LNG GIAC

TRNG TM KIN THC

Chuyen e 7

A. CNG THC LNG GIC

I. n v o goc va cung:
1. o:

Goc 10 = 1 goc bet

180

2. Radian: (rad)

180 o

1800 = rad

3. Bang oi o sang rad va ngc lai cua mot so goc (cung ) thong dung:
00
0

o
Radian

300

450

600

900

1200
2
3

1350
3
4

1500
5
6

1800

II. Goc lng giac & cung lng giac:

1. nh ngha:
(tia ngn)
y

(im ngn)

(Ox , Oy ) = + k 2 (k Z)

3600
2

(tia gc)

t
M
A (im gc)

AB = + k 2

2. ng tron lng giac:

q = + k2
So o cua mot so cung lng giac ac biet: AM

A, C

B, D

2k

+ 2k

+ 2k
- + 2k
2
k

27

+ k
2

III. nh ngha ham so lng giac:

x'

B
1

u'
1. ng tron lng giac:
A: iem goc
x'Ox : truc cosin ( truc hoanh )
y'Oy : truc sin ( truc tung )
t'At : truc tang
u'Bu : truc cotang

1
C

R =1
O

+
1
A

1 D
y'

t'

2. nh ngha cac ham so lng giac:

a. nh ngha: Tren ng tron lng giac cho AM= .
Goi P, Q lan lt la hnh chieu vuong goc cua M tren x'Ox va y'Oy
T, U lan lt la giao iem cua tia OM vi t'At va u'Bu
Ta nh ngha:
t
y
t
Trc sin
Trc cotang
u'

B
M

Q
x'

Trc cosin

b. Cac tnh chat :

Trc tang

t'

y'

sin = OQ

Vi moi ta co :
1 sin 1 hay sin 1
1 cos 1 hay cos 1

tan xac inh

2
cot xac inh k

+ k

c. Tnh tuan hoan

sin( + k 2 ) = sin
cos( + k 2 ) = cos
tan( + k )

= tan

cos = OP

(k Z )

cot( + k ) = cot
28

tan

= AT

cot = BU

IV. Gia tr cac ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc ) ac biet:
Ta nen s dung ng tron lng giac e ghi nh cac gia tr ac biet
y

t
3

- 3

- 3 /3

-1

u'

B
1

2/3

u
/4

2 /2

5/6

/3

3 /2

3/4

x'

3 /3

/2

/6

3 /3

1/2

1/2

- 3 /2 - 2 /2 -1/2

-1

2 /2

3 /2

-/4

- 3 /2

-1
-/2

Hslg
sin

cos

tan

cot

kx

450

6
1
2

3
2
3
3
3

600 900

4
2
2
2
2
1

3
3
2
1
2

2
1

kx

3
3

t'

1200
2
3
3
2
1

29

-1

-/3

y'

300

- 3 /3

-/6

- 2 /2

00
0

1 A (iem goc)

-1/2

Goc

3
3

1350
3
4
2
2
2

2
-1
-1

- 3

1500
5
6
1
2

3
2
3

3
3

1800 3600

2
0

-1

kx

kx

V. Ham so lng giac cua cac cung (goc) co lien quan ac biet:
o la cac cung :

1. Cung oi nhau

: va -

2. Cung bu nhau

: va -

3. Cung phu nhau

: va

4. Cung hn kem

: va

(tong bang 0)

( tong bang )

( tong bang

= co s
= sin
= tan
= cot

Bu sin

oi cos

sin( )
2

= cos

tan( )
2

= cot

cot( )
2

= tan

(Vd:

,)

5
,)
6

&

,)

&

2
,)
3

&

7
,)
6

cos( )
sin( )
tan( )
cot( )

= cos
= sin
= tan
= cot

4. Cung hn kem

Phu cheo

Hn kem

tan( + )
cot( + )

=
=

tan
cot

cos( + ) = sin
2

sin( + )
2

= cos

tan( + )
2

= cot

cot( + )
2

= tan

cos( + ) = cos

= sin

2
sin bang cos
cos bang tr sin

5. Cung hn kem :

sin( + )

cos( ) = sin
2

&

2. Cung bu nhau :

3. Cung phu nhau :

(Vd:

(Vd:

1. Cung oi nhau:

&

(Vd:

5. Cung hn kem : va +

cos( )
sin( )
tan( )
cot( )

(Vd:

Hn kem
tang , cotang

30

VI. Cong thc lng giac:

1. Cac he thc c ban:
2

1
cos2
1
1 + cot 2 =
sin 2
tan . cot = 1

1 + tan2 =

cos + sin = 1
tan
cot

sin
cos
cos
=
sin
=

V du: Chng minh rang:

1. cos4 x + sin 4 x = 1 2 sin2 x cos2 x
2. cos 6 x + sin 6 x = 1 3 sin 2 x cos 2 x
Chng minh
2
2
1) cos4 x + sin 4 x = (cos2 x ) + (sin2 x )
2

= (cos2 x + sin2 x ) 2 sin2 x cos2 x

= 1 2 sin2 x cos2 x
3
3
2) cos6 x + sin6 x = (cos2 x ) + (sin2 x )
3

= (cos2 x + sin2 x ) 3 sin2 x cos2 x (cos2 x + sin2 x )

= 1 3 sin2 x cos2 x

2. Cong thc cong :

cos( + ) = cos .cos sin .sin
cos( ) = cos .cos + sin .sin
sin( + ) = sin .cos + sin .cos
sin( ) = sin .cos sin .cos
tan +tan
1 tan .tan
tan tan
tan( ) =
1 + tan .tan
tan( + ) =

V du: Chng minh rang:

1.cos + sin = 2 cos( )

4

2.cos sin = 2 cos( + )

4
Chng minh

31

2
1) cos + sin = 2
cos +
sin
2
2

= 2 cos cos + sin sin

4
4

= 2 cos

4
2

2
2) cos sin = 2
cos
sin
2
2

= 2 cos cos sin sin

4
4

= 2 cos +

3. Cong thc nhan oi:

cos2 =

1 + cos 2
2

sin2 =

1 cos 2
2

cos 2 = cos2 sin 2

= 2 cos2 1
= 1 2 sin2
= cos4 sin 4
sin 2 = 2 sin .cos
tan 2 =

2 tan
1 tan2

sin cos =

4 Cong thc nhan ba:

cos 3 = 4 cos3 3cos
sin 3 = 3sin 4sin 3

cos 3 =

cos 3 + 3 cos
4

sin 3 =

3 sin sin 3
4

5. Cong thc ha bac:

cos2 =

1 + cos 2
;
2

sin2 =

6.Cong thc tnh sin ,cos ,tg theo t = tan

sin =

2t
;
1 + t2

32

1 cos 2
;
2

tan2 =

cos =

1 t2
;
1 + t2

1
sin 2
2

tan =

2t
1 t2

1 cos 2
1 + cos 2

7. Cong thc bien oi tch thanh tong :

1
[ cos( + ) + cos( )]
2
1
sin .sin = [ cos( ) cos( + )]
2
1
sin .cos = [sin( + ) + sin( )]
2
cos .cos =

8. Cong thc bien oi tong thanh tch :

cos + cos = 2 cos

.cos

2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin
.sin
2
2
+

sin + sin = 2 sin
.cos
2
2
+

sin sin = 2 cos
.sin
2
2
sin( + )
tan + tan =
cos cos
sin( )
tan tan =
cos cos

9. Cac cong thc thng dung khac:

cos + sin = 2 cos( ) = 2 sin( + )

4
4

cos sin = 2 cos( + ) = 2 sin( )

4
4

33

3 + cos 4
4
cos 4
5
3
+
cos6 + sin6 =
8
cos4 + sin 4 =

B. PHNG TRNH LNG GIAC

Cac bc giai mot phng trnh lng giac

Bc 1: Tm ieu kien (neu co) cua an so e hai ve cua pt co ngha
Bc 2: S dung cac phep bien oi tng ng e bien oi pt en mot pt a biet cach giai
Bc 3: Giai pt va chon nghiem phu hp ( neu co)
Bc 4: Ket luan
I. nh ly c ban: ( Quan trong )

sinu=sinv
cosu=cosv

u = v+k2

u = -v+k2
u = v+k2

u = v + k2
u = -v+k2

tanu=tanv

u = v+k

cotu=cogv

u = v+k

(u;v

+ k )
2
(u;v k )

( u; v la cac bieu thc cha an va k Z )

V du : Giai phng trnh:

3
4
4
1
4. sin 4 x + cos4 x = (3 cos 6 x )
4
2. cos( x

1. sin 3 x = sin( 2 x )
4
3. cos 3x = sin 2 x

Bi gii

) = cos

k 2

3 x = 2 x + k 2
x=
+
5 x = + k 2

20
5
4

1) sin 3 x = sin( 2 x )

4
3 x = 2 x + k 2
x = 3 + k 2
x = 3 + k 2

4
4
4

3
x = + k2
+ k2
x =

4
4
2)cos(x ) = cos

x = + k2
4
4
x = 3 + k2
2

4
4

k2

+
x =
3x = 2x + k2

2
10
5

3) cos 3x = sin 2x cos 3x = cos 2x

3x = + 2x + k2
x = 2 + k2

34

1
3 + cos 4 x 3 cos 6 x
4) sin 4 x + cos4 x = (3 cos 6 x )
=
cos 6 x = cos 4 x cos 6 x = cos ( 4 x )
4
4
4
k 2

x = 10 + 5
6 x = 4 x + k 2

6 x = + 4 x + k 2
x = + k

II. Cac phng trnh lng giac c ban:

1. Dang 1:

sinx = m ; cosx = m ; tanx = m ; cotx = m

( m R )

* Gpt : sinx = m (1)

Neu m > 1 th pt(1) vo nghiem

Neu m 1 th ta at m = sin va ta co

x = +k2
(1) sinx=sin
x = ( - )+k2
* Gpt : cosx = m (2)

Neu m > 1 th pt(2) vo nghiem

Neu m 1 th ta at m = cos va ta co

x = +k2
(2) cosx=cos
x = +k2
* Gpt: tanx = m (3)
( pt luon co nghiem m R )

at m = tan th
(3) tanx = tan x = +k

* Gpt: cotx = m (4)

( pt luon co nghiem m R )

at m = cot th
(4) cotx = cot x = +k

35

Cac trng hp ac biet:

sin x = 1 x =
sinx = 0

x = k

sin x = 1

x =

cosx = 0

x=

+ k 2

+ k 2
2
cosx = 1 x = + k 2

cos x = 1

+ k

2
x = k 2

Giai cac phng trnh :

1
1) sin 2 x =
2
3) sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1

1) sin 2 x =

2
2) cos( x ) =
4
2
4
4
4) cos x + sin x = cos 2 x

s in2x=sin
2
6

2 x = 6 + k 2

2 x = k 2

x = 12 + k

x = 5 + k

12

3
2) cos( x ) =
cos( x ) = cos
4
2
4
4
3
x 4 = 4 + k 2

x = 3 + k 2

4
4
x = + k 2

x = + k 2
2

36

V du:

Bi gii:

3) sin 2x + cos 2x = 1 2 cos 2x = 1

cos 2x =

4
2

cos 2x = cos

4
4

2x = + k2

4
4

2x = + k2

4
4
x = + k

x = k

3 + cos 4x
4) cos4 x + sin 4 x = cos 2x
= cos 2x
4
3 + 2 cos2 2x 1 = 4 cos 2x
2

(cos 2x 1) = 0
cos 2x = 1
2x = k2
x = k

V du:
Giai cac phng trnh:
1) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos 2 x

3) 4(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) + sin 4 x 2 = 0

1
4) sin3 x.cos x cos3 x.sin x =
4

2) sin 6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x

Bi gii
1) 1 + cos4 x sin 4 x = 2 cos 2 x cos 2 x = 1
2 x = k 2
x = k
Vy nghim pt l x = k
5 + 3 cos 4 x
2) sin 6 x + cos6 x = cos 4 x
= cos 4 x
8
cos 4 x = 1

4 x = k 2
k
x=
2

Vy nghim pt l x =

k
2

37

3) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x) + sin 4x 2 = 0 3 + cos 4x + s in4x 2 = 0

2 cos 4x = 1

4
3

cos 4x = cos

4
4

3
+ k2
4x =
4
4

4x = 3 + k2

4
4

4x = + k2

4x = + k2

k
x = +

4
2

x = + k

8
2

k
x = +

4
2
Vy nghim pt l
x = + k

8
2

1
1
4) sin3 x.cos x cos3 x.sin x = sin x cos x. cos2 x sin2 x =
4
4
1
s in2x.cos2x =
2
s in4x = 1

4x =
x=

k
Vy nghim pt l x = +
8 2

2. Dang 2:

+ k 2

k
2

a sin 2 x + b sin x + c = 0
a cos2 x + b cos x + c = 0
a tan2 x + b tan x + c = 0

Cach giai:

a cot 2 x + b cot x + c = 0
38

( a 0)

at an phu : t = sinx ( t = cosx; t = tanx; t = cotx)

Ta c phng trnh : at 2 + bt + c = 0 (1)
Giai phng trnh (1) tm t, roi suy ra x
Chu y : Phai at ieu kien thch hp cho an phu (neu co)

V du :

1) 2 cos2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0
3) 2(sin 4 x + cos 4 x) cos(

Bi gii

5
=0
2
2(cos 6 x + sin 6 x) sin x. cos x

2) cos 2 x 4 cos x +

2 x) = 0

4)

1) 2 cos2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0 2 1 sin 2 x + 5sin x 4 = 0

2 sin2 x 5sin x + 2 = 0
sin x = 2 (VN)

sin x = 1
2

x = 6 + k 2

x = 5 + k 2

x = 6 + k 2
Vy nghim pt l
x = 5 + k 2

6
5
2) cos 2 x 4 cos x + = 0 2(2 cos2 x 1) 8 cos x + 5 = 0
2
4 cos2 x 8 cos x + 3 = 0

cos x =

cos x =

x=
Vy nghim pt l x =

3
(VN)
2
1
2

+ k 2

+ k 2

39

2 2 sin x

=0


3 + cos 4x
3) 2(sin 4 x + cos4 x) cos( 2x) = 0
s in2x = 0
2
2
3 + 1 2 sin2 2x 2 s in2x = 0
2 sin2 2x + 2 s in2x 4 = 0
s in2x = 1

s in2x = 2 (VN)

2x = + k2
2

x = + k
4

+ k
4
2(cos6 x + sin6 x) sin x.cos x
4)
=0
2 2 sin x
x + k2

2
4
iu kin: sin x

3
2
x + k2

4
Khi :
2(cos6 x + sin6 x) sin x.cos x
5 + 3 cos 4x 1
=0
s in2x = 0
2 2 sin x
4
2
2
5 + 3 (1 2 s in 2x ) 2 s in2x = 0
Vy nghim pt l x =

6 sin2 2x + 2 s in2x 8 = 0
s in2x = 1

s in2x = 4 (VN)

2x = + k2
2

x = + k
4
5
So vi iu kin ta c nghim ca phng trnh (1) l x =
+ k2 .
4

40

3. Dang 3:

a cos x + b sin x = c (1)

( a;b 0)

Cach giai:

Chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho a2 + b2 th pt

a
b
c
(1)
cos x +
sin x =
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
a2 + b2
at

a
2

a +b

= cos va

= sin vi [ 0;2 ) th :

a + b2

(2) cosx.cos + sinx.sin =

cos(x- ) =

a + b2
Pt (3) co dang 1. Giai pt (3) tm x.

Chu y :

(2)

c
2

a + b2
(3)

Pt acosx + bsinx = c co nghiem a2 + b2 c 2

V du : Giai cac phng trnh :

1) cos x + 3 sin x = 1

2) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x ) + 3 sin 4 x = 2

Bi gii
1
3
1
cos x +
sin x =
2
2
2
2

cos x = cos
3
3

1) cos x + 3 sin x = 1

2
x 3 = 3 + k 2

x = 2 + k 2

3
3
x = + k 2

x = + k 2
3

x = + k 2
Vy nghim pt l
x = + k 2
3

41

2) 4(sin 4 x + cos4 x ) + 3 sin 4 x = 2 cos 4 x + 3 s in4x = 1

1
3
1
cos 4 x +
s in4x =
2
2
2

cos 4 x = cos
3
3

4 x 3 = 3 + k 2

4 x = 2 + k 2

3
3
4 x = + k 2

4 x = + k 2
3

x = 4 + 2

x = + k

12 2
k

x = 4 + 2
Vy nghim pt l
x = + k

12 2
d. Dang 4:
a sin2 x + b sin x.cos x + c cos2 x = 0

(a;c 0)

(1)

Cach giai 1:

1 cos2 x
1 + cos 2 x
va cos2 x =
2
2
1
va cong thc nhan oi : sin x.cos x = sin 2 x thay vao (1) ta se bien oi pt (1) ve dang 3
2
Ap dung cong thc ha bac : sin2 x =

Cach giai 2: ( Quy ve pt theo tang hoac cotang )

Chia hai ve cua pt (1) cho cos2 x ta c pt:

a tan2 x + b tan x + c = 0
ay la pt dang 2 a biet cach giai.
Chu y: Trc khi chia phai kiem tra xem x =

+ k co phai la nghiem cua (1) khong?

2

V du : Giai phng trnh:

3 sin 2 x + (1 3 ) sin x. cos x cos 2 x + 1 3 = 0

42

d. Dang 5:

a(cos x + sin x ) + b sin x.cos x + c = 0

Cach giai :

(1)

at t = cos x + sin x = 2 cos( x ) vi - 2 t 2

4
t2 1
2
Do (cos x + sin x ) = 1 + 2 sin x.cos x sinx.cosx=
2
Thay vao (1) ta c phng trnh :
t2 1
at + b
+ c = 0 (2)
2

Giai (2) tm t . Chon t thoa ieu kien roi giai pt:

2 cos( x ) = t tm x.
4

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin 2 x 2 2(sin x + cos x ) 5 = 0
Chu y :

Ta giai tng t cho pt co dang :

a(cos x sin x ) + b sin x .cos x + c = 0

V du : Giai phng trnh :

sin 2 x + 4(cos x sin x ) = 4

4. Cac phng phap giai phng trnh lng giac thng s dung :
a. Phng phap 1:
Bien oi pt a cho ve mot trong cac dang pt lng
giac c ban a biet
V du: Giai phng trnh:

3
=0
2
2) sin 3x 3 cos 3x = 2 s in2x
1
3) tan x 3 =
cos x
1) sin 4 x + cos 4 x + sin 2 x

b. Phng phap 2:

Bien oi pt a cho ve dang tch so

C s cua phng phap la da vao cac nh ly sau ay:
A=0
A.B = 0
B=0

hoac

A.B.C = 0

V du : Giai cac phng trnh :

a. sin2 x + sin 2 2 x + sin 2 3 x = 2
b. 2 sin3 x + cos 2 x cos x = 0

43

A=0
B=0
C=0

c. Phng phap 3:

Bien oi pt ve dang co the at an so phu

Mot so dau hieu nhan biet :
* Phng trnh cha cung mot mot ham so lng giac ( cung cung khac luy tha)
V du : Giai cac phng trnh :
a. cos 3 x + cos 2 x cos x 1 = 0
b. 4 cos 3 x cos 2 x 4 cos x + 1 = 0
* Phng trnh co cha (cos x sin x ) va sinx.cosx
3
1 + sin3 x + cos3 x = sin 2x
V du : Giai phng trnh :
2

BI TP RN LUYN
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau
7

1
1
1)
+
= 4 sin x
4

sin x sin x 3

2
2) 2 sin x (1 + cos 2x ) + sin 2x = 1 + 2 cos x
3) sin 3 x 3 cos3 x = sin x cos2 x 3 sin2 x cos x

Bi gii:
7

1
1
1)
+
= 4 sin x

sin x sin x 3

44

Bi gii:
2) 2 sin x (1 + cos 2x ) + sin 2x = 1 + 2 cos x

Bi gii:
3) sin 3 x 3 cos3 x = sin x cos2 x 3 sin2 x cos x

Bi 2: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau

1) (1 + sin2 x ) cos x + (1 + cos2 x ) sin x = 1 + s in2x
2) 2 sin2 2x + sin 7x 1 = sin x
x 2
x

3) sin + cos + 3 cos x = 2

2
2

Bi gii
1) (1 + sin2 x ) cos x + (1 + cos2 x ) sin x = 1 + s in2x

Bi gii:
2) 2 sin2 2x + sin 7x 1 = sin x

45

Bi gii:
x
x 2

3) sin + cos + 3 cos x = 2

2
2

Bi 3: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau

2 (cos6 x + sin6 x ) sin x cos x
1)
=0
2 2 sin x
x

2) cot x + sin x 1 + tan x tan = 4

2
3) cos 3x + cos 2x cos x 1 = 0
Bi gii:
2 (cos6 x + sin6 x ) sin x cos x
1)
=0
2 2 sin x

Bi gii:
x

2) cot x + sin x 1 + tan x tan = 4

46

Bi gii:
3) cos 3x + cos 2x cos x 1 = 0

Bi 4: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau

1) cos2 3x cos 2x cos2 x = 0
2) 1 + sin x + cos x + s in2x+cos2x=0

3) cos 4 x + sin 4 x + sin 3x cos x = 0

4
4 2
Bi gii:
1) cos2 3x cos 2x cos2 x = 0

Bi gii:
47

2) 1 + sin x + cos x + s in2x+cos2x=0

Bi gii:

3) cos4 x + sin 4 x + sin 3x cos x = 0

4
4 2

Bi 5: Gii cc phng trnh lng gic sau

cos 2x
1
1) cot x 1 =
+ sin2 x s in2x
1 + tan x
2
2
2) 5 sin x 2 = 3 (1 sin x ) tan x
3) (2cosx 1)(2 sin x + cos x ) = s in2x sin x
Bi gii:
1) cot x 1 =

cos 2x
1
+ sin2 x s in2x
1 + tan x
2

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Bi gii:
2) 5 sin x 2 = 3 (1 sin x ) tan2 x

Bi gii:
3) (2cosx 1)(2 sin x + cos x ) = s in2x sin x

------------------------------------Ht----------------------------------

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