N TT NGHIP B MN THNG TIN QUANG TI:

CC PHNG THC TCH HP IP TRN QUANG V NG DNG TRONG NGN CA TNG CNG TY BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

Trong nhng nm cui th k 20 u th k 21, cng ngh truyn thng, tin hc c nhng bc pht trin mnh m v c nhng nh hng su sc n i sng kinh t x hi. S pht trin ny lm thay i hn cch sng v cch lm vic ca con ngi v a loi ngi sang mt k nguyn mi - k nguyn ca nn kinh t tri thc. Khi cng ngh vin thng v tin hc pht trin n trnh cao, chng lun lun tc ng v h tr cho nhau cng pht trin. Qu trnh ny dn n s hi t ca cng ngh vin thng v tin hc, to nn mt mng truyn thng thng nht p ng mi nhu cu dch v a dng, phong ph ca x hi. Mng vin thng thng nht c xu th ton cu ho vi mc tiu pht trin: - Cng ngh hin i. - Cht lng tin tin.

- Khai thc n gin, thun tin. - Chun ho quc t v t c hiu qu kinh t cao. Chnh v th, cn c mt phng thc truyn dn mi ra i c kh nng p ng c cc yu cu ny.

1.1. Xu hng tch hp IP trn quang

1.1.1. S pht trin ca Internet a) V mt lu lng Thoi l hnh thc thng tin xut hin t lu v ngy nay lu lng thoi ang i vo trng thi n nh m trong qu trnh pht trin kh c th c c s t bin no. Trong khi , x hi loi ngi ang chuyn sang x hi thng tin, nhu cu trao i s liu ln nn lu lng s liu ngy cng cao. S ra i v ph bin ca mng Internet khin cho nhu cu trao i thng tin tng, dn n bng n lu lng Internet. Theo s liu thng k trn th gii trong 5 nm qua, lu lng Internet tng 86% mi nm, hn 6 ln tc pht trin ca lu lng thoi. Hin nay, khong 45% dn s EU kt ni Internet. Cc nc Chu tuy t l kt ni Internet hin cn thp, nhng trong mt vi nm ti s tng rt nhanh, c bit l cc th trng tim nng nh Trung Quc v n . Ngoi ra, ngy nay giao thc IP khng ch cn s dng truyn dn s liu cho mng Internet m n cn c s dng truyn dn cc loi lu lng khc nhau nh thoi, video... l cc dch v vi QoS cao. V vy, phng thc truyn dn phi c dung lng ln v cht lng cao. b) V mt cng ngh Cc t chc vin thng quc t khuyn ngh nhiu cng ngh truyn dn s liu khc nhau. S dng giao thc X.25 truyn dn c nhc im l thi

gian tr ln do c nhiu th tc qun l, sa li, pht li gi tin v cn thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn, cc lin kt ny c dng ring nn hiu sut s dng khng cao. X.25 c thng lng ti a l 64 Kbps nn khng p ng c truyn thng a phng tin. khc phc, giao thc Frame Relay ra i cho php thng lng t ti 2 Mbps. ng thi n cn gim thi gian tr v khng c chc nng sa li, gi tin hng s b loi b, vic kim tra gi tin c thc hin ti tng node trn ng truyn v khi gi tin b hng s b loi b ngay v cc gi sau s c pht tip. n ch, gi no thiu mi yu cu pht li. IP bng hp s dng m ho vi sai nn vi cng mt tc truyn dn th lng thng tin truyn i nhiu hn. Trong khi , IP bng rng ra i s cung cp phng thc truyn dn c bng thng rng, truyn c tt c cc nhu cu dch v ca x hi nh truyn hnh, hi ngh truyn hnh, giao dch in t, mua hng ti nh, truy cp thng tin... Cng ngh truyn dn IP c nhiu im u vit so vi chuyn mch knh truyn thng, c th: n l hnh thc truyn dn thng tin theo cc gi nn nh tuyn cc gi tin l c lp nhau, hiu sut s dng ti nguyn mng cao, qun l n gin, khai thc d dng... v n s l xu hng pht trin tt yu. 1.1.2. S pht trin ca cng ngh truyn dn C nhiu hnh thc truyn dn tn hiu t u cui n u cui. Cc phng thc truyn thng chnh l s dng cp. u tin l s dng cp ng. y l hnh thc truyn dn n gin nht nhng li bc l nhiu nhc im nh: bng thng hp, tc thp, chu nh hng ca sng in t...Hin nay, cp ng ch cn c s dng truyn dn c ly ngn, dung lng t. ci thin cht lng truyn dn, ngi ta s dng cp ng trc. Tuy cp ng trc hn ch

c s nh hng ca sng in t nhng bng thng v tc truyn dn th vn khng p ng c nhu cu pht trin. Cc h thng truyn dn v tuyn nh vi ba s, v tinh cng ra i nhng cht lng ca cc phng php truyn dn ny li ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin ca mi trng nh: nhit , ma, m... V th, cht lng ng truyn khng n nh. Khi truyn dn cp si quang ra i em n mt phng php truyn dn mi c bng thng rng, tc cao v cht lng truyn dn tt v t chu nh hng ca sng in t cng nh cc iu kin ca mi trng xung quanh. Ngoi ra, cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM cng ang c ng dng trn mng, c kh nng p ng c tt c cc yu cu ca ngi s dng cng nh ca cc nh cung cp. DWDM cn cho php ghp nhiu bc sng hn trn mt si quang, nh vy gi thnh s gim trong khi dung lng ca h thng l rt ln, p ng c s bng n thng tin ngy nay. DWDM l la chn tt yu cho cc mng truyn dn. 1.1.3. N lc ca cc nh cung cp v cc t chc Bn cnh nhu cu lp t cc modul nh tuyn IP, c mt s tham lun trong lnh vc kinh t v k thut cp n nhng n lc nhm kt hp IP vi cng ngh quang. V d, i vi cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cn c rng bng thng cho php ghp knh tng dung lng, v th c th s dng bin php nh ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM p ng c cc yu cu truyn ti lu lng ln mng. DWDM cho php ghp STM-16 (2,5 Gbps) hay STM-64 (10 Gbps) knh thoi trn cc bc sng truyn dn song song trn mt si cp quang. ISP cn dng cng ngh quang c chi ph thp truyn ton b cc gi IP kch thc ln di dng quang trong sut qua cc im trung chuyn m khng phi chuyn i li (khng cn chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, x l ti

tng IP v chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu quang cho bc tip theo trn tuyn). Cc nh cung cp lun mong mun thc y vic hon thin c cu k thut lu lng IP nhanh chng xy dng cc chc nng cho tng quang nhm p ng c yu cu tng s a ch d phng. Cng ngh truyn ti quang cn c k thut bo v v khi phc d liu mt cch nhanh chng. y l vn m cc ISP rt quan tm khi h mun truyn c nhiu d liu c tnh khn cp cao. Mt khc, mt s nh cung cp cho rng cc chc nng ca tng truyn dn ng b ATM hay tng SDH - cc thnh phn chnh trong c s h tng ca nhiu mng - s khng cn thit khi c cc chc nng tng t hay tt hn c thc hin nh s lin kt ca tng IP v tng quang. Vic loi b mt tng tng ng vi vic loi b phn cng v chi ph vn hnh ca n; do , c s h tng ca mng s c gi thnh thp v t phc tp hn. Tt nhin n khng ng cho mi trng hp, c th l i vi cc nh cung cp cn s dng cc dch v ATM hay TDM. Cc hot ng gip cho vic thng nht cng ngh IP v cng ngh quang thc hin tt hn vn cha c ni n nhiu t trc n nay. Loi router c card ng dy cung cp OC-192/STM-64 c sn xut v s dng trong mt s mng. Mt h thit b mng mi ra i gi l cc b nh tuyn theo bc sng. Nhng thit b ny dng giao thc nh tuyn ng gi IP to v chuyn mch mt s lng ln cc kt ni quang. T chc IETF ang gii quyt mt s cng vic tm ra nhng cch tt hn nhm thc hin truyn dn IP trn mng quang. ng ch hn, nhm lm vic v chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) xut vic m rng c th thc hin c ti cc kt ni cho quang OXC (Optical Cross Connect) v c gi l chuyn mch bc sng a giao thc MPS (MultiProtocol Lambda Switching).

Ngoi ra, cn c cc t chc khc v cc Lin on cng nghip ang s dng cc giao thc chun cho php cc thc th client (v d nh Router IP) bo hiu v thit lp kt ni qua mng truyn ti quang (OTN). Cc nhm ny bao gm: Din n kt ni mng quang (OIF), Kt ni song hng dch v min quang (ODSI) v Lin hip vin thng quc t (ITU). H tng c s ca mng truyn thng trong tng lai, c bit l trong x hi thng tin, th IP trn DWDM l tt yu. Trn c s IP trn DWDM s p ng c cc nhu cu dch v phong ph, a dng cng nh m bo c cht lng dch v. V th, IP trn DWDM ang nhn c s quan tm ca cc nh nghin cu, cc nh sn xut cng nh cc t chc vin thng trn th gii.

1.2. Qu trnh pht trin

1.2.1. Cc giai on pht trin Do s pht trin v cng ngh cn nhiu hn ch m k thut IP over Optical khng th thc hin ngay lp tc cc gi IP trc tip trn quang. t c k thut ny cn phi tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin. Qu trnh ny c chia ra lm 3 giai on pht trin v c minh ho trong hnh 1.1.

Hnh 1.1: Tin trnh pht trin ca tng mng.

1. Giai on I: IP over ATM y l giai on u tin trong cng ngh truyn ti IP trn quang. Trong giai on ny, cc IP datagram trc khi a vo mng truyn ti quang (OTN) th phi thc hin chia ct thnh cc t bo ATM c th i t ngun ti ch. Ti chuyn mch ATM cui cng, cc IP datagram mi c khi phc li t cc t bo. y l giai on u tin nn c y cc tng IP, ATM v SDH, do chi ph cho lp t, vn hnh v bo dng l tn km nht. Tuy nhin, khi m cng ngh ca cc router cn nhiu hn ch v mt tc , dung lng th vic x l truyn dn IP trn quang thng qua ATM v SDH vn c li v mt kinh t. 2. Giai on II: IP over SDH IP over SDH l giai on tip theo trong tin trnh pht trin hng ti mng Internet quang m hnh ny c s dng trong nhiu mng thc t hin nay. Trong hnh v ny, tng ATM b loi b v cc IP datagram c chuyn trc tip xung tng SDH. Nh vy, loi b c cc chc nng, s hot ng v chi ph bo dng cho ring mng ATM. iu ny c th thc hin c bi cng ngh router c nhng u im vt tri so vi chuyn mch ATM v mt tnh nng, dung lng v cn v router IP l phng tin c chc nng nh hng cho n v truyn dn u vit: IP datagram. Ngoi ra, vic c thm k thut MPLS b sung vo tng IP s xut hin hai kh nng mi. u tin, n cho php thc hin k thut lu lng nh vo kh nng thit lp knh o VC - ging nh cc ng c th trong mng ch gm cc router IP. Th hai, MPLS tch ring mt iu khin ra khi mt nh hng nn cho php giao thc iu khin IP qun l trng thi thit b m khng yu cu xc nh r bin gii ca cc IP datagram (nh trong chuyn mch ATM i hi phi

xc nh r bin gii ca tng t bo). Nh vy, c th d dng x l i vi cc IP datagram c di thay i. 3. Giai on III: IP over Optical Trong giai on ny, tng SDH cng b loi b v IP datagram c chuyn trc tip xung tng quang. Vic loi b tng ATM v tng SDH ng ngha vi vic c t phn t mng phi qun l hn. S kt hp IP phin bn mi vi kh nng khi phc ca tng quang, cc thit b OAM&P v chc nng nh tuyn phn b to ra kh nng phc hi, pht hin li v gim st nhanh. Mt im mi l vi cu trc khung gn nh c th thay th cho cc chc nng m cc khung SDH thc hin trong cc kt ni Och. S tn ti ca hng lot giao thc k thut lu lng MPLS (MPLS TE) m rng kh nng hot ng cho mng quang v tng IP, c bit l cc router IP ngy nay c th giao din trc tip vi mng quang. Thng qua 3 giai on pht trin trn ta thy rng cng cc giai on v sau th cc tng ATM, SDH cng gim do t s dng v mt s hn ch vn c ca n trong khi yu cu v cht lng dch v cng ngy cng tng, cn DWDM cng tng ln do c nhng u im u vit cho vic tch hp cc gi tin IP trn quang. Trong qu trnh xut hin mt s cng ngh mi h tr cho vic pht trin truyn dn cho qu trnh tch hp IP trn quang nh GMPLS, DTM, GbE...Trong phn tip theo s nghin cu m hnh phn lp ca chng. 1.2.2. M hnh phn lp ca cc giai on pht trin Hnh 1.2 minh ho m hnh phn lp ca cc giai on pht trin.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh phn lp ca cc giai on pht trin. a) IP over ATM/SDH/Optical. b) IP over SDH/Optical. c) IP over Optical. Tng OTN Tng OTN l lp mng truyn ti quang, n bao gm cc lp sau: Lp knh quang (Och): nh ngha mt kt ni quang (ng tia sng) gia hai thc th client quang. Lp knh quang l s truyn dn trong sut cc tin tc dch v t u cui n u cui (Knh quang Och tng ng vi mt bc sng trong DWDM). N thc hin cc chc nng sau: nh tuyn tin tc ca thu bao khch hng, phn phi bc sng, sp xp knh tn hiu quang mng kt ni linh hot, x l cc thng tin ph ca knh tn hiu quang, o kim lp knh tn hiu quang v thc hin chc nng qun l. Khi pht sinh s c, thng qua vic

nh tuyn li hoc ct chuyn dch v cng tc sang tuyn bo v cho trc thc hin u chuyn bo v v khi phc mng. Lp on ghp knh quang (OMS): nh ngha vic kt ni v x l trong ni b ghp knh hay mt nhm cc kt ni quang mc knh quang Och (OMS cn c gi l mt nhm bc sng truyn trn cp si quang gia hai b ghp knh DWDM). N m bo truyn dn tn hiu quang ghp knh nhiu bc sng gia hai thit b truyn dn ghp knh bc sng ln cn, cung cp chc nng mng cho tn hiu nhiu bc sng. OMS c cc tnh nng nh: cu hnh li on ghp knh quang m bo mng nh tuyn nhiu bc sng linh hot, m bo x l hon chnh tin tc phi hp ca on ghp knh quang nhiu bc sng v thng tin ph ca on ghp knh quang, cung cp chc nng o kim v qun l ca on ghp knh quang vn hnh v bo dng mng. Lp on truyn dn quang (OTS): nh ngha cch truyn tn hiu quang trn cc phng tin quang ng thi thc hin tnh nng o kim v iu khin i vi b khuch i quang v b lp. Lp ny thc hin cc vn sau: cn bng cng sut, iu khin tng ch ca EDFA, tch lu v b tn sc. Lp si quang: l tng vt l di cng, gm cc si quang khc nhau nh: G.652, G.653, G.655... Cc si ny s c trnh by trong chng sau. Tng SDH Tng SDH c tc thp, cc mch ng dy TDM (v d lung 2 Mbps, 34 Mbps) ni vi cc thit b client (nh chuyn mch ATM), sp xp chng vo khun dng ca cc khung ng b truyn ti qua mng truyn ti tc cao (c th l STM-1). in hnh cho chc nng ny l hot ng ca b ghp knh xen/r ADM SDH. Ni chung ADM c thit k s dng trong cu hnh mng ring quang, v mng SDH c to bi hai hay nhiu mng ring kt ni vo nhau

thng qua vic s dng cc thit b kt ni cho s DXC. Vic thit lp mt mch TDM kt ni end-to-end c th mt nhiu thi gian bi v nh cung cp phi x l ti tng ring v tng DXC dc trn ng truyn. K tha mch ghp knh TDM trong mng thoi, mng SDH cung cp tt c cc chc nng vn hnh, qun l, bo dng v gim st (OAM&P). Cc chc nng ny c dng thit lp v qun l cc mch kt ni qua mng. bo v thng tin khi si quang b t hay b cc tn hao quan trng khc, mng SDH c chc nng chuyn mch bo v t ng (APS). APS cho php thit lp v chuyn mch sang cc ng bo v vt l d phng trong trng hp li xy ra trn ng hot ng. Dch v c khi phc nhanh chng (trong khong thi gian xp x 50 ms), nhng khi ta phi c bng thng rng hn v phi c chi ph thm cho cc thit b c lp t trn ng truyn d phng. Tng ATM Tng ATM (nu c) nm ngay trn tng SDH, h tr mt vi chc nng mnh cho mng. y l k thut kt ni c nh hng yu cu thit lp mt knh o VC gia ngun v ch trc khi thng tin c trao i. VC c th c thit lp thng qua tin trnh x l ng mt cch t ng hoc bng lnh. Tin trnh ny c s dng bo hiu ca ATM v cc giao thc nh tuyn. ATM c lp a dch v cho php nh cung cp thc hin ghp knh v truyn ti lu lng d liu, thoi v video vi tnh nng c th d on trc lu lng thc hin ghp knh thng k ATDM. Ngoi vic nh ngha knh o VC trn mt ng truyn xc nh gia hai im trn mng, nh cung cp cn c th s dng ATM thc hin k thut lu lng TE. Ti tng ATM c th thc hin chc nng chuyn mch gi theo tng t bo ATM. Vic ny c thc hin ti cc tng i ATM. Ti y, ch th knh o VCI

v ch th ng o VPI c bin dch cc t bo ATM n c u ra tng ng. y l x l chuyn mch gi ti min in. Tuy nhin, ging nh bt k mt cng ngh no khc ATM cng c nhng hn ch ca n. Hiu qu bng thng b gim v ATM ct cc gi thnh cc t bo 53 byte truyn ti, trong c 5 byte tiu mang thng tin iu khin cho mi t bo ATM. Mt hn ch khc l kh nng m rng scalability: giao thc nh tuyn IP khng th thc hin c khi lng lin kt ln, do khng th m rng phm vi mng. Mt VC c coi l mt lin kt, v kt ni N router IP trong kin trc mng mesh vi y cc kt ni th cn (N2 - N) VC c thit lp v qun l. Cui cng l ATM yu cu phi c s a ch, giao thc nh tuyn v h thng qun l mng ca n, v th lm tng phc tp ca mng v tng chi ph vn hnh. Tng IP Tng IP c chc nng cung cp dch v cho cc tng di. Tng ny s dng giao thc chnh l giao thc IP. Ti y thc hin vic ng gi d liu, thoi v video thnh cc IP datagram, sau nh hng n truyn qua mng theo tng bc mt. Tng IP cung cp cc lin kt any-to-any, chc nng lin kt mng phi kt ni. N cng c kh nng t sa li, ngha l cc gi IP c th c nh tuyn ng khi mng, node hay lin kt xy ra li.

1.3. Cc yu cu i vi truyn dn IP trn quang

Giao thc IP thc hin truyn dn da trn c s n v truyn dn l cc IP datagram. V cc datagram ny nh tuyn hon ton c lp vi nhau cho d c xut pht t cng mt ngun v n cng mt ch. m bo s dng cc ti nguyn ca mng vi hiu sut cao th cc gi tin c th i theo bt k hng no m ti nguyn ri. V th i hi nng lc nh tuyn ca cc node mng phi cao.

Mt khc, nhc im ln nht ca IP chnh l tr ln do phi chia s ti nguyn v cc gi tin phi x l tiu v c th phi phn tch datagram (nu cn) ti mi node trung gian trn ng truyn dn. khc phc c th ng dng rng ri phin bn mi ca IP l IPv6 c th nh tuyn v phn on datagram ngay ti ngun. Ngoi ra, c th s dng cc giao thc gip nh tuyn nhanh hn nh s dng giao thc MPS. c th a k thut ny vo thc t, mt yu cu kh quan trng khc l tnh hin hu ca cng ngh cng nh gi thnh thit b ca nh cung cp hay cc thit b ca khch hng. Nh vy, trong chng ny em trnh by xu hng tt yu l tch hp IP trn quang. Trong , vi s pht trin mnh m ca Internet th giao thc IP v cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM v DWDM l nhng cng ngh li v ng mt vai tr quyt nh trong qu trnh tch hp IP trn quang. Trong phn tip theo, em s nghin cu v giao thc v cng ngh ny. Tuy nhin, cc cng ngh khc nh: MPLS, GMPLS, DTM, GbE lm tng tnh a dng cho qu trnh ny v to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh tch hp IP trn quang s c gii thiu trong cc kin trc c th tng ng.