Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

MC LC
MC LC ............................................................................................................................ 1 A. Tng quan v My gia cng CNC.....................................................................................3 I. NHNG NT C BN V MY CNG C V MY CNC .....................................3 II. KT CU C BN CA MY CNC .........................................................................4 B. Kt cu phn C kh .........................................................................................................5 I. THN MY V MY ........................................................................................... 5 II. BN MY_BN XOAY............................................................................................. 5 III. CM TRC CHNH................................................................................................. 10 3.1. Ngun ng lc iu khin trc chnh................................................................... 10 3.2. Cc dng iu khin trc chnh ............................................................................. 10 IV. BNG DN HNG .............................................................................................. 11 V. TRC VT ME AI C BI........................................................................................ 11 5.1. Gii thiu chung ................................................................................................... 11 5.2. Kt cu b truyn vt me ai c bi......................................................................... 12 VI. TCH DNG C................................................................................................... 15 VII. CC XCH NG CA MY CNC ...................................................................... 16 C. Kt cu phn iu khin.................................................................................................. 18 I. CC CM IU KHIN CHNH TRN MY CNC................................................. 18 1.1. Cm iu khin my MCU (Machine Control Unit).............................................. 18 1.2. Cm dn ng (Driving Unit) ............................................................................... 18 II. CC LOI NG C TRN MY CNC................................................................. 19 2.1. ng c 1 chiu.................................................................................................... 19 2.2. ng c xoay chiu .............................................................................................. 19 2.3. ng c bc ....................................................................................................... 19 2.4. ng c servo....................................................................................................... 20 2.5. ng c servo thy lc ......................................................................................... 24 III. ENCODER................................................................................................................ 25

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -1-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

3.1. Khi nim chung................................................................................................... 25 3.2. Phn loi............................................................................................................... 25

IV. TNG QUAN V H THNG IU KHIN CNC ................................................ 28 4.1. Khi nim h iu khin s................................................................................... 28 4.2. Cc dng iu khin s ......................................................................................... 28 4.3. H iu khin CNC( Computer Numerical Control).............................................. 30 V. MN HNH V BNG IU KHIN ...................................................................... 34 VI. MT S H IU HNH....................................................................................... 34 D. Gii thiu v mt s my CNC....................................................................................... 35 I. MY PHAY CNC: SERIAL KDVM - L ..................................................................... 35 1.1. c tnh k thut .................................................................................................. 35 1.2. Thng s k thut ................................................................................................ 36 II. MY TIN CNC SERIAL:PDL-T6/8 ...................................................................... 37 2.1. c tnh k thut .................................................................................................. 37 2.2. Thng s k thut ................................................................................................. 37 III. GIA CNG BNG TIA LA IN......................................................................... 38 3.1. Tng quan v Gia cng bng tia la in .............................................................. 38 3.2. Khi Nim ............................................................................................................ 38 3.3. Cc Phng php gia cng bng tia la in ......................................................... 39 3.4. C s cng ngh ca qu trnh gia cng bng tia la in ..................................... 40 3.5. Cc thng s ca qu trnh gia cng...................................................................... 42 3.6. Phng php gia cng xung nh hnh .................................................................. 44 3.7. My gia cng bng tia la in CNC-EB600L(S.F) .............................................. 44

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -2-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

A. Tng quan v My gia cng CNC

I. NHNG NT C BN V MY CNG C V MY CNC
- V c bn my cng c vn nng v my cng c iu khin s u c kt cu khung ging nhau, l: + Thn my + Bn trt + my + u trc chnh

Ngoi ra chng cn c mt s im khc nhau, c th: ST T Ni dung My cng c vn nng

- ng c 3 pha thng

My CNC
- ng c DC iu khin v cp hoc AC bin tn iu khin v cp - ng c bc v ng c thy lc - ng c Servo

Ngun ng lc

2 3

Tc truyn dn Truyn ng

- Phn cp

- V cp

- Kiu ni tip (thng qua - c lp hp s) - Thanh rng/ bnh rng - Thanh rng/ bnh rng yu cu thng c c cu kp kh khe h - Vt me/ ai c thng - Vt me/ ai c bi - Bng tay (cng tc, tay gt - Bng my tnh vi h iu khin c kh) s (bng iu khin v mn hnh iu khin) - Ngn hn rt nhiu do khng phi thng qua nhiu c cu - Mm do, linh hot cao

B truyn dn

iu khin

- Di, thng qua nhiu c cu Tnh in hnh ca - Cng, kh thay i xch ng

- Nhng u im ni bt ca my CNC so vi my thng thng khi sn xut lot va v nh: + Gia cng c nhng chi tit phc tp, chnh xc gia cng n nh. + Thi gian lu thng ngn hn do tp trung nguyn cng cao, gim thi gian ph v tng c thi gian sn xut. + Tnh linh hot v quy hoch thi gian sn xut cao. + Chi ph kim tra v chi ph cho ph phm gim + Hiu sut cao v tng nng lc sn xut + Do c kh nng t ng ha cao nn rt thch hp trn cc dy chuyn sn xut linh hot.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -3-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

II. KT CU C BN CA MY CNC
Gm 2 phn chnh l: + Phn c kh: my, thn my, bn my, bn xoay, trc mt me bi, tch dng c, cm trc chnh v bng dn hng. Vit Nam hin nay cha th ch to ra 2 b phn quan trng ca my l: cm trc chnh v bng dn hng m mi ch ch to c nhng c cu n gin l: thn my, bn my, bn xoay. + Phn iu khin: cc loi ng c, cc h thng iu khin v my tnh trung tm.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -4-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

B. Kt cu phn C kh
I. THN MY V MY
Thng c ch to bng cc chi tit gang v gang c bn nn cao gp 10 ln so vi thp v u c kim tra sau khi c m bo khng c khuyt tt c Bn trong thn my cha h thng iu khin, ng c ca trc chnh v rt nhiu h thng khc Yu cu: - Phi c cng vng cao. - Phi c cc thit b chng rung ng - Phi c n nh v nhit Mc ch: - m bo chnh xc cao khi gia cng - my ton b my to s n nh v cn bng cho my

II. BN MY_BN XOAY

Bn my l ni g t chi tit gia cng hay g. Nh c s chuyn ng linh hot v chnh xc ca bn my m kh nng gia cng ca my CNC c tng ln rt cao, c kh nng gia cng c nhng chi tit c bin dng phc tp. a s trn cc my CNC hay trung tm gia cng hin i th bn my u l dng bn my xoay c, n c ngha nh trc th 4, th 5 ca my. N lm tng tnh vn nng cho my CNC. Yu cu ca bn my: Phi c n nh, cng vng , c iu khin chuyn ng mt cch chnh xc. Mt s hnh nh v bn xoay:

1. M u: Nhm m rng kh nng cng ngh ca my cng c, nht l cho cc my CNC 2 hoc 3 trc, ngi ta ch to mt thit b c kh nng tng s trc ca my t 2 hoc 3 trc thnh cc my 4 hoc 5 trc. Thit b chnh l bn xoay (Rotory Table). Thc ra bn xoay chng qua l mt loi g c bit v chng ch yu c s dng trn cc my phay CNC, trung tm gia cng ng, trung tm gia cng ngang v my doa ngang. 2 Phn loi:

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -5-

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Bn xoay trn my phay CNC v cc trung tm gia cng c th c phn ra lm cc loi nh sau: a. Loi tiu chun: L loi bn xoay ny dng g t chi tit sao cho tm ca chi tit trng vi tm trc chnh. C th gia cng c nhiu dng b mt khc nhau nh gia cng mt phng, gia cng rnh thng hoc rnh xon v gia cng cc mt nh hnh vi dao nh hnh, i khi dng ct bnh rng vi dao phay mun. Loi bn xoay tiu chun c th phn ra lm hai loi : + Loi c trc chnh nm ngang. + Loi c trc chnh thng ng.

Hnh 1 Bn xoay tiu chun trc nm ngang. b. Loi bn xoay c ng c lp pha sau:

Hnh 2 Bn xoay ng c lp pha sau.

- Loi bn xoay ny c kh nng hn ch s rung ng khi my ang lm vic. - Loi ng c ny c th che chn nc v phoi vn, khng cho chng ri vo ng c. c. Loi bn xoay c l trc chnh ln: Loi bn xoay ny c trc chnh c l ln, dng gia cng cc phi di hoc cc ng. Kch thc l trc chnh ca chng c kh nng c m rng m rng phm vi lm vic cho my. Loi ny thch hp cho vic sn xut hng khi. Tng t nh loi bn xoay tiu chun, loi bn xoay ny cng loi trc chnh nm ngang v loi trc chnh thng ng.

Hnh 3. Bn xoay c l trc chnh ln.

Hnh 4. Bn xoay 4 trc chnh.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -6-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC d. Loi bn xoay c nhiu trc chnh:

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Loi bn xoay nhiu trc chnh cho php g t cng lc nhiu chi tit. Loi bn xoay nhiu trc chnh c nng sut gp nhiu ln so vi loi bn xoay tiu chun, thch hp cho sn xut hng lot v hng khi. e. Loi bn xoay nghing :

Hnh 6. Bn xoay CNC iu khin nghing t ng Hnh 5. Bn xoay CNC iu khin nghing bng tay. Loi bn xoay ny c hai trc. Bn xoay c th nghing i nh xoay quanh c mt trc no . Do loi ny c kh nng cng ngh cao, c th s dng lm g gia cng cc mt phng, cc rnh cc g li v t bit l gia cng cc b mt nghing nhiu gc khc nhau. Loi bn xoay ny c phn ra hai loi nh sau: + Loi iu khin nghing t ng: c hai trc ca bn xoay c iu khin hon ton t ng t h thng CNC. + Loi iu khin nghing bng tay: chuyn ng lm nghing trc c thc hin bng tay. f. Loi c ln: Ngoi cc loi nu trn, cc nh sn xut bn xoay cn ch to loi bn xoay c kch thc bn t 1m n 3m hoc ln hn. Loi bn xoay ny c trc chnh thng ng hoc nm ngang vi chnh xc cao. Chng c dng gia cng cc chi tit ln, nng (c th ln n 10.000kg) v cho cc ng dng v o lng. 3. Lp trnh gia cng vi bn xoay CNC Bn xoay thng c lp trn cc my phay CNC hoc trung tm gia cng. i vi loi bn xoay khng nghing th n c vai tr nh trc th 4 ca my. i vi loi bn xoay nghing th n ng vai tr nh trc th 4 v th 5 ca my CNC. Ty theo nh ngha ca nh sn xut m cc trc ny c th c tn l A v B nh hnh 7.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -7-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Hnh 7. Cc trc ca bn xoay v my phay CNC. Khi lp trnh gia cng cho my CNC c s dng bn xoay ta s dng cu lnh c c php nh sau: A_._ hoc B_._ Cu lnh ny s hng dn trc A hoc B ca bn xoay quay quay i mt gc no . V d: G90 G00 A90.0: trc A ca bn xoay quay nhanh n v tr gc 90 theo chiu kim ng h trong h ta tuyt i. G91 G00 B-180.0: trc B ca bn xoay quay 180 theo ngc chiu kim ng h t v tr hin ti (h ta tng i). 4. ng dng ca bn xoay Bn xoay CNC c tc dng lm tng thm tnh vn nng cho my CNC. i vi cc bn xoay 2 trc, nh kh nng nghing bn xoay i mt gc no , nn cho php my CNC 3 trc gia cng c cc b mt phc tp nh cnh tua bin, cnh chn vt tu thy. Ni chung chng c phm vi s dng rt rng, nhng ch yu l dng gia cng cc chi tit c cc dng b mt sau: + Mt phng. + Cc b mt nh hnh (nh b mt cam, ci dp, khun p ). + Ct ren vt trong v ngoi. + Gia cng bnh rng v dao ct nhiu li c rng thng hoc xon. + Ct rnh thng v xon + Cc b mt nghing. i vi bn xoay nhiu trc, c th tin hnh gia cng cng mt lc nhiu chi tit. iu ny lm: + Tng kh nng cng ngh ca my,. + Tng nng sut gia cng. + Gim thi tho lp v iu khin dng c. + Gim thi gian gia cng c bn.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -8-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Hnh 8. Mt s dng chi tit c gia cng trn bn xoay khng nghing.

Hnh 9. Mt s dng chi tit c gia cng trn bn xoay nghing t ng.

Hnh 10. Mt s dng chi tit c gia cng trn bn xoay nghing bn tay.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 -9-

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

III. CM TRC CHNH

L ni lp dng c, chuyn ng quay ca trc chnh s sinh ra lc ct ct gt phi trong qu trnh gia cng.

3.1. Ngun ng lc iu khin trc chnh

Trc chnh c iu khin bi cc ng c. Thng s dng ng c Servo theo ch vng lp kn, bng cng ngh s to ra tc iu khin chnh xc v hiu qu cao di ch ti nng. H thng iu khin chnh xc gc gia phn quay v phn tnh ca ng c trc chnh tng momen xon v gia tc nhanh. H thng iu khin ny cho php ngi s dng c th tng tc ca trc chnh ln rt nhanh.

3.2. Cc dng iu khin trc chnh

iu khin ai - Truyn ng t ng c ti trc chnh thng qua dy ai. - S kt hp tt gia momen v tc to ra nhiu s la chn cho ch lm vic ca my.

iu khin trc tip - u im chnh l n c th ci thin c tc trc chnh ln n 12000v/p - To ra qu trnh lm vic m

iu khin Bnh rng - N c kh nng duy tr tc 10000v/p ch ti nng

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 10 -

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IV. BNG DN HNG

H thng thanh trt dn hng c nhim v dn hng cho cc chuyn ng ca bn theo X,Y v chuyn ng ln xung theo trc Z ca trc chnh. Yu cu ca h thng thanh trt trt phi thng, c kh nng ti cao cng vng tt, khng c hin tng dnh, trn khi trt

V. TRC VT ME AI C BI
5.1. Gii thiu chung
Trong my cng c iu khin s ngi ta s dng hai dng vit me c bn l: vt me ai c thng v vt me ai c bi. Vt me ai c thng: l loi m vt me v ai c c dng tip xc mt Vt me ai c bi: l loi m vt me v ai c c dng tip xc ln. Ta xt mi quan h gia lc ma st v tc ca vt me ai c thng v vt me ai c bi: ng cong trn l ng cong biu th mi quan h gia lc ma st v tc ca vt me ai c thng. ng cong ny chia lm hai phn: + Phn t a n b l vng ma st na t. Vng ny c s tip xc trc tip gia vt me v ai c. Khi vn tc bng khng, lc ma st t ln nht, khi vn tc tng nm du dn dn hnh thnh lm lc ma st gim dn ti b. H1: quan h gia lc ma st v tc ca vt me ai c thng v vt me ai c bi

+ Giai on tip theo l qu trnh bi trn gia hai b mt thy ng v h th th lc ma st tng theo tc . Khi iu khin my CNC hai hoc nhiu trc i hi thi gian khi ng bn my nhanh v momen nh. Nhn vo ng cong trn ta thy vt me ai c thng khng m bo c yu cu trn ca my CNC. Thay v trng thi tip xc mt nh vt me ai c thng th vt me ai c bi c dng tip xc ln bng cch a vo cc rnh ren s lng ln bi hoc bi tr. Do tip xc gia vt me v ai c l ma st ln nn ma st c th l coi l khng ng k. T th trn ta thy vt me ai c bi xa b c vng ma st kh v ma st na kh ca ma st thng.

u im ca Vt me ai c bi:
Mt mt do ma st nh, hiu sut ca b truyn ln gn bng 0.9 m bo chuyn ng n nh v lc ma st hu nh khng ph thuc vo tc . C th loi tr khe h v to sc cng ban u m bo cng vng dc trc cao.

m bo chnh xc lm vic lu di.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 11 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

5.2. Kt cu b truyn vt me ai c bi
Vt me bi c kt cu a dng nhng chng u c cu to chung nh sau:

1: Vt me 2: ai c 3: Vng bi 4: ng hi tip

5.2.1. Dng profil rng vt v rng ai c

Vn quan trng nht trong kt cu ca b truyn vt me ai c l dng profil rng vt me v rng ai c. Profil rng vt me dng ch nht v dng hnh thang l d ch to nht. Tuy nhin do cong ca hai b mt khc nhau qu ln nn dn n ng sut tip xc tng v kh nng ti ca b truyn thp. V vy hai dng profil ny t c s dng. Do gim c ng sut tip xc, tng kh nng ti, tng cng vng ca b truyn v gim momen ma st th ta phi tng b mt lm vic. m bo c iu ny th ta phi thit k profil dng trn. Nu bn knh ca bi l r1, bn knh ca profil ren l r2 nn chn r1/r2 = 0.95 0.97. Vi profil l na cung trn th gc tip xc ca b truyn c th l = 600 . Tuy nhin b truyn vi gc tip xc = 450 s c khe h nh nht v cho kh nng ch to vi chnh xc cao nht.

Hnh 2. Profin ren na trn

5.2.2. Kt cu hi bi
C nhiu dng kt cu hi bi nhng chng ta c th chia thnh cc dng c bn sau: Rnh hi bi kiu ng cong: c dng kh ph bin trong cc b truyn Trn ai c ngi ta khoan l tip tuyn vi ng ren. Vic dn hng cho bi vo ng hi bi c th dng hai cch: (a): ming ng hi bi t ln mt ren ca vt me (b): dng tm dn hng a bi vo ng hi bi.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 12 -

Lp: C in t K45

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H3: Rnh hi bi kiu ng

Trn ai c ngi ta c th b tr hai hoc ba ng dn phn b thnh hai hoc ba vng tun hon kn. Kt cu hi bi dng ny c nhc im l tng kch thc b truyn, bn mn ca u ng thp, s kp cht ng c tin cy khng cao. Rnh hi bi l l khoan trn thn ai c v song song vi ng tm ai c. ng dn bi n ng hi bi c b tr trn np ca ai c c th hin trn hnh 4. Kt cu hi bi dng ny c u im: gn nh v tnh cng ngh tt. Nhc im l kh nng tch thnh nhiu nhm hi bi kh khn.

Rnh hi bi ni gia hai vng ren k tip nhau c b tr trn mng lt c bit.

H4: Rnh hi bi theo l khoan trong ai c

t mng lt rnh hi bi ngi ta phay trn ai c cc hc nh trn hnh 5. Kt cu ny khc hn vi cc kt cu khc l khng s dng cc ng dn tip xc vi b mt vt me m ng dn ni gia hai rnh k tip nhau. Phn ln cc b truyn ngi ta dng ba hc, cc hc cch nhau 120 0. Kt cu ny c u im: kch thc ng knh b truyn nh bng vi kch thc ca b truyn vt me thng c cng ng knh, khng b mn nhanh, c tin cy cao v chiu di rnh hi bi nh.

H5: Rnh hi bi theo l khoan trong ai c

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 13 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

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5.2.3. Kh khe h v to sc cng

Kt cu ca b truyn vt me bi phi c kh nng kh khe h dc trc v iu chnh sc cng ban u. Kh khe h v to sc cng nh vic iu chnh v tr tng quan gia hai phn ca ai c. Kh khe h v to sc cng c th thc hin bng cc phng php sau: + Trn mi phn ai c thit k dng mt bch lin kt hai phn ai vi nhau thng qua mi ghp ren. kh khe h v to sc cng ban u cho b truyn bng cch gia hai mt bch ngi ta t cc tm m Vi chiu dy cc tm m khc nhau cho php thay i sc cng v v tr vng tip xc gia bi vi ai c v vt me. Thc hin iu chnh theo phng php ny c kt cu n gin nhng vic iu chnh kh khn.

H6: Kt cu kh khe h v to sc cng ban u bng tm m

+ Mt dng khc ca kt cu kh khe h v to sc cng l gi c nh mt phn ca ai c, kh khe h v to sc cng bn u bng lc ca l xo. + Trn mi phn ca ai c, vnh ngoi ca n c vnh rng bc nh v trong cng c b tr vnh rng trong. H7: Kt cu kh khe h v to sc cng bng lo xo

Ch rng s rng trn vnh rng ca hai ai c khc nhau mt rng. Nh c s khc nhau nh th m khi quay ai c i mt gc, phn ai c kia quay mt gc nh hn. Nh vy kt cu c kh nng kh khe h v iu chnh sc cng ban u. Kt cu dng ny c th hin trn hnh 8. H8: Kt cu kh khe h v to sc cng vi ai c c vnh rng.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 14 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

VI. TCH DNG C

Dng tch cha nhiu dao phc v cho qu trnh gia cng. Nh c tch dao m my CNC c th thc hin c nhiu nguyn cng ct gt khc nhau lin tip vi nhiu loi dao ct khc nhau. Do qu trnh gia cng nhanh hn v mang tnh t ng ha cao. C 3 dng chnh l:

u im so vi thao tc bng tay Rt ngn c thi gian i dng c Trnh c li Trnh c ri ro tai nn C kh nng t ng ha cp cao Nhc im Nhu cu u t b sung Tng chi ph cho lp t C cu thay dao t ng Cng vi tch dao c cu thay dao t ng gip cho vic thay dao c chnh xc v nhanh gn, nng cao tnh t ng ha .Trong qu trnh gia cng khi cn chuyn sang nguyn cng ct gt khc cn phi thay dao th ta khng phi dng my thay dao bng tay m h thng s t ng thay dao theo chng trnh ta lp trnh sn. Cc thao tc thay i dng c:

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 15 -

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Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

VII. CC XCH NG CA MY CNC

Cc c im ca h thng my cng c iu khin s: Tt c cc ng chuyn ng n tng c cu chp hnh ca my cng c iu khin s u dng nhng ngun ng lc ring bit, bi vy cc xch ng hc ch cn 2 loi c bn sau: - Xch ng hc tc ct gt ( hnh b ) - Xch ng hc ca chuyn ng chy dao ( hnh a ) Vic tnh ton thit k, ch to c thc hin theo mun ha. Thng thng cc xch ct gt bt u t mt ng c c tc thay i v cp, dn ng trc chnh thng qua mt hp tc c t 2 n 3 cp , nhm khuych i cc mmen ct t tr s cn thit trn c s tc ban u ca ng c. Xch ng hc chy dao bao gm cc phn t, cc cm kt cu m bo cc chuyn ng ca bn xe dao trn my cng c iu khin s. Xch chy dao phi tha mn mt s chc nng sau: - Truyn ng cho cc b phn dch chuyn vi tc u, chy m v n nh. - Thc hin c cc thay i vn tc theo chng trnh, xc nh c c v tr s v chiu, khng c s tho lng chi tit hoc thay i v tr tng i gia dao v chi tit gia cng. - Cung cp cc lc cn thit thng cc thnh phn lc ct theo chiu chuyn ng. - Trong trng hp cn thit, cc b phn no cn phi m bo nhiu chc nng o lng cc dch chuyn ca bn xe dao.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 16 -

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tha mn 2 yu cu u tin, xch chy dao cn c tn s dao ng ring ln nht theo iu kin c th tnh ngay t u ngun ng lc ca xch. Gi nh rng khi lng ca bn my v chi tit gia cng l mt d kin, ta c gng dng nhng c cu c qun tnh nh nht c th, ng thi c cng vng cao nht. Nh vy, ta nhn thy l thuyt tnh ton thit k ng hc cc xch truyn ng trong my cng c vn nng thng thng khng cn ngha nhiu i vi my cng c iu khin s. Nhng nguyn tc nh truyn dn v cp, truyn dn c lp v nguyn tc mun ha cc kt cu l nhng nguyn tc c bn cho tnh ton thit k my cng c iu khin s.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 17 -

Lp: C in t K45

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C. Kt cu phn iu khin
I. CC CM IU KHIN CHNH TRN MY CNC
1.1. Cm iu khin my MCU (Machine Control Unit)
Cm iu khin c hnh thnh trn c s thit b iu khin in t, thit b vo ra v cc thit b s. N c coi l tri tim ca my cng c iu khin s CNC. Lnh CNC thc hin bn trong b iu khin s thng bo cho m t chuyn ng quay ng s vng cn thit trc vitme bi quay ng s vng quay tng ng ko theo chuyn ng thng ca bn my v dao. Thit b phn hi u kia ca Vitme bi cho php kim sot kt thc lnh ng khi s vng quay cn thit c thc hin. C 2 cch iu khin my CNC: + Truyn c file m Gcode vo my CNC <c b nh> + Phng php DNC <Direct Numerical Control>

1.2. Cm dn ng (Driving Unit)

Cm dn ng l tp hp nhng ng c, sensor phn hi, phn t iu khin, khuch i v cc h dn ng. Trong , ng c v cc sensor phn hi l thnh phn c trng cho my cng c iu khin s CNC: Cm iu khin c nhim v lin kt cc chc nng thc hin iu khin my, cc chc nng y bao gm: 1. S liu vo ( Data input ) Chc nng ny m nhn vic vo v lu tr d liu u vo. l s liu m t ng chy dao v iu kin gia cng sn phm. 2. X l s liu ( Data procesing ) Sau khi nhn c cu trc chng trnh iu khin, MUC s tin hnh m ha n thnh s nh phn ( 0/1) v lu d trong b nh m. Cc s liu ny c b x l trung tm tnh ton, xc nh v tr, kch thc, lng chy dao v hiu chnh dng c cng nh cc s liu ri rc nh yu cu iu khin qu trnh ng ngt cht bi trn lm mt v m bo trnh t truyn tn hiu gia my cng c, PMC( iu khin trnh t ) v cc h iu khin CNC. 3. S liu ra ( Data output ) S liu a ra ca MUC l tn hiu v tr v lng chy dao. Cc tn hiu ny c gi ti mch iu khin secvo sinh ra tn hiu iu khin ng c. 4. Ghp ni vo ra ( Machine I/O interface )

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 18 -

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Cc tn hiu ri rc yu cu t s liu vo nh chiu quay trc chnh, ng m ng c lm mt, bi trn, dng khn cp, dng chu trnh v cc tn hiu khc t my cng c gi ti h iu khin CNC. 5. Phn cng iu khin. Phn cng iu khin gm 6 thnh phn c bn: - My tnh CPU - B nh RAM, ROM - H thng BUS - iu khin trnh t PMC - iu khin SERVO - B phn ghp ni Kt lun: Trong nc, hin nay ch lm phn iu khin ca my m ng c truyn ng cho cc trc l ng c bc v n c cng sut nh, mmen quay yu. Ring ng c xoay chiu v ng c xoay chiu Servo cha c s dng nhiu v vic iu khin ng c ny t c chnh xc cao l rt kh

II. CC LOI NG C TRN MY CNC

2.1. ng c 1 chiu
u im: - Momen khi ng ln,d iu khin tc v chiu, gi thnh r Nhc im: - Di tc iu khin hp. - Phi c mch ngun ring.

2.2. ng c xoay chiu

u im: - Cp ngun trc tip t in li xoay chiu. - a dng v rt phong ph v chng loi, gi thnh r Nhc im: - Phi c mch cch ly gia phn iu khin v phn chp hnh m bo an ton, momen khi ng nh. - Mch iu khin tc phc tp,(bin tn).

2.3. ng c bc
u im: - iu khin v tr, tc chnh xc, khnng cn mch phn hi - Thng c s dng trong cc h thng my CNC. Nhc im: - Gi thnh cao, momen xon nh, momen my nh

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 19 -

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Trong : S1, S2 l cc kha ng m cp t trng vo cc cc ca nam chm SM l c cu chp hnh bin nng lng in thnh nng lng c hc c tnh chuyn ng ri rc (chuyn ng theo bc). SM c th iu khin c v tr v tc (0 300 v/ph). Tn s cp cho ng c l vng tn s thp, chnh xc v tr gc thng dng l: 1.80, 7.50, 150, 30 0, 900 C 3 kiu ng c bc thng gp: SM N0 1: SM nam chm vnh cu < PM_ Permanent Metric> SM N0 2: SM c t v tr bin thin <VR_ Viriable Reluetance> SM N0 3: ng c sai, kt hp c 2 loi trn < PM+ VR Hybride>

2.4. ng c servo
ng c servo c thit k cho nhng h thng hi tip vng kn. Tn hiu ra ca ng c c ni vi mt mch iu khin. Khi ng c quay vn tc v v tr s c hi tip v mch iu khin ny. Nu c bt k l do no ngn cn chuyn ng quay ca ng c, c cu hi tip s nhn thy tn hiu ra cha t c v tr mong mun. Mch iu khin tip tc chnh sai lch cho ng c t c im chnh xc. ng c servo c nhiu kiu dng v kch thc, c s dng trong nhiu my khc nhau t my tin iu khin bng my tnh n cc m hnh my bay, xe hi. ng dng mi nht l s dng trong robot. Nhng ng dng ny l tin cho vic a vo qu trnh sn xut nhng thnh tu nh iu khin my CNC, trung tm gia cng.. i vi chuyn ng cht lng cao ta buc phi s dng ng c servo xoay chiu ba pha, loi l ng c khng ng b Roto lng sc hay ng b kch thch vnh cu ( Hnh 1). Loi ng c ny c mt s c im chung nh sau: C momen qun tnh nh c im ng hc tt Thng c tch hp sn cm bin o tc hay gc quay C di tn s cng tc rng 0 400 Hz

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 20 -

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Hnh 1: ng c ng b Roto vi 3 cp cc nam chm vnh cu Hin ti trong my CNC ang c xu hng chuyn sang s dng ng c tuyn tnh (Hnh 2 ) to chuyn ng tuyn tnh vi cc u im sau y: n gin hn v kt cu c kh v gim bt c cc phn t truyn trung gian nh hp s v trc vt Do gim bt c cc phn t trung gian,tn tht tng th gim ng k ,mc khc m bo chnh xc cao hn c bit l cc sai s do hao mn cng vi thi gian s gim i ng k

Hnh 2: H truyn ng s dng ng c tuyn tnh

t c ng hc h thng vi mc cao nht, ng thi loi c cc chuyn ng xon tim n trong chuyn ng ca trc vt

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 21 -

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Hnh 3: So snh truyn ng thng to gin tip vn trc tip Trong mt s my phay, trc chnh (trc quay dao) i hi tc quay rt cao. Khi y thm ch ta c th s dng mt loi ng c chuyn vit, c tch hp sn trong trc chnh v s dng bi t ( Hnh 3)

Hnh 4: Trc chnh c tch hp sn ng c v bi t Loi ng c chuyn vit trn c c im sau: Tc ti a t c l 40.000 vng/pht vi cng sut ct 40 Kw bi quay v bi dc trc c t 24 cp nam chm Bn vic s dng ng c tuyn tnh, c th ni vic s dng bi t l mt trong nhng bc tin quan trng ca ngnh c kh, cho php gim tn hao v tng chnh xc (nh c loi tr mn do ma st ) gia cng vi cc trc chnh cao tc.Tuy nhin li th ny buc chng ta phi c kh nng p dng, ci t cc phng php s dng bi thch hp Gii hn quay: Cc servo chun c thit k quay ti v lui t 90-1800 khi c cung cp ton b chiu di xung. Hu ht cc servo c th quay c 1800 hay gn 180 0. Nu ta c iu khin servo vt qu cc gii hn c hc ca n, trc ra ca ng c s ng vt cn bn trong, dn n cc bnh rng b mi mn hay d. Hin tng ny ko di trong vi giy s lm cho ng c b ph hu.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 22 -

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H thng truyn ng bnh rng v truyn cng sut: ng c bn trong servo quay khong vi ngn vng/pht, tc ny qu nhanh c th s dng trc tip ln m hnh my bay, robot.. V vy tt c cc servo u c mt h thng bnh rng gim vn tc ca ng c khong 50-100 vng/pht. Cc bnh rng ca servo c th lm platic, nylon hay kim loi ( thng ng thau hay nhm). Bnh rng kim loi tui th cao nhng t. Mch iu khin servo: Khng ging ng c DC ta ch cn lp pin vo l chy, ng c servo i hi mt mch in t chnh xc quay trc ra ca n. C th mt mch in t s lm vic s dng servo phc tp hn mt mc no nhng thc ra mch in t ny rt n gin. Nu ta mun iu khin servo bng my tnh hay bng b vi x l th ch cn mt vi dng lnh l . Mt ng c DC in hnh cn cc transistor cng sut, MOSFET hay relay nu mun kt ni vi my tnh. Cn servo c th gn trc tip vi my tnh hay b vi x l m khng cn mt linh kin in t no c. Tt c yu t cn thit iu khin cng sut u c qun l bi mch iu khin trnh rc ri. y l li ch ch yu khi s dng servo cho cc robot iu khin bng my tnh. iu khin servo bng IC nh th 555: Ta c th khng cn n c my tnh iu khin servo. Mt IC 555 c th cung cp cc xung cn thit cho servo.

Hnh5: Mt ph bin dng IC 555 iu khin servo

phng php

Khi hot ng, IC 555 sinh ra mt tn hiu xung c chu k nhim v khc nhau iu khin hot ng ca servo. Chnh Vn k nh v servo. V IC 555 c th d dng to xung rt di v rt ngn nn servo c th hot ng ngoi v tr bin thng thng. Khi servo gp vt cn v ku lch cch ta phi ngt ngun lp tc, nu khng cc bnh rng bn trong s b trn.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 23 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Dn ng servo: Dng my pht chc nng Mt ng c DC 3 dy c 3 dy vo: dy ni ngun, dy en ni t, dy trng/vng ni vi tn hiu iu khin. Mt trong nhng cch n gin nht kim tra hay dn ng servo l s dng my pht chc nng to xung, c th dng hm xung vung ca my pht chc nng. Ta nn iu chnh bin ca xung vung tng thch vi ngun cung cp cho servo. Khi iu chnh bin ca xung vung, ta cng c th iu chnh rng ca di xung bng cch iu chnh tn s ca tn hiu. i vi ng c servo, im trung ha ( rng xung m ti ng c c gi gc 180o) vo khong 1,52ms. Bt k xung no c rng nh hn 1,52 ms s lm cho ng c quay mt gc nh hn 900 v ngc li. Ch rng ng c servo ch quay trong khong (0 o,180o) nu cha c hiu chnh. Gc quay ny tng ng vi rng xung t 0,8 2,5ms. Vy ta phi m bo rng xung to ra nm trong khong ny. i vi servo c hiu chnh quay lin tc, n s khng quay ti rng xung trung ha, quay theo chiu kim ng h nu rng xung nh hn rng xung trung ha, ngc chiu kim ng h nu rng xung ln hn (nhng vn phi nm trong vng gii hn trn).

2.5. ng c servo thy lc

u im: c dng ph bin vi cc my c cng sut ln. Gi thnh thp C c tnh h s khuch i cao D lm trn qu trnh chuyn ng C kh nng chng qu ti Nhc im: Cn phi gi mi trng du lun sch, khng c tp cht Lc v qu trnh chuyn ng ph thuc nhiu vo nht ca du nht ph thuc nhiu vo nhit . Do cn c h thng lc du v lm mt du S khi:

Hnh 1. H thng iu khin ng c thy lc

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 24 -

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Van Servo: iu khin lu lng v p sut: nhn tn hiu ngoi v lu lng p sut t bm Thy lc. Cung cp 1 p sut v lu lng hp l t ng c Thy lc ti bn my v cui cng ti v tr cn n. Kt cu van Servo: mc ch iu khin lu lng v p sut

Hnh 2. Kt cu van Servo ng m cc van iu chnh, iu tit lu lng ng c nhn tn hiu ngoi 1 s vng no thng qua ai c Vitme bi to ra chuyn ng tnh tin ca con trt thay i ngun cung cp ( lu lng ).

III. ENCODER
3.1. Khi nim chung
Encoder l o lng dch chuyn thng hoc gc ng thi chuyn i v tr gc hoc v tr thng thnh tn hiu nh phn v nh tn hiu ny c th xc nh c v tr trc hoc bn my. Tn hiu ra ca Encoder cho di dng tn hiu s. Encoder c s dng lm phn t chuyn i tn hiu phn hi trong cc my CNC v robot. Trong my cng c iu khin s, chuyn ng ca bn my c dn ng t mt ng c qua vit me ai c bi ti bn my. V tr ca bn my c th xc nh c nh encoder lp trong cm truyn dn.

3.2. Phn loi

Ty thuc vo chuyn ng ca Encoder m ngi ta chia n thnh hai kiu c nguyn l hot ng hon ton ging nhau: Encoder thng: chiu di ca encoder thng phi bng tng chuyn ng thng tng ng c ngha l chiu di cn o phi bng chiu di thc. Encoder quay: l mt a nh v kch thc encoder khng ph thuc vo khong cch o. N c th o c c thong s dch chuyn v tc . Trong my CNC iu khin s, chuyn ng ca bn my c dn ng t ng c qua trc vt me_ai c_bi ti bn my. V tr bn my c th c xc nh c nh encoder lp trong cm truyn dn.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 25 -

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Encoder quay chia lm hai loi: encoder tuyt i v encoder tng i. Sau y chng ta s cp n mt s loi Encoder trn:

Encoder tuyt i
Cu to Encoder kiu tuyt i kt cu gm cc thnh phn sau: ngun sng, a m ha v cc phodetetor nh hnh v. a m ha c ch to t vt liu trong sut. Ngi ta chia mt a thnh cc gc u nhau v cc ng trn ng tm. Cc ng trn ng tm v bn knh gii hn cc gc hnh thnh cc phn t din tch. Tp hp cc phn t din tch cng gii hn bi hai vng trn ng tm gi l di bng. S di bng trn a ph thuc vo kh nng cng ngh. Nguyn l hot ng a m ha lp trn trc, pha bn tri ca a m ha l ngun sng (LED), pha bn phi l cc photosensor, khuch i v tigger Smiths. Tng ng vi mi di bng l mt ngun sng. Ngun sng v photosensor c lp c nh. Khi nh sng t ngun sng chiu ti a m ha, nu i din vi tia sng l din tch phn t trong sut, nh sng xuyn qua a ti photosensor lm xut hin dng qua photosensor. Nu i din vi tia sng l din tch phn t b ph lp chn sng, nh sng khng ti c photosensor v trong photosensor khng c dng in. Dng ra ca photosensor nh. V vy thng c a ti b khuch i, khuch i tn hiu ln trc khi a ti tng tip theo. Do qu trnh quay a m ha, cng nh sng tng t nh n cc i v tip theo gim dn n khi tia sng b chn hon ton lc dng trong photosensor bng khng. Vy c th to c xung vung ngi ta cho tn hiu qua mch sa dng xung trigger Smiths. Gi s gc trn a l S v s di l a, quan h gia s gc v s di biu din theo cng thc: S = 2 a vi a- l s nguyn dng.

H Cc thnh phn c bn ca Encoder

Gi tr gc chia trn a m ha c tnh theo cng thc: = 360 0/S

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 26 -

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Encoder gia s
Encoder gia s c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Encoder gia s c hai dng: kiu thng v kiu quay. Kt cu encoder quay nh hnh v. Cu to Kt cu encoder quay bao gm: + Ngun sng + Thu knh lm nhin v bin i ng i ca tia sng thnh cc tia song song. + a pht xung c lm bng vt liu trong sut trn n c mt hoc hai di bng (di bng l tp hp cc vch sng ti c chiu dy H10: Encoder gia s dng ging nhau). Mt trong hai di bng trn a lm quay nhim v to xung, di bng cn li dng xc nh gc khng quy chiu. a pht xung c lp trn trc v chuyn ng quay cng vi trc. + a thc c nh c x bn rnh trn cng mt hng, rnh x th nm b tr trn hng ring v thc c c nh trn v cng pha vi photosensor. Tng ng vi s rnh trn l s photosensor, photosensor cng c c nh vi v encoder. Nguyn l hot ng nh sng t ngun sng 1 qua thu knh 2 bin i thnh cc tia sng song song ti thc ng 3. V thc ng 3 chuyn ng nn c th xem thc 4 l ca s v thc 3 nh l cch ca s ng m iu khin nh sng ti photosensor 5. Khi ca s m rng dn dn, cng sng tng dn, dng photosensor cng tng dn v dng cc i khi ca s m hon ton. Khi ca s khp dn dng trong photosensor gim dn v bng khn khi ca s ng hon ton.

H11: Nguyn l hot ng ca Encoder kiu

Vi cch b tr hp l hai cp photosensor trn bn nh rnh ca thc c nh ngi ta thu c sng sin v cosin cho php ta xc nh chiu chuyn ng ca thc ng

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 27 -

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IV. TNG QUAN V H THNG IU KHIN CNC

4.1. Khi nim h iu khin s
L h thng iu khin c trng bi cc i lng u vo l nhng tn hiu s nh phn,chng c a vo h iu khin di dng mt chng trnh iu khin c h thng.Trong h iu khin s ng dng cho iu khin my cng c,cc i lng u vo l nhng thng tin,d liu hay s liu np vo

4.2. Cc dng iu khin s

Khi gia cng cc chi tit khc nhau th cc b mt to hnh khc nhau i hi s chuyn ng khc nhau gia dao v chi tit. Qy o ca cc chuyn ng ny c xc nh chnh xc thng qua cc ch dn iu khin. Tu dng chuyn ng ca im u, im cui v qung ng dch chuyn m ta c cc dng iu khin khc nhau. Cc dng iu khin c phn ra thnh: iu khin im, iu khin on hay ng thng v iu khin bin dng phi tuyn 4.2.1. Dng iu khin theo im my khoan, khot, doa, ct l ren th chi tit gia cng phi c nh v ti mt im c nh trn bn my. Trong qu trnh nh v, dao khng vo ct m chuyn ng trn cc trc ring l lc ny u khng rnh buc bi cc quan h hm s, tc ca cc chuyn ng nh v khng ph thuc vo cc yu t cng ngh. Qu trnh nh vy cng xy ra cc my hn im hay my gp cnh l tn khi iu khin dch ng cho cc mng g chn, bn gp. iu khin s thc hin qu trnh chuyn ng ny thuc dng iu khin im y yB 45 0 V d: khi gia cng hai l A,B c to (xA yA) (xB yB) trong h trc to XOY ta c th iu khin theo 2 cch sau y: Trc ht di chuyn nhanh dng c ti im A (xA yA) sau thc hin gia cng l A. Sau di chuyn dng c thot ra khi l gia cng (m bo dch chuyn dng c an ton, dch chuyn n im B gia cng l B. Qu trnh dch chuyn im B c thc hin theo 2 cch nh trn hnh.

yA

XB x 4.2.2. iu khin theo ng iu khin theo ng l to ra cc ng chy song song vi trc ca my. Trong khi dao chy lin tc to nn b mt gia cng. Trong trng hp iu khin ng m rng trn hai trc ca my chuyn ng vi tc nh nhau, ng thi ta c th gia cng c b mt cn c gc 450. XA

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 28 -

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iu khin ng c s dng trong trng hp gia cng chi tit hnh tr hoc my y phay bin dng song song vi trc A yA G00 G01 x B

0 xA xB 4.2.3. iu khin theo ng contour Ngoi chc nng iu khin theo im v on thng, ngi ta c th iu khin dng c chy theo cc ng bt k trong mt phng hoc khng gian c thc hin gia cng ct gt. Tu theo ng c iu khin l phng hay khng gian m ta c th b tr trc iu khin ng thi l khc nhau, t xut hin thut ng my 2trc, 3, 4, 5 trc (tc l s trc c iu khin theo quan h ging buc) iu khin contour ta c th to ra cc ng contour hoc ng thng tu trong khng gian a. iu khin 2D Cho php thc hin ng contour ca dng c ct trong mt mt phng gia cng.V d nh trn my tin dng c s dch chuyn trn mt phng XOZ to nn cc ng sinh trn b mt.Cn trn my phay 2D dng c s thc hin cc chuyn ng trn mt phng XOY to nn ng rnh hay mt bc bt k

b. iu khin 2,1/2D

Dng iu khin ny c kh nng thc hin cc chuyn ng z ca dng c ct theo b mt gia cng .Thng qua chc nng G trong chng trnh c th chuyn x mt X-Y sang X- Z t

c. iu khin 3D Bng iu khin ny ta c th thc hin cc chuyn ng ca dng c trong khng gian ba kch thc,khi cc trc ca my chuyn ng ng thi

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 29 -

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Chuyn cng ngh CNC d. iu khin 4D v 5D

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

B mt gia cng Dng c Trn c s ca chuyn ng 3D ngi ta cn b tr thm cho chi tit hoc dng c thm 1 chuyn ng quay hoc 2 chuyn ng quay xung quyanh mt trc no theo quan h ginh buc ca cc trc khc trn my 3DS

4.3. H iu khin CNC( Computer Numerical Control)

4.3.1. Phn bit h iu khin NC v CNC iu khin NC (Numberical Control) c tnh ca h iu khin ny l chng trnh ho cc mi quan lin h trong mi mng linh kin in t ring l c xc nh mt nhim v nht nh, lin h gia chng phi thng qua dy ni hn cng trn cc mch logic iu khin. Chc nng iu khin c xc nh ch yu bi phn cng iu khin CNC(Computerized Numerical Control) iu khin CNC l mt h iu khin c th lp trnh v ghi nh. N bao gm mt my tnh cu thnh t cc b vi x l (microprocessor) km theo cc b nh ngoi vi a s cc chc nng iu khin u c gii quyt thng qua phn mm ngha l cc chng trnh lm vic c th c thit lp trc. Nh cc chng trnh h thng CNC m cc my tnh c th s dng thc hin nhng chc nng iu khin theo yu cu. Do cc h iu khin hin i c nguyn l cu trc v x l d liu theo dng iu khin CNC

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 30 -

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

4.3.2. c trng c bn ca iu khin CNC Nng cao tnh t ng Cc my cng c c trang b b iu khin CNC c tc dch chuyn ln. Do tng c nng sut ct gt, gim ti a thi gian ph. Khi so snh mt my cng c khng c trang b b iu khin CNC vi my c trang b ngi ta nhn thy nng sut tng gp 3 ln Nng cao tnh linh hot My CNC c kh nng thch nghi nhanh vi chng trnh gia cng vi cc chi tit khc nhau. Do nguyn l hot ng v cu trc ca n to iu kin gim thi gian gia cng v hiu chnh cng ngh k thut. Nng cao tnh tp trung nguyn cng Cc my cng c CNC c kh nng thc hin nhiu bc cng ngh hoc nhiu bc nguyn cng khc nhau trong mt ln g t phi Nng cao tnh chnh xc v m bo cht lng gia cng Trong qu trnh gia cng chnh xc lun c m bo n nh. Ngoi ra my CNC cn c kh nng m phng qu trnh ct gt nn ngi vn hnh c th quan st tng th trc tip cc giai on gia cng, pht hin kp thi sai st Nng cao hiu qu kinh t My CNC va c kh nng iu khin trc tip trn my va c kh nng lp trnh trn phn mm nn my CNC hu dng kinh t ngay c vi x nghip c quy m trung bnh v nh. Ngoi ra CNC c kh nng thay i mt cch nhanh chng cng ngh sn xut nn n p ng kp thi vi nhu cu ca th trng

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 31 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

4.3.4. S cu trc h iu khin CNC H iu khin my CNC hin nay c thit k khi cn m rng h iu th c th b xung thm cho cc chc nng c bng modun khc.Do h iu khin c thit lp thch hp cho vic lp t vo cc phn mm s dng cc linh kin in t hin i

Cu to phn cng ca iu khin CNC a. Cm vi x l Cm vi x l thc cht l ht nhn ca mt thit b x l s, n thc hin cc chc nng tnh ton v iu khin. Cc phn t ch yu ca n bao gm: B nh s b: cn gi l truy nhp ph tr. B nh ny cha ng cc thng tin cn thit cho iu khin din bin chng trnh. V d truy nhp cc ch s, truy nhp cc a ch c bn Truy nhp cnh bo: trong mi cnh bo l mt du hiu chuyn dng hay tn hiu bo s xut hin ca mt trng thi xc nh. a s cc cnh bo c a ra mt cch t ng t b vi x l B tch nh (Accumlator): l b nh hm cha nhng d liu cn ghp v tip nhn kt qu ca nhng tnh ton s hc v tnh ton logic dng thc hin mch ni ghp Cm logic ALU l mt phn ca cm vi x l m nhim tnh ton s hc Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 32 Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

iu khin thao tc lnh: gii m phn iu hnh ca mi lnh cha trong phn truy nhp lnh v sn sinh cc tn hiu iu khin cho qu trnh thc hin lnh Truy nhp lnh: l b nh cc lnh va c x l B nh sp chng: Hot ng theo nguyn tc LIFO ngha l thng tin cui cng li c a ra u tin. Phn mm ca h thng iu khin s Phn mm ca h thng iu khin s bao gm nhiu khi lin h vi nhau. Nhng b chng trnh ny c x l theo chu k, trong nhng i hi t b pht chu k ngoi vi Hnh 1, nu r cu trc u tin trong phn mm h thng ca mt h thng iu khin s. Cc chng trnh c cu trc u tin cao hn, theo qui lut, chy thng xuyn hn l chng trnh c mc u tin cao hn. Tuy nhin phi m bo mi chng trnh mt khi chng trnh c th chy li c thng xuyn v ch nh th h thng mi hot ng tt b. Ch th

RFI

Vo/ra(bng iu khin PC)

RFI RFI

Ni suy (tnh ton hnh hc)

RFI RFI

Chng trnh c vo

RFI

iu chnh v tr

RFI

Cc chc nng trong vng nh

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 33 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

V. MN HNH V BNG IU KHIN

Mn hnh hin th thng tin gia cng v chi tit gia cng c m phng. Bn iu khin lp trnh iu khin gia cng bng tay v iu khin cc hot ng ca my.

VI. MT S H IU HNH
Hin nay trn th gii ang s dng ch yu mt s h iu hnh sau cho cc my CNC. l: Fanuc, Fagor, Heidenhain, Siemens,Trong 2 nc ng u phi k n i Loan v Trung Quc.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 34 -

Lp: C in t K45

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D. Gii thiu v mt s my CNC

I. MY PHAY CNC: SERIAL KDVM - L
1.1. c tnh k thut
My c th thc hin phay 3D ngoi ra my c th thc hin cc nguyn cng nh tin, khoan, doa, taro.v...v... chnh xc lp li l 0.01, iu khin 3 trc x, y, z hiu qu v c th phay theo chiu thng ng, tin, doa theo cc mt ta nh XY, XZ , YZ . Khung my c thit k vng chc m bo trong qu trnh gia cng ct gt khng b rung v gy sai s. Cht lng b mt gia cng cao . Cng truyn d liu RS232 thch hp vi chng trnh CIMCO9.6 pro. B iu khin Fanuc, Hanuc, Simenuc, Heidelheil..v..v....

My phay CNC Model:KDVM 1000 L

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 35 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

1.2. Thng s k thut

MODEL Kch thc bn my Hnh trnh trc X Hnh trnh trc Y Hnh trnh trc Z Phm vi dch chuyn trc chnh Chui cn trc chnh Tc trc chnh Di chuyn nhanh khng ti cc trc X,Y,Z S lng rnh ch T v kch thc Trng lng phi gia cng Momen ng c X/Y Momen ng c Z S v tr g dao Kch thc dao Trng lng dao Cng sut ng c trc chnh chnh xc lp li Trng lng my kg mm/ph mm kg 5000 Kg NM NM 20 80x300 7.5 7.5/ 11 0.003 5200 v/pht mm/p n v mm mm mm mm mm KDVM800L 930x510 800 500 510 550 BT40 8000 20000 3 - 18 6000 12 12 24 90x250 KDVM1000L 1130x510 1000

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 36 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

II. MY TIN CNC SERIAL:PDL-T6/8

2.1. c tnh k thut
- My c thit k hin i, c bit cho php gia cng nhiu chng loi sn phm tinh xo, vn hnh an ton, ting n nh, nng sut cao v vn hnh d dng hn. - B iu khin FAGOR c giao din thn thin s dng ngn ng ISO cng vi h thng Simulation hin i, d hiu, anh ton ng tin cy. - Cng truyn Pro RS-232 thch ng vi Windows 98/ 2000/ XP. - ng c trc chnh AC, my s dng Bi a c chnh xc cao, nh tm chu lc cc tt.

My tin CNC Model PDL T8 2.2. Thng s k thut MODEL ng knh tin vt bng my ng knh tin vt bn xe dao ng knh vt tin ln nht Hnh trnh trc X Hnh trnh trc Z ng knh ln nht ca chu cp Tc trc chnh ng knh l trc chnh cn trc chnh Cng sut ng c
Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 37 -

n v PDL T6/T6A PDL -T8/T8A mm 420 550 mm 330 330 mm 200/250 250/350 mm 180 220 mm 370 550 inch 6 / 8 /10 V/ph 6000/4800 4500/3500 mm 56 / 62 62 / 87 A2-5 / A2-6 kw 5.5 / 7.5 A2-6 / A2-8 15/18.5
Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

9 / 12 ng knh chng tm Hnh trnh chng tm cn nh tm Tc di chuyn khng ti trc X/Z S v tr g dao B iu khin CNC Kch thc dao (tin/khoan) Chiu di my Chiu rng my Chiu cao my Trng lng my Bc dch chuyn nh nht m/ph mm mm 75 100 No4

18.5 / 22 95 125 No5

mm mm mm mm kg mm

7/6 7/6 4 / 6 / 12 / 20 / 30 /48 Fanuc / Siemen/ Mitsubishi 20x20 / 25x25 1750 2000 3010 3550 1850 1960 3800/4000 4700/5000 0.001

III. GIA CNG BNG TIA LA IN

3.1. Tng quan v Gia cng bng tia la in
Gia cng bng tia la in c pht trin nm 1943 Lin X bi hai v chng ngi Nga ti trng i Hc Moscow l Gio S- Tin S Boris Lazarenko v Tin S Natalya Lazarenko cho n nay phng php ny c ph bin rng ri trn ton th gii.

3.2. Khi Nim

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 38 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Gia cng bng tia la in(Electrical Machining Discharge) l phng php gia cng ht i mt lng vt liu thng qua qu trnh n mn in- nhit lm lp vt liu b nng chy v bc hi da vo s phng in gia 2 in cc ca my gia cng. * u im: - Gia cng c cc loi vt liu c cng ty - in cc c th sao chp hnh dng bt k, ch to v phc hi cc khun dp bng thp ti - Ch to cc li sn, ry bng cch gia cng ng thi cc l bng nhng in cc rt mnh. - Gia cng cc l c ng knh rt nh, cc l su vi t s chiu di trn ng knh ln. - Do khng c lc c hc nn c th gia cng hu ht cc loi vt liu d v, mm m khng s b bin dng - Do c du trong vng gia cng nn b mt gia cng c ti trong du. * Nhc im - Phi v dng c (in cc) u phi dn in - V tc ct gt thp nn phi trc gia cng EMD thng phi gia cng th trc. - Do vng nhit ti vng lm vic cao nn d gy bin dng nhit. - Khi gia cng phi c cht in mi

3.3. Cc Phng php gia cng bng tia la in

3.3.1.Gia cng tia la in dng in cc nh hnh: Gi tt l phng php xung nh hnh. Khi gia cng th kch thc v hnh dng ca chi tit c chp li kch thc, hnh dng ca dng c hay in cc. Thng dng to hnh nhng chi tit c l nhng khng thng. 3.3.2. Gia cng tia la in bng ct dy:

in cc l mt si dy kim loi mnh c k = 0,1 n 0,3mm c qun lin tc v chy dao theo mt cng tua xc nh.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 39 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

3.4. C s cng ngh ca qu trnh gia cng bng tia la in

3.4.1. Bn cht vt l

- t mt in p gia in cc v phi. Nu khong cch h qu ln th s khng c qu trnh phng in. Khi cho h< n mt gi tr no th s xy ra qu trnh phng in to ra cu ion. n mt lc no cu ny nng ln xy ra hin tng ngn mch, KL nng chy, bc hi to thnh cc bt kh ( to= 10000oC, p= 1Kbar). Khi KL bin thnh hi th t ngt mt dng, cc bt kh v ra v ha hi. Nh vy, c 3 qu trnh chnh l: + nh la + Hnh thnh knh phng in + Nng chy v bc hi vt liu. - Khng gian gia in cc v phi phi c in y bi mt cht in mi. - c th lm pht sinh tia la in, mt iu khng th thiu c l mt thi gian ngn sau khi c dng in chy qua 2 in cc th phi ngng cung cp nng lng. n gin ngi ta dng b pht xung RC nh trn cung cp xung rng ca. 3.4.2. Nguyn L gia cng tia la in

H thng gia cng tia la in (Electrical Discharge Machining -EDM) bao gm c hai b phn ch yu: my cng c v ngun cung cp in.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 40 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

My cng c gn in cc nh hnh (ng vai tr l dao) v in cc tin ti b mt chi tit gia cng sinh ra mt l chp hnh hnh dng ca dng c. Ngun nng lng cung cp sn sinh ra mt tn s cao, to ra mt lot tia la in gia in cc hnh thnh knh phng in v knh ny c duy tr trong sut qu trnh gia cng chi tit. Chi tit b bc i mt lp kim loi bi s n mn ca nhit v s ha hi.

Hnh 2. Nguyn L ca phng php gia cng EDM Trn hnh trn, chi tit gia cng lp trn bn my cng c, cn in cc th gn vi u my. Mt ng c servo DC hoc xylanh thy lc iu khin in cc theo phng thng ng v duy tr mt v tr thch hp ca in cc so vi chi tit gia cng. V tr ny c iu chnh mt cch t ng vi s chnh xc cc k nh h thng servo v ngun cung cp. Trong qu trnh vn hnh my thng thng in cc khng bao gi chm b mt chi tit, gia chng c mt khe h phng in nh. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, u my di chuyn in cc tin n b mt chi tit n khi gia chng to thnh mt khong cch m in th c th lm ion ho dung dch in mi v cho php mt tia la in i qua t in cc n b mt chi tit gia cng. Nhng tia la in ny di dng xung, phng v tt vi tn s cao, v c th t n 250.000 ln trn mt giy. Cc tia la in lun di chuyn trong khe h phng in, t in cc n im gn nht hoc im cao nht trn chi tit gia cng. Lng kim loi c ly i t chi tit ng vi mi ln phng in lun cn xng vi nng lng m n cha ng. Mi ln phng in s lm nng chy hoc bc hi mt vng nh ca b mt chi tit. Kim loi nng chy ny c lm ngui sau dung dch in mi v ha rn thnh nhng ht hnh cu v c lm phng i bi p lc/s chuyn ng ca cht in mi. Tc ng ca mi xung c gii hn trong mi phm vi cc b. V tr ny c xc nh bi hnh dng v v tr ca in cc.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 41 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Hnh 3. B dung dch in mi C chi tit v in cc u ngm chm trong dung dch in mi. Dung dch ny ng vai tr nh cht cch in iu khin s phng tia la in. Trong gia cng EDM cht in mi cng thc hin chc nng ca mi trng lm ngui v lm gim nhit cc k cao trong khe h phng in. Quan trng hn, dung dch in mi c bm vo theo khe h hnh cung y i nhng ht b xi mn gia chi tit v in cc. S sc ra thch hp lm cho qu trnh bc vt liu t hiu qu cao. Bi v EDM n mn kim loi bng vic phng tia la in thay cho cc dng c ct gt to phoi nn cng vt liu khng tr thnh nhn t quyt nh xem vt liu c th gia cng bng EDM hay khng. Cc in cc kim loi hoc than ch mm c th gia cng cc loi thp dng c ti hoc tungsten carbide (cacbt vonfram). y l mt trong nhng li ch hp dn ca vic s dng phng php EDM. C th nhit luyn chi tit trc ri sau c th gia cng bng EDM. iu ny loi b ri ro ca nhng h hi v bin dng c th bin nhng chi tit t tin thnh ph liu trong khi x l nhit. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca phng php ct dy EDM cng ging nh gia cng xung nh hnh EDM c m t trn. im khc bit c bn l thay v s dng nhng in cc c hnh dng phc tp, trong ct dy EDM in cc l nhng si dy c hnh dng n gin, ng knh t 0.006-0.012. Thay v s dng cht in mi nh trong gia cng xung nh hnh EDM th trong ct dy EDM li dng nc ion ha.

3.5. Cc thng s ca qu trnh gia cng

3.5.1. in p nh la (Uz) y l in p cn thit dn ti s phng tia la in. N cung cp cho in cc v phi khi my pht c ng in, gy ra s phng tia la in t chy vt liu. in p nh la Ui cng ln th phng in cng nhanh v cho php khe h phng in cng ln. 3.5.2. Thi gian tr nh la (t) l thi gian gia lc ng in my pht v lc xy ra phng tia la in. Khi ng in my pht lc u cha xy ra iu g. in p duy tr gi tr ca in p nh la Ui, dng in bng 0. Sau mt thi gian tr mi t xy ra s phng tia la in dng in t 0 vt ln Ie. 3.5.3. in p phng tia la in (Ue) Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 42 Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Khi bt u phng tia la in th in p tt xung t Uz n Ue. y l in p trung bnh trong sut thi gian phng tia la in. Ue l mt hng s vt l ph thuc vo cp vt liu in cc/phi. Ue khng iu chnh c. 3.5.3. Dng phng tia la in (Ie) L gi tr trung bnh ca dng in t khi bt u phng tia la in n khi ngt in. Khi bt u phng tia la in dng in tng ln t 0 n gi tr Ie, km theo s t chy. Ie nh hng ln nht n lng ht vt liu, mn in cc v cht lng b mt gia cng. Nhn chung Ie cng ln th lng ht vt liu cng ln, nhm b mt cng ln nhng mn in cc gim 3.5.4. Thi gian phng tia la in (te) L khong thi gian gia lc bt u phng tia la in v lc ngt in, n chnh l thi gian c dng in Ie trong mt ln phng. 3.5.5. ko di xung (ti) L khong thi gian gia hai ln ng ngt ca my pht trong cng mt chu k phng tia la in. Cng thc tnh: ti= td + te ko di xung ti nh hng n nhiu yu t quan trng. l: + T l lng ht vt liu + mn in cc + cht lng v nng sut b mt gia cng 3.5.6. Khong cch xung (t0) L thi gian gia hai ln ngt- ng ca my pht xung thuc 2 chu k phng in k tip nhau.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 43 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

3.6. Phng php gia cng xung nh hnh

Hinh 4: Gia cng bng xung nh hnh

3.7. My gia cng bng tia la in CNC-EB600L(S.F)

CNC ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINE

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 44 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

3.7.1. Cc thng s k thut ca my -Dung tch b cha: 1100600400mm -Kch thc bn lm vic: 700400mm -Hnh trnh dc trc X: 400mm -Hnh trnh chy ngang trc Y: 300mm -Hnh trnh thng ng Z v hnh trnh gi : 300mm -Gi tr ti trng c th : 100kg.s -Ti trng chu ng ca bn lm vic : 1500kg.s -Khi lng ca my: 2000kg.s -Khong trng nh nht, ln nht tnh t bn lm vic: 320~620mm 3.7.2. Thng s k thut ca my pht: Dng ra ln nht Nng lng in vo Tc gia cng ln nht hao mn in cc nh hng n b mt gia cng nhiu nht Lp trnh nhiu nht 60A 7KVA 400mm /min 0.12% RA0,2m 1000 cm
3

90A(tu chn) 10KVA 600mm3/min

3.7.3.H thng ca bn c th c m bo hot ng d dng: Vi vic lp t h thng iu khin thng minh t ng iu khin t c nng sut ti u.

Thng tin cnh bo, tt c nhng cnh bo s c ghi li trong nht k gia cng.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 45 -

Lp: C in t K45

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GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

256 iu kin cho php gia cng t ngi iu khin cho n khi hon tt qu trnh gia cng.

n hin thi nhanh cho php kim tra iu kin xut nhp ca my.

Ngi iu khin c th x l vector ph hp vi quy trnh gia cng v cng c th iu chnh gc bt u gia cng vi nhiu gc khc nhau.

ng thi x l theo 3 phng ca h trc.

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 46 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC iu khin my ch

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

g/c dc theo truc X

g/c lp

g/c v hng

g/c qu o

D tm trong

D tm ngoi

g/c khu vc

g/c ng vin

g/c ngang

g/c qu o

g/c qu o

g/c qu o

g/c ngang

g/c qu o

g/c qu o

g/c qu o

Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 47 -

Lp: C in t K45

Chuyn cng ngh CNC Ph kin tiu chun:

GVHD: T.s. Nguyn Hng Sn

Tiu chun la chn

c im -Tch hp mch 32bit bo m trng thi n nh tt nht khi gia cng. -Hin th ting trung v ting anh. -Tin hnh sa cha n gin, vi 1 b iu khin bn c th kt thc gia cng nhiu rnh thng v gia cng rnh khun. -gia cng theo 1 hoc 3 trc ngang, theo qu o trn , qu o hnh vung , vector , hnh qut. . Nhm Sinh vin thc hin: Nhm 2 - 48 Lp: C in t K45