TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNSH TP .. .

Mc lc Phn 1 : Lch s pht trin ngnh ch Phn 2 : Quy trnh trng ch tr Phn 3 : Cng ngh ch bin ch en I. C s khoa hc sn xut ch en II. Nguyn liu III. Cng ngh sn xut ch en OTD v CTC 1. S 2. Cng ngh

Phn I . Gii Thiu

Ch c dng lm nc ung t thi c i cch y 2000 - 3000 nm, n nay l mt th nc ung c nhn dn trn gii a dng. dng. Gi tr ca ch: ch: * Gi tr thc phm: Trong ch c thnh phn ho hc phm: giu cht dinh dng, c tc dng tt i vi con ngi nh : + Cafein v mt s Alcaloit khc : l cht c kh nng kch thch h thn king trung ng, v cu i no, lm cho tinh thn minh mn, sng khoi, gim bt mt nhc, tng cng s hot ng ca cc c quan trong c th. th.

+ Hn hp tanin ch : C kh nng gii kht,ch kht,cha mt s bnh ng rut. rut. * Gi tr y hc: hc: + Trn th gii, Trung Quc l nc u tin bit dng ch, v dng ch cha bnh. ch bnh. + Nc ch ti cn lm gim c qu trnh tr vim: vim: vim khp, vim gan mn tnh, tng cng tnh n hi ca thnh mch mu. mu.

+ Ch c tc dng chng c kh nng gy ung th ca cc cht phng x. x.

+Gim nguy c tim mch, chng no ha, chng nhim c c

1 . S pht trin ca ngnh ch th gii - Nm 805 sau CN, ch truyn b t Trung Quc sang Nht Bn. Bn. - Nm 828 sau CN Triu Tin bt u c ch - Sau TK17 ch c truyn b sang Chu u qua con TK17 ung ch trn t lin & trn bin - 1780 Cty ng n ca Anh nhp ch t Trung Quc trng ti n . . - 1824 Ha Lan nhp ch t TQ trng ti Srilanca - 1833 Nga nhp ch TQ trng ti b bin en - 1914 trng ti Malaixia - 1918 pht trin ch quy m ln Vit Nam

- 1919 Myanma - Nhng nm 50 TK20 TQ vin tr cho cc nc -Phi pht trin ch - Nhng nm 20 TK19 Anh u t ch mi ti Chu phi - Cui TK19 c Nam M do Nht xy dng - 1940 c Chu c Ch pht trin c 5 chu, din tch gieo trng t hn 2.500.000 ha

S pht trin sn xut v tiu th ch trn th gii

2500

Nghn tn

2000

1500

sn lng

1000

nhp khu

500

xut khu

gi li tiu th
0
1900 1930 1960 1990

Nm

2. S pht trin ca ngnh Ch Vit Nam 2.1 Thi k trc nm 1882 T xa xa, ngi Vit Nam trng ch di 2 loi hnh: - Ch vn dng bng sng Hng v Ngh An. - Ch rng vng ni, ung ch mn, ln men mt na, H Giang, Bc H ... 2.2 Thi k 1882-1945 1882- Xut hin 2 loi ch cng nghip: Ch en OTD v ch xanh. - Bt u pht trin nhng n in ch ln - Ch en xut khu sang th trng Ty u, ch xanh sang Bc Phi - Din tch ch c nc l 13.305 ha, sn lng 6.000 tn ch kh/nm.

2.3 Thi k c lp (1945- nay) 1945- 1945-1954 Nh nc cha c iu kin pht trin 1945cy ch. ch. - Sau 1954, Nh nc xy dng cc Nng trng quc 1954, doanh v Hp tc x nng nghip trng ch : Ch en OTD xut khu sang Lin X, v ch xanh xut khu sang Trung Quc. Quc. - n ht nm 2002, 2002, + Tng din tch ch l 108.000 ha, trong c 87.000 108. 87. ha ch kinh doanh. doanh. + Tng s lng ch sn xut 98.000 tn, trong 98. xut khu 72.000 tn t 82 triu USD 72.

- Cc nc sn xut ch: + Chu : Trung Quc, n , Nht Bn, Silanca, Innxia, Vit nam. + Chu Phi:Kenia,nc lng ging ca Kenia. + Chu u:Grudia. + Chu m: Braxin, Colombia. - Cc ging ch : + Ging ch Trung Quc:Thea Sinensis + Ging ch n :Thea Assamica + Ging ch Vit Nam: Thea shan

Phn 2: Quy trnh trng ch tr I. c im ca cy ch. - Ch l loi cy sng xanh ti quanh nm,sng n vng nhit i v n i. - D lai cho. - Di truyn bn vng. v II. Ging ch Vit Nam. - Ging ch Trung Du:Trng trung du v min ni thp. - Ging ch shan: Vng thng du, cao nguyn. - Ging ch n : Vng Ty nguyn. - Ging ch PH1: Ging mi.

Ch Vit Nam xut khu

Chu

ghf S khc nhau gia 2 phng php

Cng ngh OTD Cng ngh CTC

- Lm ho : W= 63 65 % - ph v t bo v to hnh: + v v sng ti - Ln men: Thi gian 1-2h 1-

-Lm ho : W= 65 - 67% -Ph v t Sng ti V ch bo v to hnh: +

III. K thut trng v qun l nng ch . c tnh Ch l loi cy a nng m, nhit thch hp t 15-30 15-30C, lng ma thch hp t 1.5002.000 mm/ 1.500 nm. . iu kin sinh trng + PH = 5 - 6 + t ai ti xp, lp t mu cng dy cng tt + Hm lng nc trong ch 70 - 85%, do vy phi c bin php chng hn v gi nc cho ch, gi thiu nc cy ch km pht trin v c th b cht.

1. Ging ch, v cy ch gim cnh 1.1. Ging ch - Ch shan: Vng thng han: du, cao nguyn. nguyn.

Poly phenol

Nc

A l ch

Add Your Text

Add Your Text

Add Your Text

IV. Thnh phn ha hc ca l ch

1 Nc (75 82 %) 2 Cht kh ( 18 25 %) 1 L ch 2 3 4 5 6 7 Polyphenol (28-37% ck) Xenlulo (16-18%ck) Protein (20-28%ck) Pectin (2 - 4% ck)

Alkaloit (
Tro (4-8% ck) Men

Thnh phn ho hc ca l ch. 1.Nc. - Chim 75-82% khi lng l ch. 75- m l ch thay i ph thuc vo: + non gi: non m cao,gi m thp. + Thi im hi trong ngy : Sng > chiu > tra. + Theo thi v hi: xun , h ,thu. + Thi tit: Ma > Nng.(khng nn hi ch vo lc ma v sng m) + Cc ging ch khc nhau c hm lng nc khc nhau.

2.Cht kh. - Chim 22-25%khi lng l ch,gm: 22+ Cht khng tan trong nc + Cht tan trong nc - Trong l ch ,cht tan chim 37-43% cht 37kh.

3. Polyphenol. Polyphenol. - Chim 28-37% cht kh. N quyt nh 28-37% kh. tnh cht v cht lng ca ch ti v sn phm. phm. - Polyphenol to mu ,mi ,v cho ch. ch. - Polyphenol c v cht-ng,di tc dng chtca men c trong nc bt to cht c v ngt. ngt. - Hm lng polyphenol trong ch ph thuc vo: vo:

+ Ging ch: cc ging ch khc nhau

Ging Shan Manipu Assan Trung du V tr Tm L 1 L 2 L 3 Hm lng polyphenol 32,09% 37,72% 39,89% 38,91% Hm lng tanin/tng lng(%) 39,9 36,8 36,1 31,25

+ non gi: Ch cng non hm lng tanin cng cao.

+ Mc chiu sng: Cng chiu sng cng mnh th hm lng tanin cng tng. iu chnh hm lng tanin, ngi ta iu chnh cng chiu sng bng cch:

Trng cy bng mt. liu.

Che ph bng vt

Ph thuc cng chiu sng trong ngy v trong nm: n

Hm lng tanin Hm lng tanin

6h 18h

12h 14h

Xun

thu

Trong ngy

Trong nm n

4. Pectin. - Chim 2-4% cht kh. 2- Ho tan trong nc c v ngt du. - Tan trong nc lm nht dung dch ch tng t snh cht lng tt. - Khi b hydrat ha cht keo dnh to ra si ch, vin ch tr ln cht .

- Hm lng pectin thay i theo: + Ging ch + iu kin kh hu + non gi l ch. ch.

v tr Tm L 1 L 2 Hm lng pectin 4,37% 4,37% 3,53%

5. Cht x (xenlulo) - Chim 16-18% cht kh. 16- c im : + Khng tan + Trong qu trnh ch bin: Cht x khng tr bin i. Da vo hm lng cht x trong sn phm ngi ta xc nh c ch sn xut t l ch non hay l gi.

6. Protein

- Chim 20 28% cht kh. - Khng tiu ha c, v c bn khng ha tan. proteaz - Vai tr ca protein: a + Protein axit amin . + Protein + polyphenol Ngng t khng tan (gy tn tht tanin ch)

- Hm lng protein ph thuc: +Thi v + iu kin th nhng + non v gi . + Ging ch

Ging ch n Vit Nam Trung Quc Hm lng protein(%) 27,62 25,63 28,25

7. Cht tro. - L lng cht cn li sau khi t chy hon ton trong iu kin tiu chun n khi lng khng i t = 550 25C. 25 - L nhng cht khong tch t trong thi k nh sinh trng ca cy, chim 4-8% cht kh. 4- L ch cng non hm lng cht tro thp. - Trong ch bin cht tro khng b mt i.da vo tnh cht ny ngi ta xc nh cht lng sn phm.

8. Alkaloit. - Gm cafein, teobromin, teofilin. - Cafein: chim 2-4 % cht kh trong l ch. 2+ Kch thch thn kinh trung ng gy nghin. + V ng + Cafein + tanin tanat cafein. - Teobromin, teofilin: Kch thch h thn kinh bi tit tng cng bi tit cht c. t

9. Men trong ch.

3.9.1 Men Oxy ha. (oxydaza) - Polyphenoloxydaza (PPO) : Xc tc qu trnh OXH tr tanin bi 0 khng kh 0 Tanin + 0 Cht mu,mi,v. 0 Phn ng mong mun . - Peroxydaza(PE): Oxyha tanin bi H0 H0 Tanin + H0 Cht khng mu,v km H0 Phn ng khng mong mun . 3.9.2 Men thu phn - proteaza : protein + H0 axt amin. H - amylaza : Tinh bt + H0 ng. - pectinaza : pectin + H0 axt polygalacturonic + ru metylic.

Cng ngh sn xut ch EN

I . Gii thiu chung - Trong cng ngh ch bin ch hin nay thng sn xut ch ln men ( ch en), ch bn ln men(vng, ) v ch khng ln men ( ch xanh ) - Tnh cht c trng ca cc loi ch. + Ch bp ti : c v ng cht, mi hng h + Ch xanh sn phm: Nc pha mu xanh trong , v cht m , mi thm. + Ch en sn phm: Nc pha mu nu trong , v cht du , mi thm

- Cc yu t to nn s khc nhau gia cc loi gi ch l: + Ging ch . + S chuyn ho cc cht c trong thnh phn ho hc ca l ch trong qu trnh ch tr bin, cc bin php cng ngh khc nhau * Sn phm ch en: - Ch en OTD: C dng si + Ch cnh: OP, P, PS. + Ch mnh: BOP, BPS, BP + Ch vn: F, D.

- Ch en CTC: dng vin, gm : BOP, BP, OF, PF, D. OP OP P P PS

Nguyn liu
Lm ho Ph v t bo & to hnh Ln men Sy kh Phn loi u trn Sn phm ch en OTD, CTC

Trong cng ngh sn xut ch en, cng ngh sn xut ch CTC v OTD c bn cht tng t nhau , ch khc nhau qu tr trnh ph v t bo v nh hnh. nh.

1. Nguyn liu 1.1 Yu cu nguyn liu. - Phi c hm lng tanin cao. - L nhng bp ch c 1 tm, 2-3 l non .Hi trn nh 2nh nhng t ch c t 4-5 l, vo ng trng 4thnh k thut. thut. - Hm lng protein v clorophin thp .

1.2 Vn chuyn v bo qun - Ch c ng vo st khng nn p, lm dp nt v ln cc loi ch vi nhau. - a sang lm ho ngay - Trong trng hp phI bo qun th phI bo th qun nI thong mt,sch,kh ro.kt hp ho t nhin. - ring tng loi ch ,ghi li: loi ch ,gi bt u bo qun

2. Lm ho l ch. 2.1. Mc ch - Lm gim 1 phn m l ch t 75%-78% 75%xung 63%-65% l ch c bn cao nht. 63%- Lm thay i tnh cht vt l v ha hc ca l: + To cho bp ch mm do, bn c hc. + Tng cng hot tnh ca men oxi ho kh. T + Mt mi hng ngi ca ch ti. h + To ra mt tin cht ban u cho ch en nh: hng, v v mu

2.2. Nhng bin i khi lm ho l ch Nh 2.2.1 Bin i l hc. - Lm l ch mm do, bn c hc cao

bn

63 w(%)

65

85

- Mu sc v khi lng ch thay i - Din tch l ch ti thay i.

Thi gian ho 0 3 6 8 10 Din tch ca l sau khi lm ho L 1 L 2 L 3 100 100 100 76 84 91 68 81 89 58 78 83 48 66 78

2.2.2 Bin i ho hc. * Bin i Tanin. - Tng lng tanin gim 1-2% so ban u, nhng c s 1bin i su sc v cht. + Nhm Polyhydroxylphenol - Catechin c v ng cht gim mnh t 2-3 ln. 2+ Nhm tanin ring c v cht du tng ln 2-3 ln. t 2Mu phn tch L ch ti L ch ho Bin i Tng lng tannin ho tan 19,75 18,84 - 0,91 Catechin Tanin ring 2,65 9,06 + 6,51

17,10 9,90 - 7,2

Do Nhit ho tng lm hm lng tanin thay t i.

Hm lng Tanin ch ti 26,22 25,06 26,48 Hm lng Tanin ch ho 24,38 21,66 20,20 Mc lch -1,84 - 3,40 - 6,28

Nhit lm ho (oC) 2323-25 3030-32 55

* Bin i protein v amino axt. - Protein phn gii bi enzim proteaza to axit amin. - Cc axt amin c gii phng ra s tham gia vo qu tr trnh to hng v to mu.
Mu phn tch

Nit

Humin Arginin Histin Lysin

Alani n 4,29

Aminodic acbonic 20,75

L ch ti

10,76

34,74

6,87

1,14

2,6

L ch ho 10,12

45,9

5,69

1,06

3,07

5,05

12,85

* Bin i hot tnh ca men. - Hot tnh men oxi ho kh tng. t + Men glucozidaza,hot tnh tng 200-300%. t 200+ Men invectaza, hot tnh tng 50-70%. t 50+ Men peroxidaza, hot tnh tng 12% t + Men polyphenol oxidaza tng 100%. t * Cc bin i khc. - Hm lng VTM C gim 10-20%. 10- Hm lng tinh bt gim nhiu. - Hm lng cht mu thay i,clorophin gim 40 50% so ban u.

2.4 Kim tra giai on ho

* Kim tra nguyn liu -Kim tra cht lng v tnh trng nguyn liu. t liu. * Kim tra cht lng ch ho: - Kim tra cm quan: mu , mm, do ng u, mi . - Kim tra hm m ca ch sau ho: - Kim tra t l ho ng mc(m bo t trn 80%)

2.3. Nhng yu t nh hng khi lm ho Nh 2.3.1 Nhit tc nhn ho: ho: - Nhit khng kh t nhin: Ln nht 35C nhin: 35 tc bay hi chm thi gian ko di qu trinh ho xy ra tt (thng 12 gi) + m khng kh thp : Ho thun li. li. + m khng kh cao: Tc bay hi cao: chm,thi gian di. di. - Nhit khng kh do con ngi to ra: t ra: 38- 42 38- 42C. Nu cao nh hng cht lng ch. ch.

2.3.2 Tc ca khng kh. - Nu tc mnh Qu trnh ho kt thc sm , lm bin i ha cha xy ra ht, lp ch trn b kh - Nu tc yu ko di thi gian ho . 2.3.3 Thi gian lm ho. - Ph thuc nguyn liu, phng php ho -Thi gian lm ho ch c th t 8 12 gi, tu thuc vo phng php.

2.4. Phng php ho. 2.4.1 Nguyn tc chung lm ho: - Ch non, nhiu nc lm ho nng. - Ch gi, t nc lm ho nh. - Phi lm ho ring tng loi ch.

2.4.2 Cc phng php ho . 2.4.2.1 Lm ho t nhin: Li dng nhit , m v lu thng khng kh t nhin lm ho.

cc thng s kh ho t nhin: + Nhit 25 35C. 35 + m tng i ca khng kh 60 70%. + Tc ca gi 2 3 m/s. + Thi gian ho ph thuc vo kh hu (10 16h). + Thng xuyn o ch. 2 3h o r 1 ln. - Ch ho t nhin c cht lng tt. Nhng tn din tch, nhn cng, thi gian ko di.

2.2.4.2 Lm ho nhn to: Dng khng kh to: c iu chnh trc lm ho. Thng dng ho. my ho v mng ho. ho. * Lm ho bng mng ho. ho. - u im: Ch ho c cht lng tt, ng im: u, ch ng iu chnh thi gian ho. ho. - Nhc im: Tn nhiu din tch, nhn im: cng ri v thu ch nguyn liu .

* Lm ho bng my.

ch vo

ng hi ng nguyn liu

- C th rt ngn c thi gian ho, nhng cht lng khng bng ho t nhin. - Phi ho ring tng loi ch. - Trong thi gian ho, phi xc nh m thng xuyn ca ch ho. - Thng s ho bng my: + Nhit : vo 42 48C. ra 30 32C 48 32 + m W 20 - 30%. ra 70-80% 70+ Nng sut 270 750 kg/gi. N + Tc khng kh 8 10 m/s.

Nguyn liu Loi A, B Ch Cui v Loi C, D Ch Cui v

Tc my 1-2 3 3-4 4

Nhit Thi gian hc (0C) (gi) 43 - 480C 4-6 43 - 450C 3 41 - 450C 41 - 430C 2-3 2

2.2.4.3 Kt hp ho t nhin v nhn to. - nh k thi khng kh nng hoc mt bng qut gi - Khng thi khng kh qu m vo khi ch. - Tc gi khong vt qu 2-3 m/s. 2- Nhit khng kh nh hn 38C. 38 Yu cu thy phn ch sau ho l : ch A: 61- 62%, 61ch B: 62- 64%, 62ch C: 63- 65%, 63ch D: 64- 67%. 64-

- Trong sn xut ch ctc thng lm ho nhn to bng trn mng ho.

3. Ph v t bo v to hnh. h 3.1. Mc ch. - Ph v t bo v lm dp l cht tan trong t bo d ha tan trong nc. L b ph cng nhiu cng tt. - To iu kin cho qu trnh ln men tr - To hnh (dng si v vin). h

3.2 Cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh v l tr ch - Cht lng ch ho: + Thi gian v ch non ngn hn ch gi. + Thi gian v vo ngy nng c th rt ngn. - Mc lm ho. + L ch lm ho nh khng c dng p lc mnh v rt ngn thi gian + L ch b lm ho qu mc cn tng cng t p lc v ph v t bo v to cho l ch c dng xon ph. xo

- S vng quay ca my v: + s vng quay gim ch xon tt gim xo + s vng quay tng ch mnh tng - Nhit , m v s lu thng khng kh trong phng v + Nhit khng kh ti u : 20 22C, ma h 22 30 30C. + m tng i ca khng kh : 95%. + Tc lu thng khng kh trong phng v: v2m/s - Thi gian v

3.3 Cng ngh ph v t bo v to hnh h 3.3.1 Cng ngh OTD

V ln 1 Sng ti V ln 2 Sng ti V ln 3 F4 Sng ti

Phn lt sng(F3) Phn lt sng(F2) Phn lt sng(F1)

3.3.1.1 .V l ch L ph v t bo l, lm dp t bo lm cho nc p ca ch thot ra v sau khi lm kh th ng li trn b mt l, d dng ho tan vo dung dch nc nng.
Ln v 1 2 3 Thi gian 45 pht 45 pht 40 pht dp 40 % 60 % 80%

- Sau mi ln v tch ra 1 lng ch non = 20% tng lng ch ca mi ln v. - F1, F2, F3( ch non), cn F4 (ch gi). - Thi gian sng ti nh nhau 7 10 pht

My v
1 2 3 4 5 1 - Ph ti li u p u 2 - Th ng v 3 - Tai lin k quay t 4 - Ca m 5 - Tay quay 6 - Hp gim tc v ng c 7 - Ch lin k n t

* Ch v 3 - 2 - 2. S 1 S 2 S 3

S 4

S 5

S 7

S 8

3.3.1.2.Sng ti v phn loi ch v Sng ti: - Lm ngui khi ch. - Tch phn ch non ch non khng b nt. - Lm ti cc phn ch trnh b vn cc. - Lm mt ch v v cung cp oxi cho qu trnh tr ln men
1 2 3 4 7 5 8 6

Sng Ti 1. Ph ti li 2. Trc phi u sn ph 3. ng c n; 4. Lusng; u p u; m; i 5. Tay quay v trc khuu; 6. ng c v hp s; 7. Khung sng; 8. Xe ch sn ph 9. Khay m;

My sng ti

3.3.2 Cng ngh CTC Sng ti V nghin My ct CTC Sng v vin

3.3.2.1 Sng ti - Cp ch u vo my nghin. - Tch ch vn nt,lm mt khi ch - loi cc tp cht ra khi ch . V nghin - lm cho kch thc l ch nh,mm u. Ct CTC - lm l ch ct nh mn ng

3.3.2.2 V nghin L giai on s ch ch trc khi a vo CTC, lm cho kch thc ch nh li ,mm u da vo c ch nn p,v x v ct nh ca Rotoven

3.3.3 H thng ct CTC L giai on Hon thnh ct nghin ,v x lm cho ch nh mn ng u , m bo dp t bo ca l ch mc cao nht

700v/p

70v/p

Khng kh

3.3.4 Sng v vin lm cho khi ch ti xp hn ,do qu trnh ln men ch c tt hn .

4. Ln men. 4.1 Mc ch. - To ra nhng bin i sinh ho, ch yu l cc hp cht polyphenol trong ch b oxi ho di s xc tc ca enzyme polyphenoloxidase(PPO) v peroxidase (PO) to cc hp cht hng, v, mu sc cho ch thnh phm.

S oxi ha Tanin
Catechin
02 Men Po Ngng t

Octquynon Diphenolquyno n

Kh (- H2) Bis Flavanol( khng mu, to vi)

Oxi ho (+ O2) TeaFlavi ( TF )(Mu vng, to v)

Oxi ho bc hai (O2&H2O& m )

Dng khng tan + Protein trong b ch

Tearubigin ( TR) mu

Dng ho tan ( mui hoc axit)

- Polyphenol + Oxi octhoquinol (khng mu c v cht) - Octhoquinol flavanol (mu vng nht, v cht) bislavanol (khng mu) - Flavanol v bisflavanol Teaflavin (mu vng) - Teaflavin Tearubigin (mu nu)
TP 1 1 t s K ch c mu nc tt TR 10 12

4.2 Nhng bin i trong ln men l ch. 4.2.1 Bin i l hc. - L ch chuyn mu v xon li . - Nhit khi ch tng, do cc phn ng oxi ho ta nhit v nhit bt u gim i khi qu trnh ln men kt thc.

4.2.2 Bin i ho hc

- Cht ho tan : Hm lng cht ho tan gim. Tanin + protein Hp cht khng tan
Mu phn tch Ch ti Ch ho Ch v Ch ln men Hm lng cht ha tan(% ck) 40,50 42,19 40,36 34,85

-Tanin: Hm lng tanin gim 50% so ban u trong l ch ti, to thnh cc sn phm mu, mi, v c trng ca ch en, v mt phn nh tanin kt hp vi protein to thnh cc hp cht khng tan.
Mu phn tch Tng Tanin ho tan Catechin Tanin ring Tanin khng tan

Ch ti 19,75 Ch ho 17,97 Ch v 10,43 Ch ln men 8,73 sau 5 gi Ch BTP 8,1

17,10 8,91 4,19 2,77 2,3

2,65 9,06 6,24 5,96 5,8

1,9 4,25 5,11 6,25

- Bin i protin : Protein khng tan Protein ha tan, axit amin . Axit amin + tanin Andehyt thm . Protein + Tanin Hp cht khng tan . -

4.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men - Nhit : Thch hp 25 28C.( 30C) 28C.( 30 Nu nhit cao xy ra qu trnh OXH v Protein ca men b ng t li, lm cho men mt kh nng xc tc. - m : m ch = 63 65% v m tng i ca khng kh = 95 98% ln men xy ra ng u hn, ch c nc pha tt hn v sng hn.

- Lu thng khng kh : cung cp oxi . Nu thiu oxi th polyphenol + H 2 02 sn phm khng mu, khng v. - Thi gian: gian: + Ngn qu V cht, mu sng, ch khng thm. + Di qu V nht , mu ti , c mi chua.

4.4 Cc phng php ln men. - Ln men gin on:Thc hin trong cc khay. - Ln men lin tc: trong my dng bng ti. b

4.4.1.Thit 4.4.1.Thit b ln men lin tc: * Cc yu cu k thut - Nhit ln men :27C -> 28C :27 28 - m tng i ca khng kh: 85%, v c xc nh bng m k - dy cu lp ch trn bng ti: 5 cm n 12cm.

2 3 4 1 5 6

S thi bln men t 1. Nguyn li vo; 2. Thanh tri xo c; u n 3,5. Thanh o chn; 4. B ng ti; 6. Ph 7. Nguyn li ra u; u

Nguyn l ln men l ch
Ch vo

Mt sn

2. Ln men ch bng khay

Ch c xp thnh lp phng v ti dy t 5 - 7 cm, trn cc khay phng ln men c h thng cp khng kh mt, m. Cc thng s k thut chnh: - Thi gian ln men: 60 - 80 pht. - m tng i ca khng kh: 85%. - Nhit phng ln men: 24 - 280C. - Trong thi gian ln men, khong 20 - 30 pht o ti ch mt ln. - Ch sau khi ln men c mu nu v c hng thm d chu c trng.

- Trong ln men ch CTC : + Trong 1 thi gian rt ngn m dp t bo ln ti trn 95% nhit ca khi ch tng t ngt + phn ng oxi ho xy ra mnh lit Do vy phi cung cp kp thi khng kh mt lm ngui nhanh v cung cp oxy cho qu trnh ln men. Thi gian ln men vi OTD 3- 4h. ch CTC l 22,5h. khi t c ln men ng u th a qua sy.

5. Sy kh 5.1.Mc ch + Dit men c nh cht long cho ch en. + S dng nhit hon thin cht lng ch + Lm kh ch t w = 63-65% w = 3-5% . 633+ To ra mt s hng thm mi cho ch thnh phm. + Tiu dit vi sinh vt pht trin nh: Nm mc, vi khun gy bnh ng rut...

5.2 Nhng bin i xy ra trong khi sy kh ch. 5.2.1 Bin i l hc. - Hnh dng: Si ch kh i v xon cht li, th tch, trng lng khi ch u gim. - Mu sc: Ch ln men mt i mu ng v chuyn dn sang mu en bng.

5.2.2 Bin i ho hc. - Hot tnh ca men b nh ch hon ton di tc dng ca nhit cao. - Mt s hng thm c to ra trong qu trnh ln men b mt i. - Hp cht nit c s thay i ln Loi ch ch ln men ch BTP sau sy Nit ha tan 21,63mg 20,05mg Nit ca NH 1,19mg 0,67mg

5.3 Cc yu t nh hng ti sy kh ch. Nhit v thi gian sy: nhit sy 105C, thi gian 20-25 pht l thch hp. 20Tc , m khng kh nng.

5.4. Cc bin php sy kh truyn thng. thng. 5.4.1 Sy mt ln: ( my sy bng ti). Thng sy ch theo ch cng ngh nh sau: - Nhit : t = 95 - 100C 100 - Thi gian: W = 23 - 25 pht - m ch cn li: w = 3-5% 35.4.2 Sy hai ln Cc ch tiu lm vic ca my sy khi sy mt ln v hai ln

Cc ch tiu Nang sut ca my sy theo ch kh, kg /h Thi gian sy, gi Chi ph nhit cho s bc hi 1 kg m, Kj/kg

Sy 2 ln 71,5 0,57 6,5

Sy 1 ln 92,6 0,52 5,3

Nguyn l sy

kh ra

Ca vo

Ca ra

kh vo

6. Phn loi ch en 6.1 Mc ch - To ra ch ng u v kch thc v non, gi. - To ra sn phm ch ph hp vi th hiu tiu dng. - Loi b cc tp cht ln trong ch. 6.2 Nguyn tc phn loi - Phn loi theo kch thc, t trng v mu sc. - Sn phm sau phn loi phi t cc yu cu: + phi c tnh cht ng u nhau v ngoi hnh, ni cht.

+ OTD c phn loi da vo 4 chi tiu to hay nh , nng hay nh. + CTC c phn thnh 2 loi: to, nh to,

S quy trnh phn loi ch en tr

Ct nh Ch en BTP (Phn I, II, III ) Sng s b Phn lt sng Sng phn s Cc s ch Sng sch + ( qut r , tch x, tch cung ... ) Ch thnh phm Phn trn sng Ct, cn Phn trn sng

Sng s b
2

1 5

1. Ca np li u 2. ng ht bi 3. Trc khuu 4. ng c 5. Khung sng 6. Msng t

3 6 4

Sng s b

My tch ru x
Ca vo

Ca ra

My r

S sng phn loi

ch bn thnh phm Ct nh
Phn to

Sng s b

Sng phn s
Cc s 1-3 1-

Phn to

Ct nh

Sng sch
Cc s 1,2,3

Sng tay Sng sch Sng sch

Phn to Phn to

Qut r Thnh phm phn s

Cn nh Sng

5 4 6 My tch cung
1. Phu tip liu; 2. Bng ti; 3. ng c; 4. ng c v trc khuu; 5. Msng; 6. Ca ra sn phm; t

2 3

My tch cng c hc

S my bn cng
TBQ e Vt th
I2 I1

THK

HTK

M ng

Van H thng chp hnh My nn kh

Nguyn l cn
Ca vo

Ca ra

7. u trn 7.1 Mc ch : Nhn m bo tnh thng nht v cht lng sn phm ca tng loi ch, c ng u v ngoi hnh v ni cht trong c mt l hng h ln . 7.2 Yu cu. - L hc : kch c, nng nh, vn, bi, tp cht ) - Ho hc : thu phn, hm lng cht ho tan, hm lng tanin cn li... - Cm quan : ngoi hnh, ni cht, bao b . h b - Phi tin hnh kim tra mu ch trc khi u trn.

7.3 k thut u trn. - u trn ch c hiu qu da vo : + Tiu chun Vit Nam: 1454 - 1993 Ch en ri. + n t hng ca khch hng. + Hp ng mua bn. + Mc cht lng ca cc loi ch hin c. - Mt loi ch thng u 2 hay nhiu thnh phn ch khc nhau, theo nhng t l khc nh nhau. nhau. - Cc phng php u trn: + Trn bng my trn kiu thng quay. + Trn th cng.

7.4 Sn phm ch en OTD sau u trn

OP: gm tm + u l 1 P: gm cui l mt + na u l hai + thn bp tng i non. PS: gm na cui l hai + phn non ca l ba + thn bp th km xon, non. xo BOP: l phn gy ca OP ( l phn gy ca phn tm ), c nhiu tuyt. BP: l phn ch gy ca ch P, tng i non. BPS: l phn gy ca PS ( gm phn gy ca l 2; 3; nh nhng l n v bp m xo ). FBOP: u trn bi F1 + BOP + BP. F v D: l cc phn v, nt vn ca cc phn ch. Trong : F1: phn gy ca BOP v BP, tng i non, c nhiu tuyt. F2 v D: ch yu l cc phn ch gi b v nt. nt.

OP OP P P PS

Sn phm Ch en Ch en CTC - BOP - BP - OF - PF - D.

Ch en OTD

- Ch cnh: OP, P, PS. PS. - Ch mnh: BOP, BPS, BP - Ch vn: F, D.

8. Bao gi v bo qun sn phm

8.1. Bao gi 8.1.1. Mc ch + Gi v sinh, m bo an ton v sinh thc phm. Gi + Bo qun v vn chuyn sn phm c thun li. +T +Tng thm gi tr cho sn phm 8.1.2 Yu cu + Bao kn sn phm + Thun tin khi s dng. + khi lng, ng cht lng ca loi sn phm v bao b ng k. b

8.2. Bo qun sn phm.

+ Xp ring tng mt hng ch, theo k m hiu, theo l. + Bao ch xp nm trn cc k g cch nn 101020cm, cch tng 50 cm; Gia cc l c li i li Gi Kho bo qun cn phi t dc cc yu cu sau: + Kh ro, sch s, khng c mi v l, thong kh, nhit khng kh trong kho khng c qu cao, m khng kh trong kho < 60 %. + khng c cng vi cc vt t, hng ho khc, + Khng nh nng mt tri chiu trc tip.