Bi ging Truyn d liu

Ni dung
1. Mt s khi nim c bn v tn hiu 2. Khi nim truyn dn 3. Truyn tn hiu s bng sng mang tng t 4. Cc k thut iu ch Digital Analog:
iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
5. 6.

Tun t 15_02_09

iu ch m xung PCM (Pulse code modulation) iu ch Delta

Trch: Bi ging Chng 3: Cc k thut c bn trong truyn s liu Phm Hong Anh - Khoa K thut v Khoa hc My tnh Trng i hc Bch khoa TP HCM
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1. Mt s khi nim c bn
Tn hiu lin tc
Thay i lin tc theo thi gian

Tn hiu ri rc
Thay i tng mc theo thi gian

Tn hiu chu k
Mu lp li theo thi gian

Tn hiu khng tun hon

Mu khng lp li theo thi gian

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Tn hiu analog
Ba c im chnh ca tn hiu analog bao gm
Bin (Amplitute) Tn s (Frequency) Pha (Phase)

Bin ca tn hiu analog

o mnh ca tn hiu, n v: decibel (dB) hay volts. Bin cng ln, tn hiu cng c cng mnh. Tn hiu ting ni - t hello.
Ting ni (speech) l mt tn hiu rt phc tp. Ting ni cha hng ngn t hp khc nhau ca nhiu tn hiu.
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Tn s ca tn hiu analog
Tc thay i ca tn hiu trong mt giy, n v Hz hay s chu k trong mt giy (cycles per second)
Tn hiu c tn s 30Hz ~ thay i 30 ln trong mt giy.

Mt chu k l s di chuyn sng ca tn hiu t im ngun bt u cho n khi quay tr v li im ngun .

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Pha ca tn hiu analog

Tc thay i quan h ca tn hiu i vi thi gian, c m t theo (degree) S dch pha xy ra khi chu k ca tn hiu cha kt thc, v mt chu k mi ca tn hiu bt u trc khi chu k trc cha hon tt
Tai ngi khng cm nhn c s dch pha Tn hiu mang d liu b nh hng bi s dch pha
V d cc mi ni khng hon ho s gy ra dch pha

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Tn hiu min tn s

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Thnh phn ca ting ni

Tm tn s c kh nng nghe 20Hz 20kHz
Ting ni 100Hz 7kHz

D dng chuyn sang dng tn hiu in t truyn dn Cc tn s vi m lng khc nhau c chuyn thnh tn s in t vi in p khc nhau Tm tn s gii hn cho knh thoi
300 3400Hz

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Tn hiu s (digital)
Tn hiu s bao gm ch hai trng thi, c din t vi hai trng thi ON hay OFF hoc l 0 hay 1 Tn hiu s yu cu kh nng bng thng ln hn tn hiu analog.

100Gb/s

100Gb/s

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Tn hiu s (digital)
Cc vn khi s dng knh thoi (voice channel) trong vic truyn tn hiu s
Mt tn hiu s l mt t hp ca cc tn hiu khc. c bit, tn hiu s c th c biu din nh sau

Signal = f + f3 + f5 +f7 +f9 +f11 +f13 ....f

Do mt tn hiu s gm 1 tn s c bn (f), cng thm tn s 3f (hi tn bc 3), cng thm tn s 5f (hi tn bc 5), Nu bin ca tn s f, f3, f5, l a, a3, a5, th a = 3a3 = 5a5 gi tn hiu s qua knh truyn thoi, bng thng ca knh truyn phi cho php tn s c bn f, tn s 3f v tn s 5f i qua m khng nh hng nhiu n cc tn s ny y l yu cu ti thiu bn nhn nhn ng c tn hiu s
Slide 9

Tn hiu s (digital)

Truyn 1 tn hiu s nh phn tc 2400bps trn knh thoi c bng thng 3.1kHz
Tn s c bn: 1200Hz (thng thng bng tc bit) Ch c tn s c bn i qua m khng b thay i

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D liu v tn hiu
Thng dng tn hiu s cho d liu s v tn hiu analog cho d liu analog C th dng tn hiu analog mang d liu s
Modem

C th dng tn hiu s mang d liu analog

Compact Disc audio

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2. Khi nim v Truyn dn

Truyn dn analog
Khng quan tm n ni dung d liu c truyn (s hoc tng t) Suy gim khi truyn xa Dng b khuch i (amplifier) truyn d liu i xa
Khuch i c tn hiu ln nhiu

Truyn dn s

Quan tm n ni dung d liu c truyn. Nhiu v s suy gim tn hiu s nh hng n s tch hp. Dng b lp (repeater) truyn d liu i xa.
Khng khuch i nhiu.

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Truyn dn s
u im
Cng ngh s
Cng ngh LSI/VLSI lm gim gi thnh

Ton vn d liu
Nhiu v suy gim tn hiu khng b tch ly bi cc repeater Truyn khong cch xa hn trn cc ng truyn km cht lng

Hiu qu knh truyn

TDM > FDM

Bo mt
Cc k thut m ha bo mt d liu d p dng

Tch hp
D liu s v analog c x l tng t nhau

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3. Truyn TH s bng sng mang tng t: Digital Analog ng dng

Dng truyn d liu s trn mng in thoi cng cng 300Hz 3400Hz
Analog and digital transmission Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog signal Digital Digital signal signal Digital Digital signal signal

Thit b
MODEM (MOdulator-DEMulator)

K thut
iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
ASK Digital Analog

FSK

PSK

QAM

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4. Cc k thut iu ch Digital Analog

iu bin: Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK) iu tn: Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK) iu pha: Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)

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iu bin (ASK)
Dng 2 bin khc nhau ca sng mang biu din 0 v 1 (thng thng mt bin bng 0)

S dng mt tn s sng mang duy nht Phng php ny ch ph hp trong truyn s liu tc thp (~1200bps trn knh truyn thoi) Tn s ca tn hiu sng mang c dng ph thuc vo chun giao tip ang c s dng K thut c dng trong cp quang!

A cos(2f t + c ) binary 1 s (t ) = 0 binary 0

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iu bin (ASK)

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iu bin (ASK)

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iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)

S dng hai tn s sng mang: tn s cao tng ng mc 1, tn s thp tng ng mc 0. A cos(2f1t + c ) binary 1 s (t ) = A cos(2f 2t + c ) binary 0 t li hn so vi ASK c s dng truyn d liu tc 1200bps hay thp hn trn mng in thoi C th dng tn s cao (3-30MHz) truyn trn sng radio hoc cp ng trc

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iu tn (FSK) Binary FSK (BFSK)

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iu tn (FSK) Multiple (FSK)

Dng nhiu hn 2 tn s Bng thng c dng hiu qu hn Kh nng li nhiu hn Mi phn t tn hiu biu din nhiu hn 1 bit d liu

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iu pha (PSK)
S dng mt tn s sng mang v thay i pha ca sng mang ny

A cos( 2 f c t + ) s(t) = A cos( 2 f c t )

binary 0 binary 1

PSK vi phn (differential PSK) thay i pha tng i so vi sng trc (thay v so vi sng tham chiu c nh) Cho php m ha nhiu bit trn mi thay i tn hiu sng mang (Phase Amplitude Modulation) Phng php ny thng c dng trong truyn d liu tc 2400bps (2 bits per phase change - CCITT V.26) hoc 4800bps (3 bits encoding per phase change CCITT V.27) hoc 9600bps (4 bits encoding per phase/amplitude change) Tng qut cho m ha NRZ-L
D= R R = l log 2 L D : modulation rate (bauds) R : data rate (bps) l : number of bits per signal element L : number of different signal elements
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iu pha (PSK)

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iu pha (PSK)
Quadrature PSK (QPSK)

A cos( 2f c t + 0 o ) 00 o A cos( 2f c t + 90 ) 01 s (t ) = o A cos( 2f c t + 180 ) 10 A cos( 2f c t + 270 o ) 11

M-ary PSK H thng 64 v 256 trng thi Ci thin tc d liu vi bng thng khng i Tng kh nng tim n li
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM c dng trong ADSL v mt s h thng wireless Kt hp gia ASK v PSK M rng logic ca QPSK Gi ng thi 2 tn hiu khc nhau cng tn s mang
Dng 2 bn sao ca sng mang, mt ci c dch i 90 Mi sng mang l ASK c iu ch 2 tn hiu c lp trn cng mi trng Gii iu ch v kt hp cho d liu nh phn ban u

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Hiu sut
Bng thng
Bng thng ASK v PSK lin quan trc tip vi tc bit

BT = (1+r)R
Bng thng FSK c quan h vi tc d liu i vi cc tn s thp, c quan h vi dch chuyn ca cc tn s iu ch i vi tn s cao

BT = 2F + (1+r)R
Tn hiu nhiu mc

BT = (1+r)R/m = (1+r)R/log2M r: h s bng thng ca b lc truyn, (0 < r < 1)

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Digital Analog

Slide 27

Analog Digital
ng dng
Dng truyn d liu tng t trn mng truyn d liu s
Tn dng cc u im ca truyn dn s (thit b r, dng repeater, TDM, )
Analog and digital transmission Analog data Digital data Analog Analog signal signal Analog Analog signal signal Digital signal Digital Digital signal signal

S ha
D liu s c th truyn dng NRZ-L hay cc loi m khc

Thit b
CODEC (COder-DECoder)

Analog Digital

K thut
iu ch xung m: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) iu ch Delta: Delta Modulation (DM)

PCM

DM

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5. iu ch xung m (PCM)
L thuyt ly mu
Nu tn hiu f(t) c ly mu u vi tc ly mu cao hn ti thiu 2 ln tn s tn hiu cao nht, th cc mu thu c cha thng tin ca tn hiu ban u. T/h f(t) c th c ti to, dng b lc thng thp Cng thc Nyquist: N >= 2f
N: tc ly mu f: tn s ca tn hiu c ly mu

D liu ting ni
Gii hn tn s <4000Hz Tc ly mu cn thit 8000 mu/giy

max 11111111

00000001 00000000 min

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iu ch xung m (PCM)
Continuous-time, continuous-amplitude (analog) input signal Discrete-time, continuous-amplitude signal (PAM pulses) Discrete-time, discrete-amplitude signal (PCM pulses) Digital bit stream output signal

PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)

Cc xung c ly mu tn s R=2B

Lng t ha cc xung PAM

Xc nh gi tr ca im c ly mu, ri vo khong no th ly gi tr khong Ty thuc vo cc mc lng t 2n (n l s bit cn thit s ha 1 xung)

M ha d liu
Thc hin cc thao tc m ha thng tin trc khi truyn i

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iu ch xung m (PCM)

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iu ch xung m

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Non-linear coding
Mc lng t khng u Gim mo tn hiu Companding (compressing-expanding)

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6. iu ch Delta (DM)
Tn hiu tng t c xp x bi hm bc thang (staircase) Hnh vi nh phn
i ln hay xung 1 mc () ti mi thi khong ly mu

Hiu sut
ti to ting ni tt
PCM - 128 mc (7 bit) Bng thng thoi 4khz Cn 8000 x 7 = 56kbps i vi PCM

K thut nn d liu c th ci thin thm

V d: k thut m xen khung (interframe coding) cho video
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iu ch Delta (DM)

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iu ch Delta (DM)

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nh gi hiu qu s dng bng thng

Ngun: William stallings - Data and computer communications - page 113

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Quan h gia BER v SNR

Eb: Nng lng mt bit No: Mt cng sut nhiu W/Hz S: Cng sut TB tn hiu R: Tc d liu BT: Bng thng b lc truyn N: Cng sut nhiu khi qua lc
Ngun: William stallings - Data and computer communications - page 113
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V d: Tm hiu sut s dng bng thng

Tnh hiu sut s dng bng thng cho FSK, ASK, PSK v QPSK nu BER l 10-7 trn knh truyn c S/N l 12dB?

Ngun: William stallings - Data and computer communications - page 113

Slide 39