh tr khng vo vi cc thng s khc:

y .Z + 1 h.Z 2 + h11 a11 .Z 2 a12
=
=
= ...
Z v1 = 22 2
y.Z 2 + y11
a 21 .Z 2 a 22
1 + h22 .Z 2
I1
1:n I2
U1
U2
a)
Hnh 4.22
V d 4.3: Hy xc nh tr khng vo ca mt bin p l tng c ti Z2 cho

hnh 4.22.
Gii:
60
Theo h phng trnh c trng ca bin p l tng:

U 2 = nU 1
1
U1 = U 2
n
I 1 = nI 2
1
I 2 = I1
n
1
Ta rt ra c ma trn A ca bin p l tng: A = n
Tr khng vo: Z v1 =
a11 .Z 2 a12
a 21 .Z 2 a 22
1
Z2
Z
= n
= 22
n
n
- n
(4.23)
4.3.2. Hm truyn t p, dng v cng sut.

Trong nhng h truyn tin, o lng, iu khin ta ch quan tm n tn hiu
truyn i thng l mt trong hai bin trng thi dng, p trn mi ca v qu trnh
truyn t chng qua mng hai ca. Khi ta khng cn xt tt c cc h phng trnh
trng thi m ch cn rt v mt h phng trnh vi mt hm truyn t p hoc dng.
.
Khi cn xt truyn t p hai ca ta c: ku =
U2
.
U1
.
Khi cn xt truyn t dng hai ca ta c: ki =
I2
.
I1
~
Vi mch Kirhof ta cn c quan h cng sut hai ca: k s =
S2
~
S1
Ta gi ku, ki, ks l nhng hm truyn t p, dng, cng sut. Vi ti khc nhau th

hm truyn t khc nhau. Tht vy:
.
ki =
I2
.
I2
a21 .U 2 + a22 . I 2
I1
.
ku =
U2
.
S1
a11 .U 2 + a12 . I 2
1
a21 .Z 2 + a22
Z2
a11 .Z 2 + a12
I2
I1
U1
U2
Hnh 4.26
ks =
U2
U1
S2
U 2 .I 2*
.
U 1 .I
.
*
1
= k u .ki*
.
trong : U 2 = I 2 .Z 2
61
Z2
4.5. Mng hai ca tuyn tnh khng tng h.

4.5.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh
Ta bit rng nu bn cc tuyn tnh, tng h (khng c ngun tc ng
no) th cc i lng dng in v in p trn cc ca ca chng U1, U2, I1, I2 c
lin h bi h phng trnh tuyn tnh, thun nht:
a11U 1 + a12U 2 + b11 I 1 + b12 I 2 = 0.
a 21U 1 + a 22U 2 + b21 I 1 + b22 I 2 = 0.
(4.24)
T h phng trnh tuyn tnh ny ta c th tnh c hai i lng bt k t

hai i lng kia, nh vy c 6 phng trnh cho mch tuyn tnh tng h. Trong
mch tng h, iu kin tng h c tho mn l: z12 = z21, y12 = y21,..
Trong chng ny chng ta s xt mch in khng tng h, ni cch khc l
mng bn cc khng tng h. i vi mng bn cc khng tng h th iu kin
tng h khng c tho mn.
Nh vy, cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc khng tng h s tng t
nh cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc tng h v nhng quan h no khng
dng n iu kin tng h th c dng i vi bn cc khng tng h, nhng
quan h l:
- Cch tnh cc thng s ca cc h phng trnh
- Quan h gia cc thng s
- Cch tnh cc h s ca bn cc c ghp ni.
Mch tng h ch cn ba thng s (z11, z12, z22) th vi mch khng tng h
cn bn thng s (do z12 z21), do mch tng ng ca chng cng gm bn
phn t.
4.5.2. Cc loi ngun iu khin
thnh lp m hnh mch bn cc tuyn tnh, khng tng h, chng ta cn
nh ngha cc phn t mch bn cc khng tng h. Vi cc mch bn cc tuyn
tnh khng tng h th cc ngun iu khin ng vai tr quan trng v bn thn
ngun iu khin cng l cc bn cc.
Mt bn cc tuyn tnh khng tng h bt k u c th c thnh lp t cc
phn t tuyn tnh, tng h r, L, C v cc ngun iu khin.
Ngun iu khin l mch c in p hoc dng in ph thuc vo in p
hoc dng in nhnh khc.
Ngun iu khin tuyn tnh l ngun in p hay dng in m p hay dng
ca n t l thun vi dng hay p nhnh khc.
Ngun iu khin c k hiu khc vi ngun c lp (hnh trn c thay
bng hnh thoi).
62
Cc ngun iu khin m ta s ni n l cc ngun l tng, c ngha l R = 0

i vi ngun p v R = i vi ngun dng. k hiu ca ngun iu kin, ng
nt t ch phn s cp (phn iu khin) c ni vi phn th cp (b iu khin)
ca ngun iu khin.
a) Ngun p c iu khin bng p (AA) : S hnh 4.27 a.
X: k hiu h mch.
I
I
1
U2 = U1.
U1
U1
U2
I1 = 0.
AA: k hiu ngun in p c iu
Hnh 4.27 a
khin
bng ngun in p (ch ng trc l
i lng b iu khin). c trng ca ngun AA l h s khuch i in p.
Ta c h phng trnh c tnh v ma trn h s c ngha nh sau:
I1 = 0
0
G=
U 2 = U 1
1
0
A =
0
0
b) Ngun dng c iu khin bng p (DA): S hnh 4.27b.

I1 = 0
I1
I2
I2 = gU1
gU1
U1
U2
c trng cho DA l in dn g.
Ta c h phng trnh c
Hnh 4.27b
tnh v ma trn h s c ngha nh sau:
0
0
A=
0
0
I1 = 0
0
Y =
g
I 2 = gU 1
1
g
c) Ngun p c iu khin bng dng (AD): S hnh 4.27c.
I1
I2
rI1
U1
U2
U1 = 0
U2 = rI1
Hnh 4.27c
c trng cho AD l in tr r.
U 1 = 0
0
Z =
r
U 2 = rI 1
0
0
A = 1
0
r
d) Ngun dng c iu khin bng dng (DD): S hnh 4.27d.
63
I1
I2
I1
U1
U1 = 0
U2
I2 = I1
Hnh 4.27d
c trng cho DD l h s khuch i dng
in .
U 1 = 0
0
H =
I 2 = I 1
0
0
A=
0
0
0
1
Cc thng s , g, r, c th l s thc hoc s phc.

Nh vy ta thy vi mi ngun iu khin c ma trn truyn t thun v
mt ma trn na c ngha.
Cc ngun iu khin l bn cc khng tng h (A = 0).
Cc ngun iu khin l cc mch bn cc tch cc, v I1 = 0 hoc U1 = 0
nn P1 = 0 cn P2 0.
Trong trng hp cc ngun iu khin khng l tng, khi tr h
phng trnh truyn t ngc, cc h phng trnh khc u c ngha.
a)
AA: hnh 4.28a.
Ya
G=
b)
U1
0
Z , Y , A, H
Z b
d)
U1
I1
DA: hnh 4.28 c.

0
Y , H , G, A
Z b
U1
0
Z , Y , G, A
Yb
Za
gU1
Hnh 4.28b
Zb I2
Za
rI1
U2
Zb I2
U1
Za
gU1
Hnh 4.28d
64
U2
Hnh 4.28c
DD: hnh 4.28d.
Z a
U 1 = Z a I 1
H =
I 2 = I 1 + YbU 2
U2
Zb I2
I1
0
Z , Y , G, A
Yb
Z a
U 1 = Z a I 1
Z=
r
U 2 = rI 1 + Z b I 2
U1
Hnh 4.28a
U 1 = Z a I 1
U 1 = Z a I 1
I 2 = gU 1 + YbU 2
I 2 = gZ a I 1 + YbU 2
c)
Za
DA: hnh 4.28b.
Z a
H =
gZ a
Zb I2
I1
U 1 = Z a I 1
I 1 = YaU 1
U 2 = U 1 + Z b I 2
U 2 = U 1 + Z b I 2
U2
Vi mi ngun ta c nhn xt: z12 = 0, y12 = 0, h12 = 0, g12 = 0, A = 0. iu

ny c ngha l pha th cp khng tc ng tr li pha s cp (U1 v I1 khng h ph
thuc vo U2 v I2), v vy cc ngun iu khin l cc bn cc khng tng h.
Nu Z a =
1
1
, Z b = khng ly cc gi tr cc tr th bn ngun iu khin c
Ya
Yb
th thay th ln nhau, ch c iu cn ch l U1 hay I1 l i lng iu khin v

U1=ZaI1. Cng nh vy ngun in p c iu khin vi tr khng trong Zb c th
c thay th bng ngun dng c iu khin vi tr khng trong l Zb. Cn nu Za
= 0 th ch c th I1 l i lng iu khin, nu Zb = 0 th ch c th ngun in p
c iu khin.
Khi bin i tng ng cc ngun iu khin th cng cn tnh tng ng
cc thng s , g, r, theo Za v Zb:
V d:
vi AA: a11 =
Z a Yb
; vi AD: a11 =
Y
Za
; vi DA: a11 = b ; vi DD: a11 =
r
g
.
cc ngun iu khin c th thay th ln nhau th:
Yb Z a
Z Y
=
= a b .
g
r
4.5.3. Cc s tng ng ca bn cc khng tng h

Bn cc khng tng h cn bn thng s c trng cho n nn s tng
ng cn cha bn phn t trong c t nht mt phn t khng tng h. Chng ta
ch mi lm quen vi mt loi phn t khng tng h l cc ngun iu khin, do
chng ta s tm cc s tng ng c cha ngun iu khin.
C hai loi s tng ng, loi s tng ng t nhin gm hai tr
khng v hai ngun iu khin v loi s tng ng hnh T v tch cc gm 1
ngun iu khin v 3 tr khng.
Mi s tng ng t nhin gn lin vi mt h phng trnh c tnh. Xt
h phng trnh c tnh tr khng:
U 1 = z11 I 1 + z12 I 2
U 2 = z 21 I 1 + z 22 I 2
(4.25)
(4.26)
Theo phng trnh (4.25), in p ca 1 (U1) bng tng

in p st trn tr khng z11 do dng I1 gy ra v ngun p c
iu khin bng dng z12I2. Cng tng t nh vy c th suy lun
cc phn t ca hai heo phng trnh th hai, t ta c s
tng ng hnh 4.29.
65
I1
z11
U1
z12I2
I2
z22
z22I1
Hnh 4.29.
U2
Theo cch trn ta c th v s tng ng theo cc h phng trnh dn

np, hn hp thun v hn hp ngc.
Cc s tng ng trn l loi s gm hai tr khng v hai ngun iu
khin. By gi ta s thnh lp loi s tng ng gm ba phn t tr khng v
mt ngun iu khin. Cc s ny c th c thnh lp t cc s chun hnh T
v bng cch mc ni tip ngun in p iu khin vo mt trong ba nhnh ca cc
s hnh T hoc hnh chun. i lng iu khin c th l mt trong 4 i lng
cc ca (U1, I1, U2, I2), vy ta c 12 s tng ng hnh T v 12 s tng
ng hnh , nhng trong c 4 cp s khng th dng c (n tho mn iu
kin tng h). Trong thc t ch dng vi s tng ng.
Xt mt s s lm v d:
* S hnh T vi ngun in p iu khin bng dng in ca 1 (I1), s
hnh 4.30 a,b,c:
Za
I1
U1
raI1
Zc I2
I1 Za
U2
Zb
U1
Zc I2
Zb
rb I1
a)
b)
Za
U2
U1
Zc
I2
rcI1
Zb
U2
c)
Hnh 4.30
H phng trnh tr khng ca cc mch s :

U 1 = (ra + Z a + Z b ) I 1 + Z b I 2
S ny khng dng c (z12 = z21).
U 2 = Z b I 1 + ( Z b + Z c ) I 2
Hnh a:
U 1 = (rb + Z a + Z b ) I 1 + Z b I 2
S ny dng c (z12 z21).
U 2 = (rb + Z b ) I 1 + ( Z b + Z c ) I 2
Hnh b:
U 1 = ( Z a + Z b ) I 1 + Z b I 2
U 2 = (rb + Z b ) I 1 + ( Z b + Z c ) I 2
Hnh c:
* S hnh vi ngun dng c iu khin bng in p ca 1 (U1),

s hnh 4.31a,b,c:
Yb
I1
U1 Ya
gaU1
a)
I2
Yc U2
I1
U1
gbU1
Yb
Ya Yc
b)
I2
I1
U2
U1
Yb
Ya Yc
Hnh 4.31.
H phng trnh dn np ca cc mch cc s :

66
I2
c)
gcU1 U2
I 1 = ( g a + Ya + Yb )U 1 YbU 2
S ny khng dng c (z12 = z21).
I 2 = YbU 1 + (Yb + Yc )U 2
Hnh a:
Trong s ny ngun dng c iu khin bng p c th thay bng dn

np ga mc song song vi Ya.
I 1 = ( g b + Ya + Yb )U 1 YbU 2
I 2 = ( g b + Yb )U 1 + (Yb + Yc )U 2
Hnh b:
I 1 = (Ya + Yb )U 1 YbU 2
I 2 = (Yb g c )U 1 + (Yb + Yc )U 2
Hnh c:
Cc s tng ng c ba tr khng v mt ngun iu khin thng

gp nht l cc s 4.32a,b:
I1
I2
z22-z12 (z -z )I
21 12 1
z11-z12
U1
z12
I2
I1
U2
U1
y11+y12
y11+y12 y22+y12
Hnh 4.32
a)
U2
(y21y )U
b)
4.6. ng dng ca mng hai ca

4.6.1. Mng hai ca dng lm ha hp gia ngun vi ti
1.iu kin a cng sut cc i ra khi mng hai ca
Nu c ngun tc ng in p E vi tr khng trong Zi
Zi
c mc ti c tr khng Z2 (hnh 4.33) th cng sut tc dng
Z2
trn ti chnh bng cng sut tc dng cc i ly c t ngun

khi Z 2 = Z i* ( Z i* l tr khng phc lin hp ca tr khng Zi ).
Tc l: P2 = P0 =
Hnh 4.33
E2
(Ri l thnh phn in tr ca tr khng Zi).
4 Ri
Chng minh: khi Z2 =
Zi*
E
th P = I .Ri =
2 Ri
2
Ri
Lc ngi ta ni rng c s phi hp tr khng gia ngun v ti c cng

sut cc i.
2. Mng hai ca lm ha hp ngun vi ti):
Ta bit mun mt ngun c tng tr Zng cho a ra cng sut ln nht cp
cho ti l mt mng mt ca th ng ni trc tip vo ca, tng tr vo Zt ca ti
phi tha mn iu kin ha hp: Zt=Zng* hoc Zng=Zt*.
67
Trong thc t nhiu khi Zng v Zt khng tha mn sn iu kin ha hp . V

vy mun lm tha mn iu kin ngi ta t vo gia cc ca ngun v ti mt
mng hai ca thun khng A nh hnh 4.34 lm mt php bin i tng tr vo
nhm m bo iu kin trn.
Vn l cn chn s v thng
Zng
2
1
s A sao cho:
Z1V
Z2V
Aik
a./ Tng tr vo Z1V ca 1 va bng lin
Zt
e
hp ca tng tr ngun:
Z1V
a .Z + a12
*
= 11 t
= Z ng
a21 .Z t + a22
Hnh 4.34
Tha mn iu kin ny ngun s a ra cng sut ln nht: Pt=E2/4.Rng v hiu sut

truyn ti nng lng t ngun tng ng n ti bng =Pt/Png=0,5
b./Mng hai ca A l thun khng ton b cng sut P1 s truyn n ti P2=P1
4.6.2. Mng hai ca truyn tin
4.6.3. Mng hai ca dng lm b lc.
1. Khi nim
l nhng mch m s truyn t in p hoc dng in c tnh la chn tn
s theo mt lut c bit: cho truyn t qua mt cch d dng ph tn hiu dng hoc
p thuc di tn no gi l di thng v lm tt ph tn hiu thuc nhng di tn
khc gi l di chn.
Theo c tnh tn s truyn t c th phn lm cc loi chnh:
1. Lc thng thp: cho truyn t thng nhng tn hiu thuc di tn thp hn
mt gi tr 0 no (0 0) v chn nhng tn hiu thuc di tn s cao hn
(>0).
2. Lc thng cao: ngc li lc thng thp, cho thng nhng tn hiu c tn s
cao ( > 0 ) v chn nhng tn hiu c tn s thp (0 0).
3. Lc thng mt di: Cho thng nhng tn hiu thuc mt di tn 1 2
v chn nhng di tn thp < 1 cng nh di tn cao 2 < .
4. Lc chn mt di: Ngc li lc thng mt di, chn cc tn hiu thuc mt
di tn no 1 2 v cho thng nhng tn hiu thuc di tn thp 0 1
cng nh thuc di tn cao 2 .
Mng bn cc c c nhng tnh cht c bit trn v chng ghp bi nhng
phn t in cm v in dung c tnh la chn vi tn s. in cm cho thng d
dng dng in tn s thp, ngc li in dung cho thng d dng dng c tn s cao.
68
Mt nhnh ni tip L C cho thng d dng nhng dng c tn s thuc di tn

quanh tn s cng hng, ngc li mt cp nhnh L-C mc song song chn cc dng
c tn s thuc di tn quanh tn s cng hng.
2. Di thng, di chn v tn s ct ca lc hnh T v
Di thng: di tn cho tn hiu thng n ti.
Di chn: Di tn m tn hiu khi qua b suy gim.
Tn s ct: Tn s phn chia gia di thng v di chn.
iu kin thng ca mch lc i xng:
- Mng bn cc l thun khng
-
Ti ZC() l thun tr
Do mng bn cc l thun khng nn c th thay Z1 = jX1 v Z2 = jX2. Nh

vy, tng tr c tnh c biu thc nh sau:
Z CT = X 1 X 2 (1 +
X1
);
4X 2
Z C =
X1X 2
X
1+ 1
4X 2
(4.27)
T biu thc ZC ta thy:

1. iu kin tn ti di thng:
Nu mi di tn X1(), X2() lun cng du, tc nhnh dc v nhnh ngang
c kt cu ging nhau vi thng s t l nhau th lun c X1(). X2() 0 v
X 1 ( )
0 . Do tng tr c tnh ZC() lun c gi tr o v khng tn ti di thng.
X 2 ( )
C ngha l mch lc phi c ghp bi nhng nhnh dc v ngang khng t l nhau,

sao cho tn ti nhng di tn vi X1(). X2() < 0 v
X 1 ( )
< 0.
X 2 ( )
2. Bt phng trnh di thng v di chn

iu kin ZC() c gi tr thc l: X1() v X2() khc du, ng thi
1+
X1
0 , tc:
4X 2
X 1 ( )
0
X 2 ( )
X 1 ( )
4
X 2 ( )
Ta c bt phng trnh di thng:

Bt phng trnh di chn:
X 1 ( )
> 0;
X 2 ( )
X 1 ( )
0
X 2 ( )
X 1 ( )
< 4
X 2 ( )
3. Phng trnh tn s ct
X 1 ( )
=0
v X1() = -4X2()
X 2 ( )
69
X 1 ( )
=0
X 2 ( )
c nghim C trong hai trng hp: X1(C) = 0 v X2(C) =
vi X1(C) hu hn.
3. Mch lc loi K
Mch lc loi K l loi lc m trong c di tn (0,) tch Z1().Z2() lun l
Z1().Z2() = -X1().X2() = K2 > 0.
mt hng s thc, dng K2 no :
X1() v X2() phi ngc du nhau, t suy ra: nu nhnh dc l in cm

th nhnh ngang l in dung v ngc li, cn nu nhnh dc l L - C mc ni tip th
nhnh ngang l L,C mc song song v ngc li.
V d 1: Tm cc di thng v di chn ca lc in cho hnh 4.35. Xt xem
c phi l lc loi K khng?
Cho L1 = 10mH; C1 = 1F; C2 = 0,5F.
L1/2 2C1
Gii
in khng nhnh dc v nhnh ngang:
X 1 = L1
1
;
C1
X2 =
2C1 L1/2
C2
1
C 2
Hnh 2.35
Xc nh cc tn s ct bi cc phng trnh sau:

X1(1) = 0 L1
1
= 0 1 =
C1
X1(2) = -4X2(2) 2 L1
1
L1C1
1
4
=
2 =
2 C1 2 C 2
1 1
4
( +
)
L1 C1 C 2
Thay s: 1 = 104rad/s; 2 = 3.104rad/s.

Di thng: [104, 3.104]
Di chn: [0,104] v [3.104, ]
Lc ny khng phi lc loi K do X1().X2() const.
Hoc nhn vo s ta thy cc phn t nhnh dc v nhnh ngang khng
tng nghch nhau.
70
4.7.Bi tp
1. Xc nh cc ma trn Z, Y, A ca cc mng bn cc cho hnh 4.37 theo cc
cch khc nhau.
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z1
Z2
a)
Z3
b)
Hnh 4.37
2. Trong s hnh 4.37 cho Z1 = Z3, thay th cc s bng s cu

tng ng.
3. Xc nh ma trn truyn t A ca mng 4 cc cho hnh 4.38.
2Z1
Z1
Z2
1:-1
Z2
Z1
Hnh 4.38
Z2/2
Hnh 4.39
4. Hy chng minh mch in hnh 4.39 l s tng ng ca mch cu

c tr khng cu Z1, Z2.
RC
Ra
5. Cho bn cc c s nh hnh 4.40.
Bit: Ra = 10; Rb = 15; Rc = 20.
a./ Cho Rd = 5, tnh cc thng s tr khng h mch
Rb
Rd
ca bn cc.
b./ Tm gi tr Rd bn cc i xng v mt in.
Hnh 4.40
6. Xc nh cc thng s hn hp hij ca mch in cho hnh 4. 41.

Bit: L1 = 1H; L2 = 4H; M = 1H; R = 1k; f = 50Hz.
L1
L2
R
Hnh 4.41
7. Cho mng bn cc c s nh hnh 4.42.

71
a./ Cho Z1 = 1; Z2 = -j; Z3 = 2; Z4 = j, xc nh cc thng s tr khng

h mch zij v cc thng s dn np ngn mch yij ca mch.
b./ Cho Z1 = 1; Z2 = -j; Z3 = 1; Z4 = j, hy v s tng ng hnh
cu X ca mch.
c./ Vi cc thng s cho cu a hy v s tng ng hnh T v ca
Z4
mch.
R1
Z3
Z1
R3
R2
Z2
R4
R5
Hnh 4.42
R6
Hnh 4.43

Bit: R1 = 10; R2 = 2; R3 = 3; R4 = 5; R5 = 5; R6 = 10.
Hy xc nh cc thng s dn np ngn mch yij v cc thng s truyn t aij ca
mch in.
9.Cho mng bn cc c s nh hnh 4.44
Bit: R1 = 10; R2 = 20; R3 = 10; R4 = 15; R5 = 20.
Hy xc nh cc thng s truyn t aij ca mch in.
R4
R3
R1
R5
R2
Hnh 4.44
10. Ma trn tham s ring A ca mt mng bn cc c kt cu:

1 + j
[A] =
- (1 - 2 + j )
- (1 - 2 )
Hy xc nh:
-Tng tr ton phn ca cc phn t ca mng bn cc hnh T tng ng?
-Gi tr in tr, in cm, in dung ca mng bn cc hnh T tng ng?
-V mng bn cc hnh T tng ng ?
72
11. Ma trn tham s ring Y ca mt mng bn cc c kt cu:

1
1 + j
[Y ] =
1
- j
1
j ( )

1
j
Hy xc nh:
-Tng tr ton phn ca cc phn t ca mng bn cc hnh tng ng?
-Gi tr in tr, in cm, in dung ca mng bn cc hnh tng ng?
-V mng bn cc hnh tng ng ?
12. Ma trn tham s ring A ca mt mng bn cc mt tn s no c kt cu:
[A] =
(1 + j)
- (1 + 2 j )
Xc nh tr khng vo ca mng bn cc khi u ra mng bn cc c mc ph ti

Zt = -j2.
Bit: Z1 = 5; Z2 = -j5; Z3 = 5; Z4 = -j5; Zt = 5; U 1 = 20V .

Bng phng php l thuyt mch mng bn cc, hy xc nh:
- Cc gi tr dng in I1, It?
- in p trn u ra U2.
Bit: Y1 = 1S; Y2 = jS; Y3 = 1S; Y4 =
1
S.
j
Xc nh ma trn tham s ring Y ca mng bn cc.
Xc nh hm truyn t in p K& u = U& 2 U& 1 nu u ra ca mng bn cc

c mc ti Zt = 1.
I1
Y1
Z1
Z1
It
Z3
U1
U1
Z4
Z2
Z4
U1
Y2
Y4
Y3
Zt
Hnh 4.46
Hnh 4.45.
73
U2
Zt
14. Hy xc nh ma trn Z ca mng bn cc cho hnh 4.47.
Z1
1:n
Z2
Hnh 4.47
15.
lm ha hp ngun vi ti
ngi ta mc mch in nh hnh 4.48.
Tm Zng bit:
Z2
Zng
Z t = 10 j10() ; Z1 = Z 2 = 1 + j 2() ;
Z1
Eng
Z 3 = 2.Z1 .
Z3
Tnh cng sut truyn t ngun n ti

v hiu sut truyn ti bit:
E& ng = 1045 0 (V )
Hnh 4.48
(Ch : Tm Zng th nhn t ca 1

tnh ZV1, tm Zt th nhn t ca 2 tnh
ZV2 khi ngn mch ngun.)
74
Zt
MC LC
CC KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN........................................................................ 2
1.1. Cu trc hnh hc ca mch in..................................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Mch in ................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2. Kt cu hnh hc ca mch in............................................................................... 2
1.2. Cc i lng c bn. ...................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. in p...................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.2. Cng dng in. ................................................................................................ 3
1.2.3. Chiu dng dng in v in p. .......................................................................... 3
1.2.4. Cng sut .................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.4. Nng lng. .............................................................................................................. 4
1.3. nh lut Kirchoff. .......................................................................................................... 4
1.3.1. nh lut Kirchoff 1. ................................................................................................ 4
1.3.2. nh lut Kirchoff 2. ................................................................................................ 4
1.3.3. nh lut cn bng cng sut.................................................................................... 5
1.4. Cc phn t 2 cc. ........................................................................................................... 5
1.4.1. in tr..................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.2. in cm................................................................................................................... 5
1.4.3. in dung. ................................................................................................................ 7
1.4.4. Ngun p. ................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.5. Ngun dng j(t) ........................................................................................................ 7
1.5. Cc phn t bn cc. ....................................................................................................... 8
1.5.1. Ngun ph thuc. ..................................................................................................... 8
1.5.2. Cun dy ghp h cm. ............................................................................................ 8
1.5.3. Bin p l tng. ...................................................................................................... 8
CHNG 2:............................................................................................................................... 8
MCH TUYN TNH CH XC LP IU HO ..................................................... 8
2.1. Cc i lng c trng cho dng in, in p xoay chiu hnh sin. ............................8
2.1.1. Cc i lng c trng cho dng in hnh sin ...................................................... 8
2.1.2. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu. ............................................................. 9
2.2. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh R-L-C. ........................................................................ 10
2.2.1. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun tr. ............................................................. 10
2.2.2. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun in cm.................................................... 10
2.2.3. Dng in hnh sin trong nhnh thun dung........................................................... 11
2.2.4. Dng in sin trong nhnh RLC ni tip................................................................ 12
2.3. S phc, biu din i lng iu ha dng nh phc.................................................. 13
2.3.1 S phc .................................................................................................................... 13
2.3.2 Biu din i lng iu ha dng nh phc. ......................................................... 15
2.3.3 Cc nh lut c bn ca mch in dng phc. ..................................................... 15
2.3.4. ng dng: phn tch mch ch xc lp iu ha............................................ 16
2.4. Tr khng v dn np. ................................................................................................... 16
2.5. Cng sut. ...................................................................................................................... 17
2.5.1. Cng sut tc dng. ................................................................................................ 17
2.5.2. Cng sut phn khng. ........................................................................................... 17
2.5.3. Cng sut phc. ...................................................................................................... 17
2.5.4. Cng sut biu kin. ............................................................................................... 17
2.5.5. nh lut cn bng cng sut phc......................................................................... 17
2.6 Cng hng. ................................................................................................................... 17
2.7. Mch in c h cm, ngun dng................................................................................ 17
2.8. Phn tch mch bng phng php dng nhnh............................................................ 17
2.9. Phn tch mch bng phng php dng vng.............................................................. 18
2.10. Phn tch mch bng phng php in th nt.......................................................... 21
75
2.11. Cc phng php bin i mch................................................................................. 25

2.11.1. Tr khng ghp ni tip. ...................................................................................... 25
2.11.2. Tr khng ghp song song. .................................................................................. 25
2.11.3. Bin i sao-tam gic v ngc li...................................................................... 25
2.11.4. Ngun p ghp ni tip. ....................................................................................... 26
2.11.5. Ngun p ghp song song. ................................................................................... 26
2.12. Mng mt ca ............................................................................................................. 26
2.12.1. Khi nim chung v mng mt ca ..................................................................... 26
2.12.2. S tng ng v cc nh l v mng mt ca tuyn tnh c ngun.......... 26
2.14. Bi tp ......................................................................................................................... 29
CHNG 3: ............................................................................................................................ 34
MCH IN BA PHA............................................................................................................ 34
3.1. Khi nim chung. .......................................................................................................... 34
3.1.1. Ngun ba pha, ti ba pha........................................................................................ 34
3.1.2. Cc i lng dy v pha....................................................................................... 34
3.1.3. Ghp ni mch ba pha............................................................................................ 35
3.1.4. Cng sut mch in 3 pha. ................................................................................... 36
3.2. Gii mch ba pha i xng ........................................................................................... 38
3.2.1.Ngun ni sao i xng: (thng gp) ................................................................... 38
3.2.2.Ngun ni tam gic i xng:................................................................................. 38
3.23.Gii mch 3 pha i xng ti ni sao....................................................................... 39
3.2.4. Gii mch in 3 pha i xng ti ni tam gic: ................................................... 39
3.3. Mch ba pha khng i xng.................................................................................... 40
3.3.1.Ti ni hnh Y, c dy trung tnh tng tr Z0, khng c tng tr ng dy ......... 40
3.3.2.Ti ni hnh Y, c dy trung tnh tng tr Z0, c tng tr ng dy Zd: .............. 42
3.3.3.Ti ni hnh Y, dy trung tnh tng tr Z0=0:......................................................... 42
3.3.4. Ti ni hnh Y, dy trung tnh b t hoc khng c dy trung tnh: .................... 42
3.3.5. Gii mch ba pha ti ni tam gic khng i xng, khng c tng tr ng dy:
.......................................................................................................................................... 43
3.3.6. Gii mch ba pha ti ni tam gic khng i xng, c tng tr ng dy Zd: .... 43
3.4. Bi tp ........................................................................................................................... 44
CHNG 4: ............................................................................................................................ 45
MNG HAI CA.................................................................................................................... 45
4.1. Khi nim chung. .......................................................................................................... 45
4.2. Cc b thng s c trng............................................................................................. 46
4.2.1. B thng s dng Z. ............................................................................................... 46
4.2.2. B thng s dng Y................................................................................................ 47
4.2.3. B thng s dng H................................................................................................ 48
4.2.4. B thng s dng G................................................................................................ 49
4.2.5. B thng s dng A................................................................................................ 49
4.2.6. B thng s dng B................................................................................................ 50
4.2.7. Quan h gia cc thng s ca bn cc................................................................. 50
4.3. Cc cch ghp ni nhiu bn cc.................................................................................. 51
4.3.1. Ghp ni ni tip ni tip (N -N)........................................................................ 51
4.3.2. Ghp ni song song-song song (S-S)..................................................................... 51
4.3.3. Ghp ni ni tip song song (N - S).................................................................... 52
4.3.4. Ghp ni song song ni tip (S - N).................................................................... 53
4.3.5. Ghp ni dy chuyn.............................................................................................. 53
4.4. Cc bn cc i xng. nh l Bartlett Brune ........................................................... 54
4.4.1. Cc bn cc i xng ............................................................................................ 54
4.4.2. nh l Bartlett-Brune dng cho bn cc i xng............................................... 56
4.3. S thay th hnh T v hnh ca mng hai ca ...................................................... 58
76
4.3.1. S tng ng hnh ch T............................................................................... 59

4.3.2. S tng ng hnh ..................................................................................... 59
4.4. Tr khng vo v hm truyn t. ................................................................................. 60
4.3.1. Tr khng vo......................................................................................................... 60
4.3.2. Hm truyn t p, dng v cng sut.................................................................... 61
4.5. Mng hai ca tuyn tnh khng tng h...................................................................... 62
4.5.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh.................................................................................. 62
4.5.2. Cc loi ngun iu khin ...................................................................................... 62
4.5.3. Cc s tng ng ca bn cc khng tng h ............................................ 65
4.6. ng dng ca mng hai ca .......................................................................................... 67
4.6.1. Mng hai ca dng lm ha hp gia ngun vi ti .............................................. 67
4.6.2. Mng hai ca truyn tin.......................................................................................... 68
4.6.3. Mng hai ca dng lm b lc. .............................................................................. 68
4.7.Bi tp............................................................................................................................. 71
77

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Ly Thuyet Mach 1

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TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT HNG YN

GIO TRNH L THUYT MCH

CC KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN

1.1.2. Kt cu hnh hc ca mch in

Chiu in p quy c l chiu t im c in th cao n in th thp.

Chiu dng in qui c l chiu chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in tch dng trong

d rng xc nh ngay c chiu dng in v in p trong cc

thay i theo thi gian. V th khi gii mch in, ta tu

dng. Trn c s cc chiu v, thit lp gii phng trnh

1.2.4. Nng lng.

Trong nu ta quy c dng in i vo nt mang du dng th dng in i ra

Ngha l tng cc dng in ti nt bng tng cc dng in ri khi nt. K1 ni ln

Nu mch in c sut in ng ta c th tnh nh sau:

Khi nh lut kirhoff 2 pht biu nh sau

tng i s cc in p ri trn cc phn t bng

Trong nhng sc in ng no c chiu

nh lut K2 ni ln tnh cht th ca mch in. Trong mt mch in xut pht t

1.4. Cc phn t 2 cc.

Ngi ta cn a ra khi nim in dn

Cng sut tiu th trn mch in tr l:

in nng tiu th trong mt tri gian l:

Nu t thng bin thin th dng in cng bin thin v theo nh lut cm ng in

Cng sut trn cun dy

Nng lng t trng tch lu trongcun dy

Nh vy in cm L c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng t trng ca

Vi M l h s h cm gia 2 cun dy. Nu i1 bin thin th in p h cm ca

Tng t th in p h cm ca cun 1 do dng trong cun 2 sinh ra l:

Cng nh in p t cm, in p h cm l Henry (H). H cm M c k hiu

Nu ti thi im ban u trn t C c in tch th in p c tnh nh sau:

Cng sut trn t in

Nng lng tch ly trong in trng ca t in

Nh hnh v k hiu l mt sc in ng e(t) c

1.5. Cc phn t bn cc.

S chu k ca dng in trong mt giy gi l tn s f =

Do c tnh cc thng s ca mch, cc i lng dng in, in p thng c s

2.1.2. Tr s hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu.

Khi cng sut tc dng c tnh nh sau:

nh gi, tnh ton hiu qu tc ng ca dng in bin thin.

Tng t, ta c tr s hiu dng ca in p, sc in ng.

Thay tr s Imax, Umax, vo cc cng thc tnh dng in, v in p ta c tnh

Khi quan h gia tr s hiu dng ca dng in v in p l:

Dng in v in p c cng tn s v trng pha nhau. th vector c th hin

XL = L c th nguyn ca in tr (), gi l cm khng. T rt ra

Dng in v in p c cng tn s v lch nhau mt gc /2. Dng in chm sau

Cng sut tc thi ca in cm l:

T th ta thy trong khong t = 0 n t = /2 cng sut pL(t) >0, in cm nhn

biu th qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in cm ta a ra khi nim cng sut

v dng in vt trc in mt gc /2.

Cng sut tc dng trong mt chu k l

biu th cng qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in dung, ta a ra khi nim

i chm pha vi uR mt gc 900 do =

i nhanh pha vi uR mt gc -900 do = -

T th vector ta tnh c tr s hiu dng ca in p

in p lch pha vi dng in mt gc l = u - i

Khi XL Xc = 0, gc = 0 dng in trng pha vi in p.

Ta xt mt vect OM = V c biu din trn mt phng X0Y khi ta c th phn

tch thnh hai thnh phn V X v V Y vi n v hai trc l 1.

V = Vsin + Vcos = 1.a + 1.b

& = jVsin + Vcos = j.a + 1.b

Tm li s phc l mt lng gm hai thnh phn thc v o trong 2 thnh phn

& = a1 +j b1 th nghch o s phc l A

a1 - jb1 + a2 -jb2 = (a1 - a2) + j(b1 - b2)

(a1 + jb1)/(a2 +jb2) = A1/A2*ej(1-2)

2.3.2 Biu din i lng iu ha dng nh phc.