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ti:" NI DUNG V C IM T TNG CHNH TR VIT NAM CUI TH K XIX - U TH K XX QUA CC NH T TNG TIU BIU "

NI DUNG V C IM T TNG CHNH TR VIT NAM CUI TH K XIX - U TH K XX QUA CC NH T TNG TIU BIU

DON CHNH(*) PHM O THNH(**) Bi vit phn tch v lm sng t mt s ni dung, c im c bn ca t tng chnh tr Vit Nam cui th k XIX u th k XX qua cc nh t tng tiu biu; trong , tp trung vo mt s ni dung chnh, nh t tng v t cng dn tc, nng cao dn tr, bi dng sc dn, truyn b t tng dn ch t sn Theo tc gi, mc d c nhng ni dung mi, cch mng v tin b, song do iu kin lch s cng nh lp trng v tm nhn ca cc nh t tng, t tng chnh tr Vit Nam giai on ny cn c nhng biu hin dao ng, m h, thm ch c lc i n tho hip. Giai on cui th k XIX u th k XX l giai on lch s Vit Nam c nhng bin i ht sc to ln. Thc dn Php xm lc v bin nc ta thnh x hi thuc a, na phong kin. Ch phong kin Vit Nam cng vi h t tng Nho gio ngy cng t ra bt lc trc yu cu ca cng cuc chng ngoi xm v nn c lp dn tc. Trong bi cnh , mt s nh t tng tiu biu, t Phm Ph Th, ng Huy Tr, Nguyn Trng T, Nguyn L Trch n Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh, Nguyn An Ninh, thc hin mt bc chuyn t tng chnh tr c ngha lch s to ln. T s ph phn h t tng phong kin, cc ng xut t tng canh tn vo cui th k XIX v sau , khi xng t tng dn ch t sn vo u th k XX, to nn nh hng ln i vi x hi Vit Nam. H Ch Minh vit: Nm 1926 c mt s thc tnh trong ton quc tip theo sau ci cht ca mt nh quc gia ch ngha Phan Chu Trinh(1). Phong tro cch mng dn ch

t sn tuy tht bi, nhng con ngi, t tng i mi ca n vn c ngha nht nh i vi s nghip cu nc, cu dn sau ny. Trn mnh t y, Nguyn i Quc gieo mm ch ngha Mc Lnin v l ngi hon thnh bc chuyn t tng chnh tr trong giai on lch s c bit ny vo nhng nm 30 ca th k XX. Cho nn, c th ni, t tng chnh tr cui th k XIX u th k XX l mt bc chuyn, l khu trung gian chuyn t h t tng phong kin sang h t tng v sn. Bng vic ph phn h t tng phong kin, cc nh t tng xut t tng canh tn, chun b t b h t tng c v i tm con ng mi cu nc, cu dn. Vo cui th k XIX, nhn thy Nho gio i vo con ng suy tn, bt lc trc yu cu ca lch s, nhiu nh t tng tin b xut t tng canh tn, i mi nhm chn hng t nc, tiu biu nh Phm Ph Th, ng Huy Tr, Nguyn Trng T, Nguyn L Trch, v.v.. H chnh l nhng ngi trng ci mm khai ha trc tin(2). Trong tro lu t tng canh tn, ng Huy Tr (1825 - 1874), Nguyn Trng T (1830 - 1871) l nhng nh t tng tiu biu nht. Nguyn Trng T l ngi vit rt nhiu bn iu trn gi vua, quan nh Nguyn ku gi i mi ton din t nc. Theo ng, phi c s canh tn t nc, bi Thi i no c ch y. Con ngi sinh ra thi i no cng ch lm cng vic ca thi i y m thi. Vy th ngi sinh vo thi xa lm xong cng vic ca thi xa. Ri dn dn thi th i di, lm sao c th mi mi m gi php xa mi c(3). V t tng, Nguyn Trng T l mt nh ci cch, ng coi ngi vua l qu, chc quan l trng, khng mun thay i ch qun ch m mun c mt ngi cm quyn kh nng dn dt mun dn tin hnh canh tn t nc. Tuy nhin, bn cnh vic cao ch qun ch, ku gi thc hin chnh danh, Nguyn Trng T cng nhn thy vai tr ca php lut v cho rng, vua cng nn t h mnh ghp vo vng php lut. ng vit: B trn lo gi php , lo vic nc th ch dng

ngi hin, theo cng l gi php lut th trn s hp in ch khng ai d ngh, s nghip khng suy n(4). Nh vy, trong quan im ca Nguyn Trng T, nhng yu t ca t tng dn ch xut hin, an xen tn ti vi quan im Nho gio, phn nh s dao ng t tng khi h t tng c lung lay, h t tng mi cha c xc lp. Vi t cch mt nh hot ng chnh tr, cng nh Nguyn Trng T, ng Huy Tr xut t tng canh tn t nc. Trc thc trng t nc suy vi, ng v nhiu nh t tng canh tn khc cho rng, cn phi b li hc tm chng trch c ca Nho hc, khng th ch dng vn chng l l m phi tip thu khoa hc - k thut ca phng Ty thc y sn xut, lm cho dn giu, nc mnh. ng vit: Lm cho dn giu nc mnh u phi l mt vic chng cn lo toan nhiu v Lm ra ca ci, ci o l ln y l vic khng th coi nh c(5). Theo ng, mun t cng nh Php phi nhanh chng thay i cch ngh, t ch xem o c, l ngha l ci duy nht, ti cao, bt bin n phi thy sn xut ca ci vt cht cng l o l ln vy! ng kch lit phn i vic dng li l, o l nh Nho xin gic r lng thng ca phi cu ha, bi nu ch da vo i p, ai l ngi c th lm ngui lnh c tim gan gic(6). Bn cnh vic pht trin kinh t, ng Huy Tr cn cho rng, phi xy dng nn qun s vng mnh, bi kinh t v qun s c mi quan h hu c vi nhau trong vn gi vng c lp dn tc. ng vit: Cy cy v canh ci l gc ca cm o. Nhng nu khng hiu vic binh gi ly th d c tha thc trong kho, tha vi trn khung ci cng b k ch ly i(7). Trong t tng ng Huy Tr, quan nim v dn l mt nt mi kh ni bt trong t tng chnh tr Vit Nam cui th k XIX. ng coi dn l gc ca nc, l ch ca thn; Kh mnh ca nc l ly dn lm gc. Bi b ci gc mi l thy thuc gii(8). Nhng quan nim nh du s i mi trong suy t ca dn tc ta cui th k XIX. C th ni, xu hng ci cch x hi l xu th tt yu t ra cho dn tc Vit Nam trong giai

on ny. Cc nh t tng, nh ng Huy Tr, Phm Ph Th, Nguyn Trng T, Nguyn L Trch nm bt c xu th v bc u to ra mt bc chuyn trong t tng chnh tr, t t tng qun ch sang t tng dn ch, t vng quyn sang dn quyn. Nhng do hn ch bi iu kin lch s, lp trng v tm nhn, cng nh nh hng kh su nng ca thc h phong kin nn t tng ci bin x hi ca cc ng ch mang tnh cht cch tn, trong khun kh trt t ca x hi c. Tip thu t tng ca cc nh canh tn cui th k XIX, mt s nh t tng u th k XX, nh Phan Bi Chu, Phan Chu Trinh, Hunh Thc Khng, Nguyn An Ninh, tip tc pht trin t tng ln trnh mi, cao hn v cht. Cc ng t b dn h t tng phong kin, mnh dn i tm h t tng mi cho dn tc. Theo Phan Bi Chu, h t tng Nho gio ht vai tr lch s v ch lm cho dn tc ta mt dn sc sng. ng vit: nc Vit Nam m mng i mt ng, u oi mt thn bnh, tn qun quyn, c dn quyn, trng h vn, khinh v s, trm cp rnh m sn, m v con say ht trong nh, ch nhn nm di trn ging lun lun ngp mi mt. Than i! Nguy ngp lm thay(9)! Cn nn Nho hc th khng thit thc, to nn tng lp vn s chng c my tc dng i vi x hi: Cc triu nh chuyn ch dng khoa c lm ci by rng buc ho kit, tai mt xm lng cng ch chuyn ch n trng thi, lm cho ngi ta sinh ra t tm tui tr ln vi u, m mt v ci ngc t bt c thi ph. Ting ni l vn s, ch thc ra ch l mt vt cht khng bit ci g, cng khng lm c tr g(10). Phan Chu Trinh cng cho rng, do ch phong kin thc s thi nt, mc rung, nhu nhc, nn cho quyn lc chnh tr ri vo thc dn Php. B my ca ch phong kin l b nhn, nh qun trn bn c tng: Mt ng tng lc ng trong cung, S tng khoanh tay chng vy vng(11). Tng lp Nho s vn chm m trong h vn, cha kp chuyn bin theo thi th: Vic i nhn li thy chng cn g, sng ni khng cn

nc mt khc cc bc anh hng. Mun nh lm ti t di ch cng quyn, nhiu ngi ang ng m trong gic mng vn chng bt c(12). L tr thc Ty hc, Nguyn An Ninh cng coi sai lm ln nht l qu cao t tng Nho gio, dn n s cn tr qu trnh pht trin ca lch s. ng ni: suy tn hc thuyt ca Khng T ln ti gi tr cao nht v tinh thn, th li l mt bc khc, kh cho ta dn ti c(13). Khng ch c vy, vic nho nn t tng Khng T theo quan im ca cc nh Nho phong kin cng rt tai hi. Nhiu nh t tng tin b khc, nh Trn Qu Cp, Hunh Thc Khng, Lng Vn Can, cng kch lit ph phn Nho gio v ch phong kin, th hin trong t tng v s bt hp tc vi ch phong kin. T vic ph phn ch phong kin, cc nh t tng tip thu t tng dn ch t sn, hc tp kinh nghim cc cuc cch mng t sn Trung Quc, Nht Bn, bt u xy dng nhng phm tr dn ch t sn Vit Nam v pht ng phong tro Duy Tn. phng Ty, t tng dn ch c hnh thnh trn c s kinh t - x hi ca n, nn mang tnh thun thc, in hnh, phn nh nguyn vng, kht khao lm ch x hi ca con ngi. Mc ch ca t tng dn ch t sn phng Ty l v li ch giai cp, nh H Ch Minh tng ni, giai cp t sn dng ch T do, Bnh ng, ng bo la dn, xi dn nh phong kin, khi nh phong kin ri th n li thay phong kin p bc dn. Vit Nam, cc nh t tng la chn dn ch t sn l v li ch ca dn tc: i tm con ng cu nc, ginh c lp t do. Nhng ngi hp th v truyn b t tng dn ch t sn ch yu l tng lp s phu c t sn ha trong hon cnh giai cp t sn Vit Nam ra i mun v rt nh b. Cho nn, t tng dn ch t sn nc ta c tnh c th: khng thun thc, in hnh nh phng Ty; cc phm tr dn ch t sn vn chu nh hng ca Nho gio v mang sc thi vn ha Vit Nam. Mc d vy, t tng dn ch t sn Vit Nam c cc nh t tng phc ha nhng ni dung c bn, phn nh s vn ng v pht trin tt yu

ca lch s t tng. Trc ht, v mc ch cch mng, cc nh t tng u thng nht mc ch l cu nc, cu dn, ginh c lp dn tc. Phan Bi Chu vit: Phan Bi Chu ly vic cu quc lm ch ngha, cho nn mun cho nc ta c lp. Li ly vic cu dn lm ch ngha, cho nn khng mun ng thy dn ta phi lm than(14). i vi ng, phi xa b chnh th qun ch, v l mt chnh th rt xu xa vy v phi nh ui gic Php, khi phc nc Vit Nam v thnh lp nc Cng ha dn ch(15). Cn Phan Chu Trinh ngi khi xng t tng dn ch t sn Vit Nam th xc nh r ch ch ca mnh l nh ch phong kin v a dn tc i theo con ng dn ch t sn. ng vit: nm 1911 ti c qua Ty xem xt ci hc thut vn minh u chu. mi hai nm, ti n nm trn ci mnh t dn ch, hp ci hi khng kh t do, nh vy m ti hiu c l chnh ng trong th gii, phn ngha v ca quc dn, v cng bit c chc ci mc ch ca nc nh nn thay i li th no. Chng ta by gi cn phi nh thc nhau dy, lm cho tit hn c ci sc ma qu chuyn ch n m nh chng ta my ngn nm nay; y l ci ch v mc ch ca ti y(16). Cui th k XIX - u th k XX, vn ginh c lp dn tc l nhim v hng u ca dn tc ta. V vy, c th ni, tuy bng nhiu con ng cu nc khc nhau, song cc nh t tng u hng n c lp dn tc. T tng chnh tr nh vy v c bn l ng. V phng php cch mng, cc nh t tng ra hai phng php: cch mng bo ng v u tranh n ha. Phan Bi Chu cho rng, thc dn Php l k th khng i tri chung vi dn tc ta; chng khng cho dn tc ta pht trin kinh t, m mang vn ha, gio dc, n p d man mi s phn khng, k c phn khng ha bnh nht. Cho nn khng th s dng con ng ha bnh ginh c lp dn tc, m ch c s la chn duy nht l phng php bo ng. ng vit: Vn bit bo ng vi t st u l vic lm ca nhng

k kin thc hp hi, khng bit lo xa, nhng nu s th buc t st, th rng xoay ra bo ng m cht cn hn. V c bo ng may ra cn trng c c ch thnh cng trong mun mt. Hung g ti suy i tnh li, lc ny b s bo ng ra khng cn c vic g ng lm hn na(17). ng coi cch mng bo lc l mt vn c bn. C th ni, Phan Bi Chu l ngi u tin xy dng mt h thng l lun s khai v bo lc cch mng vi ba vn ln: mt l, phi tin hnh xy dng lc lng v trang; hai l, chun b mua sm v kh; ba l, cng tc binh vn. Nguyn An Ninh, mc d theo phi u tranh n ha, nhng cng nhn thy vai tr ca cch mng bo ng. ng vit: Mt dn tc khng bit cm sng l mt dn tc khng th lnh ni ch n l(18). Phan Chu Trinh, Hunh Thc Khng, l nhng ngi theo phi n ha. Theo Phan Chu Trinh, bo ng l cht, bi nhn dn khng c ch nng thn, khng c kh gii m dng, khng c tin ca m tiu, quyt khng th sng ni trong ci th gii ny, li cn chng c c vi ai na(19). Phan Chu Trinh ch trng s dng phng php u tranh ha bnh i dn sinh, dn ch mt cch cng khai vi mc ch trng dn c tr, dn c ng sng. ng vit: Cho nn s vn ng ca ng ti, ton l t tp dn chng ng ng chnh chnh, din thuyt, hp ch s, kho cu chnh tr thi th, n to ni ln, ngi v vic ai ny u thy, cho nn xt n rt d(20). Phng php u tranh ha bnh c u im l khng gy ra tn tht v tnh mng v vt cht ca nhn dn, lm cho nhn dn thc tnh, vn ln lm cch mng; tuy nhin, hiu qu ca phng php ny khng cao v khng trit , bi bn cht ca ch ngha thc dn l dng bo lc phn cch mng xm lc, p bc cc dn tc thuc a v nhn dn lao ng. Cn phng php cch mng bo ng, v c bn, ph hp vi cng cuc u tranh ginh c lp, song cn phi c thi gian chun b, khng th nng vi. C th ni, quan im ca Phan Bi Chu l ng trong chin lc, cn quan im ca Phan Chu Trinh th p ng c yu cu thc t ca x hi lc

by gi.>>>

NI DUNG V C IM T TNG CHNH TR VIT NAM CUI TH K XIX - U TH K XX QUA CC NH T TNG TIU BIU

DON CHNH(*) PHM O THNH(**)

Vn v tr v vai tr ca nhn dn cng c cc nh t tng quan tm. Cui th k XIX, trong t tng canh tn, ng Huy Tr coi dn l gc ca nc, l ch ca thn; kh mnh ca nc l ly dn lm gc. T tng ny l mt trong nhng c s, tin gip Phan Bi Chu pht trin quan im: dn l ch nc, nc l ca dn. ng cho rng, vua phi ly dn lm tri, dn chnh l tri ca k ng u cai tr nc; rng, mt nc c ba iu quan trng l nhn dn, t ai, ch quyn, trong nhn dn ng th nht(21). T tng ny chng li t tng tn qun quyn, i lp hon ton vi quan im Nho gio ng thi. Ni v vai tr ca nhn dn, Phan Bi Chu nhn mnh: dn ta l ch nc non; nc ta hn l gia ti t nghip ca dn ta ri, b mt n l do dn ta, th thu phc li n tt cng phi do dn ta lm v nc c cng thnh l nh c nhn dn(22). C th ni, quan nim dn vi bn - dn l gc c Phan Bi Chu nng ln mt trnh cao hn dn khng ch l gc, m cn l ch nc, l kh mnh dn tc, l ch th cuc cch mng ginh c lp dn tc. Tng t, Nguyn An Ninh cng khng nh: Chnh nhn dn to lp nh vua, v khng phi vua lp ra dn, trn mnh t An Nam ny, dn l vua ch khng phi ngi ngi trn ngai vng(23). Quan im dn l ch nc, nc l nc ca dn l mt bc

chuyn t tng cn bn t qun ch sang dn ch. y l mt iu mi m trong suy t chnh tr ng thi, l mt bc tin vt bc so vi suy t chnh tr phong kin. thc hin quyn dn ch, cc nh t tng ch trng: khai dn tr, chn dn kh, hu dn sinh! Theo Phan Chu Trinh, khai dn tr l phi b li hc tm chng trch c, th vn, ph phim ca ngi xa, m trng dy ch quc ng, kin thc khoa hc thc dng, bi tr h tc xa hoa. ng vit: c hc hnh m cho xng ng; ng v hnh, v dng cho qua; Cng thng, k ngh chuyn khoa; Tr tri, cch vt cho ta theo cng(24). m mang dn tr, Phan Bi Chu cho rng, phi pht trin gio dc, bi gio dc l gc r xy dng nn chnh tr(25). T tng v khai dn tr thc s lm cho dn tc thay i np suy t c k vn ln tm nhn thc mi cao hn, ph hp vi s pht trin ca thi i. Chn dn kh l lm cho mi ngi thc tnh tinh thn t lc, t cng, gic ng c quyn li ca mnh, gii thot khi s km kp ca ch qun ch chuyn ch. Khi kho cu lch s nc nh, Phan Chu Trinh a ra kt lun: Ly lch s m ni th dn tc Vit Nam khng phi l mt dn tc hn h, m cng khng phi l mt dn tc khng thng minh, th th v l no di quyn bo h hn 60 nm nay m vn cn m m mui mui, bt mt, vt tai khng chu xem xt, khng chu hc hi ci hay, ci kho ca ngi(26). Cn theo Phan Bi Chu, trong ba vn quan trng: hc thut, nhn ti, dn kh th chn dn kh l nhim v u tin, lm c s cho nui nhn ti, i hc thut(27). Hu dn sinh tc l phi lm cho mi ngi bit pht trin kinh t, m mang ngnh ngh, lm cho cuc sng m no, hnh phc. Phan Chu Trinh vit: Ngh cng ngy cng ua cng ti; Vt cng ngy cng mi d coi; Ch chuyn i bn nc ngoi; Li trong c, li ngoi li thm; c nhiu li cng thm t bn; Rng bn bun khp bn phng tri(28). Trong h thng t tng chnh tr ca cc nh t tng dn ch t sn cng hnh thnh quan nim v mt m hnh chnh th. Phan Bi Chu

cho rng, phi xa b chnh th qun ch, xy dng chnh th dn ch cng ha gm c ba vin, do nhn dn lm ch, quyn lc ni dn v c thc hin thng qua cc i biu, mi vic do dn nh liu. ng vit: Bao nhiu vic u do cng chng quyt nh. Thng ngh vin phi i Trung ngh vin ng , Trung ngh vin phi i H ngh vin ng mi c thi hnh. H ngh vin l ni a s cng chng c quyn ti phn cc vic ca Trung ngh vin v Thng ngh vin. Phm nhn dn nc ta khng c l sang hn, giu ngho, ln b u c quyn b phiu bu c(29). C th ni, cc nh t tng dn ch thc c tm quan trng ca nn chnh tr, coi l yu t quyt nh chi phi mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi v nh hng trc tip n quyn li ca nhn dn, Phan Chu Trinh coi ci gc to nn ha phc ca nhn dn chnh l nn chnh tr. T tht bi ca t tng dn ch t sn, vi s tc ng ca phong tro cch mng v sn, cc nh t tng dn ch t sn n gn vi ch ngha Mc Lnin. Khi Cch mng Thng Mi Nga thnh cng, cc nh t tng dn ch t sn Vit Nam c khuynh hng ng theo cch mng v sn. Phan Bi Chu vit bi ca ngi V.I.Lnin, vit v ch ngha x hi, ku gi c l lun ca C.Mc v t r s tin tng con ng cch mng v sn m Nguyn i Quc la chn. ng vit: Hin nay c ngi khc gii hn lp chng ti nhiu ng ra m ang cng vic lm trn ci vic m lp chng ti khng lm xong. ng c nghe ting Nguyn i Quc khng? ng y cn th nc ta nht nh c lp(30). Phan Chu Trinh nghin cu t tng ca ch ngha Mc Lnin v trong bc th gi Nguyn i Quc nm 1922, ng vit: Ti bit anh hp thu c ci ch ngha ca ng C.Mc, ng V.I.Lnin nn ti cng em chuyn hai ng y m ging dn cho anh r v ng khuyn Nguyn i Quc: Bi vy ti thnh tm mong mi anh thay i ci phng php c k i m mu i s(31). Nguyn An Ninh, mc d i theo khuynh hng cch mng dn ch t sn, nhng li rt c cm tnh vi ch

ngha Mc. Trong bi vit chng li trit hc Nietzsche, ng nh gi rt cao t tng ca C.Mc: Cc tc phm ca Mc l nhng cng trnh s, nh nhng cnh tay v i mun m ly ton b cuc sng v nng n ln cao mi theo c vng ca loi ngi(32). ng l ngi u tin Vit Nam ng ti Tuyn ngn ca ng Cng sn ca C.Mc v Ph.ngghen trn bo Chung r (La Cloche fle). Nhng ni dung t tng dn ch t sn ca cc nh t tng to nn bc chuyn bin quan trng trn bnh din thc h: t s xut hin t tng canh tn trong khun kh h t tng phong kin sang t tng dn ch t sn v tin gn n ch ngha Mc - Lnin. Tuy nhin, c th ni, bc chuyn t tng chnh tr Vit Nam cui th k XIX - u th k XX l mt bc chuyn cn bn, lu di, kh khn v ht sc phc tp ca cc nh t tng. T tng chnh tr tp trung vo ni dung quan trng l t cng dn tc, nng cao dn tr, bi dng sc dn, truyn b t tng dn ch v dn quyn, c lp dn tc l mc ch ti cao vi tinh thn d bt bin, ng vn bin. T tng chnh tr ny l s tip thu nhng gi tr, nhng tinh hoa ca phng ng v phng Ty, c bit l t tng dn ch, tin b phng Ty. Mc d c nhng ni dung mi, cch mng v tin b, th hin tinh thn yu nc nhit tnh, cm th gic cao , nhng do iu kin, hon cnh lc by gi, trong t tng chnh tr giai on ny c nhng biu hin dao ng, m h, thm ch c lc i n tha hip vi thc dn. Chng hn, Phan Chu Trinh ch trng da vo Php thc hin dn ch, cn Phan Bi Chu th ch trng da vo Nht cu vin... Tuy nhng ch trng ca cc ng ch l nht thi, nhng n cng gy ra nhng nh hng khng tt n tinh thn cch mng ca dn tc. Nguyn nhn ca nhng sai lm ny chnh l cha c mt l lun khoa hc soi ng, nn cha nhn thc y bn cht ca ch ngha thc dn, quc. Khng nhng th, trong cc phm tr dn ch t sn m cc ng nu ra vn cn chu nh hng ca t tng Nho gio nhng

mc nht nh.r

(*) Ph gio s, tin s, Trng khoa Trit hc, Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh. (**) Thc s, ging vin Khoa Trit hc, Hc vin Chnh tr khu vc II. (1) H Ch Minh. Ton tp, t.3. Nxb Chnh tr Quc gia, H Ni, 1995, tr.20. (2) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.2, Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr.383. (3) Dn theo: Trng B Cn. Nguyn Trng T con ngi v di tho. Nxb TP. H Ch Minh, 2002, tr.260. (4) Dn theo: Trng B Cn. Sd., , 2002, tr.204. (5) Dn theo: Nhm Tr Lnh. ng Huy Tr con ngi v tc phm. Nxb TP. H Ch Minh, 1990, tr.374. (6) Dn theo: Nhm Tr Lnh. Sd., tr.251. (7) Dn theo: Nhm Tr Lnh. Sd., tr.506. (8) Dn theo: Nhm Tr Lnh. Sd., tr.284. (9) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.2. Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr.107. (10) Phan Bi Chu. Sd., t.2, tr.434 - 435. (11) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh. Nxb Nng, 1995, tr.71. (12) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Sd., tr.74. (13) Dn theo: Nguyn An Tnh. Nguyn An Ninh. Nxb Tr, 1996, tr.78. (14) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.3. Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr. 478. (15) Phan Bi Chu. Sd., t.3, tr.134-135.

(16) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh. Nxb Nng, 1995, tr.592. (17) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.3. Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr.201. (18) Dn theo: Nguyn An Tnh. Nguyn An Ninh. Nxb Tr, 1996, tr.377. (19) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh. Nxb Nng, 1995, tr.352-353. )20) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Sd., tr.545. (21) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.2. Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr.386. (22) Phan Bi Chu. Sd., t.2, tr.202,394. (23) Dn theo: Nguyn An Tnh. Nguyn An Ninh. Sd., tr.134, 35. (24) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng, Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh, Sd., tr.297. (25) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp. Sd., t.2, tr.126. (26) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh, Sd., tr.787. (27) Xem: Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp. Sd., t.1, tr.96-97. (28) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh. Sd., tr.146. (29) Phan Bi Chu. Ton tp, t.2. Nxb Thun Ho, Hu, 1990, tr.255-256. (30) Dn theo: Chng Thu, Trn Ngc Vng. Phan Bi Chu v tc gi v tc phm. Nxb Gio dc, 2001, tr.415. (31) Dn theo: Nguyn Vn Dng. Tuyn tp Phan Chu Trinh. Sd., tr.701. (32) Dn theo: Nguyn An Tnh. Nguyn An Ninh.Sd., , tr. 334.

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