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CHUYN
PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
A. L THUYT
I. Ta
1. H trc to Oxy gm ba trc Ox, Oy i mt vung gc vi nhau vi ba vect n v , i j
r ur
( )
1 i j
r r
.
2. ( )
1 2 1 2
; a a a a a i a j +
uur ur ur uur
; M(x;y)OM xi y j +
uuuuur ur uur
3. Ta ca vect: cho ( ; ), ( '; ') u x y v x y
r r
a. '; ' u v x x y y
r r
b. ( ) '; ' u v x x y y t t t
r r
c. ( ; ) ku kx ky
r
d. . ' ' u v xx yy +
ur r
e. ' ' 0 u v xx yy +
r r
f.
2 2
u x y +
r
g. ( )
cos ,
.
.
ur r
r r
r r
u v
u v
u v
.
4. Ta ca im: cho A(x
A
;y
A
), B(x
B
;y
B
)
a. ( ) ;
B A B A
AB x x y y
uuur
b.
( ) ( )
2 2
B A B A
AB x x y y +
c. G l trng tm tam gic ABC ta c:
x
G
=
3
A B C
x x x + +
; y
G
=
3
A B C
y y y + +
d. M chia AB theo t s k: ;
1 1
A B A B
M M
x kx y ky
x y
k k
c bit: M l trung im ca AB: ; .
2 2
A B A B
M M
x x y y
x y
+ +
II. Phng trnh ng thng
1. Mt ng thng c xc nh khi bit mt im M(x
0
;y
0
) v mt vect php tuyn ( ) ; n A B
r
hoc
mt vect ch phng ( ) ; a a b
r
Phng trnh tng qut ( ) ( )
0 0
0 0 A x x y y Ax By C + + +
.
Phng trnh tham s:
0
0
x x at
y y bt
+
'
+
, ( ) t R
.
Phng trnh ng thng qua M c h s gc k: ( )
0 0
y k x x y +
.
2. Khong cch t mt im M(x
M
;y
M
) n mt ng thng :
0 Ax By C + +
l:
( )
2 2
,
M M
Ax By C
d M
A B
+ +
+
.
III. Phng trnh ng trn
1. Mt ng trn c xc nh khi bit tm I(a;b) v bn knh r.
Phng trnh:
Dng 1: ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b r + .
Dng 2:
2 2
2 2 0 x y ax by d + + , iu kin
2 2
0 a b d + > v
2 2
r a b d +
.
Chuyn : PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
1
a
n
(C)
r
I
M
TRNG UY - TH YN PH I - YN M - HNG YN
2. iu kin ng thng :
0 Ax By C + +
tip xc vi ng trn (C) l:
( )
2 2
,
Aa Ba C
d I r
A B
+ +
+
IV. Ba ng conic
Elip
1. Phng trnh chnh tc:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ , (a>b>0).
2. Cc yu t:
2 2 2
c a b , c>0.
Tiu c: F
1
F
2
=2c; di trc ln A
1
A
2
=2a di trc b B
1
B
2
=2b.
Hai tiu im ( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c
.
Bn nh: nh trn trc ln ( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 A a A a
,
nh trn trc b ( ) ( )
1 2
0; , 0; B b B b
.
Bn knh qua tiu im:
1 1 2 2
;
M M
MF r a ex MF r a ex +
Tm sai: 1
c
e
a
<
ng chun:
a
x
e
t
Khong cch gia hai ng chun: 2
a
d
e
.
3. iu kin ng thng Ax+By+C=0 tip xc vi elip l: A
2
a
2
+B
2
b
2
=C
2
.
Hyperbol
1. Phng trnh chnh tc:
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
, (a>0, b>0).
2. Cc yu t:
2 2 2
c a b + , c>0.
Tiu c: F
1
F
2
=2c; di trc thc A
1
A
2
=2a di trc o B
1
B
2
=2b.
Hai tiu im ( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 F c F c
.
Hai nh: nh trn trc thc ( ) ( )
1 2
; 0 , ; 0 A a A a
,
Hai ng tim cn:
b
y x
a
t
Tm sai: 1
c
e
a
>
ng chun:
a
x
e
t
Khong cch gia hai ng chun: 2
a
d
e
,
_
3 ;
2
3 7
M
v c chung cc tiu im vi
hypebol cho.
21. Trn mt phng ta Oxy cho cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh: . 0 2 6
2 2
+ y x y x
a. Xc nh ta tm v bn knh ca ng trn (C).
b. Chng minh rng : ng trn (C) i qua gc ta O. Gi OA l ng knh ca ng trn,
vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn (C) ti im A.
22. Trong mt phng vi h trc ta Oxy cho Elp (E) : . 1
2 6
2 2
+
y x
a. Xc nh ta cc tiu im v di cc trc ca (E).
b. im M thuc (E) nhn hai tiu im ca n di mt gc vung. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca
(E) ti M.
23. Trong mt phng ta Oxy cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh :
0 3 2 6
2 2
+ y x y x .
a. Xc nh tm v bn knh ca ng trn (C).
b. Tm cc im thuc ng trn (C) c honh x = 1 v vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti cc im
.
24. Trong mt phng ta Oxy, cho hypebol (H) i qua im
,
_
4
9
; 5 M
v nhn im ( ) 0 ; 5 F lm tiu im
ca n.
a. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol (H).
b. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) bit rng tip tuyn song song vi ng thng
0 1 4 5 + y x
.
25. Trong mt phng vi h trc ta Oxy, cho mt elip (E) c khong cch gia cc ng chun l 36 v
cc bn knh qua tiu im ca M nm trn elip (E) l 9 v 15.
a. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E).
b. vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca elip (E) ti im M.
26. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy cho Elp (E):
2 2
1
25 16
x y
+ c hai tiu im l
1 2
, F F .
a. Cho im M(3;m) thuc (E), hy vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (E) ti M khi m>0.
b. Cho A v B l hai im thuc (E) sao cho
1 2
8 AF BF + . Hy tnh
2 1
AF BF + .
C. BI TP NNG CAO
1. (C Khi B_2009) Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c C(1; 2), ng trung tuyn
k t A v ng cao k t B ln lt c phng trnh l 5x+y9=0 v x+3y5=0. Tm ta cc nh A v
B.
Chuyn : PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
5
TRNG UY - TH YN PH I - YN M - HNG YN
S: A(1;4), B(5;0).
2. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho ng trn (C)
2 2
4 4 6 0 x y x y + + + + v ng thng
: 2 3 0 x my m + +
vi m l tham s thc. Gi I l tm ca ng trn (C) Tm m ct (C) ti hai
im phn bit A v B sao cho din tch tam gic IAB ln nht.
3. (H_C Khi D_2002)
Trong mt phng vi h ta cac vung gc Oxy, cho elip (E) c phng trnh 1
9 16
2 2
+
y x
. Xt im M
chuyn ng trn tia Ox v im N chuyn ng trn tia Oy sao cho ng thng MN lun tip xc vi (E).
Xc nh ta im M, N on MN c di nh nht. Tnh gi tr nh nht .
S:
( ) ( ) 7 , 21 ; 0 , 0 ; 7 2
min
MN N M
4. (H_C Khi D_2008) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho parabol (P) : y
2
= 16x v im A(1; 4).
Hai im phn bit B, C (B v C khc A) di ng trn (P) sao cho gc
BAC
= 90
0
. Chng minh rng
ng thng BC lun i qua mt im c nh.
S: Ta im c nh I(17;4)
5. (H_C Khi D_2003) Trong mt phng vi h ta cac vung gc Oxy cho ng trn (C): (x1)
2
+
(y2)
2
=4 v ng thng d: xy1=0. Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) i xng vi ng trn (C) qua
ng thng d. Tm ta cc giao im ca (C) v (C).
S: A(1;0), B(3;2)
6. Trong mt phng vi h trc Oxy cho tam gic ABC c nh A(2; 1), ng cao qua nh B c phng
trnh l x3y 7 = 0 v ng trung tuyn qua nh C c phng trnh: x + y + 1= 0. Xc nh to cc
nh B v C ca tam gic ABC.
7. Cho F
1
, F
2
l tiu im tri, tiu im phi ca hypebol (H). im M thuc (H) c honh x
M
= 5 v
1 2
9 41
;
4 4
MF MF . Lp phng trnh chnh tc ca hypebol.
8. (H_C Khi D_2005) Trong mt phng vi h ta cac vung gc Oxy cho im C(2;0) v elip
(E): 1
1 4
2 2
+
y x
. Tm ta cc im A, B thuc (E), bit rng hai im A, B i xng vi nhau qua trc
honh v tam gic ABC l tam gic u.
S:
,
_
,
_
7
3 4
;
7
2
,
7
3 4
;
7
2
B A
hoc
,
_
,
_
7
3 4
;
7
2
,
7
3 4
;
7
2
B A
9. Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho cc ng thng: d
1
: x+y +3=0, d
2
: xy 4=0, d
3
: x2y =0. Tm ta
im M nm trn ng thng d
3
sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng d
1
bng hai ln khong
cch t M n ng thng d
2
. S: M(22;11), (2;1).
10. (H_C Khi D_2006) Trong mt phng vi h ta Oxy, cho ng trn (C): x
2
+y
2
2x2y+1=0 v
ng thng d: xy+3=0. Tm ta im M nm trn d sao cho ng trn tm M, c bn knh gp i
bn knh ng trn (C), tip xc ngoi vi ng trn (C).
S: M
1
(1;4), M
2
(2;1)
11. Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, tm im A thuc trc honh v im B thuc trc tung sao cho A v
B i xng vi nhau qua ng thng d: x 2y+3=0. S: A(2;0), B(0;4).
Chuyn : PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
6
TRNG UY - TH YN PH I - YN M - HNG YN
12. (H_C Khi D_2007) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho ng trn (C): (x1)
2
+(y+2)
2
=9 v
ng thng d: 3x4y+m=0. Tm m trn d c duy nht mt im P m t c th k c hai tip
tuyn PA, PB ti (C) (A, B l cc tip im) sao cho tam gic PAB u.
S: m=19, m=41
13. (H_C Khi D_2009) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c M(2;0) l trung im
ca cnh AB. ng trung tuyn v ng cao qua nh A ln lt c phng trnh l 7x2y3=0 v
6xy4=0. Vit phng trnh ng thng AC.
S: AC: 3x4y+5=0
14. (Khi A_2009) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hnh ch nht ABCD c im I(6;2) l giao im
ca hai ng cho AC v BD. im M(1;5) thuc ng thng AB v trung im E ca cnh CD thuc
ng thng : x+y5=0. Vit phng trnh ng thng AB.
S: AB: y5=0; x4y+19=0
15. (Khi A_2008) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, hy vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) bit rng
(E) c tm sai bng
3
5
v hnh ch nht c s ca (E) c chu vi bng 20.
S: 1
4 9
2 2
+
y x
16. (Khi A_2007) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(0;2), B(2;2) v C(4;2). Gi
H l chn ng cao k t B; M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v BC. Vit phng trnh
ng trn i qua cc im H, M, N.
S: x
2
+y
2
x+y2=0
17. (Khi A_2006) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho cc ng thng d
1
: x+y+3=0, d
2
: xy4=0, d
3
:
x2y=0. Tm ta im M mm trn ng thng d
3
sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng d
1
bng
hai ln khong cch t M n ng thng d
2
.
S: M
1
(22;11), M
2
(2;1)
18. (Khi A_2005) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hai ng thng d
1
: xy=0 v d
2
: 2x+y1=0. tm ta
cc nh hnh vung ABCD bit rng nh A thuc d
1
, nh C thuc d
2
v cc nh B, D thuc trc
honh.
S: A(1;1), B(0;0), C(1;1), D(2;0) hoc A(1;1), B(2;0), C(1;1), D(0;0)
19. (Khi A_2004) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hai im A(0;2) v ( ) 1 ; 3 B . Tm ta trc
tm v tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic OAB.
S: ( ) ( ) 1 ; 3 , 1 ; 3 I H
20. (Khi A_2002) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy xt tam gic ABC vung ti A, phng trnh ng
thng BC l 0 3 3 y x , cc nh A v B thuc trc honh v bn knh ng trn ni tip bng 2.
Tm ta trng tm G ca tam gic ABC.
S:
,
_
+ +
3
3 2 6
;
3
3 4 7
G
hoc
,
_
3
3 2 6
;
3
1 3 4
G
Chuyn : PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
7
TRNG UY - TH YN PH I - YN M - HNG YN
21. (Khi B_2009) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho ng trn (C): (x2)
2
+y
2
=4/5 v hai ng thng
1
: xy=0,
2
: x7y=0. Xc nh ta tm K v bn knh ng trn (C
1
); bit ng trn (C
1
) tip xc
vi cc ng thng
1
,
2
v tm K thuc ng trn (C).
S:
5
2 2
,
5
4
;
5
8
,
_
R K
22. (Khi B_2008) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, hy xc nh ta nh C ca tam gic ABC bit
rng hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn ng thng AB l im H(1;1), ng phn gic trong ca gc A
c phng trnh xy+2=0 v ng cao k t B c phng trnh 4x+3y1=0.
S:
,
_
4
3
;
3
10
C
23. (Khi B_2007) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho im A(2;2) v cc ng thng: d
1
: x+y2=0, d
2
:
x+y8=0. Tm ta cc im B v C ln lt thuc d
1
v d
2
sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A.
S: B(1;3), C(3;5) hoc B(3;1), C(5;3)
24. (Khi B_2006) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy, cho ng trn (C): x
2
+y
2
2x6y+6=0 v im
M(3;1). Gi T
1
v T
2
l cc tip im ca cc tip tuyn k t M n (C). Vit phng trnh ng thng
T
1
T
2
.
S: T
1
T
2
: 2x+y3=0
25. (Khi B_2005) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hai im A(2;0) v B(6;4). Vit phng trnh
ng trn (C) tip xc vi trc honh ti im A v khong cch t tm ca (C) n im B bng 5.
S: (C
1
): (x2)
2
+(y1)
2
=1 hoc (x2)
2
+(y7)
2
=49
26. (Khi B_2004) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hai im A(1;1) v B(4;3). Tm im C thuc
ng thng x2y1=0 sao cho khong cch t C n ng thng AB bng 6.
S:
( )
,
_
11
27
;
11
43
, 3 ; 7
2 1
C C
27. (Khi B_2003) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho tam gic ABC c AB=AC,
0
^
90 BAC
. Bit
M(1;1) l trung im cnh BC v
,
_
0 ;
3
2
G
l trng tm tam gic ABC. Tm ta cc nh A, B, C.
S: A(0;2), B(4;0), C(2;2)
28. (Khi B_2002) Trong mt phng vi h to Oxy cho hnh ch nht ABCD c tm
,
_
0 ;
2
1
I
, phng
trnh ng thng AB l x2y+2=0 v AB=2AD. Tm ta cc nh A, B, C, D bit rng nh A c honh
m.
S: A(2;0), B(2;2), C(3;0), D(1;2)
Chuyn : PHNG PHP TA TRONG MT PHNG
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