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1. Cng thc cn nh: a.

S loi giao t: khng ty thuc vo kiu gen m ty thuc s cp gen d hp trong : + KG ca c th gm 1 cp gen d hp sinh ra 21 giao t. + KG ca c th gm 2 cp gen d hp sinh ra 22 giao t. + KG ca c th gm 3 cp gen d hp sinh ra 23 giao t. =>KG ca c th gm n cp gen d hp sinh ra 2n giao t. VD: Cp gen ng hp AA hay aa cho 1 loi giao t A (hoc a) Cp gen d hp Aa cho 2 loi giao t t l bng nhau l A v a 2 cp gen AABb: cho 2 loi giao t: 1/2AB: 1/2Ab 2 cp gen AaBb: cho 4 loi giao t 1/4AB: 1/4Ab: 1/4aB: 1/4ab. b. S t hp: + S t hp = s giao t c x s giao t ci. + Khi bit s t hp =>bit s loi giao t c, ci bit s cp gen d hp ca cha, m. VD: u H Lan ht vng trn t th phn thu c kt qu i con 9 vng trn: 3 vng nhn: 3 xanh trn: 1 xanh nhn (Vng: A, xanh: a; Trn: B, nhn: b) Ta thy c 9 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 16 t hp B v m u cho 4 loi giao t =>B v m u c 2 cp gen d hp AaBb c. S loi v t l phn li v kiu gen v kiu hnh + S di truyn cc cp gen l c lp vi nhaudn ti s t hp t do gia cc cp gen cng nh gia cc cp tnh trng, nn: => - T l KG chung ca nhiu cp gen bng t l ca cc kiu gen ring r ca mi cp tnh trng nhn vi nhau (T l KH chung s bng tch t l KH ring) - S Kiu hnh tnh chung bng s KH ring ca tng cp tnh trng nhn vi nhau. + VD1: Tnh t l loi KG AaBBCC t php lai aaBBCc x AaBbCc. Xt cp 1: aa x Aa = 1/2Aa: 1/2aa. Xt cp 2: BB x Bb = 1/2BB: 1/2Bb. Xt cp 3: Cc x Cc = 1/4CC: 2/4Cc: 1/4cc. =>T l KG AaBBCC = 1/2.1/2.1/4 = 1/16. + VD2: Tnh t l loi KH aaB-C- t php lai: AaBbCc x AaBbCc Xt cp 1: Aa x Aa = 3/4 A-: 1/4 aa. Xt cp 2: Bb x Bb = 3/4 B-: 1/4 bb. Xt cp 3: Cc x Cc = 3/4 C-: 1/4 cc. =>T l KH aaB-C- = 1/4.3/4.3/4 = 9/64. d. Cc gen lin kt gen hon ton: + Cc cp gen ng hp cho 1 loi giao t. V d: KG Ab/Ab cho 1 loi giao t Ab KG Abd/ABd cho 1 loi giao t Abd + Nu c 1 cp gen d hp tr ln => cho 2 loi giao t t l tng ng nhau: V d: KG Ab/Ab cho 2 loi giao t: AB = Ab

KG Abd/ABd cho 2 loi giao t ABd = abd. + Trong t bo (2n), s nhm gen lin kt bng vi s NST trong giao t (n) Vd: t bo rui gim c 2n = 8 => c n = 4 => c 4 nhm gen lin kt. e. Cc gen lin kt khng hon ton (hon v gen) + Mi nhm gen phi cha 2 cp gen d hp tr ln th mi pht sinh giao t hon v gen c. + 2 cp gen d hp S loi giao t: 22 = 4 loi t l khng bng nhau. * 2 loi giao t bnh thng mang gen lin kt, t l mi loi >25% * 2 loi giao t HV gen mang t hp gen cho nhau do 2 gen tng ng i ch, t l mi loi ny < 25% V d:C th c KG AB/ab lin kt khng hon ton. * 2 loi giao t bnh thng t l cao l AB = ab > 25% * 2 loi giao t HVG t l thp l Ab = aB < 25% + Cch tnh tn s hon v gen ( php lai phn tch): TSHVG = (S c th hnh thnh do HV gen / Tng s c th nghin cu) x 100% Hoc: TSHVG = Tng t l giao t mang gen hon v. f. Tng tc gen: + Tc ng qua li gia cc gen khng alen: Du hiu nhn bit: .Php lai 1 tnh trng. .Kt qu cho F2 cho 16 t hp F1 c 2 cp gen d hp qui nh 1 tnh trng, phn li c lp. .Kt qu F2 l s bin dng v t l ca 4 nhm gen: 9 A-B- : 3A- bb : 3aaB- : 1aabb. .Cc t l thng gp: -Tng tc b tr: 9: 6: 1 hay 9: 7 hay 9 : 4 : 3 hay 9 : 3 : 3: 1 -Tng tc t ch: 13 : 3 hay 12 : 3 : 1. -Tng tc cng gp: 15 : 1 (cc gen tri c vai tr nh nhau v cc gen ln c vai tr nh nhau) + Kt lun: F1 cha 2 cp gen d hp phn li c lp cng qui nh 1 tnh trng th s phn li ku hnh F2 hoc l bng hoc l bin dng ca trin khai biu thc (3 : 1)2. g. Di truyn lin kt vi tnh. Du hiu nhn bit gen trn NST X (khng alen trn Y) - Thng tnh trng ch biu hin 1 gii XY (=>T l mc bnh khng u 2 gii) - C hin tng di truyn cho (b truyn cho con gi; m truyn cho con trai)

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