LTDH Ptluong Giac (Moi Soan) - Co Giai

Chuyn : PHNG TRNH LNG GIC-Theo hng ra thi ca B GIO DC
L I NI U :
Knh tha cc ng nghip cng bn c:
Ti vit chuyn gii PTLG ny nhm trao i cng ng nghip tham kho.
Bn cnh gip cho cc em hc sinh hc xong chng trnh THPT t hc c th
t n luyn vo cc trng i hc theo nguyn vng ca mnh.
Nu ni mt chuyn PTLG th phi gii thiu tt c cc dng phng trnh v
cch gii hoc thut ton ca tng dng.Tuy nhin trong qu trnh ging dy v nghin
cu cch cho ca cc thi i hc t nhng nm gn y bn thn ti rt ra c
kinh nghim:
+S chuyn ca mt hc sinh phi hc qu nhiu, do vy vn v thi gian
dnh n luyn cho mi chuyn phi c tnh n.
+Dy v n nh th no ph hp vi xu th ra ca B Gio dc.
Do vy ti liu ny ti tch ly t nhiu nm, cc bi tp c bin son ch
ngang tm vi cc thi i hc din ra hoc mc chnh lch nhau khng ng
k.Ti liu ny c vit theo cc ni dung chnh say y:
A.n l thuyt:Khng trnh by phn l thuyt nhm trnh ti liu qu di.
B.S h thng cch gii cc phng trnh lng gic trong cc thi i hc.
(Sau mi bi gii hoc v d,bn hy th xem i chiu li vi s !)
C.n tp cch gii cc phng trnh thng gp nng cao.Trong phn ny c v
d v c li gii hoc hng dn cch gii.Cui ca mi mc c phn bi tp hon ton
tng t , do vy ti khng ghi cch gii. Ring phn PTLG ng cp bc n ti bin
son cc v d theo hai cch gii bn c thy c u im ca mi cch.S bi tp
tng t mc ny nhiu hn so vi nhng ni dung khc.
D.Phn bi tp rn luyn chung cho chuyn -phn ny ti bin son tng ng
vi mc cc thi i hc t 2002-2009 . Cc em hc sinh c th nghin cu p n
cc thi i hc t 2002-2009 gii n (nu khng gii c).(Nu cc em l hc sinh
c yu cu bi gii phn ny th c th lin h theo email: maunguyencong@yahoo.com
hocs in thoi: 0984-003114.
E.Ni dung cc thi i hc cc khi t 2003-2009 d so snh vi cc bi tp
phn D.
F.Nghin cu thm nhng gi v cch gii cc phng trnh lng gic.
Ti hy vng rng, nu c k v cch gii PTLG cng vi s h thng cc em hc
sinh c th t hc tt v chuyn ny.
Chc tt c chng ta thnh cng v cng mong ng nghip v cc em hc sinh
thng cm cho bn thn ti trong qu trnh bin son ti liu ny khng sao trnh khi
nhng sai st. Cho thn i!

A. N L THUYT:
n :gi tr lng gic cc gc c bit, gi tr lng gic ca cc cung gc c
lin quan c bit. Cc cng thc c bn, cng thc lng gic
n : Phng trnh lng gic c bn v cch gii.
DY N LP 11 v LUYN THI I HC 1 Nguyn Cng Mu
ON LUYN PHNG TRNH
LNG GIAC
B. S H THNG CCH GII CC PHNG TRNH LNG
GIC TRONG CC THI I HC T NM 2002- 2009.
(n ph)
C.N TP CCH GII CC DNG PHNG TRNH THNG GP.
V D-CCH GII GII HOC HNG DN V BI TP.
I. Phng trnh bac hai oi vi mot ham so lng giac:
Phng trnh dang : a.f
2
(x) + b.f(x) + c = 0 , trong o f(x) la
ham so lng giac.
Va a, b, c la cac he so a 0.
Cach giai : + a t = f(x) ( neu f(x) la sinx hoac cosx th
1 t
)
+ Giai phng trnh at
2
+ bt + c = 0 va chon t thoa
man ieu kien.
+ Giai phng trnh f(x) = t.
V d 1 ) Giai phng trnh :
2
2cos 4 6 s 1 3cos 2
0
cos
x co x x
x
+ + +
(1)
V d 2 ) Giai phng trnh : 1
cos 1
sin 2 ) 1 cos 2 ( cos 1
+
x
x x x
(2)
2
3 2 3(1 ).cot cosx cosx x (3)
PTLG cho
trc
PT cn mt cung
Cn 1 HSLG
PTI S
Cn 2 hm
sin v csin
PTLG c bn PTLG THNG GP
PT cn hai cung
p dng:
(asinu + bcosu)
PTc bn
Sinf(x)=sing(x)
Hoc
cosf(x)=cosg(x)
P.T.Tch
Cn ch s xut
hin cc biu thc:
a.sinx +b.cosx vi:
a,b = 2 ; 3 ; 1 t t t
6 6 2
sin 2 1 x cos x cos x + (4)
V d 5 ) Tm cac nghiem tren khoang ( ) 0;
cua phng trnh :

sin3 cos3
7 4 cos 2
2sin 2 1
x x
cosx x
x
_

,
(5)
V d 6 ) Cho phng trnh :
cos 2 (2 1) sin 1 0 (*) x m x m + +
.
a) Giai phng trnh khi m = 2.
b) Tm m e phng trnh (*) co nghiem tren khoang
( ) ; 2
.
HNG DN GII CC V D:
V d 1) +k
m x +
2
.
(1) ( ) 0 2 cos 3 1 2 cos 1 ( 3 1 2 cos 2 2
2
+ + + + x x x

+ t
k x
k
x
x
x
x x
6
2
2
1
2 cos
1 2 cos
0 1 2 cos 3 2 cos 2
2
H
2
k
x
tha K khi k = 2h h x
Vy (1) c 3 h nghim l:
Z k h k x h x + t , ;
6
;
.
V d 2) + K : 2 1 cos m x x
(2) 0 sin 2 ) sin 1 ( 2 cos 1 sin 2 cos cos 2 1
2 2
x x x x x x
2 sin
2
2
sin 0 2 sin 2 sin 2
2
x x x x (loi)

+
+

,
_
2
4
5
2
4
4
sin
2
2
sin
k x
k x
x
V d 3) +K :
m x
(3)
x
x
x x
2
2
sin
cos
) cos 1 ( 3 2 2 cos 3

x
x
x x
2
2
cos 1
cos
) cos 1 ( 3 2 2 cos 3
0 2 cos cos 6
cos 1
cos 3
2 cos 3
2
2
+
+
x x
x
x
x
+ t
+ t
2 )
3
2
arccos(
2
3
3
2
cos
2
1
cos
k x
k x
x
x
(Tha cc K)
V d 4) +Bin i:

( )
4
1
2 cos
4
3
2 sin
4
3
1 ) cos (sin cos sin 3 ) cos (sin
) (cos sin cos sin
2
2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2
3 2
3
2 6 6
+
+ +
+ +
x
x x x x x x x
x x x x
(4)
0 1 2 cos 4 2 cos 3 2 cos
4
1
2 cos
4
3
2 2
+ + x x x x

+ t
2
3
1
arccos
2
1
3
1
2 cos
1 2 cos
k x
k x
x
x
V d 5) *Gii PT(5):
+K : sinx
'
+
+

2
12
2
12
5
2
1
m x
m x
+Ta c
) cos sin 1 )( cos (sin 4 ) cos (sin 3 cos 3 cos 4 sin 4 sin 3 3 cos 3 sin
3 3
x x x x x x x x x x x x + + +
) 1 2 sin 2 )( cos (sin ) 1 cos sin 4 )( cos (sin + + x x x x x x x
x x
x
x x
cos sin
1 2 sin 2
3 cos 3 sin
+
(5) ) sin 2 1 ( 4 sin 7 2 cos 4 ) cos cos (sin 7

2
x x x x x x +
3 sin
2
1
sin 0 3 sin 7 sin 2
2
+ x x x x
(loi)
+
+

2
6
5
2
6
2
1
sin
k x
k x
x
*Chn nghim trn khong
( ) ; 0
ta c hai nghim ca phng trnh l:

6
5
;
6

x x
V d 6) (*) 0 1 sin ) 1 2 ( sin 2 1
2
+ + m x m x
0 sin ) 1 2 ( sin 2
2
+ + m x m x
[ ] 1 ; 1 ; sin ; 0 ) 1 2 ( 2 ) (
2
+ + t x t m t m t t f
a)Khi m=2:
2
2
1
0 2 5 2 ) (
2
+ t t t t t f
(loi)

+
+

2
6
5
2
6
2
1
sin
2
1
k x
k x
x t
b)Tm m PT (*) c nghim trn khong ( ) ; 2
:
Khi
( ) 0 1 2 ; < t x
.
Vy ta phi c :
<

<
'
<
>
< <
< <
<
0 1
0 ) 1 ( 0 ) 1 ( ). 0 (
0
2
1
0 ) 1 ( ; 0 ) 0 ( ; 0
0 1
0 1
0 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
m
m
f f f
S
af af
t t
t t
t t

[ ) 0 ; 1 m
BAI TAP TNG T :

1) Giai phng trnh :
2 2
4sin 2 6sin 9 3cos 2
0
cos
x x x
x
+
2) Giai phng trnh :

( )
2
cos 2 3 2 2 1
1
1 sin 2
x sinx cos x
x
+
+
3) Giai phng trnh :
2
5 2 3(1 ). tan sinx sinx x
4) Giai phng trnh :
8 8 2
17
sin 2
16
x cos x cos x +
5 Tm cac nghiem tren khoang ( ) 0; 2
cua phng trnh :

cos3 sin3
5 3 cos 2
1 2sin 2
x x
sinx x
x
+ _
+ +

+
,
6) Cho phng trnh :
cos 2 (2 1) cos 1 0 (*) x m x m + + +
.
a) Giai phng trnh khi m = 3/2.
b) Tm m e phng trnh (*) co nghiem tren khoang
3
;
2 2
_

,
.
II. Phng trnh bac nhat theo sin va cosin cung mot
cung:

Phng trnh dang : asinx + bcosx = c , vi a.b 0
+ ieu kien phng trnh co nghiem : a
2
+ b
2
c
2
.
+ Cach giai :
- Chia 2 ve phng trnh cho
2 2
a b +
ta c :

2 2 2 2 2 2
cos asinx b x c
a b a b a b
+
+ + +
- at
2 2 2 2
sin
a b
cos
a b a b

+ +
va at
2 2
sin
c
a b

+
ta co
phng trnh:

sin( ) sin x +

V du 1: Giai phng trnh : x x x x 2 cos 3 4 cos 2 6 sin 3 2 cos 4
3
+ + (1)
V du 2: Giai phng trnh :
3 1
8sinx
cosx sinx
+
(2)
V du 3: Giai phng trnh : 0 sin cos 2 cos 2 sin x x x x
(3)
V du 4: Giai phng trnh : 8 2 cos 2 sin 3 cos 3 sin 9 + + x x x x
(4)
3
2 cos 2 0 cos x x sinx + +
(5)
3 3
sin x cos x sinx cosx +
(6)
V du 7: Giai phng trnh : 4
4 4
(sin ) 3sin 4 2 x cos x x + +
(7)
V d 8 : Gii phng trnh : x x x x sin 3 cos ) cos 3 (sin 3 + (8)
HNG DN GII CC V D:
V d 1: (1) ( ) x x x x 4 cos 2 6 sin 3 2 cos 3 2 cos 4
3
+
x x x x x x 4 cos 6 sin
2
3
6 cos
2
1
4 cos 2 6 sin 3 6 cos + +

x x 4 cos
3
6 cos
,
_

.
V d 2: + K :
( ) Z m
m
x x
x
x

'
2
0 2 sin
0 cos
0 sin

+ (2) x x x x x x x x cos sin 3 ) 3 cos (cos 2 cos sin 3 sin 2 sin 4 + +
x x x x x 3 cos
3
cos 3 cos sin
2
3
cos
2
1

,
_
+

V d 3: (3) ( ) 0 1 cos cos 2 ) sin cos sin 2 (
2
+ x x x x x
0 ) 1 cos )(sin 1 cos 2 (
0 ) 1 )(cos 1 cos 2 ( ) 1 cos 2 ( sin

+
x x x
x x x x
1 )
4
sin( 2
2
1
cos

x x
V d 4: (4) ( ) ( ) 0 9 cos 2 cos 3 cos sin 6 sin 9
2
+ + x x x x x

0 ) 3 )(cos 3 cos 2 ( ) cos 2 3 ( sin 3 + + x x x x

0 3 sin 3 cos 0 ) 3 sin 3 )(cos 3 cos 2 ( + + x x x x x

sin sin sin cos cos
10
3
sin
10
3
cos
10
1
x x x x

10
3
sin ;
10
1
cos ;
2
cos ) cos(
,
_
+ +
x
V d 5: (5) 0 ) sin 1 ( ) 1 (cos cos 2 0 sin 1 cos 2 cos 2
2 2 3
+ + + x x x x x x

0 ) sin 1 ( ) 1 )(cos sin 1 )( sin 1 ( 2 + + x x x x

[ ]
0 ) 1 2 sin cos 2 sin 2 )( sin 1 (
0 1 ) cos 1 )( sin 1 ( 2 ) sin 1 (
+ + +
+ +
x x x x
x x x
[ ] 0 ) cos (sin ) cos (sin 2 ) sin 1 (
2
+ + + x x x x x

+

+ + +
0 cos sin
0 sin 1
0 ) 2 cos )(sin cos )(sin sin 1 (
x x
x
x x x x x
V d 6: (6)
x x x x x x cos sin ) cos sin 1 )( cos (sin +

x x x x x x x x cos sin ) cos (sin cos sin cos sin + +
0 ) cos sin sin 2 ( cos 0 ) cos (sin cos sin cos 2
2
+ x x x x x x x x x

0 ) 2 sin 2 cos 3 ( cos 0 ) 2 sin
2
1
2
2 cos 1
2 ( cos +
x x x x
x
x
0 cos x
V d 7: + Bin i :
x x x x x 4 cos
4
1
4
3
) 4 cos 1 (
4
1
1 2 sin
2
1
1 cos sin
2 4 4
+ +
+ (7)
2
1
4 sin
2
3
4 cos
2
1
2 4 sin 3 4 cos 3 + + + x x x x

3
2
cos
3
4 cos

,
_
x
x x x x sin 3 cos ) cos 3 (sin 3 +
V d 8: (8) x x x x x x x x cos
2
3
sin
2
1
3 cos
2
1
3 sin
2
3
cos 3 sin 3 cos 3 sin 3 + +

,
_
+
,
_

3
sin
6
3 sin

x x
BAI TAP TNG T :
1) Giai phng trnh : x x x x 3 sin 4 3 cos 2 9 cos 3 3 sin 3
3
+
2) Giai phng trnh :
3 1
8
sin
cosx
x cosx
+
3) Giai phng trnh :
2
sin 2 2sin 1 4 2 2sin cos 2 x x sin xcosx cos x x x + +
4) Giai phng trnh : 4cos sin 2 2cos 2 1 sinx x x x + +
5) Giai phng trnh :
3
2sin cos 2 0 x x cosx +
6) Giai phng trnh :
3 3
sin x cos x sinx cosx +
7) Giai phng trnh : ( ) 2 4 sin 3 3 cos sin 8
6 6
+ x x x
8) Gii phng trnh : x x x x cos 3 sin ) sin 3 (cos 3 +
III. Phng trnh ang cap thuan nhat theo sin va cosin
cung mot cung:
1) Phng trnh ang cap thuan nhat bac hai theo sin
va cosin cung mot cung:
Phng trnh co dang : asin
2
x + bsinxcosx + ccos
2
x + d = 0.
(1)

Cach giai 1 : (Dng cng thc h bc a v PT bc nht theo sin v csin
cng cung)
(1)

1 cos 2 1 cos 2
sin 2 0
2 2 2
x b x
a x c d
+
+ + +

sin 2 ( ) cos 2 (2 ) b x c a x d a c + + +
.

Cach giai 2 : (a v PT bc hai i vi hm tanx)
Xet hai trng hp :
+ Neu x = ;
2
k k Z
+ co la nghiem phng trnh hay khong.

+ Neu x ;
2
k k Z
+ , chia hai ve phng trnh cho cos

2
x ta
c:
atan
2
x + btanx + c + d(1 + tan
2
x) = 0

(a + d)tan
2
x + btanx + c + d = 0.
V du 1: Giai phng trnh cos
2
x - 3 sin2x = 1 + sin
2
x (1)
V du 2: Giai phng trnh 4sin
2
x 3sinxcosx + ( )
3 4 +
cos
2
x = 4
(2)
V d 3: Giai phng trnh : 10cos
2
x 5sinxcosx + 3sin
2
x = 4
(3)
V d 4: Giai phng trnh : cos
2
x + sinxcosx + 3sin
2
x = 3. (4)
HNG DN GII CC V D
V d 1: (1) ( ) 1 2 sin 3 2 cos 1 2 sin 3 sin cos
2 2
x x x x x

3
cos
3
2 cos
2
1
2 sin
2
3
2 cos
2
1

,
_
+ x x x
V d 2: +Xt cosx = 0 th 1 sin
2
x nghim ng phng trnh (2).
Vy (2) c nghim
k x +
2
.
+Xt 0 cos x . Chia hai v PT(2) cho x
2
cos v thay
x
x
2
2
tan 1
cos
1
+
v t n
ph t = tanx :
Ta c :

k x x t t t t + + + +
6 6
tan tan
3
3
) 1 ( 4 4 3 3 4
2 2
Vy PT (2) c hai h nghim l :
k x +
2
;
Z k k x + ;
6

V d 3: (3)
3 ) 2 cos 1 (
2
3
2 sin
2
5
) 2 cos 1 ( 5 + + x x x
7 2 sin 5 2 cos 7 x x
V d 4: +Xt cosx = 0 th 1 sin
2
x nghim ng phng trnh (2).
Vy (2) c nghim
k x +
2
.
+Xt 0 cos x . Chia hai v PT(2) cho x
2
cos v thay
x
x
2
2
tan 1
cos
1
+
v t n
ph t = tanx :
Ta c : k x x t t t t + + + + 2 arctan 2 tan 2 ) 1 ( 3 3 1
2 2
BAI TAP TNG T:
1) Giai phng trnh : 3sin
2
x - 5 3 sinxcosx 6cos
2
x = 0
2) Giai phng trnh : sin
2
x +
2
(1 3) sin cos 3 0 x x cos x + +
3) Giai phng trnh : 2sin
2
x + sinxcosx 5cos
2
x = 1
4) Giai phng trnh : cos
2
x 3sin
2
x 4sinxcosx = 0
2) Phng trnh ang cap thuan nhat bac cao theo sin va
cosin cung mot cung:
y l loi phng trnh c m rng t PT ng cp bc hai da trn c s sau:
+ Mt biu thc theo sinx hoc cosx c bc k c th bin i thnh mt biu thc theo
sinx v cosx c bc k + 2n nh ng thc : 1 cos sin
2 2
+ x x .
) , ( N n k
Chng hn : sinx (bc 1) = sinx. x x x x x
2 3 2 2
cos sin sin ) cos (sin + + (bc 3).
Hoc sinx = sinx. x x x x x x x
4 2 3 5 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin 2 sin ) cos (sin + + + (bc 5).
+ Ch : i) S 0 khng c bc. Mt hng s khc 0 c bc l 0.
ii) Xc nh bc ca mi hng t trong PTLG cha sin v csin l khi chng
cng mt cung ( v d vi cung 3x th sin3x c bc 1, vi cung 1x th sin3x c bc 3)
T nhng tng trn ta c th nu nh ngha v PTLG ng cp bc n theo sin v
csin ca cng mt cung nh sau:
PT ng cp bc n theo sinx v cosx l PT c bc cc hng t hn, km nhau
2k, k N
Cch gii 1 : ( tng t ng cp bc 2)
(Cch gii ny thng pht hin c cch gii ngay t ban u v c thut ton,
nhng nhc im di hn cch gii th hai)
+Bc 1: Xt cosx = 0 c nghim ng PT khng. (nu ng ghi nhn kt qu)
+Bc 2: -Xt cosx
0. Chia hai v PT cho x

n
cos v thay ( )
k
k
x
x
2
2
tan 1
cos
1
+
,
_
.
-t n ph t = tanx v thu gn th c PT a thc bc n theo t.
-Gii tm nghim t = t
0
ri gii PT tanx = t
0
tm x.
Cch gii 2 : (Bin i v PT tch theo sin v csin)
( Cch gii ny thng ngn gn nhng khng nh hng c kt qu bin i. i
hi k nng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t ca mi hc sinh).Khng c thut ton nh
cch 1. Sau y l mt s v d:
V d 1: Gii phng trnh: x x x x
2
cos cos sin tan (1)
Gii cch 1:
+K:
m x +
2
.
+(1) x x x x
3 2
cos cos sin sin (*) (ng cp bc 3).
+cosx = 0 khng nghim ng PT. (v 0 1 t ; v l)
+cosx
0, chia hai v (*) cho cos

3
x c :

k x x t t x x x + +
4
1 tan 1 1 1 tan ) tan 1 ( tan
3 2
(t = tanx)
Gi i cch 2 :
(*) x x x x x
3 3 3 2
cos sin cos ) cos 1 ( sin (**)

k x x x +
4
1 tan 1 tan
3

Ch :Theo cch gii 2 nu l bin i v PT tch nn ti minh ha li nh sau:
(**) 0 ) 2 sin 2 )( cos (sin 0 ) cos sin 1 )( cos (sin 0 cos sin
3 3
+ + + x x x x x x x x x

k x x x x + +
4
1 tan 0 cos sin
.
V d 2: Gii phng trnh: x x x cos sin cos
3
+ (2) (ng cp bc 3)
Gii cch 1:
+ cosx = 0 khng nghim ng (2)
+ cosx
0, chia hai v (2) cho cos

3
x c : ) tan 1 ( ) tan 1 ( tan 1
2
x x x + + +
k x x t t t t + + 0 tan 0 0 ) 1 (
2
(vi t = tanx )
Gi i cch 2 :
(2) 0 ) 1 cos (sin sin 0 sin sin cos sin ) 1 (cos cos
2 2
+ + x x x x x x x x x

k x x x x + 0 sin 0 ) 2 2 (sin sin
V d 3: Gii phng trnh: 0 cos 2 cos sin cos 2 sin 3
2 3 3
+ + x x x x x (3)
(ng cp bc 3)
Gii cch 1:
+ cosx = 0 khng nghim ng (3)
+ cosx
0, chia hai v (3) cho cos

3
x c :
0 ) 3 ( 3 0 3 3 ) tan 1 ( 2 tan 2 tan 3
2 2 3 2 2 3
+ + + + + t t t t x x x

k x
k x
x
x
t
t
3
3 tan
0 tan
3
0
Gi i cch 2 :
(3) ( ) 0 ) cos 1 ( cos 2 cos sin sin 3
2 2 3
+ + x x x x x
( ) 0 cos 3 sin 3 sin 0 sin cos 2 ) cos sin 3 ( sin
2 2 2
+ + + x x x x x x x x

k x
k x
x
k x
x x
x
3
3 tan 0 cos 3 sin
0 sin
V d 4 : Giai phng trnh 3cos
4
x 4sin
2
xcos
2
x + sin
4
x = 0 (4)
(ng cp bc 4)
Gii cch 1:
+ cosx = 0 th sinx = 1 t khng nghim ng ptrnh . Vy cosx 0
+ Chia hai v (2) cho cos
4
x ri t n ph t = tan
2
x th c:
3 1 0 3 4
2
+ t t t t
Gi i cch 2 :
(4) 0 ) sin cos (sin ) cos sin 3 cos 3 (
4 2 2 2 2 4
x x x x x x
0 ) sin (cos sin ) sin (cos cos 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
x x x x x x

3 tan
0 2 cos
0 ) sin cos 3 ( 2 cos
2 2
x
x
x x x
V d 5: Gii phng trnh : x x x x x cos sin 2 cos cos sin
2 6 6
+ (5)
Gii cch 1:
Nu bin i : ) cos sin cos )(sin cos (sin cos sin
2 2 4 4 2 2 6 6
x x x x x x x x + + + =
= x x x x
2 2 4 4
cos sin cos sin +
V bin i : x x x x x x x
2 2 4 4 2 2 2 2
cos sin 2 sin cos ) sin (cos 2 cos +
Th PT (5) 0 cos sin cos sin
2 2
+ x x x x (*)
Khi PT (*) gii tip theo cch gii 1 hoc cch gii 2 nu trn l n gin
+ Nu t PT: x x x x x x cos sin ) sin (cos cos sin
2 2 2 6 6
+ (ng cp bc 6)
Lm theo cch gii (1) sau bc 2 thu gn ta c phng trnh: (Vi t = tanx )

+ + + +
+ + + +
) 1 . 5 ( 0 1 2
0
0 2
2 3 4
2 3 4 5
t t t t
t
t t t t t
Khi PT (5.1)
0 2
1 1
0
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
+
,
_
+ +
,
_
+ + + + +
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
(5.2)
PT (5.2) t n ph
t
t u
1
+
th c PT bc hai 1 0 0
2
+ u u u u .
Tr li vi n t th cc PT ny v nghim.
+ Vi t = 0 k x x 0 tan .
Ch : Khi xt cosx = 0 th n nghim ng PT ng cp bc 6 nn:
k x +
2
cng l nghim PT. Kt hp nghim th c x =
2
k
. Ph hp vi mi
cch gii.
BAI TAP TNG T: C th gii li cc bi trong cc v d v bi tp tng t
phn PT a v PT bc nht theo sin v csin cng mt cung nh :
1) Giai phng trnh sinxsin2x + sin3x = 6cos
3
x (ng cp bc
3)
2) Giai phng trnh sin3x + cos3x + 2cosx = 0 (ng cp bc
3)
3) Giai phng trnh sinx 4sin
3
x + cosx = 0 (ng cp
bc 3)
4) Giai phng trnh :
3 3
sin x cos x sinx cosx + (ng cp bc 3)
5) Giai phng trnh : ( ) 2 4 sin 3 3 cos sin 8
6 6
+ x x x (ng cp bc 6)
6) Gii phng trnh : x x x x cos 3 sin ) sin 3 (cos 3 + (ng cp bc 3)
7) Giai phng trnh :
3 3
sin x cos x sinx cosx + (ng cp bc 3)
8) Giai phng trnh : 4
4 4
(sin ) 3sin 4 2 x cos x x + + (ng cp bc 4)
9) Gii phng trnh : x x x x sin 3 cos ) cos 3 (sin 3 + (ng cp bc 3)
10) Giai phng trnh :
8 8 2
17
sin 2
16
x cos x cos x + (ng cp bc 8)
11) Giai phng trnh :
6 6 2
sin 2 1 x cos x cos x + (ng cp bc 6)
IV. Phng trnh cha tng (hoc hiu) v tch ca sin v cssin cng mt cung:
1) Phng trnh cha tng v tch (cn gi l phng trnh i xng theo sin v csin)
Dng phng trnh : a(sinx + cosx) + bsinx.cosx + c = 0 (a,b,c
) R
(1)
Cch gii : t t = sinx + cosx =
2
4
sin 2
,
_
+ t x

(*)
2
1
cos sin cos sin 2 1
2
2

+
t
x x x x t
(1) ) 1 . 1 ( 0 2 2 0
2
1
.
2
2
+ + +
+ b c at bt c
t
b at .
Gii phng trnh (1.1) chn nghim t = t
0
tha mn
2
0
t
.
Thay gi tr t
0
vo PT (*) v gii PT sin2x =
1
2
0
t
tm x.
2) Phng trnh cha hiu v tc h ( cn gi l phng trnh phn xng)
Dng phng trnh : a(sinx - cosx) + bsinx.cosx + c = 0 (a,b,c
) R
(2)
Cch gii : t t = sinx - cosx =
2
4
sin 2
,
_
t x

(**)
2
1
cos sin cos sin 2 1
2
2
t
x x x x t

(1) ) 1 . 2 ( 0 2 2 0
2
1
.
2
2
+
+ b c at bt c
t
b at .
Gii phng trnh (2.1) chn nghim t = t
0
tha mn
2
0
t
.
Thay gi tr t
0
vo PT (**) v gii PT sin2x = 1-
2
0
t
tm x.
V d 1: Gii phng trnh
( ) 0 2 cos 12 ) sin (cos 12 2 sin cos sin + + x x x x x x
(1)
,
_
+
4
sin 2 7 cos 2 sin 3 sin 2 sin 3 2 cos 8

x x x x x x
(2)
V d 3: Gii phng trnh 0 2 cos 2 sin sin
2 3
+ + x x x (3)
V d 4: Gii phng trnh 12 cos sin ) 2 sin cos (sin 12 cos sin
2 2
+ + x x x x x x x (4)
V d 5: Gii phng trnh 1 ) 1 (sin 2 sin 2 cos cos sin sin
2
+ + x x x x x x (5)
0 sin cos 2 cos ) 1 cos (sin + x x x x x
(1)
HNG DN CC V D:
V d 1: (1)
( )[ ] 0 12 ) cos (sin 12 2 sin cos sin + x x x x x

+ +

) 1 ( 0 12 2 sin ) cos (sin 12

) 1 ( 0 cos sin
b x x x
a x x
(1a)
k x +
4
(1b)
( ) x x t t
t
t
t t cos sin 1
13
1
0 13 12
2
+

2
0 2 sin 1
k
x x t +
+ Vy (1) c 2 h nghim l
) (
2
;
4
Z k
k
x k x +

V d 2: (2)
( )[ ] 0 7 2 sin 3 ) sin (cos 8 sin cos + + x x x x x

+
+
) 2 ( 0 7 2 sin 3 ) sin (cos 8

) 2 ( 0 cos sin
b x x x
a x x
(2a)
k x +
4
(2b) : t t =
(*) 1 2 sin 2 sin 1 ) 2 ( ; sin cos
2 2
t x x t t x x
(2b)
3
2
3
2
2
0 4 8 3
2

+ + t
t
t
t t
, thay t = -2/3 vo (*):
Sin2x =
+
+
k x
k x
9
5
arcsin
2
9
5
arcsin
2
1
9
5
V d 3: (3)
0 ) 1 cos sin cos )(sin cos 1 ( + + x x x x x

+ +
2
2
0 1 cos sin cos sin
1 cos
k
x
k x
x x x x
x
V d 4: (4)

( )[ ]
+
0 12 ) cos (sin 12 cos sin
0 cos sin
0 12 ) cos (sin 12 cos sin cos sin
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x

2
4
k
x
x

V d 5: (5) ( ) 0 ) 1 (sin 2 sin 2 ) cos cos (sin 1 sin
2
+ x x x x x x

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
+ +
+ +
+ +
0 1 2 sin 2 cos sin
1 sin
0 1 2 sin 2 cos sin 1 sin
0 ) 1 (sin 2 sin 2 1 sin cos 1 sin 1 sin
x x x
x
x x x x
x x x x x x
V d 6: (6) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 sin cos sin cos 1 cos sin
2 2
+ x x x x x x

( ) ( )( ) ( ) 0 sin cos sin cos sin cos 1 cos sin + + x x x x x x x x

[ ( )( ) ] 0 1 sin cos 1 cos sin ) sin (cos + + x x x x x x

+ +

) 6 ( 0 1 ) sin )(cos 1 cos (sin

) 6 ( 0 sin cos
b x x x x
a x x
(6a)

k x +
4
(6b): t t = sinx +cosx (
2 t
) ; 1 2 sin 2 sin 1
2 2
+ t x x t (*)
(6b)

0 1 . 1
2
1
2
+
,
_
t
t
0 2 3
3
+ t t 0 ) 2 )( 1 (
2
+ t t t

1
2
1

t
t
t
thay vo (*) th sin2x = 0
2
k
x
BI TP TNG T: Gii cc phng trnh sau :
1)
2
4
cos 2 ) 1 cos (sin 2 sin 2
,
_
+ +

x x x x
.
2)
x x x x x cos sin 4 sin
2
1
cos sin
4 4
+
3) 0 2 sin 2 cos cos
2 3
+ + x x x
4) ( ) ( ) ) cos 2 ( 8 sin 3 sin 3
2
x x x + +
5)
0 sin cos ) cos sin 1 ( 2 cos + + + x x x x x

6) 0 6 cos 6 sin 3 sin
2 3
+ x x x
D. PHN BI TP NY C BIN SON TNG T CC THI
I HC T NM 2003-2009
(Khng hng dn-bn t nghin cu p n cc thi i hc)
Bai 1:Giai cac phng trnh sau :
a)
x
x
x
x 2 cos 3
cos 2 1
3 sin
2 sin 4
,
_
+
; b) x x x x 4 cos sin 3 cos 2 sin
2 2 2 2
+ +
c) 0 4 sin 3 2 cos 4 3 sin + x x x ; d)
0 1 2 sin
2
1
sin 2 cos 3 sin
2
+ + + + x x x x
e) 0
2 cos 2
cos sin cos sin sin cos
2 2 6 6
+ +
x
x x x x x x
; g)
x
x x
x
x x
sin
cos sin 4
cos
1
cot . cos
2

+
a)
( )
0
sin 2 2
3
4
cos
4
sin 2 cos sin 2
4 4

,
_

,
_
+ + +
x
x x x x

b) ( ) x x x x x x x x x cos . sin cos sin 2 cos . 2 cos cot cos sin
2 3 3
+ + + +
c) x g x x x x
2 2
cot ). 2 cos (cos 3 2 cos cos 10 +
d) ( )( ) x x x x x sin 3 2 sin cos sin 2 3 cos 2 +
a) 0 cos sin 2 cos 2 sin cos sin 1
3 3
+ + x x x x x x ; b)
x
x x x
2
2
tan
1
cot . cos sin 1 +
c) ) cos 1 ( sin 2 sin cos ) sin 1 ( 1
2 2
x x x x x + + + + ;
d) 0 2 cot 2 cot tan 2 tan
2 2
+ + x x x x
Bai 4 : Giai cac phng trnh :
a)
( )( )
0 1 2 sin
2 sin 3 4
cos sin cos sin 8
2
6 6
+
+
x
x
x x x x
; b) 0 sin 2 cos . 3 sin
2 2
+ x x x
c) 0
3 2 cos 5
2 cos 2 cos sin cos sin
4 4 6 6
+ + +
x
x x x x x
; d) x x x x tan 2 sin tan . sin +
e) ) cos 1 ( sin 2 sin cos ) sin 1 ( 1
2 2
x x x x x + + + + ; g) x x x 7 cos 1 cos cos 2
2
+
Bai 5 : Giai cac phng trnh :
a) 1 2 sin sin ) cos 1 ( cos ) sin 1 (
2 2
x x x x x ; b)
2 1 cos 3
2
cos
2
sin
2
+ +
,
_
x
x x
c)
0 2 cos sin 2 sin 2 ) 2 cos 1 ( cos 3 + + + x x x x x
;
d)
,
_
,
_
,
_
4
5
cos 4
2
3
sin
1
2
cos
1

x
x x

e)
0 2 cos sin 2 sin 2 ) 2 cos 1 ( cos 3 + + + x x x x x

f) x x x x x x x cos sin 3 cos sin 2 cos cos 3 sin
2 2 3 3
+ + +
Bi 6: a) Gii phng trnh
( )
3
) cos 1 )( cos 2 1 (
sin cos 2 1
+
+
x x
x x
b) Gii phng trnh : 2 cos
2 cos
3 sin 3 cos 2 cos 2
3

+
x
x
x x x
c) Gii phng trnh 3
cos
cos sin 4 3 cos 3
2
x
x x x
E. CC THI I HC T NM 2003-2009.
a) (KA-2003) x x
x
x
x 2 sin
2
1
sin
tan 1
2 cos
1 cot
2
+
+

b) (KB-2003)
x
x x x
2 sin
2
2 sin 4 tan cot +
c) (KD-2003)
0
2
cos tan .
4 2
sin
2 2 2

,
_
x
x
x

a) (KB-2004) x x x
2
tan ) sin 1 ( 3 2 sin 5
b)(KD-2004)
x x x x x sin 2 sin ) cos sin 2 )( 1 cos 2 ( +

c) (KA-2004) Cho ABC khong tu thoa ieu kien :
3 cos 2 2 cos 2 2 2 cos + + C B A
.
Tnh ba goc cua ABC .
a) (KA-2005) 0 cos 2 cos . 3 cos
2 2
x x x
b) (KB-2005) 0 2 cos 2 sin cos sin 1 + + + + x x x x
c) (KD-2005) 0
2
3
)
4
3 sin( ).
4
cos( sin cos
4 4
+ +

x x x x
a) (KA-2006)
( )
0
sin 2 2
cos sin sin cos 2
6 6
+
x
x x x x
b) (KB-2006) 4 )
2
tan . tan 1 ( sin cot + +
x
x x x
c) (KD-2006) 0 1 cos 2 cos 3 cos + x x x
a) (KA-2007) x x x x x 2 sin 1 sin ) cos 1 ( cos ) sin 1 (
2 2
+ + + +
b) (KB-2007) x x x sin 1 7 sin 2 sin 2
2
+
c) (KD-2007) 2 cos 3
2
cos
2
sin
2
+
,
_
+ x
x x
a) (KA-2008)
,
_
,
_
+ x
x
x 4
7
sin 4
2
3
sin
1
sin
1

b) (KB-2008) x x x x x x cos sin 3 cos sin cos 3 sin
2 2 3 3

c) (KD-2008)
x x x x cos 2 1 2 sin ) 2 cos 1 ( sin 2 + + +
a) (KA-2009) Gii phng trnh
( )
( ) ( )
1 2sin x cos x
3.
1 2sin x 1 sinx
+
b) (KB-2009) Gii phng trnh
3
sin x cos xsin 2x 3 cos3x 2(cos 4x sin x) + + +
c) (KD-2009) Gii phng trnh 3cos5x 2sin3x cos 2x sin x 0 .
F. MC THAM KHO THM V CCH GII PH.TRNH LNG GIC.
* Viec giai PTLG la van e thng gap trong cac e thi ai
hoc .Phng phap thng s dung khi giai phng trnh lng
giac la thc hien mot so phep bien oi lng giac thch
hp ke ca viec bien oi ai so e a PTLG ve dang phng
trnh lng giac c ban hay cac phng trnh lng giac thng
gap hoac a ve dang phng trnh tch hoac at an phu e
a ve phng trnh ai so bac hai,bac ba;hoac oi khi con
phai s dung en phng phap anh gia hai ve cua phng
trnh. e at c ket qua cao trong viec giai PTLG yeu cau
hoc sinh can nam vng cac yeu cau toi thieu sau ay :
1)Hoc thuoc (hoac thong qua suy luan) cac cong thc lng
giac,cac cung, goc co lien
quan ac biet,gia tr lng giac cua cac cung(goc) ac
biet.
2)Can nam vng cach giai PTLG c ban va cac trng hp
ac biet.Cach giai cac
phng trnh lng giac thng gap .
3)Phai co thoi quen la e cap en TX cua phng trnh
(lay ieu kien) trc khi tien
hanh phep bien oi va oi chieu ieu kien khi co ket
qua.
* Tai sao e cap en viec bien oi thch hp:V cac ong
nhat thc lng giac thng
rat a dang.Chang han :
-Neu can bien oi cos2x th tuy theo au bai ta se s dung
mot trong cac ong nhat sau:
Cos2x = cos
2
x sin
2
x = 2cos
2
x -1 = 1-2sin
2
x.
V du : Giai phng trnh :
a) cos2x = sinxcosx bien oi Cos2x = cos
2
x sin
2
x
b) cos2x = cosx bien oi Cos2x = 2cos
2
x -1
c) cos2x = sinx bien oi Cos2x = 1-2sin
2
x
-Neu can bien oi cos
4
x-sin
4
x th tuy theo au bai ta se s
dung mot trong cac ong nhat
sau:
cos
4
x-sin
4
x = cos
2
x sin
2
x = Cos2x = 2cos
2
x -1 = 1-2sin
2
x.
*Can chu y en cac ong nhat lng giac thng gap khi
giai toan nh:
1t sin2x = (sinx t cosx)
2
Cos
3
x.sin3x+sin
3
x.cos3x =
4
3
sin4x

4
4 cos 3
2
2 cos 1
2 sin
2
1
1 sin cos
2
2 4 4
x x
x x x
+
+
+

8
4 cos 3 5
4
2 cos 3 1
2 sin
4
3
1 sin cos
2
2 6 6
x x
x x x
+
+
+
*Can chu y en cac so hang co cha tha so (cosx+sinx)
la: cos2x ; cos
3
x+sin
3
x ;
Cos
4
x-sin
4
x ; cos3x-sin3x ; 1+tanx ; cotx-tanx ;
,
_
+
4
sin 2

x
.Tng
t oi vi cac
so hang co cha th so cosx-sinx.
*Cac phep bien oi lng giac thng c tien
hanh theo cac hng sau:
+Ha bac phng trnh(neu co).
+a ve cung cung:
-Neu cung ham va cung cung th tien hanh at
an phu.
-Neu cung cung nhng con hai ham sin va cosin th
thng bien oi ve ph.
trnh tch
(S dung cac phng phap phan tch a thc thanh
nhan t nh: at nhan t
chung,dung hang ang thc,nhom hang t,nghiem
tam thc bac hai)
-Neu cung cung va con hai ham sin ; cosin vi bac
cac hang t hn,kem nhau 2n (vi n la so t nhien) th
ta co the chia hai ve cua phng trnh cho cos
k
x hoac sin
k
x
(k la bac ln nhat trong phng trnh) e a phng trnh
a cho ve dang con cha duy nhat ham tang hoac
cotang cua mot cung roi tien hanh at an phu.
*Khi anh gia hai ve cua phng trnh th cac bat
ang thc thng c dung e c lng nh:
1 sin x
;
1 cos x
;
2 2
cos sin b a x b x a + + ;
1 cos sin cos sin
2 2
+ t x x x x
n m
(vi
3 , ; , n m N n m
)
-oi vi phng trnh sinaxt sinbx = 2 t
'
t t
t
1 sin
1 sin
bx
ax
(dau
t lay tng ng)
Tng t oi vi cac phng trnh : cosaxt cosbx = 1 t ;
sinaxt cosbx = 2 t

CH : V trong ti liu ny ti bin son theo nhiu thi im khc nhau, sau
gp li nn c hai phng ch l Times New Roman v VNI-Times . Vy khi s
dng c g tr ngi bn t i phng ch!

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Chuyn : PHNG TRNH LNG GIC-Theo hng ra thi ca B GIO DC

(5) ) sin 2 1 ( 4 sin 7 2 cos 4 ) cos cos (sin 7

2) Giai phng trnh :

+ co la nghiem phng trnh hay khong.

+ , chia hai ve phng trnh cho cos

0. Chia hai v PT cho x

0, chia hai v (*) cho cos

0, chia hai v (2) cho cos

0, chia hai v (3) cho cos

) 1 ( 0 12 2 sin ) cos (sin 12

) 2 ( 0 7 2 sin 3 ) sin (cos 8

) 6 ( 0 1 ) sin )(cos 1 cos (sin

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