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Mc lc
PHN I ............................................................................................................................ 3
GII THIU NG C BC .................................................................................... 3
1. Cu to ................................................................................................................... 3
2. iu khin ng c ............................................................................................... 4
PHN II ........................................................................................................................... 5
GII THIU CC LINH KIN C TRONG MCH ................................................... 5
1. in tr:................................................................................................................. 5
2. T in:.................................................................................................................. 5
3. Diode: .................................................................................................................... 5
4. Transistor: .............................................................................................................. 6
5. IC 7805(IC n p): ................................................................................................ 7
6. IC 555: ................................................................................................................... 7
7. Mch chia tn s 7474 flip-lop .............................................................................. 9
8. IC 74LS194: ........................................................................................................ 11
9. IC ULN2003 ........................................................................................................ 12
PHN III ....................................................................................................................... 13
THIT K V THI CNG MCH ............................................................................. 13
1. S khi mch .................................................................................................. 13
2. S nguyn l ................................................................................................... 13
3. Nguyn l hoc ng ........................................................................................... 14
4. S chuyn tip mch ...................................................................................... 14
5. Phn tch mch .................................................................................................... 16
6. Thi cng mch in ................................................................................................. 18
PHN IV ....................................................................................................................... 19
KT LUN ................................................................................................................... 19
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................. 19

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PHN I
GII THIU NG C BC
ng c bc l mt loi ng c in c nguyn l v ng dng khc bit
vi a s cc ng c in thng thng. Chng thc cht l mt ng c ng
b dng bin i cc tn hiu iu khin di dng cc xung in ri rc k
tip nhau thnh cc chuyn ng gc quay hoc cc chuyn ng ca rto c
kh nng c nh rto vo cc v tr cn thit.
1. Cu to
ng c bc gm 2 loi chnh l ng c nam chm vnh cu v bin t tr
(ngoi ra cn c ng c bc hn hp nhng khng khc nhiu so vi bin t tr).
Trong ng c nam chm vnh cu cn chia lm 2 loi l ng c bc n cc v
lng cc.
ng c n cc 6 dy c mc theo s sau:

Trn mi cun c 1 u dy ni trung tm, khi dng ta ni cc u trung tm

ln ngun dng, 2 u cn li ca mi cun dy ta ln lt mc vi t o chiu
t trng to bi cun dy .( Mo: xc nh cc dy thuc cng 1 cun, ta ni 2
dy bt k vi 1 n led sau quay trc ng c, nu n sng th chng cng thuc
1 cun, ln lt th vi cc si cn li. Sau , xc nh u dy chng ta o in
tr ca tng cun, ln lt o 2 dy trong 3 dy, nu in tr no gp i 2 in tr
cn li th 2 u dy l 2 u cun dy, dy cn li s l dy chung. V d trong
hnh trn, ta o cc cp (a,1); (1,b); (a,b). Ta s c in tr ca cp (a,b) bng 2 ln
in tr ca 2 cun cn li).
ng c bc phong ph v gc quay. Cc ng c km nht quay 90 mi bc,
trong khi cc ng c nam chm vnh cu x l cao thng quay 1.8 n 0.72
mi bc. Vi mt b iu khin, hu ht cc loi ng c nam chm vnh cu u
c th chy ch na bc, v mt vi b iu khin c th iu khin cc phn
bc nh hn hay cn gi l vi bc.
i vi c ng c nam chm vnh cu hoc ng c bin t tr, nu ch mt mu ca
ng c c kch, rotor ( khng ti) s nhy n mt gc c nh v sau gi
nguyn gc cho n khi moment xon vt qua gi tr moment xon gi (hold
torque) ca ng c.
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2. iu khin ng c
a) iu khin ton bc:
Mu1a1000100010001000100010001Mu1a1100110011001100110011001
Mu1b0010001000100010001000100Mu1b0011001100110011001100110
Mu2a0100010001000100010001000Mu2a0110011001100110011001100
Mu2b0001000100010001000100010Mu2b1001100110011001100110011
thi gian >

thi gian >

Ta ni t cho cc mu khi gi tr ca mu l 1 mt cch lin tc. S bn tri ch

cp in cho 1 mu trong cng 1 thi im nn n s dng t nng lng hn. Cn s
bn phi do cp in cho 2 mu cng 1 thi im cho nn n tn nng lng hn
nhng li sinh moment xoay gp 1,4 ln so vi s bn tri.
b) iu khin na bc:
Mu 1a 11000001110000011100000111
Mu 1b 00011100000111000001110000
Mu 2a 01110000011100000111000001
Mu 2b 00000111000001110000011100
Thi gian >
c) iu khin gia tc v tc cho ng c bc:
_ ng c bc phi c moment xon ln vn tc nh v moment xon nh vn
tc ln. Nu ng c bt u vi 1 vn tc ln th chut s khng th chy c. ng
c s b git v rotor khng th quay n v tr tip theo. Do chng ta phi tng tc
t t cho ng c cho n khi t tc cao nht. V tng t dng chut, chng
ta cng phi gim tc cho ng c.

Ta s iu khin tc ng c bng vic iu khin thi gian delay gia cc xung.

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PHN II
GII THIU CC LINH KIN C TRONG MCH
1. in tr:
in tr l i lng vt l c trng cho tnh cht cn tr dng in ca mt
vt th dn in. N c nh ngha l t s ca hiu in th gia hai u vt th
vi cng dng in i qua n:

Trong :
U : l hiu in th gia hai u vt dn in, o bng vn (V).
I : l cng dng in i qua vt dn in, o bng ampe(A).
R : l in tr ca vt dn in, o bng ohm ().
K hiu:

Resistor

2. T in:
T in phng gm hai bn phng kim loi in tch t song song v cch
nhau mt khong d.
Cng in trng bn trong t c tr s

E=
0

0 = 8.86.10-12

C2/ N.m2 l hng s in mi ca chn khng.

l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng; i vi chn khng

tm du = 3,6, gm = 5,5; mica = 4 5
K hiu:

= 1, giy

3. Diode:
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L diode thng dng nht, dng i in xoay chiu thng l in th

50Hz n 60Hz sang in th mt chiu. Diode ny ty loi c th chu ng c
dng t vi trm mA n loi cng sut cao c th chu c n vi trm ampe.
Diode chnh lu ch yu l loi Si. Hai c tnh k thut c bn ca Diode chnh lu l
dng thun ti a v i ngc ti a (in p sp ). Hai c tnh ny do nh sn
xut cho bit.
K hiu:

4. Transistor:
2N3904 l Transistor BJT gm ba min to bi hai tip gip pn, trong min
gia l bn dn loi p. Min c mt tp cht cao nht, k hiu n+ l min pht
(emitter). Min c mt tp cht thp hn, k hiu n, gi l min thu (collecter).
Min gia c mt tp cht rt thp, k hiu p, gi l min gc (base). Ba chn kim
loi gn vi ba min tng ng vi ba cc emitter (E), base (B), collecter (C) ca
transistor
K hiu:

SI- N 60V, 0.2A, 34W, 300MHz

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5. IC 7805(IC n p):
VI
0,33 F

7805
3

VO

7805

0,1F
1 32
S CHN
IC 7805

Ic 7805 l Ic n p dng, hai s sau ch in p ra c nh ca n ,v d nh

7805: n p dong c in p ng ra l 5V,7812:c in p ra l 12VTu theo dng
in ng ra ,ngi ta thm ch ch :
78LXX:dng in danh nh 100mA(L:Low)
78XX: dng in danh nh l 1A
78HXX:dng in danh nh l 5A(h:High)
S chn:

6. IC 555:
Cu to ca NE555 gm OP-amp so snh in p, mch lt v transistor x
in. Cu to ca IC n gin nhng hot ng tt. Bn trong gm 3 in tr mc ni
tip chia in p VCC thnh 3 phn. Cu to ny to nn in p chun. in p 1/3
VCC ni vo chn dng ca Op-amp 1 v in p 2/3 VCC ni vo chn m ca Opamp 2. Khi in p chn 2 nh hn 1/3 VCC, chn S = [1] v FF c kch. Khi in
p chn 6 ln hn 2/3 VCC, chn R ca FF = [1] v FF c reset.

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Gii thch s dao ng:

K hiu 0 l mc thp bng 0V, 1 l mc cao gn bng VCC. Mch FF l loi RS Flipflop,
Khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v

= [ 0].

Sau , khi S = [0] th Q = [1] v

Khi R = [1] th

= [0].

= [1] v Q = [0].

Tm li, khi S = [1] th Q = [1] v khi R = [1] th Q = [0] bi v = [1], transisitor m

dn, cc C ni t. Cho nn in p khng np vo t C, in p chn 6 khng vt
qu V2. Do li ra ca Op-amp 2 mc 0, FF khng reset.
Giai on ng ra mc 1:
Khi bm cng tc khi ng, chn 2 mc 0.
V in p chn 2 (V-) nh hn V1(V+), ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 1 nn S = [1],
Q = [1] v

= [0]. Ng ra ca IC mc 1.

Khi = [0], transistor tt, t C tip tc np qua R, in p trn t tng. Khi nhn cng
tc ln na Op-amp 1 c V- = [1] ln hn V+ nn ng ra ca Op-amp 1 mc 0, S =
[0], Q v vn khng i. Trong khi in p t C nh hn V2, FF vn gi nguyn
trng thi .
Giai on ng ra mc 0:
Khi t C np tip, Op-amp 2 c V+ ln hn V- = 2/3 VCC, R = [1] nn Q = [0] v
[1]. Ng ra ca IC mc 0.
V

= [1], transistor m dn, Op-amp2 c V+ = [0] b hn V-, ng ra ca Op-amp 2

mc 0. V vy Q v khng i gi tr, t C x in thng qua transistor.

Kt qu cui cng: Ng ra OUT ca tn hiu dao ng dng sng vung, c chu k n
nh
Thit k mch dao ng = IC
Ni dung : IC to dao ng h XX555, Thit k mch dao ng to ra xung vung c
tn s v rng bt k.
1. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...
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Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555

Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c tn s v
rng xung theo mun theo cng thc.
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = 1.4 / ( (R1 + 2R2) C1 )
T = Thi gian ca mt chu k tn phn tnh bng (s)
f = Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz)
R1 = in tr tnh bng ohm (W )
R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( W )
C1 = T in tnh bng Fara ( W )
T = Tm + Ts T : chu k ton phn
Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao
Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in

mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts
bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T

7. Mch chia tn s 7474 flip-lop

74LS74 l 1 IC cha 2 FF D trong cng 1 v, n c ng ng h (CP) tc ng
cnh ln c a vo tng cht u; ng xo (CD) v ng t (SD) tc ng cnh
xung, c a vo tng cht sau

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S khi v cu trc mch ca 74LS74

Bng trng thi hot ng ca 74LS74

Gii thch hoc ng
1 FF JK ch ch lt (J = K = 1). Nu xung vung tn s f c a ti
chn Ck ca FF ny th mi cnh ln ca xung Ck, ng ra Q s lt trng thi v phi
ch n cnh xung ck tip theo th Q mi lt tr li. Nh vy dng sng ng ra cng
l 1 xung vung vi tn s ch cn mt na ca sng vo ng ck. Ta ni rng tn hiu
c chia i tn s. Nu mc thm 1 FF th 2 ly xung ck t ng ra Q ca FF th
1 th tng t sng ra s c tn s cn 1 na ca sng ra tng FF u hay bng tn
s ca sng a vo FF th nht

Vi cch mc FF nh trn, nu c n FF th tn s ca sng ra cui cng s ch cn l

1/2n

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8. IC 74LS194:
IC 74LS194 l IC tch hp ca thanh ghi dch hai chiu 4 bt. Thanh ghi dch
hai chiu ny c thit k hp nht hu nh tt c c tnh cc ng vo song song,
cc ng ra song song, cc ng vo dch phi v dch tri tun t, cc ng vo hat ng
kiu iu khin, v ton b lnh vc quan trng trc tip. B ghi dch c 4 ch hot
ng khc bit, l:
Song song ng vo
Dch phi
Dch tri
Cm nh thi
ng b song song ng vo c hon thnh bi s p dng ca d liu 4Bit
v dn c hai ch iu khin ng vo, S0 v S1, mc cao. D liu c a vo
flip-flops lin hp v xut hin ti nhng ng ra khi ng vo xung clock hi tip
dng. Khi vo dng d liu ni tip b cm.
Dch tri c hon thnh ng thi vi s dng bin ca xung clock khi S0 mc
cao v S1 mc thp. Trong ch d liu ni tip ny c nhp li ng vo d
liu dch phi. Khi S0 mc thp v S1 mc cao, ng thi d liu dch tri v d
liu mi c nhp li ng vo ni tip dch tri.
Flip-flop b cm khi c hai ch iu khin ng vo mc thp.
c im:
Song song ng vo v ng ra
C 4 ch hot ng:
ng b song song ng vo
Dch phi
Dch tri
Cm nh thi
Bin dng khi ng nh thi

1: Xa
2: Ng vo dch phi tun t
3, 4, 5: Ng vo song song
7: Ng vo dch tri tun t
8: Ni mass
9: S0
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10: S1
11: Xung clock
12, 13, 14, 15: Ng ra
16: Vcc

9. IC ULN2003
IC ULN2003 c 7 ng ra mi ng ra c 2 transistor ghp darlington vi nhau
in p vo t 5v n 50v, dng ra 500mA-600mA

S khi bn trong

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PHN III
THIT K V THI CNG MCH
1. S khi mch
Khi
ngun

To
xung

Chia
tn s

Dch
bit

Khuych
i

iu
khin

Chn
kiu dch
bit

2. S nguyn l

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3. Nguyn l hoc ng
a. Ic NE555 to ra lot xung clock cho pin11 ca ic SN74194
b. Mi xung clock to ra tch cc mc cao cho SN74194 cho ra (pin12-13-1415) c dch chuyn ln hoc xung. Cc hng dch chuyn ny c iu
khin bi chuyn i S2
Khi Q1 l LOW thay i c m Pin 12-13-14-15-12
Khi Q2 l LOW thay i c m Pin 15-14-13-12-15
Hng chuyn dch xung xc nh hng quay ca ng c
c. Cc xung ra ca SN74194 c ni vi bn chn ca ULN2003 khi mt u
vo mc cao cc bn dn s c bt ON v OUTPUT ca n s tin hnh
dn in thng qua mt trong cc cun day ng c
d. Khi cc cun day c bt trnh t th ng c quay

4. S chuyn tip mch

a. S sau y cho thy cc mch iu khin ng c bc vi cc bng mch
ca thit b u cui kt ni bn ngoi. Cc cun dy ng c c b qua t
biu .

iu khin ng c bc - Kt ni mch

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b. S tip theo cho thy cc dng sng c bn cho cc mch iu khin ng c

bc.

Dng sng iu khin ng c bc

c. S tip theo cho thy mt s rt n gin ca chc nng t bc ca chip
74194.

Tng ng iu khin ng c bc

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d. S sau y cho thy th t bc ca cc yu t u vo ULN2003 ngoi

vi Driver cho cc hng dn ng c pha trc v ngc li. S Pin l khng
c ch nh v iu ny ph thuc vo cch b tr PCB.
Mi xung tch cc ti SN74194 thit b u cui OUTPUT bin ON mt trong
nhng cun dy ng c bc.

ULN2003 ng c Driver Bc th t

5. Phn tch mch

Vi cc gi tr phn hin th trn cc s mch v t C1 l 1uF. Nu in tr
R1 c thit lp "ZERO" ohms tn s ng h tnh s c khong 100 Hz v ng
c s lm cho 100 bc mi giy. Tn s ng h s c lm chm, cho hu ht
cc ng c hot ng ng. Nu R1 c mt sc khng ti a ca 1M ohms tn s
ng h tnh s c 1Hz v ng c s lm cho 1 bc mi giy.
Khng c tc bc ti thiu m ti ng c bc khng th hot ng. V
vy, v mt l thuyt, cc gi tr cho R1 v C1 c th c ln nh mong mun
Trong cc mt trn "tnh ton" ti thiu v tn s ng h ti a c gi tr cho
cc b phn thc t gi tr th hin. Vi dung sai ca cc thnh phn thc t v dng r
r ca t in t l ng h thc t c th thp hn hoc cao hn.
Chuyn S1 l mt la chn m c th c s dng ngn chn cc ng c
nu mun. S1 ng s dng li dao ng IC555 do ngn chn cc xung u vo
CLOCK
Cc SN7474 khng c chc nng iu khin nhng c s dng cung cp
mt trng thi khi in c p dng cho mch. iu ny cho php SN74194
"SET" cc PIN 15 - CAO v m PIN 12, 13 v 14 - LOW trc khi kim sot ch o
chuyn i cc bng bn dn, Q1 v Q2, tr thnh hot ng.
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2.2K ohm in tr v t in 4.7uF kt ni vi cc thit b u cui SET, m

PIN 4 v 10, SN7474 - m bo FLIP-Flop rng cc kt qu u ra chn 6 v 8 i
n mt mc LOW khi in c p dng cho mch.
Khi in c p dng cho mch in, n c th l khng, mt hoc tt c cc
kt qu u ra iu khin ng c (Q1-5) c th c ON cho chu k ng h u
tin. V l do ny, vic cung cp in phi c kh nng x l bn ln so vi hin ti
ng c nh gi cao trong thi gian ngn.
Hng ca ng c c th c iu khin bi mt mch hoc u ra cng
song song ca my tnh. iu ny s lm vic nh l in p ti cc im ca Q1 v
Q2 c th c thc hin thp hn 0,7 volt. Cc bng bn dn NPN c th c yu
cu t c kt qu ny, ty thuc vo phng php c s dng.
Nu Q1 v Q2 c thc hin LOW ti cng mt thi gian SN74194 s i vo
mt ch t li. iu ny s gy ra trnh t bc ngn chn v xung ng h tip
theo PIN 15 s i n mt mc cao.
Cc iu khin v phn my pht in bc ca mch iu khin ng c yu
cu cung cp in 5 volt quy nh. Cung cp ny c th hin trn s v s c
a vo bng mch in
Nng lng cho ng c c th c quy nh hoc c th nm trong khong
12-24 volt vi dng in t 150 n 500 milliamps ty thuc vo ng c c th.
Mt LED c kt ni vi u ra ca cc CLOCK nhp nhy tn s ng h. Mt
bc ca ng c cho mi ln dn

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6. Thi cng mch in

s mch in

Mch hon thin

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PHN IV
KT LUN
Tc ng c chm 1 bc trn giy n 100 bc trn giy
chnh xt khng cao
Mch iu khin ng c t 5v n 24v, dng t 150mA n 500mA
Nn cp ngun ring cho ng c bc v cch ly n vi mch iu khin

TI LIU THAM KHO

http://bauhaus.ece.curtin.edu.au/~iain/CUBProject/ELECTRONICS/74194%20Stepper%20Motor%20Driver.htm
http://www.linux-cae.net/Projects/StepperMotor/TimerButton.rpaisley/Stepper.html
http://queribus.free.fr/Astronomie/emoteur.php
http://www.electronics-lab.com/blog/?tag=motor

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