CHNG 8: KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH

8.1. Ni dung ca kho st a cht cng trnh

+ Lm r cc iu kin a cht ca khu vc d kin xy dng cng
trnh
+ D on cc hin tng a cht c th xy ra trong qu trnh thi
cng, khai thc s dng cng trnh.
+ xut cc bin php x l cc iu kin a cht cng trnh khng
c li.
hon thnh cc nhim v trn, ni dung kho st a cht cng trnh
bao gm :
+ Thu thp v nghin cu tt c cc ti liu a cht cng trnh v cc ti
liu c lin quan v khu vc d kin kho st,
+ Tin hnh kho st a cht thc a bao gm : o v bn a
cht cng trnh, a cht thu vn, a mo-tn kin to . . . nhm
gii quyt cc vn a cht nhanh chng.
+ T c s o v bn , tin hnh thm d gii quyt v nh tnh,
nh lng nhng vn m trong giai on o v cn tn ti.

+ Tin hnh th nghim cc c tnh c-l ca t lm nn cng
trnh, vt liu xy dng.
+ Nghin cu cc vn khc lm c s cho vic khc phc cc iu
kin a cht khng thun li nh:
+ Trong qu trnh khai thc, s dng cng trnh cn c th tin hnh
cng tc quan trc chnh l cc ti liu a cht s dng trong qu
trnh thit k, thi cng cng trnh.
Kt qu cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh bt k giai on no
cng phi c bo co kt qu bao gm : cc bn v (bn , mt ct a
cht . .) cc s liu o thc t ti hin trng, cc kt qu th nghim ti
phng , thuyt minh km theo.
Kho st a cht cng trnh l mt cng tc khoa hc- k thut phc
tp, do , cn phi tun theo cc nguyn l c bn sau :
+ Nguyn l k tha
+ Nguyn l giai on
+ Nguyn l kt hp trong kho st a cht cng trnh


8.2. Cc phng php kho st
- o v bn a cht cng trnh.
- Khoan o thm d.
- o a vt l trong l khoan, trn b mt a hnh.
- Th nghim trong phng trn cc mu chn.
- Th nghim ngoi tri v a cht cng trnh v a cht
thu vn
8.2.1. o v a cht cng trnh
Nhc im ln nht ca cng tc o v bn a cht cng trnh l
khng th quan st c cc lp t , cc hin tng a cht di
su, nht l cc lp b che ph bi cc trm tch mm ri khc. Tuy
nhin, y l cng tc kho st c tin hnh u tin, qua , ta c
th nh gi s b c cc iu kin a cht cng trnh trong phm vi
kho st
8.2. 2.Cng tc khoan o thm d
Cc cng trnh khoan o thm d bao gm ; h o thm d, h khoan
thm d, ho thm d, hm thm d
H o thm d thng c tit din hnh ch nht vi kch thc
(1.5x2.5)m. Chiu su o thm d thng khng ln (thng thng
nh hn 10m). i khi, chiu su h o thm d cng c th su hn,
lc , phi c cc vt liu chng thnh h o (trng hp ny
thng gi l ging o thm d).

Ni chung, cc hnh thc o thm d c u im l quan st a tng,
cc c im a cht trc quan, chnh xc nhng nhc im l tn
nhiu nhn cng, su kho st khng ln, kh khn khi gp cc lp
t cng chc, mc nc ngm nng.
Cng tc khoan thm d c th khc phc c nhc im ni trn,
su khoan thm d c th ln n hn 1000m. Thnh phn v cc
tnh cht ca t c th c nghin cu qua vic ly mu t h
khoan (nu khoan c ly mu) hoc i khi cng c th nghin cu
thnh phn t thng qua cc vn v ca t (nu khoan ph
hu).
C hai nhm phng php khoan thm d : khoan tay v khoan my.
Hin nay, c 3 phng php khoan ph bin trong kho st a cht
cng trnh: khoan xoay, khoan p v khoan xoay p
8.2. 3. Thm d a vt l
u im ca phng php ny l
+C th nghin cu cc cu to a cht su ln (c khi ln n
hn 1000m).
+ i khi mt loi tn hiu c pht i cng c th cho c nhiu
loi thng tin nh : tnh cht ca t , mt ct a cht . .
+ Vic nghin cu a vt l theo ngha t bn thn ca n l nghin
cu khi khng gian nn rt thch hp cho vic nghin cu tng quan
a cht trong khu vc.
+ Cc kt qu o a vt l thng c ghi li bng thit b t ng
nn tnh khch quan trong s liu rt cao.
+ Mt s thit b o a vt l rt gn nh, tnh c ng cao, nng sut
lm vic tng i ln nn rt ph hp trong kho st a cht cng
trnh.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l
Kt qu o c th chu nh hng kt hp ca nhiu yu t, v d in
tr ca t ph thuc vo nhiu yu t : rng, m, t trng,
nhit . . nn rt kh phn bit yu t no c nh hng quyt nh
n kt qu o, chnh v th, phng php a vt l trong kho st
thng ch p dng khi bit c mi lin h gia yu t nh hng
ch yu vi kt qu o.
Phng php in: da trn c s cc loi t khc nhau hoc c
m khc nhau s c in tr khc nhau
Phng php chn ng : Kho st a cht cng trnh bng phng
php chn ng da vo nguyn l nghin cu phng v vn tc
truyn sng n hi pht sinh do va chm hay do n trong trong lp
phn v Qu t
8.3. Th nghim a cht cng trnh
8.3.1. Cng tc th nghim trong phng
Vic tin hnh cc th nghim trong phng c u im l nhanh, d
thc hin, t tn km, c th xc nh c nhiu ch tiu trong mt
mu.
Nhc im l trong mt s loi t , vic ly mu nh kh m bo
tnh nguyn dng. Kt qu th nghim khng chnh xc so vi iu kin
t nhin ca t .
8.3.1.1. Cc th nghim l hc v c hc ca t :
Trong th nghim thuc cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh, i vi
cc mu t, c th chia lm 2 dng th nghim : th nghim t nn v
th nghim t s dng lm vt liu p. Ph bin nht l th nghim
nn, th nghim ct, th nghim xuyn, th nghim m nn . . . v cc
th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu chuyn mn khc.
8.3.1.2. Cc th nghim l hc, ho hc v sinh hc ca nc di
t
8.3.2: Th nghim ngoi hin trng
8.3.2.1. Th nghim ht nc
Cc ti liu th nghim c lp tp hp lp th Q = f(S), q =f(S)
v tnh h s k.
8.3.2.2. Th nghim nc trong h o
H s thm c xc nh s b theo cng thc



Tuy nhin xc nh hn c th tnh theo cng thc sau:




Q : lu lng nc (m
3
/ng)
K : h s thm (m/ng)
F : tit din vng kim loi kim loi trong (m
3
). (0,1m
3
)
Hk : p lc mao dn hnh thnh do nc thm vo t, bng 0,5 chiu
cao mao dn
h : b dy lp nc trn mt t
Z: chiu su thm
F
Q
K =
( ) Z h H F
QZ
K
k
+ +
=
8.3.2.3. Phng php nn tnh trong h o
1



3



Hnh 8.2: S th ngim nn tnh
1. Dm gnh 2. Kch 3. Cc neo 4. Bn nn
4
2
Trn c s quan st ti trng nn v ln ca bn nn, ngi ta thnh
lp th quan h ln bn nn v ti trng S = f(S).
Gi tr mun bin dng E c xc nh theo cng thc sau



Trong : E mun bin dng , kg/cm
2

P ti trng tc dng ln bn nn, kg
d- ng knh bn nn, cm
S ln cui cng ca bn nn, cm
- h s n hng ca t, i vi ct v ct pha l 0,3; i
vi st pha l 0,35; i vi st l 0,42.
Sd
P
E ) 1 (
2
=

8.3.2.4. Th nghim nn hng

Xc nh tnh cht bin dng ca t ct st trong cc h khoan.
Phng php ny nhm o ln ca t to thnh h khoan di tc
dng ca p lc

2 3



1
6 7



5

4
8

5



1 .Bnh kh nn;
2.Bnh o th tch;
3. ng h o p lc;
4.Bung cng tc;
5. Cc bung ph;
6.ng dn nc;
7.ng dnkh;
8.Lc p thnh h
khoan.


M un bin dng xc nh theo cng thc:




trong : do- gia s p lc;
dr- gia s bin dng hng tm ng ng vi gia s p
lc
ro - bn knh ca bung di p lc ban u;
- h s n hng.
dr
dP
r E
o
. ). 1 ( + =
8.3.2.5.Th nghim xuyn
1. Th nghim xuyn ng
Nguyn l ca phng php th nghim ny l cho qu ba nng
63.5+-1 Kg ri t cao 76 cm. S ln ba ri ng mi xuyn
vo t l 30 cm c coi l lc khng xuyn N (Theo TCXDVN tr s
ny c k hiu l N30).
Ph thuc vo iu kin khi th nghim ( su, tnh trng thit b, iu
kin a cht thu vn) m s ln ba ng thc t N c th phi
c hiu chnh cho ph hp
( ) 15
2
1
15 + = N N
h
Da vo kt qu th nghim (N, N
h
), bng tin nh v cng thc thc
nghim chng ta c th phn loi t, xc nh trng thi t, moun
bin dng, gc ma st trong ca t ct, st ca t loi st, sc chu
ti cho php ca t nn.
V d theo TCXD 226-1999 kt qu xuyn SPT c din dch nh
sau:
i vi t ht ri c th da vo N
30
xc nh cht tng i D,
gc ma st trong v moun bin dng E theo bng v cng thc
Terzaghi v Peck:
( ) 6
30
+ + = N E | o
Trong : -
h s thc nghim bng 40 khi N
30
>=15 v bng 0 khi N
30

<=15.
- h s ph thuc loi t
t loi st bng 3 ; Ct th 7
Ct mn ht nh 3,5 ; Ct trung 4,5
Ct ln sn si 10 ; Sn si ln ct 12
o
|
Bng 8.1 : Quan h N
30
vi D v ca t ht ri ( theo Terzaghi
v Peck)

N
30
D, % Trng thi
0 10 <30 25 30 Xp
10 30 30 60 30 32,5 Cht t
30 50 60 80 32,5 40 Cht va
>50 >80 40 - 45 Rt cht
i vi t dnh quan h gia N
30
vi st v bn nn n hng qn
nh sau:
Bng 8.2 : Quan h N
30
vi st v q
n
ca t dnh
N
30
st q
n
, kg/cm
2

<2 Chy <0,25
2 4 Do chy 0,25 0,5
4 8 Do 0,5 1,0
8 10 Cng 1,0 2,0
15 30 Rt cng 2,0 4,0
>30 Rn >4,0
Bng 8.3 : quan h gia s ba nn vi cc ch tiu vt l, c hc
ca t (khi xuyn su 30cm)
Gc ma
st trong
0

t dnh t xp (C=0)
S ba
nn
st B Cng
cho php
S ba
nn
cht
tng i
D
0-2 >1 0,0-0,25 0-4 0,0-0,15 <30
2-4 1-0,75 0,25-0,5 4-10 0,15-0,3 30-35
4-6 0,75-0,5 0,5-1 10-30 0,3-0,5 35-40
8-15 0,5-0,25 1-2 30-50 0,5-0,75 40-45
15-30 0,25-0 2-4 >50 >0,75 >45
>30 0 >4
2. Th nghim xuyn tnh
Trong phng php xuyn tnh mi xuyn c n t t vo t di
mt p lc nht nh. Ngi ta ghi li p lc cn thit xuyn mi
xuyn vo t . Phng php xuyn tnh c p dng cho hu ht
cc loi t. C 2 loi thit b xuyn tnh c v xuyn tnh in. Thit
b xuyn tnh c s dng ph bin hin nay Vit Nam l xuyn cn
CPT nh my xuyn Gauda H Lan.
Kt qu th nghim xuyn c gm: sc khng u mi n v q
c
v sc
khng st bn hng n v f
s
. i vi th nghim xuyn in ngoi hai
i lng ny cn c th xc nh c p lc nc l rng.
Da vo kt qu th nghim xuyn tnh (q
c
, f
s
) cng thc thc nghim
v bng tin nh c th phn loi t, xc nh trng thi cht ca t
ct, st ca t loi st, gc ma st trong ca ct, moun bin dng
ca t ct, st v sc chu ti mng cc, mng nng.
Bng 8.4 : Xc nh cht ca t ct theo sc khng n v u
mi xuyn (tiu chun TCVN 174 1989 )
Loi ct q
c
(10
5
Pa) cht
Ct ht th v trung 150 < q
c
Cht
50 < q
c
=< 150 Cht va
q
c
< 50 Ri
Ct ht mn 120 < q
c
Cht
40 < q
c
=< 120 Cht va
q
c
< 40 Ri
Ct ln bi 100 < q
c
Cht
30 < q
c
=< 100 Cht va
q
c
< 30 Ri
Ct bi bo ho 70 < q
c
Cht
20 < q
c
=< 70 Cht va
q
c
< 20 Ri
8.3.2.6. Th nghim ct quay (Vane test):
Th nghim ct quay l phng php nh gi sc chng ct ca cc
loi t yu nh : t loi st c st ln, than bn, mn hu c . . .
5
4
3
2
1
h
d
1 . dng c ct c cnh.
2 . cn
3 . ng chng
4 . gi
5 . thit b o ca dng c, c c
cu truyn ng lm quay cnh
h. chiu cao cnh
d. ng knh ca cnh
. hnh di ta thy rng khi cnh quay, t b ct theo mt tr vi
chiu cao h v ng knh d. Lc sc chng ct bng:



Trong : - sc chng ct ca t kg/cm
2

M
max
: mmen xon cc i, kg.cm
K: i lng khng i ca cnh ct (cm
3
) ph thuc
vo chiu cao h v ng knh d ca n:

K
M
max
= t
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
h
d h d
K
3
1
2
2
t
Bng 8.5: Kch thc cnh ct v h s K
S hiu loi
cnh ct
Chiu cao h
(cm)
ng knh
d (cm)
Chiu dy
cnh o
(cm)
H s ct
cnh K
(cm
3
)
BS 1377 10 5.0 0.3 458
1 11 5.5 0.3 610
2 15 7.5 0.35 1545
3 20 7.5 0.35 1978
4 20 10.0 0.4 3663
HNH TRUHOKHOAN
PROJECT: ELEVATION OF GROUND WATER
Cong trnh: AT THE DRILLING TIME
LOCATION (Vtr) : (Mc nc ngam thi iem khoan)
BOREHOLE No (Hokhoan so): BH2
APPEARANCE (Xuat hien): -3.0m
TOTAL DEPTH OF HOLE (osau hokhoan): 14.0m DATE (Ngay o):
TOP ELEVATION OF HOLE (Cao omieng ho): +0.0 STATIC (On nh): -4.5m
STARTING (Khi cong) : COMPLETION (Hoan thanh): 21 - 11 - 2000 DATE (Ngay o):
D
E
P
T
H

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E
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E
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p
E
L
E
V
A
T
I
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N

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C
a
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o

(
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T
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K
N
E
S
S

(
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)
B
e

d
a
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(
m
) SOIL GRAPH
MAT CAT
A CHAT
1/100
S
.
P
.
T
.
C
h
u
y

t
i
e
u

c
h
u
a
n
SOIL DESCRIPTION
MOTAAT
SPT
(N)
SPT DIAGRAM
Bieu oSPT
0 0
0.4 Xaban gach, cat, a
1
Set pha cat mau xam vang, 3
2 1 2.9 xam trang, trang thai deo
nhao - deo mem
3 8
Soi san laterite lan t set pha
4 2 1.2 cat mau nau o, nau vang
trang thai na cng - cng 28
5 Set pha cat lan t soi san
3 2.0 laterite mau xam trang, nau
6 o, trang thai deo mem
9
7 Set pha cat mau xam trang
om vang nhat, trang thai
8 4 2.3 deo mem
9 7
10
3.6 Cat mn lan bot mau vang
11 5 nhat, trang thai chat va 15
12
25
13 Cat thoen mn lan t bot
6 1.6 mau vang nhat, trang thai
14 chat va 18
15 ay hokhoan 14.0m
16
17
18
19
BORE HOLE LOG
3
8
28
9
7
15
25
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 >60
-0.4
0.0
-3.3
-6.5
-8.8
-12.4
-4.5
m 5 . 2 0 . 2
3 2

4
3
4
m 0 . 4 5 . 3
5 2

14
13
14
m 0 . 6 5 . 5
7 2

4
4
5
m 5 . 8 0 . 8
9 2

3
3
4
m 5 . 10 0 . 10
11 2

7
5
8
m 0 . 12 5 . 11
13 2

12
11
13
m 5 . 13 0 . 13
15 2

9
8
9
m 0 . 1 5 . 0
1 2

1
1
2
0.4
3.3
4.5
6.5
8.8
12.4
Kyhieu hokhoan
Khoang cach (m)
Cao omieng ho
MAT CAT A CHAT CONG TRNH
Tyle:
Ngang: 1/200
ng: 1/200
30m
Cao o
0m
-2m
-4m
-6m
-8m
-10m
-12m
-14m
-16m
-18m
-20m
-22m
-24m
20m 20m
0.0m 0.0m
3.3m
4.3m
12.4m
8.8m
4.5m
6.5m
5.0m
7.0m
9.0m
12.0m
1
2
3
4
5
6