TON CHUYN TUYN SINH VO LP 10 TRNG PTNK

NM HC 2012 2013
Cu I.
1) Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 2
( ) 2
( ) 2
x y z z
y z x x
z x y y

2) Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a. M v N l hai im ln lt nm trn cc cnh AB v BC
sao cho
AM CN
x
AB CB
= =
vi 0 < x < 1. Cc ng thng qua M , N song song vi BD ln lt
ct AD ti Q v CD ti P. Tnh din tch t gic MNPQ theo a v x v tm x sao cho din tch
ny ln nht.
Cu II. S nguyn dng n c gi l s k diu nu nh tng cc bnh phng ca cc c
ca n ( k c 1 v n ) ng bng .
a) Chng minh rng s 287 l s iu ha.
b) Chng minh rng s
3
n p = ( p nguyn t ) khng phi l s iu ha.
c) Chng minh rng nu s n pq = ( p,q l cc s nguyn t khc nhau) l s iu ha th n
+ 2 l s chnh phng.

Cu III.
a) Tm cc gi tr x etha mn
2
5 4 2 1 0 x x x + + >
b) Chng minh rng vi cc s khng m , , x y z tha mn 3 a b c + + = ta c bt ng thc
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
Cu IV.Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn ng thng vung gc vi AB ti B ta ly im
D di ng nm cng pha vi C i vi ng thng AB .

a) Chng minh rng nu AC + BD < CD th trn cnh AB tn ti hai im M v N sao cho

90
o
CMD CND = =

b) Gi s iu kin trn c tha mn. ng thng qua A song song vi MD ct ng
thng qua B song song vi MC ti E. Chng minh rng ng thng DE lun i qua mt im c
nh .
Cu V.Cho a gic u n cnh . Dng 3 mu xanh , , vng t mu cc nh a gic mt cch
ty ( mi nh c t bi mt mu v tt c cc nh u c t mu). Cho php thc hin
thao tc sau y : chn hai nh k nhau bt k ( ngha l hai nh lin tip) khc mu v thay
mu ca hai nh bng mu cn li.
a) Chng minh rng bng cch thc hin thao tc trn mt s ln ta lun lun lm cho cc
nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi hai mu.
b)
Chng minh rng vi n = 4 v n = 8, bng cch thc hin thao tc trn mt s ln ta c
th lm cho cc nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi mt mu.




HNG DN GII
Cu I. 1) Tr theo v hai phng trnh u ta c

2 2
( 2 )( ) 2( ) ( )( 2) x y z x z x z x z x z x z + = = +

Hay ( )( 2 2) 0 1 x z y x z hoac y + = = =
Xt trng hp x = z
PT th ba cho ta
2
0
2 0
2
y
y y
y
=
=

=

Vi y = 0 ta c
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
x z z
z z
x z
z x x

=
=

=
=

Nghim (x,y,z) = ( 0,0,0) , (1,0,1)
Vi y = 2 ta c
2 2
2
2 2
( 2) 2
3 2 0
(2 ) 2
x z z
x x
x z
z x x

=
+ =

=
=

Nghim (x,y,z) = (1,2,1) , (2,2,2)
Xt trng hp y = 1. Ta c
2 2
2 2
2
( 1) 2
(1 ) 2
( ) 1
x z z
z x x
z x

Vi z x = 1 dn n
2
1
3 2 0
2
z
z z
z
=
+ =

=


Nghim (x,y,z) = (0,1,1) , (1,1,2)
Vi z x = -1 dn n
2
0
0
1
z
z z
z
=
=

=

Nghim (x,y,z) = (1,1,0), (2,1,1)
Vy h c 8 nghim .

2) Chng minh c MNPQ l hnh ch nht
Ta c 1 1 (1 ) 2
MN BM AB AM AM
x MN x a
AC BA AB AB

= = = = =


2
MQ AM
x MQ xa
BD AB
= = =
(0,25)
T
2
2
2 2
1 1
. 2 (1 ) 2
4 2 2
a
S MN MQ a x x a x
(
| |
( = = = s
|
\ . (


Vy din tch t GTLN l
2
ax
2
m
a
S =
khi
1
2
x =
hay M l trung im AB.


Cu II. a)S n = 287 c cc c dng l 1 , 7, 41, 287.
ng thc
2 2 2 2 2
1 7 41 287 (287 3) + + + = + chng t 287 l s iu ha.
b) D thy cc c dng ca
3
n p = l
2 3
1, , , p p p
.Gi s tri li, n l s k diu. Khi

2 2 4 6 3 2 6 3 2 4 3
1 ( 3) 6 9 6 8 p p p p p p p p p + + + = + = + + + = +

T suy ra rng p l c ca 8. Nh th p = 2 v ta gp iu mu thun. Vy
2
n p = khng
th l s iu ha .
d) S n = pq ( p < q) c cc c dng l 1, p,q v pq.
V n l iu ha nn
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ( 3) 6 8 ( ) 4( 2) p q p q pq p q pq p q pq + + + = + + = + + = +

Do 4 l s chnh phng nn n + 2 l s chnh phng.

Cu III. a) K 1 x >
Ta c
( )
2
5 4 2 1 0 ( 1)( 4) 2 1 0 1 ( 4) 1 2 0 x x x x x x x x x + + > + > + >


( ) ( )
2
1 ( 1) 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 x x x x x x x
(
+ > + >


Vy mi 1 x > u tha mn bt phng trnh cho.
b) T cu a) , t 1 0 t x = > ta c BT
2
2 3 (0, 25) t t t + >
(*)

BT cn chng minh tng ng vi

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c + + + + + > + + + + +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 ( ) a b c a b c a b c + + + + + > + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 3( ) a b c a b c a b c + + + + + > + +
p dng (*) ta c
2 2 2
2 3 , 2 3 , 2 3 a a a b b b c c c + > + > + >

Cng cc BT trn ta c BT cn chng minh.




Cu IV.

a) Xt ng trn ng knh CD c tm O l trung im
CD. Gi I l trung im CD. Khi OI vung gc vi
AB v
2
AC BD
OI
+
=
.
T gi thit ta c
2
CD
OI >
. Suy ra ng trn ng
knh CD ct on AB ti hai im M, N v do

90
o
CMD CND = =
.
b) Gi E l giao im ca ng thng qua A song song
vi MD vi CD. Gi P,Q ln lt l giao im ca MD
vi AC v MC vi BD.
T nh l Talet ta c
' CE CA
CD CP
=
v
' CA BQ CE BQ
CD DQ CD DQ
= =
T ta c BE // MC. Suy ra E E hay C,D,E thng hng.
Vy ng thng DE lun i qua im C c nh.

Cu V. a) Xt mt dy cc nh mu vng AV1V2VkB ( c th ch gm 1 nh) c gii hn
bi 2 nh A v B ( c th trng nhau) khng phi mu vng . S dng thao tc cho ta i
mu hai nh A v V1 thnh mu th ba ( hin nhin khng phi vng) . Tip tc nh th ta i
mu cc nh |V2,V3,,Vk sang mu khng phi vng. Nh vy ta lm mt mu vng trong
dy cc nh trn
Bng cch thc hin nh trn i vi dy cc im mu vng khc ta suy ra c th lm cho cc
nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi hai mu xanh v .

b)Theo cu a) ta ch xt trng hp cc nh a gic c t bi hai mu ,chng
hn xanh v .
Bng thao tc cho ta c hai kiu chuyn mu b 4 nh lin tip nh sau :
ddxx --> dvvx---> xxvx ---->xddx--->vvvv v dxdx--->vvvv , dxxd ---> vvvv (1)
Do tnh i xng nn suy ra nu mt b 4 nh m trong c hai nh cng mt mu v hai
nh cn li cng mt mu khc th ta chuyn c 4 nh v mu th ba.
Bng cch dng kiu bin i nh trn ta c
dddx--->ddvv---> xxxx ( dng (1)) v ddxd---->dvvd---->xxxx (2)
Ngha l nu c 3 nh cng mu th ta chuyn mu 3 nh v mu ca nh th t.
Nh vy bng (1) v (2) ta c th chuyn mu ca mi b 4 nh lin tip v cng mt mu .
iu ny chng minh cho trng hp n = 4.
Vi n = 8, ta chia 8 nh thnh 2 b 4 nh. Nh chng minh trn, ta c th lm cho mi b
4 nh nh th c cng mu. Nu mu ca hai b l nh nhau th ta c PCM. Tri li ,chng
hn ta c kiu t mu xxxxdddd.
Ta c php bin i hai b 4 nh lin tip :
xxxxdddd---->xxxvvddd---->xxxv|vddd---->vvvvvvvv ( dng (2))
Vy ta chng minh c cho trng hp n = 8.
Nhn xt
- Nhn chung nm nay c nh gi l kh v hi di, khng c cu cho im (mc d
2a l d nhng nhiu bn b). Bn no phi thc s c nng lc th mi c th t c
im 7 tr ln. Cch pht biu l, nn nhiu cu khng qu kh nhng cc bn vn b
qua hoc lm lung tung.
- Cc cu d nht c th l 2a, 1b. Kh hn mt cht l 1a,3a, 2bc, 4a, 5b n = 4.
- Cc cu kh nht l 3b, 4b v 5.
- Nm nay l nm Euro nhng khng c cu bng , nhng cu t hp li kh hay v
khng t c.
Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu