CHNG X: HE TH C L N G TRONG TAM GIA C

I. NH LY HA M SIN VA COSIN Cho ABC co a, b, c la n l t la ba ca n h o i die n cu a A, B, C, R la ba n knh n g tro n ngoa i tie p ABC , S la die n tch ABC th

a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C a 2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A = b2 + c2 4S.cotgA b2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos B = a 2 + c 2 4S.cotgB c2 = a 2 + b2 2ab cos C = a 2 + b2 4S.cotgC

Ba i 184

Cho ABC . Ch n g minh: A = 2B a 2 = b2 + bc

Ta co : a 2 = b2 + bc 4R2 sin2 A = 4R2 sin2 B + 4R2 sin B.sin C sin 2 A sin 2 B = sin B sin C 1 1 (1 cos 2A ) (1 cos 2B ) = sin B sin C 2 2 cos 2B cos 2A = 2 sin B sin C
2 sin ( B + A ) sin ( B A ) = 2 sin B sin C sin ( B + A ) sin ( A B ) = sin B sin C sin ( A B ) = sin B A = 2B

( do

sin ( A + B ) = sin C > 0 )

A B = B A B = B ( loai )

Ca c h kha c : sin 2 A sin 2 B = sin B sin C (s in A sin B) (s in A + sin B) = sin B sin C A+B AB A+B AB 2 cos sin .2 sin co s = sin B sin C 2 2 2 2 sin ( B + A ) sin ( A B ) = sin B sin C

sin ( A B ) = sin B A = 2B

( do

sin ( A + B ) = sin C > 0 )

A B = B A B = B ( loai )

Ba i 185:

Cho ABC . Ch n g minh:

sin ( A B ) a 2 b2 = sin C c2

a 2 b2 4R 2 sin2 A 4R 2 sin2 B = Ta co c2 4R 2 sin2 C 1 1 1 cos 2A ) (1 cos 2B ) sin 2 A sin 2 B 2 ( 2 = = sin 2 C sin 2 C cos 2B cos 2A 2 sin ( A + B ) sin ( B A ) = = 2 sin 2 C 2 sin 2 C sin ( A + B ) . sin ( A B ) sin ( A B ) = = sin C sin 2 C ( do sin ( A + B ) = sin C > 0)
Ba i 186: Cho ABC bie t ra n g tg Ch n g minh a + b = 2c Ta co : tg

A B 1 tg = 2 2 3

A B 1 A B A B tg = 3sin sin = cos cos 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 A B do cos > 0, cos > 0 2 2 A B A B A B 2 sin sin = cos cos sin sin 2 2 2 2 2 2 A+B A B A+B cos cos = cos 2 2 2 AB A+B cos = 2 cos ( *) 2 2 Ma t kha c : a + b = 2R ( sin A + sin B ) A+B AB = 4R sin cos 2 2 A+B A+B = 8R sin cos ( do ( *) ) 2 2 = 4R sin ( A + B )
Ca c h kha c : a + b = 2c
= 4R sin C = 2c

2R ( sin A + sin B ) = 4R sin C

A+B AB C C cos = 4 sin cos 2 2 2 2 C AB C A+B A+B cos = 2 sin = 2 cos = cos do sin 2 2 2 2 2 A B A B A B A B cos cos + sin sin = 2 cos cos 2 sin sin 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 A B A B 3 sin sin = cos cos 2 2 2 2 A B 1 tg tg = 2 2 3 Ba i 187: Cho ABC , ch n g minh ne u cotgA, cotgB, cotgC ta o mo t ca p so co n g th 2 sin

a 2 , b2 , c2 cu n g la ca p so co n g.
Ta co : cot gA, cot gB, cot gC la cap so cong cot gA + cot gC = 2 cot gB ( * ) Ca c h 1:

Ta co: ( *)

sin ( A + C ) 2 cos B = sin 2 B = 2 sin A sin C cos B sin A sin C sin B 2 sin B = cos ( A + C ) cos ( A C ) cos ( A + C ) sin 2 B = cos2 ( A + C ) cos ( A C ) cos ( A + C ) sin 2 B = cos2 B 1 [cos 2A + cos 2C] 2 1 sin 2B = (1 sin 2 B ) (1 2 sin 2 A ) + (1 2 sin 2 C ) 2 2 sin 2 B = sin 2 A + sin 2 C

2b2 a2 c2 = + 4R 2 4R 2 4R 2 2b2 = a 2 + c2 a 2 , b2 , c2 la cap so cong

Ca c h 2: Ta co: a 2 = b2 + c 2 2ab cos A
1 a 2 = b2 + c 2 4 bc sin A .cotgA 2 2 2 2 a = b + c 4S cot gA Do o cotgA = b2 + c 2 a 2 4S a 2 + c 2 b2 a 2 + b2 c 2 Tng t cotgB = , cotgC = 4S 4S 2 2 2 2 2 b +c a a + b c2 a 2 + c 2 b2 + = 2 Do o: ( *) 4S 4S 4S 2 2 2 2b = a + c

Ba i 188:

Cho ABC co sin2 B + sin2 C = 2sin2 A Ch n g minh BAC 600.

Ta co:

sin 2 B + sin 2 C = 2 sin 2 A b2 c2 2a 2 + = 4R 2 4R 2 4R 2 b2 + c 2 = 2a 2 ( *)

Do nh ly ha m cosin ne n ta co a 2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A 2 ( b2 + c 2 ) b2 c 2 b2 + c 2 a 2 cos A = = ( do ( *)) 2bc 4bc b2 + c 2 2bc 1 = = ( do Cauchy ) 4bc 4bc 2

Vay : BAC 600. Ca c h kha c: nh ly ha m cosin cho a 2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A b2 + c2 = a 2 + 2bc cos A Do o
(*) a 2 + 2bc cos A = 2a 2 cos A = a2 b 2 + c2 1 = ( do Cauchy) 2bc 4 bc 2

Cho ABC . Ch n g minh : R ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) cotgA+cotgB+cotgC = abc 2 2 b + c a2 Ta co: cotgA = 4S 2 2 2 a +c b a 2 + b2 c 2 Tng t: cot gB = , cot gC = 4S 4S 2 2 2 a +b +c a 2 + b2 + c 2 Do o cot gA + cot gB + cot gC = = abc 4S 4 4R 2 2 2 a +b +c =R abc Ba i 190: Cho ABC co 3 go c A, B, C ta o tha n h mo t ca p so nha n co co n g bo i q = 2. Gia s A < B < C. 1 1 1 = + Ch n g minh: a b c Ba i 189:

Do A, B, C la ca p so nha n co q = 2 ne n B = 2A, C = 2B = 4A 2 4 Ma A + B + C = nen A = , B = ,C = 7 7 7 Ca c h 1: 1 1 1 1 + = + Ta co: b c 2R sin B 2R sin C 1 1 1 = + 2 4 2R sin sin 7 7 4 2 + sin sin 1 7 7 = 2 4 2R sin sin 7 7 3 2 sin . cos 1 7 7 do sin 4 = sin 3 = 2 3 2R 7 7 sin . sin 7 7 cos 1 1 7 = = 2R sin A R 2 sin . cos 7 7 1 = a Ca c h 2:
1 1 1 1 1 1 = + = + a b c sin A sin B sin C 1 1 1 sin 4A + sin 2A = + = sin A sin 2A sin 4A sin 2A sin 4A 1 2 sin 3A. cos A 2 cos A 2 cos A = = = sin A sin 2A sin 4A sin 2A 2 sin A cos A 3 4 = sin = sin 4A do : sin 3A = sin 7 7 Ba i 191: Tnh ca c go c cu a ABC ne u sin A sin B sin C = = 1 2 3

Do nh ly ha m sin: ne n :

a b c = = = 2R sin A sin B sin C sin A sin B sin C = = ( *) 1 2 3

a b c = = 2R 2R 3 4R b c b = a 3 = 3 2 c = 2a

a= Ta co: c 2 = 4a 2 = a 3

+ a2

c 2 = b2 + a 2 Vay ABC vuong tai C Thay sin C = 1 vao ( *) ta c sin A sin B 1 = = 1 2 3 1 sin A = 2 sin B = 3 2 A = 300 0 B = 60
Ghi chu: Trong tam gia c ABC ta co
a = b A = B sin A = sin B cos A = cos B

II. NH LY VE N G TRUNG TUYE N

Cho ABC co trung tuye n AM th:

AB2 + AC2 = 2AM2 +

BC2 2 a2 2

2 2 2 hay : c + b = 2ma +

Ba i 192: Cho ABC co AM trung tuye n , AMB = , AC = b, AB = c, S la die n tch ABC. V i 0 < < 900 b2 c 2 a/ Ch n g minh: cotg = 4S 0 b/ Gia s = 45 , ch n g minh: cotgC cotgB = 2 a/ AHM vuo n g cotg =

HM MB BH = AH AH a BH cotg = (1 ) 2AH AH

2 2 2 b2 c 2 ( a + c 2ac cos B ) c Ma t kha c : = 4S 2AH.a a t BC = a b2 c 2 a c cos B a BH = = (2) 4S 2AH AH 2AH AH b2 c 2 T (1) va (2) ta c : cotg = 4S Ca c h kha c: Go i S 1 , S 2 la n l t la die n tch tam gia c ABH va ACH A p du n g nh ly ha m cos trong tam gia c ABH va ACH ta co : AM2 + BM2 c 2 cotg = (3) 4S1

cotg =

AM2 + CM2 b2 4S2

(4)

La y (3) (4) ta co : b2 c 2 S cotg = ( v S 1 =S 2 = ) 2 4S HC HB HC HB = b/Ta co : cotgC cotgB = AH AH AH ( MH + MC ) ( MB MH ) = AH 2MH = 2 cotg = 2 cotg 450 = 2 = AH Ca c h kha c: A p du n g nh ly ha m cos trong tam gia c ABM va ACM ta co : BM2 + c 2 AM2 cotg B = (5) 4S1

cotg C =

CM2 + b2 AM2 4S2

(6)

La y (6) (5) ta co : b2 c 2 S cotg C cot gB = = 2 cot g =2 ( v S 1 =S 2 = va ca u a ) 2 2S

Ba i 193 Cho ABC co trung tuye n pha t xua t t B va C la mb , mc tho a c mb = 1 . Ch n g minh: 2cotgA = cotgB + cotgC b mc

m2 c2 b Ta co : 2 = 2 b mc
1 2 b2 a + c2 2 2 c2 2 = b 1 2 c2 b + a2 2 2 c4 b4 = a 2 b2 + b2 c 2 2 2 1 4 a 2 c 2 a 2 b2 = ( c b4 ) 2 1 a 2 ( c 2 b2 ) = ( c 2 b2 )( c 2 + b2 ) 2 c 2a 2 = c 2 + b2 (1) do 1 b 2 2 2 Thay b + c = a + 2bc cos A va o (1), ta co (1) tha n h a 2 = 2bc cos A a2 4R 2 sin 2 A cos A = = 2bc 2 ( 2R sin B ) ( 2R sin C ) b2 c 2 + a 2 c 2

sin ( B + C ) cos A sin A = = sin A sin B sin C sin B sin C sinBcosC+ sinCcosB 2 cotgA = = cotgC+ cotgB sin B sin C 2
Ba i 194: Ch n g minh ne u ABC co trung tuye n AA vuo n g go c v i trung tuye n BB th cotgC = 2 (cotgA + cotgB) GAB vuo n g ta i G co GC trung tuye n ne n AB = 2GC 2 Va y AB = CC 3 2 9c = 4m 2 c
c2 9c 2 = 2 b2 + a 2 2 5c 2 = a 2 + b2 5c2 = c2 + 2ab cos C (do nh ly ha m cos) 2c 2 = ab cos C
2 ( 2R sin C ) = ( 2R sin A )( 2R sin B ) cos C
2

 2 sin2 C = sin A sin B cos C 2 sin C cos C = sin A sin B sin C 2 sin ( A + B ) = cotgC sin A sin B 2 ( sin A cos B + sin B cos A ) = cotgC sin A sin B 2 ( cotg B + cotgA ) = cotgC

III. DIEN TCH TAM GIAC

Go i

th

S: die n tch ABC R: ba n knh ng tro n ngoa i tie p ABC r: ba n knh n g tro n no i tie p ABC p: n a chu vi cu a ABC

1 1 1 a.h a = b.h b = c.hc 2 2 2 1 1 1 S = ab sin C = ac sin B = bc sin A 2 2 2 abc S= 4R S = pr S= S = p ( p a ) ( p b )( p c )

Ba i 195:

Cho

ABC ch n g minh:

sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C =

2S R2

Ta co : sin2A+ ( sin2B + sin2C )

sin2A + 2sin(B + C).cos(B - C) 2sinAcosA + 2sinAcos(B - C) 2sinA[cosA + cos(B - C)] 2sinA[- cos(B + C) + cos(B - C)] 2sinA.[2sinB.sinC] a b c 1 abc 1 4RS 2S = 4. . . = = = 2 2R 2R 2R 2 R 3 2 R3 R

= = = = =

Ba i 196

Cho

ABC. Ch n g minh : ABC) =

S = Die n tch (

1 2 ( a sin 2B + b2 sin 2A ) 4

Ta co : S = dt ( ABC ) =

1 ab sin ( A + B ) 2 1 = ab [sin A cos B + sinB cos A ] 2 1 a b = ab sin B cos B + sin A cos A (do l ham sin) 2 a b 1 = a 2 sin B cos B+ b2 sin A cos A 2 1 = ( a 2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A ) 4 =
Ba i 197: Cho ABC co tro n g ta m G va GAB = , GBC = , GCA = . Ch n g minh: cotg + cotg +cotg =

1 ab sin C 2

3 ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) 4S

Go i M la trung ie m BC, ve MH AB AH AMH cos = AM BH 2BH BHM cos B = = MB a Ta co : AB = HA + HB a c = AM cos + cos B 2 1 a cos = (1 ) c cos B AM 2 Ma t kha c do a p du n g nh ly ha m sin va o AMB ta co :

MB AM 1 a = sin = MB sin B = sin B (2) sin sin B AM 2AM

La y (1) chia cho (2) ta c : a c cos B 2c a cos B 2 cotg = = a b sin B a. 2 2R 2 R ( 4c 2a cos B ) R ( 4c 2ac cos B ) = = ab abc 2 2 2 2 2 3c + b a 3c + b a 2 = = abc 4S R

Ch n g minh tng t :
3a 2 + c 2 b2 4S 2 3b + a 2 c 2 cotg = 4S Do o : cotg + cotg + cotg cotg =

= =

3c2 + b2 a 2 3a 2 + c 2 b2 3b2 + a 2 c 2 + + 4S 4S 4S 2 2 2 3 (a + b + c ) 4S

2 Ca c h kha c : Ta co m2 + m2 + mc = a b

3 2 ( a + b2 + c2 ) (*) 4

cotg =

c2 + m2 a 4SABM

a2 2 2 2 4 = 4c + 4ma a (a) 8S

Tng t cotg =

4a 2 + 4m2 b2 4b2 + 4m2 c2 b c (b), cotg = (c) 8S 8S

Co n g (a), (b), (c) va ke t h p (*) ta co :

cotg + cotg + cotg = 3 ( a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) 4S

IV. BAN KNH N G TRO N

Go i R ba n knh n g tro n ngoa i tie p ABC va r ba n knh n g tro n no i tie p ABC th a abc = R= 2 sin A 4S S r= p A B C r = ( p a ) tg = ( p b ) tg = ( p c ) tg 2 2 2

Ba i 198: Go i I la ta m n g tro n no i tie p ABC . Ch n g minh:

a/ r = 4R sin

A B C sin sin 2 2 2 2 b/ IA.IB.IC = 4Rr

a/ Ta co :

B BH = 2 IH B BH = rcotg 2 C Tng t HC = r cotg 2 IBH cotg

Ma : BH + CH = BC ne n B C r cotg + cotg = a 2 2 B + C r sin 2 =a B C sin sin 2 2 A B C r cos = ( 2R sin A ) sin sin 2 2 2 A A A B C r cos = 4R sin cos sin sin 2 2 2 2 2 A B C A r = 4R sin sin sin . (do cos >0) 2 2 2 2 b/ Ta co :

Tng t

Do o :

IK r = IA = A 2 IA sin 2 r r IB = ; IC = B C sin sin 2 2 3 r IA.IB.IC = A B C sin sin sin 2 2 2 sin r3 = = 4Rr 2 (do ket qua cau a) r 4R

Ba i 199: Cho ABC co n g tro n no i tie p tie p xu c ca c ca n h ABC ta i A, B, C. A 'B 'C ' co ca c ca n h la a, b, c va die n tch S. Ch n g minh:

a/

a' b ' C A B + = 2 sin sin + sin a b 2 2 2 S' A B C b/ = 2 sin sin sin S 2 2 2

a/ Ta co : C ' A 'B ' =

1 1 1 C 'IB ' = ( A ) = ( B + C ) 2 2 2 A p du n g nh ly hnh sin va o A 'B 'C ' a' = 2r (r: ba n knh ng tro n no i tie p ABC ) sin A '

a ' = 2r sin A ' = 2r sin

B+C (1) 2 ABC co : a = BC = BA '+ A 'C

a = r cot g

B C + r cot g 2 2 B+C sin 2 (2) a=r B C sin sin 2 2 a B C (1) = 2 sin sin La y ta c a 2 2 (2)

Tng t

b' A C = 2 sin .sin b 2 2

a ' b' C A B + = 2 sin sin + sin . a b 2 2 2

Va y

b/ Ta co :

A 'C 'B ' =

1 1 1 .B 'IA ' = ( C ) = ( A + B ) 2 2 2

Va y Ta co :

A+B C = cos 2 2 1 a ' b 'sin C ' S ' dt ( A 'B 'C ') 2 = = 1 S dt ( ABC ) ab sin C 2 S ' a ' b ' sin C ' = S a b sin C sin C ' = sin
B C A = 4 sin sin 2 sin 2 2 2 = 2 sin B C A sin sin 2 2 2 cos 2 sin

C C cos 2 2

C 2

Ba i 200: Cho ABC co tro n g ta m G va ta m n g tro n no i tie p I. Bie t GI vuo n g go c v i n g pha n gia c trong cu a BCA . Ch n g minh: a+b+c 2ab = 3 a+b Ve GH AC, GK BC, ID AC IG ca t AC ta i L va ca t BC ta i N Ta co : Dt(CLN) = 2Dt(LIC) =ID.LC = r.LC (1) Ma t kha c : Dt(CLN) = Dt(GLC) + Dt(GCN)

1 ( GH.LC + GK.CN ) (2) 2 Do CLN ca n ne n LC = CN =

T (1) va (2) ta c :

1 LC ( GH + GK ) 2 2r = GH + GK Go i h a , h b la hai n g cao ABC pha t xua t t A, B rLC =

Ta co :
GK MG 1 GH 1 = = = va ha MA 3 hb 3

Do o :

2r =

1 ( ha + h b ) 3

(3)

Ma :

S = Dt ( ABC ) = pr = ha =

1 1 a.ha = b.h b 2 2

Do o :

2pr 2pr va h b = a b

T (3) ta co : 2r =

2 1 1 pr + 3 a b 1 a + b 1 = p 3 ab a+b+c a+b 3= 2 ab 2ab a+b+c = a+b 3

Th.S Phm Hng Danh (TT luyn thi Vnh Vin)

BAI TAP
1. Cho ABC co ba ca n h la a, b, c. R va r la n l t la ba n knh ng tro n ngoa i tie p va no i tie p ABC . Ch n g minh: C A B a/ ( a b ) cotg + ( b c ) cotg + ( c a ) cotg = 0 2 2 2 r b/ 1 + = cos A + cos B + cos C R A B C c/ Ne u cotg , cotg , cotg la ca p so co n g th a, b, c cu n g la ca p so co n g. 2 2 2 d/ Die n tch ABC = R r ( sin A + sin B + sin C ) e/ Ne u : a 4 = b4 + c4 th ABC co 3 go c nho n va 2sin2 A = tgB.tgC 8 Ne u die n tch ( ABC ) = (c + a -b)(c + b -a) th tgC = 15 Cho ABC co ba go c nho n . Go i A, B, C la cha n ca c n g cao ve t A, B, C. Go i S, R, r la n l t la die n tch, ba n knh n g tro n ngoa i tie p , no i tie p ABC . Go i S, R, r la n l t la die n tch, ba n knh n g tro n ngoa i tie p , no i tie p cu a A 'B 'C ' . Ch n g minh: a/ S = 2ScosA.cosB.cosC R b/ R ' = 2 c/ r = 2RcosA.cosB.cosC ABC co ba ca n h a, b, c ta o mo t ca p so co n g. V i a < b < c Ch n g minh : a/ ac = 6Rr A C B = 2 sin b/ cos 2 2 3r C A c/ Co n g sai d = tg tg 2 2 2 Cho ABC co ba go c A, B, C theo th t ta o 1 ca p so nha n co co n g bo i q = 2. Ch n g minh: 1 1 1 a/ = + a b c 5 b/ cos2 A + cos2 B + cos2 C = 4

2. 3.

4.

5.