SPSS L phn mm chuyn dng x l thng tin s cp - thng tin c thu thp trc tip t i tng nghin cu.

Thng tin c x l l thng tin nh lng (c ngha v mt thng k). SPSS l mt b chng trnh m nhiu ngi s dng a thch do n rt d s dng. SPSS c mt giao din gia ngi v my cho php s dng cc menu th xung chn cc lnh thc hin. Khi thc hin mt phn tch ch n gin chn th tc cn thit v chn cc bin phn tch v bm OK l c kt qu ngay trn mn hnh xem xt. SPSS cng c mt ngn ng c php c th hc bng cch dn c php lnh vo ca s c php t mt lnh va chn v thc hin, nhng ni chung kh phc tp v khng trc gic. SPSS c mt b son tho d liu tng t nh excel, b son tho cho php vo cc d liu v m t cc thuc tnh ca chng, tuy nhin SPSS khng c nhng cng c qun l d liu tht mnh (mc d SPSS phin bn 11 c thm cc lnh chuyn cu trc d liu theo chiu ngang thnh cu trc d liu theo chiu dc v ngc li....). SPSS x l mi file d liu mt thi im v khng phi l rt mnh khi thc hin cc nhim v phn tch cn lm vic vi nhiu file d liu cng mt lc. Cc file d liu c th c n 4096 bin v s lng bn ghi ch b gii hn trong dung lng ca a cng. Sc mnh ln nht ca SPSS l lnh vc phn tch phng sai (SPSS cho php thc hin nhiu loi kim nh tc ng ring bit) v phn tch nhiu chiu (th d phn tch phng sai nhiu chiu, phn tch nhn t, phn tch nhm t). SPSS phin bn 11 cn b sung thm mt s kh nng phn tch cc m hnh hn hp. Ci yu nht ca SPSS l kh nng x l i vi nhng vn c lng phc tp v do kh a ra c cc c lng sai s i vi cc c lng ny. SPSS cng khng h tr cc cng c phn tch d liu theo lc mu. SPSS c mt giao din gia ngi v my rt n gin to ra cc th v khi to c mt th, nh giao din ny m ngi s dng c th tu hiu chnh th cng nh hon thin chng. Cc th c cht lng rt cao v c th dn vo cc ti liu khc, th d nh Word hoc Powerpoint. SPSS c ngn ng c php to ra cc th, nhng nhiu im trong giao din to th li khng sn sng trong ngn ng c php. SPSS nhm vo mc tiu d s dng, khu hiu ca h l thc s lm, thc s d, v mc tiu ny thnh cng. Nhng nu ta d nh s dng SPSS nh mt ngi s dng mnh, th n c th khng p ng c yu cu. SPSS mnh v lnh vc th v lp biu bng, bo co tng hp s liu, nhng li yu hn v mt s th tc thng k nh phng php c lng mnh v thiu vng phng php phn tch d liu theo lc mu. Phn mm SPSS c tt c 4 dng mn hnh: Data view : Mn hnh qun l d liu L ni lu tr d liu nghin cu vi mt cu trc c s d liu bao gm ct, hng v cc giao nhau gia ct v hng Variables view : Mn hnh qun l bin. L ni qun l cc bin cng vi cc thng s lin quan n bin nh: Name (Tn bin) : L tn i din cho bin, tn bin ny s c hin th trn u mi ct trong

mn hnh d liu Type (Loi bin ): C dng s v dng chui Label (Nhn ca bin): Tn bin ch c th hin tm tc bng k hiu, nhn ca bin cho php nu r hn v ngha ca bin. Values (Gi tr trong bin ): Cho php khai bo cc gi tr trong bin vi ngha c th (nhn gi tr) Missing (Gi tr khuyt): SPSS mc nh gi tr khuyn (system missing) l mt du chm v t ng loi b cc gi tr ny ra khi cc phn tch thng k. Measures (Dng thang o): Hin th dng thang o ca gi tr trong bin Mn hnh hin th kt qu (output): Cc php phn tch thng k s cho ra cc kt qu nh bng biu, i th v cc kt qu kim nghim, cc kt qu ny s c truy xut ra mt mn hnh, v c lu gi di mt tp tin khc (c ui l .SPO). Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu gi cc kt qu phn tch. Mn hnh c php (syntax): Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu tr nhng c php ca mt lnh phn tch. Cc c php c lu tr s c s dng li m khng cn thao tc cc lnh phn tch li. 1. To bin v nhp d liu trn SPSS To bin trong mn hnh qun l bin : Nhp vo Variables view Name: G tn bin cn khai bo Type: Kiu bin Variable Label: t tn nhn cho bin mt cch y hn Value lables : nh tn cho cc gi tr trong bin Missing Values: c dng nh ra cc gi tr c th cho cc gi tr m ta mun loi b ra khi cc phn tch v x l thng k Column: nh ra chiu rng ca ct ang khai bo bin Align: Canh l Measurement: Chn loi thang o Nhp d liu Nhp trc tip trn sps hay cng c th nhp liu t cc phn mm khc nh Excel, Fox, v sau chuyn vo trong SPSS thng qua Menu Fileopen Cng c tnh ton gia cc bin (Compute) Cng c compute c dng tnh ton gia cc gi tr trong cc bin v kt qu s c lu gi trong mt bin mi hoc l mt bin khc sn c hoc bin cha ng gi tr ang tnh ton. thc hin cng c ny ta vo Menu Transform Compute : Xut hin: Mc Target variable : Tn bin s nhn gi tr c tnh Numeric Expressionn: cha cc biu thc s c dng tnh gi tr cho bin mi. Chng ta c th son cc biu thc tnh ton vo thng Numeric Expression, v c th s dng cc cng

c c hin th trong hp thoi nh cc phim (+), (-), Function, Cng c if : Dng nh ra nhng iu kin cn thit km theo trong tnh ton nu c 2. X l v phn tch d liu Kim tra d liu (Explore) SPSS cung cp cho cng c Explore xem xt v kim tra d liu: Pht hin cc sai st Nhn dng d liu tm phng php phn tch thch hp v chun b cho vic kim tra gi thuyt kim tra d liu, chn trn menu AnalyzeDescriptiveStatistic Explore m hp thoi Explore nh hnh sau: Dependent list: a cc bin cn kim tra vo y. Display : Cho php chng ta chn cch hin th kt qu. Statistics : Cho php ta la chn cc thng k hin th nh : Descriptives : Hin th cc gi tr thng k nh gi tr trung bnh, khong tin cy, trung v, trung bnh gin lc, gi tr nh nht, ln nht, khong bin thin, cc bch phn v M-estimators: Hin th cc gi tr trung bnh theo 4 loi trng s Outliers: Hin th cc quan st c 5 gi tr nh nht v 5 gi tr ln nht, gi l Extreme Values Percentiles: Hin th cc gi tr bch v phn Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors) Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dng kim nghim tnh chun tc ca mt mu hay hai mu. Kim nghim Levene Kim nghim Levene l php kim nghim tnh ng nht ca phng sai. y ta kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng phng sai ca gia cc mu quan st l bng nhauLp bng phn b tn sut cho bin mt tr li (Frequencies) 3. Kim nh Mi Lin H a. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin nh danh-nh danh,nh danh-nh thc (H o : hai bin khng c lin h g vi nhau) Ngi ta dng Kim nh Chi-square kim tra xem liu mt bin ny c quan h hay khng vi mt bin khc, tuy nhin phng php kim nghim ny khng ch ra cng ca mi quan h gia hai bin mnh hay yu gia 2 bin, cc h s trong kim nghim Chi_square nh sau: H s Pearson Chi-square v Likelihood Ratio cho bit c mi lin h gia hai bin nh tnh hay khng (sig rt nh) H s Linear-by-linear association o lng mi lin h tuyn tnh gia hai bin.(hu dng khi

hng ct xp theo th t tng dn) Ch s Continuity Correction nh gi mi tng quan gia hai bin (dng 2 x 2)trong bng. Cch thc hin trong SPSS: vo AnalyzeDescriptive Statitics Crosstab Hin hp thoi, trong ta a hai bin cn kim tra vo 2 : Row v Column sau nhn ok l xong. Ta c th vo trong phn Statistic chn cc thng s thng k: Nornimal: dng cho 2 bin nh danh. Ordinal : dng cho 2 bin dng th bc. Trong phn Cells: tng t, hy vo m khm ph n. b. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin Th Bc Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : khng c mi lin h no gia cc bin trong tng th Thc hin trong SPSS : AnalyzeDescriptive Statitics Crosstab, a bin vo 2 : Row v Column , nhn vo Statistics v chn : Chi square, correlation, gamma, somers , tau_b.. c. Kim nh mu ang xt c l phn phi chun khng Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : sai lch ca tng th 2 gi bt ng sn l phn phi chun(tc gi tr d bo ng tin cy). ng dng : Kim nh ny dng kim nh gi thuyt phn phi ca d liu c ph hp vi phn phi l nthuyt .n tin hnh xem xt cc sai lch gia Gi tr c v gi tr mi ca bt ng sn, sai lch tuyt i cng ln ,gi thuyt Ho cng d b bc b. Cch thc hin: Bc 1: TransformCompute , hin hp thoi: Nhp tn bin mi vo khung : Target Variabel. Khung Numberic Expression : ta nhp : giBS_dBo Gi BSc. Sau nhn ok. Bc 2 : AnalyzeNonparametric Test1 _ sample K S xut hin hp thoi sau: a bin mi to bc 1 vao khung Test Variable List. Phn Test Distribution : ta chn loi phn phi chun ( Normal ) , nhn OK l xong. 4. Tng Quan phn trc chng ta dng mt s cng c o lng mi lin h gia cc bin vi nhau. Tuy nhin k thut ch yu dng cho d liu nh tnh.Cn i vi cc d liu nh lng ta thng dng h s tng quan R., hay biu phn tn Scatter.

a. Xc nh h s tng quan: Cch thc hin trn SPSS : Vo menu Analyze chn CorrelateChn Bivarlate , xut hin hp thoi : Khung Variables : ta a cc bin cn xt mi tng quan vo. Khung Correction Coefficients : chn Person v Spearman Nhn vo Option gii quyt cc trng hp thiu s liu ca bin i khi nh sau: Phn Statisc : khai bo c tnh hay khng tnh Trung bnh_ lch chun v tng tch cc mdun cho_hip phng sai. Phn Misssing Value : khai bo x l cc trng hp thiu ca bin Exclude case pairwise : x l tng cp, loi gi tr thiu ra khi cp so snh,nhng vn dng cho cp khc nu vi cp khc n khng thiu. Exclude case listwise : mu no thiu gi tr s b SPSS loi hn ra khi cuc chi. b. V biu Scater ngha ca biu : Biu ny cng c mc ch gip ta c ci nhn trc quan v mi lin h gia cc bin.Nu nh H s hi quy R cho ta bit gia hai bin c tng quan khng, trng hp cc bin c tng quan th khng ni, nhng nu kt qu R cho thy cc bin khng c lin h vi nhau th lc ny Biu Scatter s cho ta bit "s khng c mi tng quan gia cc bin" l tht s v chng hon ton c lp nhau, hay chng khng c mi lin quan bi v chng khng c mi lin h tuyn tnh m chng s lin h theo mt loi quan h no , phi tuyn chng hn. Cch thc hin : Vo menu Graphs chn Scatter..--> Chn simple Chn Define , xut hin hp thoi. a 2 bin cn v, mt vo Y_axis, mt vo X_axis Title : dng t tiu , ghi ch cho biu Option : dng khai bo cch x l nhng gi tr thiu ca bin quan st. 5. Hi Quy Tuyn Tnh ngha : Qua mt lot cc kim tra, nu kt lun c cc bin c lin quan tuyn tnh hay c lin quan phi tuyn vi nhau. Th bc tip theo chng ta tin hnh xy dng hm hi quy. Hm hi quy ny c ngha cho chng ta bit s ng gp ca tng bin trong bin ph thuc hay ni cch khc gi tr ca bin ph thuc ng gp bao nhiu phn trm trong tng gi tr ca bin ph thuc, v n cn cho chng ta bit s thay i mt n v ca n,s ko theo s thay i ca bin ph thuc l bao nhiu. Cch thc hin : Vo menu Analyze Regression Linear, hin hp thoi: Khung Dependent : a bin m ta mun n lm bin ph thuc vo Khung Independent : a cc bin c lp vo y.

 Phn method : la chn phng php a bin vo: Enter : a mt lt cc bin vo mt lc. Remove: lot tt c cc bin ra khi hm 1 lt, tt nhin u tin phi a cc bin vo trc mi c ci g ra ch. Forward : Phng php a vo dn ,bin 1 c a vo l bin c tng quan ln nht,nu tha tiu chun vo : FIN hay PIN, th bin tip theo c a vo..Qu trnh ny dng li khi khng cn bin no tha tiu chun vo. Backward : Loi tr dn tng bin ra khi m hnh, u tin bin t lin quan nht s c a ra khi m hnh theo tiu chun "Loi Tr: FOUT hay POUT".Qu trnh ny dng li khi gi tr F ca bin c h s tng quan nh nht > FOUT. Stepwise : Chn dn tng bc.y l phng php kt hp ca 2 phng php Forward v Backward (iu kin cho cc bin khng b a ra ri a vo lp li th ta chn :FIN>FOUT hay PIN<POUT) Nt Statistics..: chn cc thng s thng k nh sau : Estimates: cc c lng nh: h s hi quy(B),sai s chun (B), gi tr t v Sig. Confidence interval : Khong tin cy. Covariance Matrix : Ma trn hip phng sai. Mode Fix : Th hin cc thng k nh gi mc ph hp ca m hnh : R, R2, R2 iu chnh,sai s chun.. Descriptives : cc thng k m t nh : tr trung bnh, lch chun, ma trn tng quan. R squared chance : Xem xt mc tng ca R2 khi a thm 1 bin c lp vo m hnh. Colinearity diagnostics : Chun an hin tng CNG TUYN Nt Plots.. : Dng v th hi quy tuyn tnh. Khung bn tri cha : bin ph thuc, cc dng bin phn d, cc dng bin d on ngha ca chng : *ZPRED : Gi tr d on chun ha *ZRESID : Phn d chun ha *DRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt *ADJPRED:Gi tr d an iu chnh *SRESID : Phn d student ha *SDRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt c student Produce all patial plots : biu phn tn tng phn. Histogram : biu tn s. Normal Probability plot: biu xc sut chun. Nt Save : Lu mt bin mi t ng to ra trong phn tch SPSS nh cc phn d, gi tr d on Phn Predicted Value(cc gi tr d on nh) : Gi tr d an khng chun ha,d an chun ha, d an iu chnh, sai s chun ca cc gi tr d on. Phn Distances( khong cch) : Dng nhn din cc quan st c nh hng mnh n kt qu phn tch, n l khong cch t gi tr quan st n gi tr trung bnh.

Prediction interval (khong d on) : Mean : gii hn trn di ca khong d on ca tr trung bnh. Individual : gii hn trn di khong d on ca tng quan st. Residual (phn d) : Gm phn d khng chun ha, c chun ha, student ha, (detecd : phn d loi b quan st ang xt).. Influence Statistics : cc thng s thng k nh hng DfBeta(s) : SPSS s tnh li ton b cc h s hi quy,khi loi b 1 quan st. Standardized DfBeta(s) : Tnh cc DfBeta(s) chun ha. DfFit : phn nh thay i ca gi tr d on khi loi b 1 quan st. Standardized DfFit : tnh cc DfFit chun ha. Covariance ratio : tnh t s gia cc thnh phn ca ma trn hip phng sai sau v trc khi loi b 1 quan st.nu t s 1 ,quan st b khng nh hng nhiu n ma trn hip phng sai. Nut Option : Thit lp mc nh cho SPSS. Stepping Method Criteria : Tiu chun vo v ra p dng cho cc phng php. Use probability of F : S dng xc sut vo (PIN) v ra ( POUT). Use F value : s dng F lm tiu chun vo (FIN), ra (FOUT). Missing value : La chn cch x l cc quan st b thiu. Exclude case listwise : ch nhng bin gi tr mi c x l. Exclude case pairwise Qastno gitr trong 1 cp ang nghin cu s c x l tnh h s tng quan. Relace with mean : thay th gi tr thiu bng trung bnh ca bin. Hp kim Include constant in equation : xy dng m hnh hi quy c cha h s hay khng. 6 . ng Dng Ca M Hnh Hi Quy Mt trong cc ng ng ca m hnh hi quy l d an ,chng ta c th d an gi tr trung bnh Y trong trng hp bit c cc gi tr X, hay tin on gi tr Y trong mt trng hp c th ti gi tr Xo no .(c 2 trng hp ny kt qu d on nh nhau, tuy nhin sai s chun khc nhau). Cch thc hin d an trn SPSS : Vo menu Analyze Regression Linear , a cc bin cn xy dng vo m hnh, sau nhn vo nt SAVE ,nh du chn vo co Unstandadized , standadized, Adjust. nhn Continue nhn OK. 7. D Tm S Vi Phm Cc Gi nh Cn Thit Trong Hi Quy Vic chng ta lm t u n gi cng tht s cha thuyt phc lm, do to s tin tng hon ton vo kt qu ca hm, ta ln lt i kim nh, d tm th c gi thuyt no b vi phm trong mu ca chng ta khng. Ta cn kim tra mt s nh : Gi nh tuyn tnh c ph hp

khng, gi nh phng sai khng i, gi nh v phn phi chun ca phn d, gi nh v tnh c lp ca sai s( khng c s tng tc gia cc phn d),gi nh khng c s tng quan gia cc bin c lp( o lng a cng tuyn), a. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Lin H Tuyn Tnh: Loi ny Kim tra bng cch v th phn tn gia cc Phn D v Gi tr d on chun ha. Bc 1 : to 2 bin Phn d (standardized residual) v Gi tr d on (Standardized predicted ) Bc 2 : V biu Scatter cho 2 bin ny Bc 3 : kt lun nh sau : Nu gi nh tuyn tnh ng th phn d ri ngu nhin khng theo mt quy lut no, ngc li, gi nh b vi phm. b. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Phng Sai Khng i :c th dng kim nh White,Glesjer, tung quan hng Speaman. Nu phng sai thay i s to ra rt nhiu hu qu tai hi,n lm cho cc c lng ca cc h s hi quy khng chch,nhng khng hiu qu (tc cha phi l tt nht), dn n c lng ca cc phng sai b chch, nn kim nh cc gi thuyt b mt hiu lc nh gi nhm cht lng m hnh. Thc hin Bc 1 : To 2 bin Phn d v Gi tr d on. Bc 2 : Ly tr tuyt i ca phn d bng lnh compute, t tn l TT Bc 3 : Pht biu gi thuyt Ho: h s tng quan hng ca tng th = 0 Bc 4 : Kim nh tng quan hng cho 2 bin TT v Bin Ph thuc Bc 5 : KL nu khng bc b c Ho (sig > >), th Phng sai khng i. c. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Phn Phi Chun Ca Phn D Thc hin : (dng history hay Q_Qplots du c) Bc 1 : thc hin hi quy v lu li bin phn d chun ha Bc 2 : v biu History : Graph History a bin phn d vo Variable, nhp chn Display normal curve. Bc 4 : kt lun, nu Mean= 0,00 v Std.Dov 1 th kt lun l PPC. d. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Tnh A CNG TUYN Thc hin : Bc 1 : Chy hm hi quy ,nhng trc khi nhn OK, hy nhn vo Nt Statistics v chn COLLINEARITY DIAGNOSTICS

Bc 2 : Kt lun : Nu chp nhn nh hay VIF > 10 th c a cng tuyn. Summary: Cc x l thng k thng dng trong SPSS SPSS. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) l phn mm x l thng k dng trong cc ngnh khoa hc x hi, c pht trin da trn phn mm ca Apache Software Foundation. y l phn mm chuyn dng, do vy m vic s dng cng i hi s chuyn nghip. Phi mua v ci t chng trnh, khai bo bin. Thch hp cho x l cc bin nh tnh. * Khi ng SPSS tng t cc chng trnh trong windows, Programs\SPSS for Windows\ SPSS for Windows Sau khi khi ng s thy mn hnh nhp d liu tng t nh Excel nhng ch c 2 sheet (data view v variable view). * Trc khi tin hnh phn tch cn nhp d liu, c 3 cch: M data file c (*.sav). c t bng tnh (*.xls), t CSDL(*.mdb), t Text file (*.txt). Nhp trc tip. Trc khi nhp cn xc nh cc trng d liu nh cc CSDL, vo variable view khai bo, c sn cc trng (name, type, width, decimals, label, values, missing, columns, align(left, right, center), measure (scaler- s m- thang o nh lng, ordinal- thang o th bc, nominalthang o danh ngha, vng, khu vc)) ty yu cu khai bo cho ph hp. Sau khi khai bo, nhp tng t Excel. * Tutorial Cha trong Help, hng dn y cc bc s dng SPSS vi b d liu demo. bit ni dung chi tit ca cc tham s trong mi ty chn, nhn help * Mt s phn tch thng k thng dng ca SPSS Analyze\ Descriptive Statistics\... Frequencies... (tn sut)

y l cng c thng c dng tm lc thng tin v phm vi v cp ca bin ti 1 thi im; dng tm lc thng tin v chun ha v phm vi ca bin Dng Frequencies c th l mt la chn tm tt phm vi bin; cung cp thng k tm tt cp ca bin Descriptives: tp trung vo phm vi ca bin v cung cp vic lu gi gi tr chun ha (z scores) ca bin. Crosstabs: cho php c c thng tin tm tt v mi lin h gia 2 bin. Means: cung cp thng k m t v bng ANOVA nghin cu mi lin h gia phm vi v cp ca cc bin. Summarize: cung cp thng k m t v thng tin tm tt ca s kin nghin cu mi lin h gia phm vi v cp ca cc bin. OLAP cubes: cung cp thng k m t nghin cu mi lin h gia phm vi v cp ca cc bin. Correlations: cung cp m t tm tt mi lin h gia phm vi 2 bin Khi thc hin phn tch, nu d liu cha c m, SPSS yu cu m, chn CSDLcn phn tch, Hnh 1 Phn tch tn xut: chn cc bin cn phn tch chuyn vo Variable. Hnh 2 Statistics... Hnh 3

Hnh 4 Chn cc tham s thng k ty yu cu, bng cch nh du vo chn. gm 4 nhm: + Gi tr phn v (im t phn v, im ct chia khong, phn v ); + phn tn ( lch chun, phng sai, khong bin thin, max, min);

+ Xu hng trung tm (k vng, trung v, mod, tng); + S phn b ( nghing (h s bt i xng), nhn). Continue Chart\ Chn th th hin (dng, gi tr th hin). Continue Format\ nh dng bo co (sp xp d liu, nhiu bin). Continue, OK. Descriptives...(thng k m t) Hnh 5

Hnh 6 chn cc bin v tham s trong option tng t nh phn trn.

Explore (kho st, thm d): thng dng trong c lng khong tin cy ca k vng, nhn bit cc d liu ngoi nhm; kim tra gi thuyt; c im khc bit trong nhm cc bin c. Chn cc bin vo danh sch ph hp (bng ph thuc, bng nhn t, nhn trng hp),

Hnh 7 Trong thng k chn (khong tin cy (%), c lng Mean, gi tr ngoi l, phn v). Hnh 8 Hnh 9 Trong biu chn (biu khi, m t, biu kim nh). Tu chn bo co.

Crosstabs (bng tra cho): l k thut c bn nghin cu mi lin h gia hai cp ca bin. Thng dng kim tra s c lp v o lng v s lin h v chp thun ca cc d liu.

Chn dng, ct.

Hnh 10 Exact: Kim nh ng(tim cn, mc tin cy Monte Carlo (99%), ng - thi gian kim nh). Thng k gm nhiu tham s thng thng t dng. - Ratio: t l. Chn t s v mu s t cc bin. Thng t dng. Analyze\ Compare Means\... -Mean\ chn cc bin ph thuc v c lp . Hnh 11 Trong option chn cc tham s thng k theo yu cu, continue\OK .

3 dng t-Test. Hnh 12

Hnh 13

Hnh 14

Hnh 15 Ty yu cu chn bin thch hp chuyn vo test variable, chn option v OK.

Phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) Hnh 16

Chn contrast (i chiu), dng a thc, h s tng quan, continue . Post hoc: chn vi gi thit cng (hoc khc) phng sai, continue.. Hnh 17

- LSD (Least Significant Difference): dng kim nh t thc hin tt c cc so snh cp gia cc trung bnh nhm, tng ng vi vic thc hin tt c cc kim nh bi t gia cc cp nhm. Khng c iu chnh t l sai s khi so snh bi. - Bonferroni: loi kim nh LSD ci tin, c s kim tra tt c cc t l sai s bng cch cho trc sai s t l cho mi kim nh. - Sidak: kim nh so snh nhiu cp, s dng t statistic, gii hn cht hn so vi Bonferroni. - Scheffe: so snh cp cng lc cho tt c cc kt hp theo cp c th c ca cc tr trung bnh. Dng thng k mu F. km nhy trong so snh trung bnh ca cc cp bin. - R-E-G-W F (Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch): th tc gim p dng F test. -R-E-G-W Q (Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch) th tc gim p dng Studentized range. - S-N-K (Student-Newman-Keuls): thc hin tt c cc so snh cp gia cc trung bnh. Nu c mu bng nhau hoc trung bnh cc nhm c chn th so snh cp trung bnh trong ni b cc nhm cng loi. Tr trung bnh c xp gim dn, cc sai khc ln s c kim nh trc. -Tukey( Tukey's honestly Significant Difference): dng Studentized range statistic tin hnh cc so snh cp gia cc nhm. Thit lp cc t l sai s th nghim cho vic tp hp cc so snh cp. - Tukey's b: th tc thay th ca Tukey, gi tr ti u l trung bnh ca gi tr thch hp cho kim nh Tukey v kim nh S-N-K. - Duncan : to cc so snh cp tng t S-N-K, thit lp mc bo v cho t l sai s ca kim nh la chn. Dng Studentized range statistic. - Hochberg's GT2: sa snh bi tng t. - Gabriel: kim nh so snh cp dng Studentized modulus tng qut hn Hochberg's GT2 khi kch thc mu khc nhau. - Waller-Duncan: kim nh so snh bi dng t statistic; s dng c lng Bayes. - Dunnett: kim nh t so snh nhiu cp. - Tamhane's T2: kim nh so snh cp thn trng dng t test. - Dunnett's T3: kim nh so snh cp dng Studentized modulus - Games-Howell: kim nh so snh cp y . - Dunnett's C: kim nh so snh cp dng Studentized range.

Option: chn cc tham s thng k, continue . Hnh 18 Analyze\ nonparametric tests\... Cc kim nh phi tham s ChiSquare... Hnh 19 Hnh 20

Hnh 21 Kim nh php tuyn (binominal test) tng t Chi-Square Comments, questions, feedback, criticisms? SPSS L phn mm chuyn dng x l thng tin s cp - thng tin c thu thp trc tip t i tng nghin cu. Thng tin c x l l thng tin nh lng (c ngha v mt thng k).Phn mm SPSS c tt c 4 dng mn hnh: Data view : Mn hnh qun l d liu L ni lu tr d liu nghin cu vi mt cu trc c s d liu bao gm ct, hng v cc giao nhau gia ct v hng Variables view : Mn hnh qun l bin L ni qun l cc bin cng vi cc thng s lin quan n bin nh: Name (Tn bin) : L tn i din cho bin, tn bin ny s c hin th trn u mi ct trong mn hnh d liu Type (Loi bin ): C dng s v dng chui Label (Nhn ca bin): Tn bin ch c th hin tm tc bng k hiu, nhn ca bin cho php nu r hn v ngha ca bin. Values (Gi tr trong bin ): Cho php khai bo cc gi tr trong bin vi ngha c th (nhn gi tr)

Missing (Gi tr khuyt): SPSS mc nh gi tr khuyn (system missing) l mt du chm v t ng loi b cc gi tr ny ra khi cc phn tch thng k. Measures (Dng thang o): Hin th dng thang o ca gi tr trong bin Mn hnh hin th kt qu (output): Cc php phn tch thng k s cho ra cc kt qu nh bng biu, i th v cc kt qu kim nghim, cc kt qu ny s c truy xut ra mt mn hnh, v c lu gi di mt tp tin khc (c ui l .SPO). Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu gi cc kt qu phn tch. Mn hnh c php (syntax): Mn hnh ny cho php ta xem v lu tr nhng c php ca mt lnh phn tch. Cc c php c lu tr s c s dng li m khng cn thao tc cc lnh phn tch li. 1. To bin v nhp d liu trn SPSS To bin trong mn hnh qun l bin : Nhp vo Variables view Name: G tn bin cn khai bo Type: Kiu bin Variable Label: t tn nhn cho bin mt cch y hn Value lables : nh tn cho cc gi tr trong bin Missing Values: c dng nh ra cc gi tr c th cho cc gi tr m ta mun loi b ra khi cc phn tch v x l thng k Column: nh ra chiu rng ca ct ang khai bo bin Align: Canh l Measurement: Chn loi thang o Nhp d liu Nhp trc tip trn sps hay cng c th nhp liu t cc phn mm khc nh Excel, Fox, v sau chuyn vo trong SPSS thng qua Menu openFile Cng c tnh ton gia cc bin (Compute)

Cng c compute c dng tnh ton gia cc gi tr trong cc bin v kt qu s c lu gi trong mt bin mi hoc l mt bin khc sn c hoc bin cha ng gi tr ang tnh ton. thc hin cng c Compute : Xut hin:ny ta vo Menu Transform Mc Target variable : Tn bin s nhn gi tr c tnh Numeric Expressionn: cha cc biu thc s c dng tnh gi tr cho bin mi. Chng ta c th son cc biu thc tnh ton vo thng Numeric Expression, v c th s dng cc cng c c hin th trong hp thoi nh cc phim (+), (-), Function, Cng c if : Dng nh ra nhng iu kin cn thit km theo trong tnh ton nu c 2. X l v phn tch d liu Kim tra d liu (Explore) SPSS cung cp cho cng c Explore xem xt v kim tra d liu: Pht hin cc sai st Nhn dng d liu tm phng php phn tch thch hp v chun b cho vic kim tra gi thuyt Explore m hp thoi Explore nh hnh sau:DescriptiveStatistic kim tra d liu, chn trn menu Analyze Dependent list: a cc bin cn kim tra vo y. Display : Cho php chng ta chn cch hin th kt qu. Statistics : Cho php ta la chn cc thng k hin th nh : Descriptives : Hin th cc gi tr thng k nh gi tr trung bnh, khong tin cy, trung v, trung bnh gin lc, gi tr nh nht, ln nht, khong bin thin, cc bch phn v M-estimators: Hin th cc gi tr trung bnh theo 4 loi trng s Outliers: Hin th cc quan st c 5 gi tr nh nht v 5 gi tr ln nht, gi l Extreme Values Percentiles: Hin th cc gi tr bch v phn Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Lilliefors) Kim nghim Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dng kim nghim tnh chun tc ca mt mu hay hai mu.

Kim nghim Levene Kim nghim Levene l php kim nghim tnh ng nht ca phng sai. y ta kim nghim gi thuyt cho rng phng sai ca gia cc mu quan st l bng nhauLp bng phn b tn sut cho bin mt tr li (Frequencies) 3. Kim nh Mi Lin H a. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin nh danh-nh danh,nh danh-nh thc (H o : hai bin khng c lin h g vi nhau) Ngi ta dng Kim nh Chi-square kim tra xem liu mt bin ny c quan h hay khng vi mt bin khc, tuy nhin phng php kim nghim ny khng ch ra cng ca mi quan h gia hai bin mnh hay yu gia 2 bin, cc h s trong kim nghim Chi_square nh sau: H s Pearson Chi-square v Likelihood Ratio cho bit c mi lin h gia hai bin nh tnh hay khng (sig rt nh) H s Linear-by-linear association o lng mi lin h tuyn tnh gia hai bin.(hu dng khi hng ct xp theo th t tng dn) Ch s Continuity Correction nh gi mi tng quan gia hai bin (dng 2 x 2)trong bng. Cch thc hin CrosstabDescriptive Statiticstrong SPSS: vo Analyze Hin hp thoi, trong ta a hai bin cn kim tra vo 2 : Row v Column sau nhn ok l xong. Ta c th vo trong phn Statistic chn cc thng s thng k: Nornimal: dng cho 2 bin nh danh. Ordinal : dng cho 2 bin dng th bc. Trong phn Cells: tng t, hy vo m khm ph n. b. Kim nh mi lin h gia hai bin Th Bc Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : khng c mi lin h no gia cc bin trong tng th Crosstab,Descriptive StatiticsThc hin trong SPSS : Analyze a bin vo 2 : Row v Column , nhn vo Statistics v chn : Chi square, correlation, gamma, somers , tau_b..

c. Kim nh mu ang xt c l phn phi chun khng Pht biu gi thuyt Ho : sai lch ca tng th 2 gi bt ng sn l phn phi chun(tc gi tr d bo ng tin cy). ng dng : Kim nh ny dng kim nh gi thuyt phn phi ca d liu c ph hp vi phn phi l nthuyt .n tin hnh xem xt cc sai lch gia Gi tr c v gi tr mi ca bt ng sn, sai lch tuyt i cng ln ,gi thuyt Ho cng d b bc b. Cch thc hin: Compute , hin hp thoi:Bc 1: Transform Nhp tn bin mi vo khung : Target Variabel Khung Numberic Expression : ta nhp : giBS_dBo Gi BSc Sau nhn ok. 1 _ sample K S xut hin hp thoi sau:Nonparametric TestBc 2 : Analyze a bin mi to bc 1 vao khung Test Variable List Phn Test Distribution : ta chn loi phn phi chun ( Normal ) , nhn OK l xong. 4. Tng Quan phn trc chng ta dng mt s cng c o lng mi lin h gia cc bin vi nhau. Tuy nhin k thut ch yu dng cho d liu nh tnh.Cn i vi cc d liu nh lng ta thng dng h s tng quan R., hay biu phn tn Scatter. a. Xc nh h s tng quan: Chn Bivarlate , xut hin hp thoi : chn CorrelateCch thc hin trn SPSS : Vo menu Analyze Khung Variables : ta a cc bin cn xt mi tng quan vo. Khung Correction Coefficients : chn Person v Spearman Nhn vo Option gii quyt cc trng hp thiu s liu ca bin i khi nh sau: Phn Statisc : khai bo c tnh hay khng tnh Trung bnh_ lch chun v tng tch cc mdun cho_hip phng sai. Phn Misssing Value : khai bo x l cc trng hp thiu ca bin

Exclude case pairwise : x l tng cp, loi gi tr thiu ra khi cp so snh,nhng vn dng cho cp khc nu vi cp khc n khng thiu. Exclude case listwise : mu no thiu gi tr s b SPSS loi hn ra khi cuc chi. b. V biu Scater ngha ca biu : Biu ny cng c mc ch gip ta c ci nhn trc quan v mi lin h gia cc bin.Nu nh H s hi quy R cho ta bit gia hai bin c tng quan khng, trng hp cc bin c tng quan th khng ni, nhng nu kt qu R cho thy cc bin khng c lin h vi nhau th lc ny Biu Scatter s cho ta bit "s khng c mi tng quan gia cc bin" l tht s v chng hon ton c lp nhau, hay chng khng c mi lin quan bi v chng khng c mi lin h tuyn tnh m chng s lin h theo mt loi quan h no , phi tuyn chng hn. Cch thc hin : chn Scatter..--Vo menu Graphs > Chn Define , xut hin hp thoiChn simple a 2 bin cn v, mt vo Y_axis, mt vo X_axis Title : dng t tiu , ghi ch cho biu Option : dng khai bo cch x l nhng gi tr thiu ca bin quan st. 5. Hi Quy Tuyn Tnh ngha : Qua mt lot cc kim tra, nu kt lun c cc bin c lin quan tuyn tnh hay c lin quan phi tuyn vi nhau. Th bc tip theo chng ta tin hnh xy dng hm hi quy. Hm hi quy ny c ngha cho chng ta bit s ng gp ca tng bin trong bin ph thuc hay ni cch khc gi tr ca bin ph thuc ng gp bao nhiu phn trm trong tng gi tr ca bin ph thuc, v n cn cho chng ta bit s thay i mt n v ca n,s ko theo s thay i ca bin ph thuc l bao nhiu. Cch thc hin : Linear, hin hp thoi: Regression Vo menu Analyze Khung Dependent : a bin m ta mun n lm bin ph thuc vo Khung Independent : a cc bin c lp vo y. Phn method : la chn phng php a bin vo: Enter : a mt lt cc bin vo mt lc.

Remove: lot tt c cc bin ra khi hm 1 lt, tt nhin u tin phi a cc bin vo trc mi c ci g ra ch. Forward : Phng php a vo dn ,bin 1 c a vo l bin c tng quan ln nht,nu tha tiu chun vo : FIN hay PIN, th bin tip theo c a vo..Qu trnh ny dng li khi khng cn bin no tha tiu chun vo. Backward : Loi tr dn tng bin ra khi m hnh, u tin bin t lin quan nht s c a ra khi m hnh theo tiu chun "Loi Tr: FOUT hay POUT".Qu trnh ny dng li khi gi tr F ca bin c h s tng quan nh nht > FOUT. Stepwise : Chn dn tng bc.y l phng php kt hp ca 2 phng php Forward v Backward (iu kin cho cc bin khng b a ra ri a vo lp li th ta chn :FIN>FOUT hay PIN<POUT) Nt Statistics..: chn cc thng s thng k nh sau : Estimates: cc c lng nh: h s hi quy(B),sai s chun (B), gi tr t v Sig. Confidence interval : Khong tin cy. Covariance Matrix : Ma trn hip phng sai. Mode Fix : Th hin cc thng k nh gi mc ph hp ca m hnh : R, R2, R2 iu chnh,sai s chun.. Descriptives : cc thng k m t nh : tr trung bnh, lch chun, ma trn tng quan. R squared chance : Xem xt mc tng ca R2 khi a thm 1 bin c lp vo m hnh. Colinearity diagnostics : Chun an hin tng CNG TUYN Nt Plots.. : Dng v th hi quy tuyn tnh. Khung bn tri cha : bin ph thuc, cc dng bin phn d, cc dng bin d on ngha ca chng : *ZPRED : Gi tr d on chun ha *ZRESID : Phn d chun ha *DRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt *ADJPRED:Gi tr d an iu chnh *SRESID : Phn d student ha

*SDRESID : phn d loi b quan st ang xt c student Produce all patial plots : biu phn tn tng phn. Histogram : biu tn s. Normal Probability plot: biu xc sut chun. Nt Save : Lu mt bin mi t ng to ra trong phn tch SPSS nh cc phn d, gi tr d on Phn Predicted Value(cc gi tr d on nh) : Gi tr d an khng chun ha,d an chun ha, d an iu chnh, sai s chun ca cc gi tr d on. Phn Distances( khong cch) : Dng nhn din cc quan st c nh hng mnh n kt qu phn tch, n l khong cch t gi tr quan st n gi tr trung bnh. Prediction interval (khong d on) : Mean : gii hn trn di ca khong d on ca tr trung bnh. Individual : gii hn trn di khong d on ca tng quan st. Residual (phn d) : Gm phn d khng chun ha, c chun ha, student ha, (detecd : phn d loi b quan st ang xt).. Influence Statistics : cc thng s thng k nh hng DfBeta(s) : SPSS s tnh li ton b cc h s hi quy,khi loi b 1 quan st. Standardized DfBeta(s) : Tnh cc DfBeta(s) chun ha. DfFit : phn nh thay i ca gi tr d on khi loi b 1 quan st. Standardized DfFit : tnh cc DfFit chun ha. Covariance ratio : tnh t s gia cc thnh phn ca ma trn hip phng sai sau v trc khi loi b 1 quan st.nu 1 ,quan st b khng nh hng nhiu n ma trn hip phngt s sai. Nut Option : Thit lp mc nh cho SPSS. Stepping Method Criteria : Tiu chun vo v ra p dng cho cc phng php. Use probability of F : S dng xc sut vo (PIN) v ra ( POUT).

Use F value : s dng F lm tiu chun vo (FIN), ra (FOUT). Missing value : La chn cch x l cc quan st b thiu. Exclude case listwise : ch nhng bin gi tr mi c x l. Exclude case pairwise Qastno gitr trong 1 cp ang nghin cu s c x l tnh h s tng quan. Relace with mean : thay th gi tr thiu bng trung bnh ca bin. Hp kim Include constant in equation : xy dng m hnh hi quy c cha h s hay khng. 6 . ng Dng Ca M Hnh Hi Quy Mt trong cc ng ng ca m hnh hi quy l d an ,chng ta c th d an gi tr trung bnh Y trong trng hp bit c cc gi tr X, hay tin on gi tr Y trong mt trng hp c th ti gi tr Xo no .(c 2 trng hp ny kt qu d on nh nhau, tuy nhin sai s chun khc nhau). Cch thc hin d an trn SPSS : Linear , a cc bin cn xy dng Regression Vo menu Analyze vo m hnh, sau nhn vo nt SAVE ,nh du chn vo co nhn OK. nhn Continue Unstandadized , standadized, Adjust. 7. D Tm S Vi Phm Cc Gi nh Cn Thit Trong Hi Quy Vic chng ta lm t u n gi cng tht s cha thuyt phc lm, do to s tin tng hon ton vo kt qu ca hm, ta ln lt i kim nh, d tm th c gi thuyt no b vi phm trong mu ca chng ta khng. Ta cn kim tra mt s nh : Gi nh tuyn tnh c ph hp khng, gi nh phng sai khng i, gi nh v phn phi chun ca phn d, gi nh v tnh c lp ca sai s( khng c s tng tc gia cc phn d),gi nh khng c s tng quan gia cc bin c lp( o lng a cng tuyn), a. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Lin H Tuyn Tnh: Loi ny Kim tra bng cch v th phn tn gia cc Phn D v Gi tr d on chun ha. Bc 1 : to 2 bin Phn d (standardized residual) v Gi tr d on (Standardized predicted ) Bc 2 : V biu Scatter cho 2 bin ny Bc 3 : kt lun nh sau : Nu gi nh tuyn tnh ng th phn d ri ngu nhin khng theo mt quy lut no, ngc li, gi nh b vi phm.

b. Kim nh Gi Thuyt Phng Sai Khng i :c th dng kim nh White,Glesjer, tung quan hng Speaman. Nu phng sai thay i s to ra rt nhiu hu qu tai hi,n lm cho cc c lng ca cc h s hi quy khng chch,nhng khng hiu qu (tc cha phi l tt nht), dn n c lng ca cc phng sai b chch, nn kim nh cc gi thuyt b mt hiu lc nh gi nhm cht lng m hnh. Thc hin Bc 1 : To 2 bin Phn d v Gi tr d on. Bc 2 : Ly tr tuyt i ca phn d bng lnh compute, t tn l TT Bc 3 : Pht biu gi thuyt Ho: h s tng quan hng ca tng th = 0 Bc 4 : Kim nh tng quan hng cho 2 bin TT v Bin Ph thuc Bc 5 : KL nu khng bc b c Ho (sig > >), th Phng sai khng i. c. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Phn Phi Chun Ca Phn D Thc hin : (dng history hay Q_Qplots du c) Bc 1 : thc hin hi quy v lu li bin phn d chun ha a bin phn d vo Variable, nhp chn Display normal curve. History Bc 2 : v biu History : Graph 1 th kt lun l PPC.Bc 4 : kt lun, nu Mean= 0,00 v Std.Dov d. Kim nh Gi Thuyt V Tnh A CNG TUYN Thc hin : Bc 1 : Chy hm hi quy ,nhng trc khi nhn OK, hy nhn vo Nt Statistics v chn COLLINEARITY DIAGNOSTICS Bc 2 : Kt lun : Nu chp nhn nh hay VIF > 10 th c a cng tuyn.