PHU GIA THC PHAM

GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH E CNG MN HC

Nm 2010

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Tong quan ve PGTP. Danh muc cac PGTP/ Q 3742/01/BYT. PGTP dung trong bao quan thc pham. PGTP lam thay oi cau truc cua thc pham. PGTP lam thay oi tnh cam quan cua thc pham. Cac chat men/enzim dung trong thc pham. Gii thieu mot so PGTP pho bien dung trong CB/SX thc pham.
1

MN HC PGTP LP H 207 (1.2.3 4.5.6)

2O TIT

BI 1 : KHI NIM & DANH MC PGTP (5 tit) BI 2 : PGTP DUNG TRONG BAO QUAN THC PHAM BI 3: PGTP LAM THAY OI CAU TRUC CUA THC PHAM (5 tit) BI 4 : PGTP LAM THAY OI TNH CAM QUAN CUA THC PHAM (5 tit) BI 5 : CAC CHAT MEN/ENZIM & GII THIEU MOT SO PGTP PHO BIEN DUNG TRONG CB/SX THC PHAM (5 tit).

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

PHU GIA THC PHAM

BI 1

KHI NIM & DANH MC PGTP

GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH 01.2010

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

I. TONG QUAN VE PGTP 1. nh ngha PGTP . 2. Vai tro, tam quan trong, gia tr ky thuat kinh te cua viec s dung PGTP. 3. Khai quat tnh hnh s dung PGTP tai nc ta. 4. Khai niem mot so chat khong la PGTP. 5. Mot so nguyen tac chon & s dung PGTP.

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

NH NGHA VE PGTP
Theo FAO/ WHO : - PGTP la bat c chat g, khong c s dung nh mot thc pham (du no co gia tr dinh dng t-nhieu).

- PGTP la chat co y a vao thc pham nham at muc ch ky thuat-kinh te trong che bien, x ly, ong goi

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

NH NGHA VE PGTP
Theo Bo Y te Viet Nam : - PGTP la cac che pham t nhien/tong hp hoa hoc. - PGTP khong c coi la thc pham hay mot thanh phan chu yeu cua thc pham. - PGTP c chu ong a vao thc pham nham at muc ch ky thuat SX, CB, bao goi, van chuyen, bao quan. Cac chat nay c lu lai trong thc pham (dang nguyen the/dan xuat) nhng phai am bao an toan cho ngi s dung. - PGTP khong bao gom : Cac chat o nhiem, cac chat bo sung dinh dng cho thc pham.

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TC DNG CA PGTP KHI S DNG

- a dng ha cc sn phm thc phm, - Tha mn th hiu ngy cng cao ca NTD, - Nng cao cht lng thc phm, - Ko di thi gian bo qun, an ton thc phm, Lm cho sn phm thc phm s dng tin li hn, n gin ha cc cng on sn xut, Gim ph liu trong SX, iu ha, ch ng nguyn liu SX.

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

VAI TRO, GIA TR CUA PGTP

CHONG VSV CAI THIEN VIEC BAO QUAN TP CHONG OXY HOA

PHU GIA THC PHAM

CAI THIEN CAU TRUC CUA TP

TRANG THAI,CAU TRUC, LAM BONG, ON NH, LAM TRN,TAO BOT MAU SAC, -- MUI/HNG, -V.

CAI THIEN TNH CAM QUAN CUA TP

CAI THIEN GIA TR DINH DNG CUA THC PHAM.(?)

Vit Nam khng cng nhn

ap ng cac nhu cau mi cua NTD : Sc khoe, thc pham ngheo/giau nang lng, cam quan, chat x, an kieng
PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10 8

KHAI QUAT TNH HNH S DUNG PGTP TAI NC TA: -San xuat cong nghiep qui mo ln : Kiem sot c nhng khong nhieu ve chung loai va so lng s dung. -San xuat cong nghiep qui mo va va nho, gia nh khong the kiem soat het c th lai a dang ve chung loai, xuat x va so lng rat ln. Cach s dung PGTP dang qui mo nay thng thieu hieu biet, thng do truyen mieng, do kinh nghiem, tuy tien dung ve chung loai va ty le. -Nguon cung cap cac PGTP la th trng troi noi, khong c kiem tra, kiem soat c tnh an toan va o tinh khiet cua PGTP ban ra.

PGTP-DH-HUYNH 01.10

KHAI NIEM VE MOT SO CHAT KHONG LA PGTP : 1. Chat ho tr ky thuat 2. Chat bo sung dinh dng 3. Chat hoa hoc cong nghiep 4. Chat tap nhiem

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KHAI NIEM VE MOT SO CHAT KHONG LA PGTP :

1. CHAT HO TR KY THUAT - Che pham t nhien hoac tong hp hoa hoc. - Khong phai la thc pham. - a vao thc pham mot cach co y e thc hien muc ch ky thuat nhat nh. 2. CHAT BO SUNG DINH DNG - Cac chat cho vao thc pham vi muc ch duy tr hoac gia tang gia tr dinh dng (nh vitamin, chat khoang). - c phep lu lai trong thc pham vi hm lng cho php . - Khong c gay oc hai cho ngi s dung.

- Khong c lu lai trong thc pham sau khi thc hien xong chc nang ky thuat.

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KHAI NIEM VE MOT SO CHAT KHONG LA PGTP :

3. Chat hoa hoc cong nghiep :
- La cac chat oc hai. - Cac chat nay lay nhiem vao thc pham t moi trng SX (nh KL nng c), thuoc thu y, hoa chat BVTV, VSV hai, nguon benh - Khong c phep ton tai trong thc pham hoac ch c con trong thc pham vi ham lng cho phep theo qui nh (Q 46/07/BYT).

4. Chat tap nhiem :

- La cac chat hoa hoc dung trong cong nghiep. - Chat co o tinh khiet thap, o oc rat cao so vi PGTP. - Gia re hn nhieu so vi PGTP. - Khong c phep ton tai trong thc pham hoac ch c con trong thc pham vi ham lng cho phep theo qui nh..

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MOT SO NGUYEN TAC CHON & S DUNG PHU GIA THC PHAM
1. Chon phu gia thc pham : - Trong danh muc theo Q 3742/2001/BYT, - o tinh khiet can thiet, - ay u thong tin cua nha cung cap. 2. S dung : - Thc hien ung hng dan s dung cua nha SX. - Nen phoi hp nhieu loai phu gia trong cung mot nhom. - Ghi ro cac loai phu gia s dung cho loai thc pham o.

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II. DANH MUC CAC CHAT PGTP TRONG Q 3742/01/BYT

2.1 Cau truc cua danh muc, 2.2 Vai khai niem lien quan, 2.3 Cach tra cu, s dung Danh muc, 2.4 Bai tap (Tai lp & nha).

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II. DANH MUC CAC CHAT PGTP TRONG Q 3742/01/BYT 1. CAU TRUC CUA DANH MUC :
TT
1 Ten nhom PGTP

Chc nang, cong dung

Cac chc nang khac

So lng
41

Cac chat Duy tr hay lam trung Bao quan, o, chong ieu chnh hoa o axit cua thc ong von, chat on,, o axit pham. chong oxyhoa, lam day, Acidity nhu hoa, x ly bot, regulators. lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai. Cac chat Lam tang hay cai thien ieu v v cua thc pham Flavour enhaneers On nh

15

Cac chat on nh Stabilisers

Lam on nh he phan tan ong nhat cua thc pham

Nhu hoa, lam day, lam bong,lam am, ieu chnh o axit, Lam ran chac, chong oxyhoa,tao xop, tao phc kim loai, ieu v, x ly bot.

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Cac chat bao Can tr, tr hoan cac ieu chnh o axit, quan hoat ong cua VSV, cac lam ran chac, o, chong Preservati-ves bien oi sinh hoa cua oxyhoa, tao phc kim loai, thc pham. x ly bot. Cac chat Ngan nga s ong von chong ong va tao s ong nhat von trong thc pham. Anticaking agents Nhu hoa, on nh.

29

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Cac chat e phong, can tr s chong oxyhoa oxyhoa trong thc pham. Antioxy-dants

Nhu hoa, on nh mau

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Cac chat Lam mat kha nang tao Nhu hoa, o, chong chong tao bot bot trong thc pham. ong von, ieu v, lam Antifoa-ming am, lam day,lam bong, agents x ly bot. Cac chat on Chat on them lam gia tang khoi lng thc pham. Chong ong von, nhu hoa, O, lam day.

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Cac chat ngot (Dinh dng, khong dinh dng). Sweetners.

Tao v ngot cho thc pham.

Lam day, chat on, nhu hoa, o, lam bong, ieu v, chong ong von.

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Cac che Lam tang o day, o Chat on, nhu hoa, on pham tinh bot ong ac, tang khoi nh, lam day. Modified lng, on nh. starches. Cac chat Xuc tac qua trnh ieu v, O, x ly bot men/Enzim chuyen hoa trong che Bao quan, chong oxyhoa. bien thc pham. Enzymes.

19

12

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13

Cac chat lam bong

Lam bong be mat thc pham.

Chat on, on nh, lam am,chong oxyhoa, chong tao bot. Nhu hoa, O, chat on, tao bot.

20

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Cac chat lam day. Thickners.

Lam ket dnh, tang khoi lng, tao cau truc, tang o day cua thc pham.

20

15

Cac chat lam am.

Hut nc, lam tang Nhu hoa, O, lam o am cua thc pham. day, ieu chnh o axit.

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Cac chat Lam tang tnh ran Chat on, lam day, on lam ran chac chac, tranh v nat nh, tao xop, x ly Firming cua thc pham. bot. agents
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17

Cac chat nhu Tao he phan tan ong hoa nhat cua thc pham. Emulsifiers Cac pham mau (T Colours. Tao ra hoac cai thien mau sac cua thc pham.

Chong ong von, tao xop, o, ieu v, lam am, x ly bot.

24

18

35

nhien, tong hp).

19 Chat tao botFoaming agent. Cac chat tao xop.

Tao bot, tang o n trong thc pham. Tang o phong xop cua thc pham. Tao xop, chong ong von, ieu chnh o axit.

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21

Cac chat tao phc kim loai Seques-trants

Tao phc hoa tan vi cac kim loai a hoa tr, cai thien chat lng & tnh vng chac cua thc pham.

Bao quan, tao xop, on nh mau, chong oxyhoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam day, lam ran chac, x ly bot, ieu chnh o axit.

14

22 23

Chat x ly bot Cac chat tao hng Tao hng cho thc pham.

1 63

Tong cong : - Nhom phu gia cung chc nang, cong dung : 23
- So lng chat PGTP
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: 337
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1. INS (International Numbering System) He thong anh so quoc te : La ky hieu xac nh cho moi chat phu gia khi xep chung vao danh muc cac chat PGTP ( do Uy ban Codex ve

2. MOT VAI KHAI NIEM CO LIEN QUAN TI PGTP :

thc pham ban hanh).

2. ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) : Lng an vao hang ngay khong gay oc hai, chap nhan c mg/kg the trong.ngay. Trong o co : - ADI khong gii han, - ADI cha qui nh.

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MTDI (Maximum Torerable Daily Intake) : Lng an toi a hang ngay co the chap nhan c mg/ngi.ngay. 4. Gii han bi GMP : Lng chat phu gia c s dung phu thuoc yeu cau cong nghe, khong qui nh gii han toi a theo GMP (Thc hanh san xuat tot). 5. DL 50 (Dose Lethal 50) : Lieu lng cua hoa chat gay chet 50% ong vat th nghiem. 3.

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3. CACH TRA CU, S DUNG PGTP TRONG DM THEO Q 3742/01/BYT : Co 3 cach : Bang PGTP theo nhomChc nang, cong dung (Trang 9). Bang PGTP theo INS (Trang 23). Bang PGTP theo ABC (Trang 33).

GHI CHU : Moi SV/Nhom phai co t nhat

01 cuon Q 3742/01/BYT.

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BAI TAP
1. PGTP la g ? iem khac biet gia PGTP vi thc pham, vi cac chat khong la PGTP cho nao ? Cho cac v du can thiet e chng minh.

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2. Tren bao b banh AFC Kinh o, co cong bo thanh phan cau tao nh sau : Bot m, tinh bot bap, shortening, ng, mach nha, b, dau thc vat, sa gay, bot whey, bot pho mai, chat nhu hoa (471), chat tao noi (500ii, 503ii, 450i), Calci cacbonat, EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Axit), DHA (Decosahecxaenoic Axit), bot mau ieu, mau thc pham tong hp (102,110). Em hay cho biet, cac chat PGTP a c dung ?
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3.
Tren nhan bao b san pham PATE GAN cua VISSAN co ghi THANH PHAN cua san pham nh sau :

Gan heo,m heo, muoi, muoi nitrit (250). protein au nanh, protein sa, chat polyphosphat (450), keo (407), ng, chat tao v (621), hng pate, hanh, toi, vitamin (301), axit sorbic (201), bot sa, tinh bot, trng ga.
Em hay cho biet : - Ten PGTP a dung ? So INS cua no PGTP nao sai phep ? - Xep cac PGTP nay theo nhom cung chc nang, cong dung. - Ham lng ML cua tng PGTP nay c Q 3742/01/BYT ?

phep

dung

trong
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4. CAU HOI TNH HUONG :

Mot vai ien hnh s dung hoa chat c coi nh la PGTP sai qui nh, can tranh trong cac san pham sau : - Ca, (borac, ur,) - Tht, (nitrit, borac, mu ) - Rau (cht tng trng ; lm trng, cng gia) - Trai cay, (cht bo qun,) - Ru, (thuc ry) - Ca phe, (ha cht to hng, mu) - Nc cham (MSG), - Bao b ( bao goi, vat cha ng ).(mlamin, mu)

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PHU GIA THC PHAM

BI 2 PGTP CHT BO QUN GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH 01.2010

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PGTP - CHAT BAO QUAN

nh ngha : la cac che pham t nhien hoac tong hp c a vao thc pham nham muc ch ngan can s phat trien cua VSV, ngan can hin tng t oxyha ca axit bo trong thc phm keo dai thi gian bao quan thc pham (khong vnh vien).
Can xem xet cac yeu to gay h hong thc pham trc khi quyet nh loai phu gia

Cc cht PGTP dng trong bo qun thc phm c chia lm 3 nhm sau :

s dung.

V C, HU C, CHT CHNG OXYHA.

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I. CAC CHAT BAO QUAN VO C:

Co cac chat sau : 1. Cac muoi Nitrat : NaNO3 (251), KNO3 (252). 2. Kh SO2 (220) & cac muoi Sulfit (xem DM). 3. Kh N2 (INS ?), NO (INS ?). 941, 942

Cac hoa chat vo c khac co the s dung trong bao quan thc pham la : NaCl, kh CO2, H2O2

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1. Cac muoi nitrat ( Natri nitrat- 251, Kali nitrat 252) : Chu yeu la cac muoi nitrat cua Na, K thng s dung trong cong nghe che bien tht, ca la chat bao quan & to mu cho sn phm. V, dan xuat nitrite (NO2-) t (NO3-) co tac dung c che vi khuan manh. oi vi cac san pham tht, ca co dung cac muoi tren th NO2- pH thch hp se tao vi hemoglobin thanh chat co mau o hong, ep, ben mau.
Khong c dung muoi Nitrit trc tiep cho TP.

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2. Kh SO2 , cac muoi sulfite cua Na, K, Ca :

- SO2 (220) thng dung dang kh, nh xong kh cho trai vai, nhan, nho... - Muoi Na2SO3 (?), NaHSO3 (?), Na2S2O5 (?), K2SO3 (?),
221 222 539 228

Ca(HSO3)2 (?) .

227

- Noi chung, tac dung cua SO2 va cac muoi sunfit ngoai c che vi khuan (BQ) con tac dung tay mau, lam trong dung dch.
Chng l nhng cht c v n mn kim lai. Hin ti, tng lai s b hn ch v lai b thay bng cc PGTP khac c li hn.

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 3. Kh N2 , NO : N2 (941) la kh tr. NO (942) kh rat oc. N2, CO2 c dung di dang : Kh, long, a lanh.
Cac chat hoa hoc sau c dung lam chat baoquan thcpham, nhng khong

phai la PGTP : Muoi an NaCl : La mot chat thong dung ien hnh. Tac dung bao quan cua no ac tnh tao ap suat tham thau cao oi vi nc ben trong te bao cua thc pham, vi sinh vat. Kh CO2 : Kh CO2 co hieu qua oi vi cac vi khuan hieu kh va ban than no hau nh khong gay oc cho san pham thc pham. Tuy nhien, s dung kha phc tap v no cung gay ra mot s chuyen hoa moi trng san pham thanh axit nhe H2CO3. H2O2 : thng c dung trong sat khuan be mat dung cu che bien, bao b thc pham...
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2. CAC CHAT BAO QUAN HU C :

2.1

2.2 2.3 2.4

Co cac chat sau : Cac axit beo bao hoa & dan xuat cua chung : A. axetic (260), a.propionic (280), a. lactic (270), a.xitric (330)... Axit socbic (200) & muoi cua chung. Axit benzoic (210) & muoi cua chung. Cac chat khang sinh : Nisin (234), Natamyxin (Piramyxin), fitonxit, chat khang sinh nganh Y.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 35

2.1 Cac acid beo bao hoa & dan xuat cua chung (cac muoi K, Na, Ca ) :

- c che hoat ong vi khuan,nam men,nam moc - Cac axit hu c, cac muoi Na, K, Ca cua chung c dung kha pho bien, iu chnh o pH cua moi trng, - B gii han trong s dung cac acid la o chua va cam quan cua san pham. - Cac axit beo + dan xuat cua chung nh la : A. axetic, a. propionic, Muoi K, Na, Ca cua chung. (?)

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 Tac dung bao quan va tao v. Tac dung chong nam men > vi khuan.Tac dung chong nam moc kem. S dung dang : acid t do, muoi Na hoac Ca hoac Na-diaxetat (CH3COOH-CH3COONa) trong mayonne, rau trn giam, banh m va

2.1.1. Axit axetic CH3COOH

A.axtic bng (260)

banh ngot.

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2.1.2 Axit Propionic (280) CH3CH2COOH Hien dien trong thien nhien : ac biet cac san pham len men. Tac dung chnh : Chong nam moc > vi khuan. Nam men (khong co tac dung). Tac dung phu thuoc vao pH, dng pH < 5 khong co tnh oc. S dung nong o 0.1-0.2 % chong nam moc cho banh ngot, ngan nga tac hai do B. mesentericus.

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CH3-CH=CH-CH=CH-COOH ~ C5H7COOH - Sorbic acid : khong mui, khong v va tac dung nong o thap ( 0.3%) -Sat trung manh : nam moc > nam men. Vi khun : Yu/khng c tc dng. - Khng c i vi ngi, khng gy mi l, v l, khng lm
mt mu t nhin ca sn phm. - c S dung pho bien trong cac loai san pham ru vang, qua kho, nc qua ep, mt qua, banh m, tht-c (xc xch, pa t).

2.2. Acid sorbic (200) va cac muoi Na, K, Ca cua chung :

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 2.3. Acid benzoic va cac dan xuat cua chung

OH
C O

C6H5COOH (210), C6H5COONa/K(211,212) - Acid benzoic t tan trong nc, cac muoi Na, K cua no co tnh tan cao c dung pho bien . - Tac dung cua acid benzoic la ngan can s phat trien cua nam men>nam moc. VK t c tc dng e bao ve thc pham khoi h hong. Tac dung manh pH thap, tuy nhien pH< 4 th no kem tac dung. - Hien nay, co xu the s dung nhieu cac dan xuat t acid benzoic la paraben. u the cua cac paraben nay la tac dung len mot khoang pH rong, co tac ong manh oi vi nam men, nam moc, ben nhiet o cao va tan tot trong nc.
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 Khng sinh ? Thng c tng hp t mt s lai VSV. L cht dng cha bnh trong y hc. Trong CNTP, mt s cht khng sinh khng dng trong y hc, c dng bao quan thc phm. Cht khng sinh y hc cm s dng cho thc phm v c cao, sinh "ln thuoc" . Mt s cht khng sinh dng trong thc phm l :

2.4. CC CHT KHNG SINH

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2.4.1 NISIN (234) : Ch chong c vi khuan va cac bao t, nhng khong c dung trong dc pham.
(La polypeptit chu nhiet) do Streptococcus lactic sinh ra.

S dung cho cac san pham t sa nh phomat, sa co ac, rau-qu hp, au xanh ong hop...

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 Nong o 5-100 ppm co tac dung chong nam moc, nam men.
S dung tren be mat cua pho-mat hoac tren be mat xuc xch kho, cc loai qa, nc qa...
axit sorbic th hiu qa dit khun s cao hn.

Khng l PGTP 2.4.2 NATAMYXIN : Natamyxin (Piramixin) do Streptomyces natalensis va Streptomyces chattanogensis sinh ra.

Cc lai khng sinh ny (2) khi dng cn c

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2.4.3 FITONXIT :

Khng PGTP

- L cc cht khng sinh sinh ra t cc thc vt thng ng bo v trc cc VSV. - Cc fitonxit c tch ra t cc thc vt gia v ti (l, cnh, ht, v, hoa). Chng l nhng cht bay hi v tc dng dit khun khi thi hay nghin nh chng ri trn/rc chng vi thc phm tip xc trc tip. - Cc fitonxit C TRONG : Hnh,ti, tiu. t. Ht ci, bc h, khuynh dip, x Cc fitonxit c dng nhiu trong thc phm: Nc rau-qa, c (crt, c chua..), o hp (lm gim T0C, thi gian thanh-tit trng)

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Fitonxit c trong : Hnh/ti : Alixin Ht tiu : Piperen t : Capcaixin Ht ci : Ezenon, du alin (dit men, mc) Bc h : Mantol C chua : Tomatin, licopecsisin C rt : Tecpen Khoai ty : Solanin L wasabi L ci, ht ci v.v
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2.4.4 Mot so cht khng sinh ( Nganh Y)

dung trong bo qun thc pham:

- Tht (Gia sc, gia cm), dng Oreomixin, streptomixin, cloramphenicon, biomixinv c kt hp vi nhit lnh mt, hoc chiu x th cng tt. - C ti, dng oxytetraxyclin, clotetraxyclin, oreomixin, clotetraxyclin vi nng ti a 5mg/kg bo qun c ti, tm, cua. - Sa ti, dng oreomixin, teramixin. Oreomixin+penixilin

Vn s dng cht khng sinh trn bo

qun thc phm c gy c i vi NTD khong, hin nay ngi ta ang nghin cu. Do vy, vic dng ny cn thn trng.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 46

Ten chat chong vi sinh vat Nitrat Sulfit Focmic axit Propionic axit Socbic axit Benzoic axit Cac Este cua P-hydroxy benzoic

Vi khuan ++ ++ + + + ++ ++

Nam men ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++

Nam moc + ++ +++ +++ +++ +++

Ghi chu :
+ ++ +++

Khong tac dung, Tac dung yeu, Tac dung trung bnh, Tac dung manh.
47

2. : 3. CHT CHNG OXY HA

Khi nim, nh ngha : - Hin tng oxyha c cp y l hin - Qua trnh oxy hoa la nguyen nhan gay giam pham chat cua thc pham trong bao quan, cung nh s dung. - S oxyha chat bo xy ra khi : Lipit + O2 KK Peroxit (R*O2) Hydro cacbua (R*) Ru, xton, axit

tng t oxyha ca axit bo trong thc phm do tc dng ca O2/Khng kh, mi trng.

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48

Bn cht qu trnh c m t n gin sau :

A.bo

Lipit Glyxrin + A.bo Peroxit Cc cht trung gian

Hydro cacbon, Xton, alcol, cc axit, trans fat ( L cc cht i-kht, ng, c hilm cho thc phm, c bit thc phm c hm lng lipit cao b bin cht )

PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10

49

CC BIN PHP NGN NGA S OXYHA : 1. Gim cc yu t to peroxit : - Gim O2, chuyn a. bo o/no NO. - Gim nhit , nh sng, KL nng, enzin 2. a vo thc phm cc cht chng oxyha. 3. Cc cch khc : Bo qun thc phm trong - N2, CO2, HCK. - Bao b tr - khng kim lai (Thy tinh, giy, Al, cht do

PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10

50

Yu cu cht chng oxy ho: Tng c kh nng n nh v cht lng thc phm, hn ch hoc loi b qu trnh oxy ha cc cht d b oxy ha trong thc phm. Cc gi tr dinh dng c bn trong thc phm phi c bo tn. Cc gi tr cm quan nh mu, mi, trng thi thc phm cng phi c bo tn. Phi l cht c kh nng ha tan hoc phn tn ng u trong khi thc phm Khng gy c.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 51

V c bn, cht chng oxy ha c chia lm 2 loi: Cc hp cht t nhin (bao gm cc mui v cc este ca chng) nh : Vitamin A,C, axit xitric ..thng dng chng li s bin mu do oxy ha trong cc sn phm tht, tri cy v cc sn phm khc. Cc hp cht tng hp : BHA, BHT, TBHQ, thng s dng c ch cc phn ng oxy ha du, m.

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3.1 Cc cht chng oxyha t nhin

TOCOPHEROLS : - Cc Tocopherol c s dung lam chat chong oxy hoa trong thc pham la: (alpha) tocopherol, (gamma) tocopherol, (delta) tocopherol. - INS : 307 - ADI : 0,15 2,0 - Ten khac : Vitamin E - Cong thc phan t : C29H50O2
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 53

CAU TRUC HOA HOC

HO

CH3 HO

CH3 O O CH3

CH3 CH3 CH2(CH2 CH2 C CH2)2H H

alpha-tocopherol
CH3 CH3 O O CH3 CH2(CH2 CH3 CH2 C H gamma-tocopherol CH2)2H

CH3 O O HO

CH3 CH2(CH2

CH3 CH2 C H CH2)2H

delta-tocophero

PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10

54

 - Dang: Dung dch sanh nh dau, trong suot, co mau vang nhat, gan nh khong mui. e ra ngoai khong kh hoac anh sang mat tri th b oxi hoa va mau sam dan. - o tan: Tan trong dau va dung moi dau, khong tan trong nc. - Ham lng khong c cha t hn 96% alpha tocopherol. - Chc nang: Chat chong oxi hoa trong cac san pham cha chat beo. Chat c che s hnh thanh hp chat nitrosamin gay ung th. La nhom chat chong oxi hoa kha yeu neu s dung rieng le.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 55

 - oc tnh: Khong co hai ve mat sinh hoc neu lng s dung khong qua ln. - c khuyen khch s dung thay the cac chat chong oxi hoa khac. - Ngi ta cha biet ro lam ve tocopherol, nhng tm thay tocopherol thai qua phan, con trong nc tieu lai thay mot vai chat chuyen hoa cua tocopherol. Neu s dung lieu cao hn nhu cau hang ngay, thay co tch luy trong gan.

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56

AXIT ASCORBIC (VITAMIN C) INS: 300 ADI: Cha xc nh Ngun gc- lch s: c nhiu trong rau qu v tri cy, nht l h cam. c khai thc u tin t cc m vo nm 1928 v c tng hp vo nm 1933 bi Tadeusz REICHSTEIN. Mt nm sau Roch sn xut ra 50 kg axit ascorbic u tin.

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57

 c im: Tn thng mi: Ascorbic axit Cng thc ha hc: C6H8O6

OH O O OH OH C H H CH2OH

Khi lng phn t : 176,12 Dng bt hay vin mu trng n vng nht, s dng cho thc phm phi dng bt mu trng, hu nh khng c mi, ch c v axit.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 58

3.2 Cc hp cht tng hp ( Nhm hp cht phnol)

BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole) Cng thc phn t: C11H16O2 BHA l hn hp ca hai ng phn
OH C(CH3)3 OH

O INS: 320 O C(CH ) OCH ADI: 0 25 OCH c im: 3-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyanisole 2-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyanisole Tn thng mi: Embanox BHA, lowinox BHA,
3 3

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 Khi lng phn t: 180,25. Hnh dng : vin, bt hay cht lng ging sp mu trng mi phenol nh, t c trng. Kh nng ha tan : BHA ha tan tt trong du m v cc dung mi hu c khc nh propylen glycol, ete, xng, tan hn 50% trong ru, khng ha tan trong nc. Nhit si : 264 - 2700C(730mmHg): Nhit nng chy : 48 - 630C. BHA d bay hi nn c iu ch bng phng php chng ct . Do c tnh d bay hi nn ch cho vo cc sn phn ng gi. BHA l cht d chy, c th b mt khi nhit cao, trong trng hp nng hoc sy.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 60

Chc nng v li ch : L cht chng oxy ha trong cc sn phm nhiu cht bo. BHA c hiu qu i vi m ng vt v khng c tc dng vi du thc vt khng bo ho, thng c s dng kt hp vi cc cht chng oxy ha khc. S dng : i vi m ng vt v cc sn phm bnh nng, n nh sn phm cui cng . S dng trong shortening, du thc vt, sn phm khoai ty, soup, chewing gum, ng cc c tnh : BHA c th c hp th qua thnh rut non v c th tn ti trong m bo, chng c th tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i cht ca ngi v ng vt, v vy BHA l cht c nghi ng gy d ng, ung th
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 61

Cong thc phan t : C15H24O INS : 321 (CH ) C ADI : 0 0,3

3 3

BHT (Butylate hydrocytoluen)

OH C(CH3)3 O CH3

ac iem : 2,6-ditertiarybutyl-4-methylphenol *Ten thng mai : CAO-3, Embanox BHT,

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 *Khoi lng phan t :220,39 *Hnh dang : tinh the ran, mau trang,khong mui. *o tan : tan trong toluen, ru metyl, etyl, xeton, axeton, khong tan trong nc. Nhiet o soi : 760mmHg , 2650C. *Nhiet o nong chay : 69,7oC

BHT co tnh chat tng t nh BHA nhng co tnh ben nhiet hn.

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Chc nng v li ch : Thuc nhm cht chng oxy ha c hiu qu, v c s dng rng ri trong cc sn phm c nhiu cht bo. C tc dng bo qun thc phm ngn nga s h hng v i kht ca hng liu . Ngoi ra cn c tc dng n nh v nh ha cho shortening, c s dng mt mnh hay kt hp vi BHA v axit citric.

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 oc tnh : BHT c hap thu qua thanh ruot va qua qua trnh trao oi chat , ao thai ra ngoai theo phan va nc tieu, thng khong gay oc, nhng cung co nghi ng gay ung th, gay viem tay da va mat. Lieu lng gay chet chuot LD 50 = 1000 mg/kg the trong. Lieu lng cho ngi 50mg/kg the thng khong co anh hng oi vi ngi. trong,

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 nong o cao se lam tang trong lng tuyen thng than,nhng khong gay oc tnh di truyen, mot so tai lieu ghi nhan cho thay BHT la nhan to giup hnh thanh cac chat gay ung th , tuy nhien ay van la mot van e con nhieu tranh cai. Lieu lng cao BHT lam giam chuyen van axit hu c, ton thng than.

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(TertButylHydroQuinon)

TBHQ

Cong thc phan t : C10H14O2

INS : 319 ADI : 0 0,7 ac iem : Ten thng mai : Embanox TBHQ,

OH C(CH3)3

O
OH
TBHQ, Sustane

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 *Khoi lng phan t : 166,22 *Dang : bot trang en nau nhat, mui nhe *o tan : tan trong etylen, etyl axeton, ete, t tan trong nc. *Nhiet o soi 760 mmHg : 3000C *Nhiet o nong chay : 126,5 128,50C

axetat,

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* Chc nang : - Chong oxi hoa, c s dung rat rong rai trong nganh thc pham. - Tac ong hieu qua oi vi dau m, ac biet la dau thc vat. * ng dung: - S dung trong khoai tay chien, dau bong, tht bo vien, ngu coc kho, pizza, nc sot, * oc tnh: - Khong gay d ng da nhng co nghi ng gay ung th. Cam s dung Nhat ban va mot so nc khac. Hap thu qua ng ruot va tham gia vao qua trnh trao oi chat, c thai ra ngoai cung nc tieu. Lieu lng gay chet LD50 = 700 1000mg/kg.
PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 69

BI TP (Np bi + bao b)
Mi SV tm mt nhn sn phm thc phm sau, trong c dng cc cht PGTP bo qun sn phm nh : - Sn phm ch bin t bt m, bt ng cc. - Bnh bch qui cc lai. - Ko, c ph, sa cc lai. - Tht (Pat, nem chua, xc xch) - Du nv.v Em hy cho bit PGTP BQ no dng cho sn phm theo Q 3742/01/BYT :

Tn, INS, ML.

PGTP- BAI 2- H.01.10 70

PHU GIA THC PHAM

BI 3 PGTP LM THAY I CU TRC CA THC PHM

GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH 01.2010

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71

PGTP LAM THAY OI CAU TRUC CUA THC PHAM

PGTP lam thay oi trang thai, hnh dang, ket cau cua thc pham. Mot so chat ay c gii thieu sau ay : + Chat lam-gi am, + Chat lam trong, + Chat lam ran chac, + Tao nhu, + Chat keo, + Lam day, + Chat boi trn, + Tao bot, + Chat lam bong, + Chat on nh, + Chat ong von, + Lam n.
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 72

1. PGTP IEU CHNH OAM

1.1 Chat hut am : - Glyxerol (422) - Calci dihydrodiphosphat (450 vii). - CaCl2 (509). - CaO (529) 1.2. Chat gi am : - Cac phosphat : co 3 dang Ortho-, Poly-, Meta-phosphat. - Gelatin (112), - Enzin : Proteaz (1101i) Amilaz (1100).
Q 3742/01/BYT.

Ghi chu : Chc nang, cong dung cua cac chat nay, theo
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 73

2. CHAT LAM TRONG

(DCH LONG)

UC ? Nc, NGK, nc ep R-Qdo : - Huyen phu (Can c hoc- R/L) - Nhu tng (Keo/giot long/L - mau), - Chat tan (Ion KL), - Chat hu c ( X, pectin, tanin/L). LAM TRONG ? Bang : - C hoc ( lang, loc, ly tam) - Nhiet hoc (Lanh-M, Lanh-) - PGTP : Triet e.
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 74

GII THIEU MOT VAI CACH LAM TRONG - Hat nha trao oi Ion (cation, anion), - at khoang (Diatomit, bentonit), - Than/xng hoat tnh, PGTP : CaO (529), SO2 (220) dung loai tap chat va lam trong dch nc ma. - Enzin (Triet e, v ban chat la cac phan ng thuy phan nh : Proteaz, lipaz, amilaz, xenlulaz, pectinaz.

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75

3. CHAT LAM RAN CHAC : Canxi xitrat (333), Canxi clorua (309), Canxi gluconat (578)

4. CHT LM N :
4.1 Soda : + Na2CO3 (500i) 1200C CO2 + NaHCO3 (500ii) Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 4.2 Amn : + (NH4)2CO3 (503i) 400C NH3 + CO2 + H2O + NH4HCO3 (503ii) 4.3 Enzin : C6H12O6 C2H5OH + CO2 + Qc

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5. CAC CHAT TO KEO :

Cac chat phu gia tao keo c s dung trong che bien thc pham nham : lam ac, nhu hoa, on nh nhu tng, tao bot, cai thien cau truc, tnh chay, lam mem, on nh mui-v, chong vi sinh vat. Cac chat keo co the co cac tnh chat sau : Kha nang lien ket vi nc va hut nc, kha nang lien ket vi cac chat mui, kha nang tao mang hoac tao gel, tao ap xuat tham thau, tao cac phan ng hoa hoc, tang o ngot va v, kha nang hut nc tr lai dang ban au
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 77

GII THIU MT VI CHT TO KEO : 1. Cht to keo thc vt : Pectin, aga, gm Arabic, gm gua, NaCMC, carrageenan, xanthan gum. 2. Cht to keo ng vt : Gelatin ( t collagen )

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PECTIN

(440)

Pectin la polysaccharide co nhieu qua, cu hay v cay. thc vat, pectin ton tai di hai dang: - Protopectin khong tan co nhieu thanh te bao - Pectin hoa tan co chu yeu dch bao. Cac chat pectin gi vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh chn cua qua. Khi qua ang phat trien, protopectin phan tan thanh te bao va chiem ty le kha cao. Khi qua bat au chn, protopectin chuyen dan thanh pectin hoa tan di tac dung cua acid hu c va protopectinaz trong qua.

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79

Nguyen lieu quan trong nhat c dung e che tao pectin la vo qa co mui va ba tao c say kho va c trch ly. Lng pectin vo cam quyt chiem 20-50% lng kho, con ba tao chiem 10-20%. Phan t lng cua cac loai pectin co nguon goc t cac loai qua khac nhau thay oi trong khoang gia tr rong. V du, pectin t qua tao co khoi lng phan t 25000-35000, pectin lay t qua cam co khoi lng phan t at en 50000. Cac loai pectin khac nhau co so lng nhom the CH3 khac nhau. ieu nay quyet nh kha nang tao gel cua pectin.

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gel khi co mat acid va ng.

ac tnh quan trong cua pectin la kha nang tao cau truc

Do tnh chat nay, pectin c s dung nhieu trong cong nghe san xuat mt keo. e tao cau truc gel, ngi ta bo sung 65-70% sucrose va tao moi trng co pH khoang 3,1-3,5 nh cac acid hu c.
COOCH3 COOH COOH COOCH3 COOCH3 COOH COOH

COOCH3

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 Mot so tnh chat cua pectin :

Tnh tan va o nht Pectin tan tot trong nc lanh tao thanh dung dch tng oi nht. Cung nh cac chat gom khac, viec hoa tan pectin vao nc can c tien hanh can than bi khoi bot de dang ong von tao thanh mot lp gel ngan can qua trnh hoa tan. Thong thng trong san xuat ngi ta thng dung may khuay co toc o cao e hoa tan pectin hoac hoa tan pectin cung vi mot chat khac de tan trong nc nh ng. Pectin tan rat cham trong dung dch ng co ac, thng xuc tien qua trnh hoa tan pectin bang cach hoa tan no vao dung dch xiro (co cha ham lng fructose cao rat hu ch v co o nht thap) roi lai hoa tan vao trong nc tao thanh dung dch co ham lng chat ran thap hn 20%, khi o pectin se tan tot khi un nong va khuay nhe.
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 82

 NG DUNG CUA PECTIN TRONG THC PHAM 1. Tao gel cho cac loai mt trai cay. 2. ng dung pectin vao mot so san pham len men (sa/sa c axit ho).

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83

San pham

Loai pectin c dung va lieu lng

Chat ran hoa tan (%)

pH

Ghi chu
Khong can s dung Ca2+. Tuy nhien, gel se nh hnh pH cao hoac ham lng chat ran thap hn so vi yeu cau

Loai mt truyen thong Mt co s dung ng kh Mt co tnh chu nhiet dung trong cac loai banh nng

0.3% pectin

>60, thng la 65

3.0-3.1

0.6% pectin a b amid hoa

35-55

3.1-3.4

Phai co mat Ca2+. Tuy vay, ham lng ion nay co san trong trai cay thng a u yeu cau
Phai co tnh chat chay c qua bm e gel ket dnh trong san pham banh nng nhng khong tan chay. Ket hp nhieu thanh phan se cho ket qua iem tan chay cao hn

0.6-1.0% pectin cha Ca hoat ong

65

3.5-3.6

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THCH/AGA

(406)

Thch l hp cht thuc nhm gluxit, thu c t mt s loi rong bin. Thch dng trong thc phm l lai bt sng hay l nhng si mnh mu c. Khc vi pectin, thch c th to ng rn chc trong cc cht lng khc nhau, nn n c dng rng ri vi vai tr cht to ng, cht nh tng, cht n nh, lm ctrong sn xut mt ng, mt mn, nc canh tht-c, NGK

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85

NaCMC (466) NATRI CACBOXYMETYL XENLULO

NaCMC l loi bt kh mu trng, thu c do tc dng ca cacboxymetylnatri (CH2COONa) vi cc nhm hydroxyl ca xenlulo. Cht ny d phn tn trong nc lnh, nc nng cng nh trong ru. Mui NaCMC cng l tc nhn to ng. N c kh nng to cu trc ng c hm m rt cao (ti 98%).

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CARRAGEENAN, NATRI CARRAGEENAN

(407)

L lai bt mu sng , khng c mi, v, c ch bin t c bin bng trch ly.

GM ARABIC
L nha ca loi cy acaxia.

(414)

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Collagen
La protein ong vat, la thanh phan cau truc chnh cua cac si mo lien ket va hien dien tat ca cac mo va c quan. No cau thanh gan nh 30% tong protein ca ong vat co xng song va khong xng song, di knh hien vi xuat hien nh si m uc, c bao quanh bi cac protein khac va cac mucopolysaccharide.

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88

Thanh phan acid amin cua collagen ong vat co vu on nh va ang chu y la 18 trong 20 acid amin pho bien trong cac protein luon luon hien dien. Trong o, glycine, proline hien dien vi ham lng cao, con hydroxyproline chiem 13-15% trong collagen, con trong elastin khoang 2%.

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GELATIN

(112)

Gelatin la mot polypeptit phan t lng cao c thu nhan t collagen (thanh phan protein c ban cua cac mo lien ket ong

vat, bao gom xng, da va gan).

Ten gelatin c s dung pho bien khoang nam 1700 va bat nguon t tieng latin gelatus co ngha la ben vng. Mac du thuat ng gelatin th t c s dung e ch cac chat tao gel khac trc ay, ma thng s dung collagen.

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Gelatin c xac nh nh la mot san pham c thu nhan t s thuy phan cuc bo cua collagen, c lay t da va mo lien ket va xng cua ong vat. Gelatin khong xuat hien t do trong t nhien va khong the c lay t sng, mong va cac bo phan khong cha collagen khac cua ong vat co xng song.

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CAU TAO HOA HOC CUA GELATIN

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92

 Bang cac ky thuat san xuat hien ai, co the tao ra gelatin dang ran at tieu chuan quoc te ve an toan vi sinh vat. Gelatin loai A c thu nhan t nguyen lieu ban au x ly acid, gelatin loai B c thu nhan t nguyen lieu ban au x ly baz. Gelatin la mot protein hoa tan trong nc va la mot keo a nc.

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Gelatin khac vi cac chat gum khac v phan ln chung la cac polymersaccharide, nh carrageenan va pectin, trai lai gelatin la mot protein hoan toan tieu hoa c cha hau het cac amino acid can thiet ngoai tr tryptophan. Trong cong nghe thc pham, gelatin la mot trong nhng chat gum hoac la cac polymer hoa tan trong nc co the c s dung nh la tac nhan tao gel, tao ac hoac tao s on nh.

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S chuyen bien collagen thanh gelatin la s bien oi can thiet trong qua trnh san xuat gelatin. ay la s chuyen hoa cua cac fibre (si c) cau tao nen collagen, khong hoa tan trong nc, thanh cac polymer ngan hn c goi la gelatin, hoa tan trong nc. S phc tap trong cau truc cua collagen co the c x ly bang enzyme hoac bang cac hoa chat trong qua trnh san xuat gelatin, ieu nay giai thch cho s ton tai cua rat nhieu loai gelatin khac nhau.

S chuyen hoa gia collagen va gelatin

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 Cac ac tnh hoa hoc va vat ly :

Gelatin th gan nh khong v va khong mui, ran chac gion va co mau vang nhat. Gelatin cha 8-13% am va co ty trong 1.3-1.4. Khi cac hat gelatin c ngam trong nc lanh chung se hydrat hoa va trng n. Khi c lam am cac hat trng n nay hoa tan thanh dang dung dch. Tac ong cua dung dch gelatin chu anh hng bi nhiet o, pH, ham lng tro, phng phap san xuat, nguon nhiet va nong o.

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CHC NANG CUA GELATIN :

-Tac nhan tao ong: cho mt keo ong. -Tac nhan tao o mem deo: trong banh mt deo, cac mon trang mieng. -Chat on nh : cho qua trnh ong a cua kem. -Chat nhu hoa : cho dau giam tron xa lach, kem mem. -Chat lam ac : trong siro hng lieu, cac sup ong hop. -Chat ket dnh : trong banh mt. -Chat gan : trong keo mem, keo cam thao. -Tac nhan lam trong : cho ru vang, nc qua.
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 97

NG DUNG CUA GELATIN TRONG CONG NGHE THC PHAM Gelatin c s dung trong rat nhieu loai thc pham, va c chia lam 5 nhom : + Banh keo va cac mon trang mieng dang ong. + Cac san pham sa. + Cac san pham tht (Tht ng, JB, XX). + Cac ng dung cua gelatin trong san nc xot, o gia v, loc ru, NGK
PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08 98

Xem : 1. Bang phan loai chat keo, phap thu nhan, chc nang. 2. Bang ac tnh cua mot so keo ph bien.

phng

( Trang sau )

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Bang phan loai chat keo, phng phap thu nhan, chc nang
Chat keo
Pectin
Carrageenan

Nguon goc
ong vat Thc vat x x x x x x x Rong bien Vi sinh
Nghien

Thu nhan
Nha Trch ly x x x x x Tao ong x x x x

Chc nang
Lam ac x x x x x On nh x x x

Agar Alginat CMC Guar

Xanthan
Gellan Gelatin Arabic Caseinate
Protein au nanh

x
x x x x x x

x
x x x x

x
x x

x x x

100

Bang ac tnh cua mot so keo pho bien :

Chat keo Gion Pectin Carrageenan Agar Alginat CMC Guar Xanthan Gellan Gelatin Arabic Casenate x x x x Cau truc Dnh x x x x De chay x x Thuan nghch nhiet Co x x x Khong Tao gel tc th Co Khong x x x x

x x

x x x

x x

Protein au nanh

x x

x x

x x
101

6. CAC CHAT TO BT
- n nh bt (Cht nh ha c cha mch axit bo no) : Chng n, bn du khi chin/rn, n nh bt bia, bt c ph - Ph bt (Cht nh ha c cha mch axit bo khng no) : Ph bt nh trong Sx sa, trng, ng.
(Tra cu trong DM PGTP)

PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08

102

BI TP
1. Hy gii thiu mt PGTP lm thay i trng thi/cu trc ca sn phm thc phm (Tn, INS, ML, bin i cu trc) ? 2. Em hy tm mt bao b thc phm trong c dng cc cht PGTP lm thay i cu trc ca sn phm. Cho bit : Tn, INS, cng dng, ML ca chng.

PGTP- BAI 3 - H. 9.08

103

PHU GIA THC PHAM

BI 4 PGTP LM THAY I TNH CM QUAN CA THC PHM

GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH 01.2010

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 104

CC CHT PGTP LM THAY I TNH CM QUAN CA THC PHM

Cac yeu vat ly, hoa hoc cua mot san pham dang ran, long, kh ma cac c quan cam giac cua ta cam nhan c, c goi la cac ac tnh cam quan . Ngi tieu dung cam nhan c cac ac tnh cam quan cua thc pham vao 3 thi iem : Trc, trong, sau khi s dung.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 105

Cac ac tnh cam quan cua thc pham bao gom cac ch tieu sau : - Trang thai, cau truc, hnh dang (Bi 3). - Mau sac, - Mui, - V, - Tp cht (thy bng mt thng).

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

106

Khi nhu cau ve cam quan c thoa man, ngi ta se an c nhieu hn, mc o tieu hoa va chuyen hoa thc an trong c the se hoan toan hn. Do o, cac nha cong nghe thc pham can : - Biet ly do mot thc pham c/khong c khach hang chap nhan, - Tm nguyen nhan, v sao ? - Roi cai tien cac che o SX/CB, cac cong thc che bien, trong o co s dung cac PGTP e cai thien tnh chat cam quan cua thc pham.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 107

Trong phm vi bi ging ny, chng ta ch nghin cu 3 ch tiu cm quan lm thay i tnh cm quan ca thc phm l : - Mau sac, - Mui/Hng, - V,

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

108

CAC CHAT MAU : Nguyen tac s dung cac chat mau trong thc pham nham:

- Lam bnh thng hoa mau cua mot thc pham

(do b ton that mau t nhien trong che bien) : Gi/lam

- Khong dung e che ay khiem khuyet cua thc

tht/c nh cn ti

bn mu, tng cng o mu, khong oc hai, an ton.

pham, hoac lam ngi tieu dung nham lan ve s co mat khong thc cua mot vai thanh phan chat lng, (nh dng ur/borac p c n, tht ithnh
m si co

; mau vang lam cho ngi ta tng rang trng hoac banh biscuit co b).

- Khng lm tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.

109

Ve mat san xuat, ngi ta mong muon co chat mau thch hp vi san pham, co cng o mau cao va ben . Ve tieu dung, ngi ta yeu cau chat mau lam tang tnh hap dan cua thc pham, nhng khong oc hai va an toan khi s dung thc pham. Cac chat mau khong lam tang them gia tr dinh dng, ch

lam tang tnh hap dan cho thc pham.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

110

Cac chat mau dung trong thc pham, c phan loai nh sau :

Mau t nhien
- Mau t nhien : la cac chat mau hu c hay la t cac dan xuat t nhien, nh : curcumin, clorophyl, caramen

Mau tong hp
Mau tong hp : la chat mau c san xuat bang phng phap hoa hoc, khong co trong t

nhien.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

111

Mot so chat mau c s dung trong thc pham theo Q 3742/01/BYT :

1. Mu t nhin 2. Mu tng hp

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

112

1. MU T NHIN :
C 3 mu c bn trong thc vt : * Caroten (160ai) : Vng cart, gc. * Clorophil (140, 141i, 141ii) : Xanh l. * Antoxian ( khng c trong DM). Ngoi ra cn c cc mu khc ; * Curcumin (100i) : Vng ngh * Caramen (150a,c,d) : en ng chy * Riboflavin (101i) : Vng chanh * Mu chit xut t v nho (163ii) : Tm nho. * V.v..
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 113

NHM CAROTEN
Cac chat mau caroten co the cho pho rong: t mau vang, cam en o ti hoac o sam. Ngi ta a tm thay co khoang 600 loai caroten ton tai trong t nhien, trong o khoang 500 loai c ng dung trong san xuat thc pham. Ngoai chc nang tao mau cho thc pham, mot so chat trong nhom mau nay co gia tr dinh dng oi vi con ngi, khoang 38 trong so o co hoat tnh la tien vitamin A.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

114

MU SC CA CAROTEN :

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

115

(khi trai cay chn th mau xanh b mat dan va hien ra cac mau o, vang, cam cua carotenoit). Khi carotenoit phan bo cac mo thng (khong co chlorophyl) th tao mau vang, cam hay o cho hoa qua.

Cac carotenoit ton tai phan diep luc cua mo xanh, thng b che lap bi sac to chlorophyl va ch khi sac to chlorophyl b mat i th mau carotenoit mi hien ra

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

116

LYCOPEN
H 3C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 H 3C CH3

Khng PGTP

Tao mau o ti ac trng cho ca chua. Lycopen c tm thay nhieu nhat ca chua (khoang

5,66 mg/qua).

Lng lycopen tang gap 10 lan trong qua trnh chn cua ca chua. Ngoai ra, lycopen cung phan bo nhieu loai rau qua khac nh : Oi o, bi o, da hau,
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 117

CLOROPHIL (140)
Clorophil c mu xanh l cy. Clorophil c 2 dng : - Clorophil a : C55H72O5N4Mg - Clorophil b : C55H70O6N4Mg T l ca chng trong thc vt khong 3:1

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

118

H2C=CH
2

X
4

X = CH3 : chlorophylle a X = CHO: chlorophylle b

CH=CH2

H3C

Mg
N H3C
8 7

N
5

CH3

CH2 CH2

10

COOCH3

COOC20H39

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

119

ANTOXIAN
Antoxian la lp chat mau pho bien, hoa tan trong nc co cac thc vat song tren can va c xep vao 2 nhom ln la flavonoit va phenolic. Tao mau sac cho hoa, qa, l hnh thanh cac mau t mau o en o tham, t mau xanh en mau ta/xanh lam, bao gom ca mau vang va khong mau.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

120

2. MU TNG HP HA HC :
NaO3S N=N HO COONa

TARTRAZINE (102)

SO3Na

Mau vang, di dang bot vang cam, hoa tan trong nc, t hoa tan trong ethanol. Bien thanh mau o trong moi trng kiem. Co the gay d ng.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 121

SUNSET YELLOW FCF (110)

HO NaO3S N=N

SO3Na

Bot vang cam, hoa tan trong nc, t hoa tan trong etanol, khong hoa tan trong dau, on nh en nhiet o 130oC. Bien thanh mau o trong moi trng kiem.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 122

PONCEAU 4R (124)
OH

NaO3S

N=N NaO3S SO3Na

Chat mau (o) thc pham kha pho bien. Di dang bot mau o sam, tan trong nc. Co mau tham hn trong moi trng kiem.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 123

CARMOISINE (122) (AZORUBINE)

Chat mau (o) thc pham nhng cung c s dung nh mot pham mau cong nghiep va trong nganh in
NaO3S NaO3S N=N OH

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

124

BRILLIANT BLUE FCF (133) XANH BRILLIANT FCF

NHCOCH3 HO

NaO3S

N=N

N=N Na O3S NaO3S

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

125

Cc cht mu tng hp : Chung co the tac ong en he than kinh gay ra d ng. Tch tu trong c the gay ung th va cac anh hng xau len bao thai. V the cac quoc gia eu han che dung mau tong hp va a a ra danh muc cac chat mau tong hp c phep s dung.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 126

Hien nay, xu hng the gii ang quan tam nghien cu e khai thac cac chat mau co nguon goc t nhien t thc vat nh : hoa, qua, cu, la, v nhng chat mau t nhien thng khong oc, an toan cho ngi s dung. Ngoai ra con mot xu hng khac nghien cu va s dung chat mau t vi sinh vat e s dung trong cong nghe thc pham.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

127

CAC CHAT MI/HNG

Mui/hng la che pham,co the la n chat , cung co the la hon hp, co nguon goc t nhien hoac tong hp, tao ra toan bo hoac mot phan cam giac mui ac trng cua san pham hoac mot san pham khac khi a vao mieng (an, uong, hut, ngam). Mui c them vao cac san pham thc pham trong cong oan hoan thien, nham tao cho san pham tr nen hap dan hn.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 128

Ban chat cua cac chat mui la t : - Gia v thc vat : nguyen cay hoac mot phan cua cay c s dung dang ti hoac kho.
- Tinh du thm : c trch ly t nguyen lieu gia v noi tren, dang kho hoac tinh che. - Cac chat mui/thm cong nghiep la cac to hp mui t cac n mui nhan c t t nhien hoac tong

hp hoa hoc (a so).

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

129

Cac hnh thc lam gia tang mui thng c s dung trong cong nghiep thc pham la :
+ Gi mui t nhien : Mui ma t no a cung cap cac thong tin ay u e nhan biet c san pham o (mui cam trong keo cam, mui trai cay trong keo cao su). + Lam gia tang mui hay la bo sung mui : la cac chat khi them vao thc pham lam gia tang mui hien co mot cach ro ret. Co cac chat mui khi them vao thc pham co the lam giam ham lng nguyen lieu tao mui nhng khong lam thay oi v, (nh mui cacao

cho phep giam ham lng cacao trong san pham xuong 23% nhng khong lam thay oi v cua san pham ).

Vic dung mu cho thc phm, theo Q 3742/01/BYT.

130

CAC CHAT TAO V

Cac chat tao v ( co 4 v chu yeu) la : Ngot, man, ang, chua. Hien nay, a e cap them v kim loai, v kiem (nhng cha c chap nhan). Cam giac ve v nhan c qua li. Khi nhai, nc bot lam hoa tan, phan giai, lam pH thay oilam ta cam nhan c v va mui (qua ng thong gia mieng va mui) , ong thi cung nhan biet c mot so cam giac thuoc nhom xuc giac nh nong, lanh, cay, xoc Sau khi an, mot so cam giac co the lu lai va thng ro nhat la v (hau v).

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

131

Cac chat co v va thm trong thien nhien th co nhieu trong cac thc vat gia v nh cac loai rau thm, Ch tnh rieng trong san xuat thc pham, ngi ta a s dung tren 300 loai.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

132

1.

V NGOT - Ngot am - Ngot khong ng

1.1 NGOT AM :

* Cc gc axit amin, gm tng hp cc axit

amin l sn phm thy phn ca protit.

(Cht b sung dinh dng ?) : Valin, tyrosin (D), lisin, serin, treonin (L), alanin, tryptophan (DL).
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 133

* Goc axit amin (PGTP) l cc sn phm ring bit nh : + Axit glutamic L (620), MSG (621). + Axit guanylic (626), 5-guanylat monophosphat GMP(E 627). + Axit inosinic (630), 5inosinat monophosphat IMP (E 631).

o ngot
LD 50/chuot g/kg

MSG 1 15,4 Theo GMP

5 GMP 2,3 14,4 0,050,16% en GMP

5 IMP 1 14,4 0,050,16% en GMP

134

ML

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

1.1 NGOT KHONG NG :

(CHAT NGOT TONG HP)

Saccaro la v ngot c ban

Sorbitol/sirosorbitol (420) : C6H14O6..o ngot 0,5-0,6 saccaro. Tao ngot, bao quan thuy san. calo : 2,6 cal/g. - Manitol/Mannitol (421) : C12H24O11. o ngot 0,4-0,5 Saccaro. Tao ngot, bao quan rau-qua. calo : 2,1 cal/g. - Isomalt (953) : C12H22O10. o ngot 0,4-0,5 Saccaro. Dung trong sx keo co nhieu u iem : Khong gay sau rang, khong dnh vao nhau calo : 2 cal/g.

* o ngot < saccaro (Nhom ng Polyol) :

- Lactitol (E966) - o ngot : 0,3-0,4 saccaro. calo : 2cal/g. - Xilytol (E967) - o ngot bng saccaro. calo : 2,4cal/g. - Erythritol (E968) o ngot : 0,6 saccaro. calo : 0,2 cal/g.
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 135

*o ngot > saccaro

(Nhom ng hoa hoc tong hp) :

- Aspartam (951). o ngot : (x 180 sac.) - Acesulfamkali (950). o ngot : (x 200 sac.) - Saccarin & Muoi K,Na,Ca cua no (954):(x500sac.) - Sucraloz (955) : (x 600 sac.) Cac ng hoa hoc tong hp sau, cam s dung : + Xyclamat va muoi cua chung. (x 30 sac.) + Dunxin (x 400 sac.)

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

136

BI TP
Qua danh mc PGTP VN, hy tm hiu cc cht ng trong nhm :

c s dng : - Trong cc sn phm nh th no ?

(tn sn phm, tn ng),

- Polyol - Hoa hoc tong hp

- ML ca n trong cc sn phm y ? Em c nhn xt g v cc nhm ng y khi chn dng?

( v ngt, dng cho loi sn phm thch hp no, ML ? )

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

137

La v cua ion H+ co trong cac axit hu c, vo c. Axit xitric lam n v chua c ban. Viec s dung rong rai cac axit hu c trong thc pham, khong ch co y ngha lam giam o pH, tao khau v chua, con co kha nang bao quan, rut ngan che o thanh/tiet trung, chong lai ng trong siro, mt qua nghien/rim.

2. V CHUA :

Cac axit hu c/Axit thc pham :

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

138

Cac axit hu c thng dung trong thc pham la:

- Axit axetic (260) - Axit lactic (270) - Axit propionic (280) - Axit malic (296) - Axit ascorbic (300) - Axit xitric (330) - Axit tartric (334) CAM DUNG :

Cac axit vo c ( H3PO4, H2SO4, HCl)

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

139

O pH CUA MOT SO RAU-QUA

pH 2 3 4 5 6 7

Chanh Nho Quyt

Cam c chua

Chuoi

Bau
Ca rot
Xp l Da chuot

M
Da

Khoai tay

Man

Vai
Dau tay Xoai ao

Nhan

pH

2,5

3,5

4,5
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

5,5

6,5
140

3. V ANG
V ang la tnh chat rat ac biet cua mot so thc pham, co lien quan en cac hp chat hu c va vo c. Mot so chat trong t nhien co the tao v ang cho cac san pham thc pham. Trong thc pham,v ang thng c coi la v xau, nhng trong mot so trng hp lai la v chu yeu cho san pham.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

141

V ang la tnh chat rat ac biet cua mot so thc pham, co lien quan en cac hp chat hu c va vo c. (Tm
chat co v ang / DM PGTP ?)

V ang thng de nhan biet hn cac v khac (v

V ang hu c co trong thien nhien nh : Lxin, isolxin, triptophan, alcaloit, glucozit, hublon, quinin V ang vo c nh : CSCl (Cesi clorua), CSBr, KI, MgSO4 Quinin c xem nh la v ang c ban e anh gia cac v ang khac. (Chat chiet xuat t Quillaia 999 : Tao ang,bot cho NGK)
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 142

ngot, chua, man).

Trong thc pham, v ang thng c dung lam v chu yeu cho san pham nh : - Quinin dung tao v ang cho mot so loai nc giai khat. Cac alkaloit trong t nhien nh cafein, theobromin, chat ang hublon cung c dung trong che bien thc pham. Chat ang naringin, hisperidin co nhieu trong trai cay ho cam, qut, nho . Vo cam say kho co the cha en 8% hisperidin. Glucosit co trong phan t cua hisperidin co v rat ang. Glucosit co trong rau ang, kho qua, khoai m ang
PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10 143

4. V MAN
NaCl la chat tao v man tot nhat/ien hnh cho cac san pham thc pham. NaCl co the tao v man-ngot hai hoa. NaCl

khong la PGTP/DM VN.

Cac muoi kali co tot hn trong trng hp ket hp vi v ang. Mot so chat tao v man khac c dung e muon giam Natri trong thc pham.

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

144

Cac chat muoi tao v man, v ang pho bien la :

V Cac muoi

Man

LiCl NaCl KCl (508)

CsCl

LiBr NaBr
CsBr KBr

LiI NaI
KI NH4I

NaNO3 (251) KNO3

(252)

ang Man va ang

MgSO4

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

145

BAI TAP
1. Hay cho biet, e lam thay oi tnh cam quan cua thc pham, ta co the dung cac PGTP nao ? Gii thieu mot PGTP o (Ten, INS, ML trong mot san pham thc pham). 2. Em hy tm mt bao b thc phm trong c dng cc cht PGTP lm thay i tnh cm quan ca sn phm. Cho bit : Tn, INS, cng dng, ML. ca tng PGTP . (Np bi + bao b)

PGTP-BI 4-H 01.10

146

3. chim lnh th trng, DN. A mun c mt sn Phm mi, t cc yu cu sau : - Dng cho ngi king ng. - Sn phm phi n-xp, kh-gin. - Hng tri cy & mu ph hp. - V ngt & c calo thp. L CB KT ca DN, anh/ch phi xut th no p ng cc yu cu trn v : - Tn sn phm, cng dng. - Nguyn liu/Thnh phn cu to. - PGTP dng : Tn, INS, Chc nng-cng dng,ML.
( Nn su tm mt vi bao b sn phm c trn th trng v ti tng t trn tham kho lm bi tp sau ny.)
147

PHU GIA THC PHAM

BI 5
1. CC CHT MEN / ENZIM 2. GII THIU MT S PH GIA PH BIN DNG TRONG CNTP

GV.KS. HOANG LAN HUYNH 01.2010

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 148

NI DUNG BI 5 : 1. CC CHT MEN / ENZIM

2. GII THIU MT S PH GIA PH BIN DNG TRONG CNTP

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10

149

1. CC CHT MEN / ENZIN

- Chat xuc tac sinh hoc ch c tao thanh trong te bao sinh vat, ong vai tro quan trong va khong the thieu c trong trao oi chat. - Tnh ac hieu rat cao, moi men ch co kha nang tac dung len nhng hp chat hoa hoc nhat nh nhng ieu kien nhat nh. Ve cau tao hoa hoc, cac men la cac hp chat protein. - Tnh chat ac trng cua men la co kha nang gay nen tac dung bien oi phc tap cua cac chat hu c ben trong cung nh ben ngoai c the song, ieu kien nhiet o, ap xuat bnh thng

Chnh cac ieu nay co y ngha quan trong trong viec ng dung enzym (la cac che pham) vao nhieu lnh vc khac nhau cua cong nghiep va i song, ac biet la cong

nghiep thc pham.

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10

150

Enzym co the thu nhan t nguon nguyen lieu: * ong vat (nh pepsin t da day, tripsin t tuy

tang, rennin t ngan th 4 cua da day be) * Thc vat ( nh amilaz trong mam hat, bromelin t da/khom, papain t u u) * Vi sinh vat (nh t vi khuan, nam men, nam moc).
Tm trong DM PGTP VN co khong (Cho bit ten PGTP, chc nang) ?

Enzym t vi sinh vat co nhieu u iem noi bat va co tnh chat oc ao vt xa cac enzym t ong vat, thc vat.
PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 151

Cc enzin c trong DM PGTP nh l :

Amilaz (1100) Protaz (1101i) Papain (1101ii) Bromelin (1101iii) Glucoz Oxydaz (1102)
Mt s cc enzin khc, khng c trong DM PGTP VN

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10

152

VAI TR CHUYN HO/K THUT CA ENZIN TRONG CNTP :

- Chuyen hoa cac san pham t nhien, nh : Amylaz Tinh bot Glucooxydaz Dextrin, malto, gluco,fructo.

- Bao quan thc pham , nh e loai bo gluco trong thc pham : Amylaz Axit gluconic + H O Gluco 2 2
Glucooxydaz

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10

153

- Cai thien cau truc va o ben cua san pham, nh : * Amylaz lam tang o n cua banh m, * Proteaz lam tang o gion cua biscuit - Cai thien chat lng cam quan cua san pham, nh * Tinh bt Gluco Glucoamylaz
(o ngot = 0) (o ngot = 0,6)

Gluco

Gluco isomeraz

(o ngot = 1,4)

Fructo

+ Amylaz va Proteaz cai thien mui, v cua biscuit do phan ng Maillard. + Dung tht dai. papain/bromelin/proteazlam mem gan, bac nhac,

PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10

154

2. GII THIU MT S PH GIA PH BIN DNG TRONG CNTP

1. Ch bin bt m.

2. Ch bin tht. 3. Bo qun thy sn. 4. hp thc phm. 5. Du-m v sn phm t du-m.
THAM KHO CC TRANG SAU
PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 155

 Phu gia trong san xuat banh m, biscuit, banh ngot : 1.1- Chat oxyhoa : Chat lam cho bot ran chac. 1.2- Cac chat BQ : Thng dung Na metasulfit, Socbic 1.3- Cac chat nhu hoa : c dung trong bot la : Mono, di glyxerit. Lxitin. Mono glyxerit + axit hu c (axetic, lactic,
tactric, a.beo ).

1. Ch bin bt m

Enzym amylaz.
PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 156

 1.4- Cac hoa chat lam n bot pho bien nh : - Axit tactric, xitric va cac muoi Na, K, Ca cua chung. - NH4HCO3, (NH4)2CO3 la cac chat s dung gay n cho cac loai banh, snack. - NaHCO3/soda, la chat gay n truyen thong, lau i. - Mono canxi photphat : Tao n , cai thien qua trnh nhao. Va mot vai chat n pho bien khac (gii thieu trong DM PGTP).
PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 157

 2- Phu gia trong che bien tht :

- K/Na Nitrat : Tao mau o va mui, v ac biet cho san pham tht, chong vi sinh vat, ac biet Cl. botulinum, lam cham qua trnh oxyhoa chat beo. - Dung axit ascocbic/muoi ca no. - Nhom chat lam ac va tao gel nh : gom gua, carrageenan, alginat kiem, gom xantan - Tao gel : Polyphotphat, socbitol, concentrat/isolat, gluten, protein. - Cac gia v nh ngu v hng ?
PGTP-BAI 5-H.01.10 158

 3- Phu gia trong bao quan thuy san :

- Chong tham en au, tht tom bang cach : + Ngam tom trong moi trng axit : xitric, tactric, photphoric (1%). + Dung chat kh Na2S2O5 : Nhung 20 kg tom (va anh bat) vao 200ml nc bien cha 0,75% Na2S2O5 trong 3 phut, ra nhanh bang nc bien, roi p a. - Chong hien tng b vang cua tom, mc ti ong lanh : Ngam trong dung dch axit ascocbic 1% trong 2 phut trc khi cap ong.
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- Bao quan ca ti bang axit axetic : p ca ti bang a.axetic 2 3% nham lam giam o pH c che vi khuan hoat ong :

Vi khuan
- Gay thoi ra - Salmonella - Clostridium botulinum

PH
< 4,5 4,5 4,3

- Staphylococcus aureus

4,8 (hieu kh) 5,5 (yem kh)

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4 - Phu gia trong o hop thc pham :

o hop tht, ca Tac dung Nhuom mau Nitrat (ben mau myoglobin o). Cochenille (o), carotenoit (da cam), xantophyl (nhieu mau t xanho). Lam ben nhu tng (Chat hoat ong be mat). Lam ac, tao gel (polysaccarit), Photphat & polyphotphat (tao dai, g nc). Kiem, socbitol (tang tnh g nc cua protein). Bot ngot MSG, 5GMP, 5IMP (E).
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Phu gia

(pate,xuc xch) (pate, xuc xch, tht ong)

Tang v tht Tao cau truc

o hop rau qua

Tac dung Lam trang Phu gia SO2 (220), Natri sulfit (221), Natri hydro sulfit(222). Cochenille (o)/Rouge cochenille (o), dung cho trai cay co mau o nh sri, dau tay, Clorophyl (rau xanh). Axit ascocbic, Na ascocbat, axit xitric, tactric.Dung NaHCO3 , CuSO4 ? (hap/luoc) th gi c mau xanh cua rau, la. Canxi clorua ( CaCL2.6H2O ), Axit axetic, axit lactic, Axit benzoic/ benzoat
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(nam )

Nhuom mau

Chong oxyhoa

(bao ve mau)

Tang o cng cho rau, trai cay Tao v chua, c che vi sinh vat

5- PGTP cho dau, m va san pham t dau, m :

Phu gia Chong oxyhoa Chat beo dau, m BHA, BHT, TBHQ, Ascocbyl palmitat v.v Carotenoit San pham cua chat beo BHA, BHT, TBHQ, Ascocbyl palmitat (pha beo) Axit ascocbic va ascocbat
(pha nc).

(v du macgarin)

Chat mau Lam ben Nhu tng Bao quan chong VSV

Carotenoit Mono, diglyxerit cua axit beo thc pham Benzoat, socbat

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BI TP TNG HP BI 1
Em hy cho bit, cc sn phm sau y, dng cc PGTP no ? V : Tn, INS, chc nng-cng dng, ML Theo DM/Q 3742/01/BYT. Hy xp chng vo nhm chc nng.

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Tren bao b banh AFC Kinh o, co cong bo thanh phan cau tao nh sau : Bot m, tinh bot bap, shortening, ng, mach nha, b, dau thc vat, sa gay, bot whey, bot pho mai, chat nhu hoa (471), chat tao noi (500ii, 503ii, 450i), Calci cacbonat, EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Axit), DHA (Decosahecxaenoic Axit), bot mau ieu, mau thc pham tong hp (102,110).

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Tren nhan bao b san pham PATE GAN cua VISSAN co ghi THANH PHAN cua san pham nh sau :

Gan heo,m heo, muoi, muoi nitrit (250). protein au nanh, protein sa, chat polyphosphat (450), keo (407), ng, chat tao v (621), hng pate, hanh, toi, vitamin (301), axit sorbic (201), bot sa, tinh bot, trng ga.
Em hay cho biet : - Ten PGTP a dung ? So INS cua no PGTP nao sai phep ? - Xep cac PGTP nay theo nhom cung chc nang, cong dung. - Ham lng ML cua tng PGTP nay c Q 3742/01/BYT ?
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dung

trong
166

KO CM SA
MILKANDY THNH PHN : ng, mch nha, cht bo thc vt, gelatin, cht nh ho (471), lecithin (322), hng tng hp : Hng cm, hng sa, mu : Tartrazine (102), brilliant blue (133).
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HEO VIN
THNH PHN : Tht heo, ng, mui, bt ngt, tiu, bt m, axit sorbic, polyphosphat.
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NC TNG U NNH HIU MAGGI

THNH PHN :

Nc,mui, chit xut u nnh, ng, cht iu v (621, 627, 631), caramen, axit axtic, cht lm dy (415), cht bo qun (211), hng tng hp, iotdat kali.
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BNH SNACK CRI G ZUI ZUI Thnh phn : Tinh bt khoai m, tinh bt bp, shortening, du thc vt, bt sa, bt ngt, mui, ng, gluco, cht to ni (450i, 500ii, 503ii), bt t, bt cari, bt iu, mu (102).
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BNH M NHN HT G KAYA BUNS Thnh phn : Bt m, trng g, nc ct da, shortening, sorbitol, bt bp, bt sa, bt bin tnh, men, mui, cht nh ho (471), cht bo qun (282, 202), mu (102), hng cade.
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BNH LT COSY CRACKERS Thnh phn : Bt m, du olein, shortening, ng nha, sa bo, mui, cht to ni (500ii, 503ii), cht (450i), enzin, cht (170i), DHA, EPA, vi cht dinh dng.
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BNH SOCOLA CHIP NHO Thnh phn : Bt m, ng, du n, scla ht, trng, sa bt, mch nha, nho kh, cht to xp (500ii, 503ii), cht nh ho (322), bt cacao, mui, hng sa tng hp.
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BI 2 TO SN PHM MI
chim lnh th trng, DN. A mun c mt sn phm mi, t cc yu cu sau : 1. Dng cho ngi bo ph (king ng, m, mui n) : - Sn phm dng lng (NGK, cho, nho). - Hng t nhin & mu ph hp. - V ngt (ng/m) & phi c calo thp. 2. Dng cho tr em : - Sn phm n-xp, kh gin. - Hng t nhin & mu ph hp : Tm, cua, mc. - V ngt (Tht, ng). - B sung cht to xng, thong minh.
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3. Dng ung cho ph n : - Da mn-chng nhn, kh. Tc mt. - Gip to xng cng (chng long xng). - Chng lo ho. 4. Dng ch bin pat, xc xch-lp xng,Jambon, nem chua : - Mu . - Cu trc : c, keo, to nh, dai-mn. - Cht bo qun (chng mc, chy nc, thi). - V (ngt tht, ng).

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L CB KT ca DN, em phi xut th no p ng cc yu cu trn v : - Tn sn phm, cng dng. - Nguyn liu/Thnh phn cu to. - PGTP dng : Tn, INS, Chc nng-cng dng,ML. ( Nn su tm mt vi bao b sn phm cng loi c trn th trng lm c cc bi tp ny).

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BI 3 Em hy cho bit, PGTP c th tham gia vo vic lm thay i cc dng sn phm thc phm nh th no? ( Dn chng cc dng sn phm y ). to ra mt sn phm mi,t yu cu sau : Dng cho ngi tiu ng (king ng,m) Sn phm rn,n-xp, kh-gin, d tiu ho. Hng t nhin & mu ph hp. V ngt v c calo thp. Em hy cho bit : Tn sn phm, cng dng. Nguyn liu (thnh phn cu to). PGTP dng (Tn, INS, chc nng-cng dng,ML ca n trong sn phm).
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BI 4 Em hy cho bit PGTP l g ? Nhng cht c gi tr dinh dng nh vitamin, cht khong cho vo thc phm, th chng c phi l PGTP khng ? Nhng vitamin no l PGTP (Tn, INS ?). Trn nhn bao b sn phm cph Rock c cng b thnh phn ca sn phm nh sau : - Hn hp c ph ho tan (10%), mui, ng, maltodextrin, cht n nh chua (330), cht to bt (500 ii), mu t nhin (150 a), cht n nh (341 ii), xanthan gum (415), hng cph tng hp. - Em hy cho bit,Cty dng cc PGTP no? (Tn).

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BAI 5 1. Hay cho biet, dung PGTP co nhng li ch, co hai nh trong cac trng hp nao ? Cho vai v du. 2. e tao ra mot san pham thc pham co cac ac iem sau :

- o calo thap, o ngot ng thap, - Co chat chong oxyhoa, - De tieu hoa, - Hng t nhien, mau phu hp. Vay, san pham o : Em at ten no la g, co thanh phan cau tao the nao, dung cac PGTP nao (Ten, INS, cong
dung, ML) ?

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