n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12

CC CNG THC TNH TON

PHN I . CU TRC ADN I . Tnh s nucltit ca ADN hoc ca gen 1. i vi mi mch ca gen : - Trong ADN , 2 mch b sung nhau , nn s nu v chiu di ca 2 mch bng nhau . N A1 + T1 + G1 + X1 = T2 + A2 + X2 + G2 = 2 - Trong cng mt mch , A v T cng nh G v X , khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b sung ch c gia 2 mch : A ca mch ny b sung vi T ca mch kia , G ca mch ny b sung vi X ca mch kia . V vy , s nu mi loi mch 1 bng s nu loi b sung mch 2 . A1 = T2 ; T1 = A2 ; G1 = X2 ; X1 = G2 2. i vi c 2 mch : - S nu mi loi ca ADN l s nu loi c 2 mch : A =T = A1 + A2 = T1 + T2 = A1 + T1 = A2 + T2 G =X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2 = G1 + X1 = G2 + X2 Ch :khi tnh t l % % A1 + % A2 %T 1 + %T 2 = %A = % T = = .. 2 2 %G1 + %G 2 % X 1 + % X 2 = %G = % X = =. 2 2 Ghi nh : Tng 2 loi nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng na s nu ca ADN hoc bng 50% s nu ca ADN : Ngc li nu bit : + Tng 2 loi nu = N / 2 hoc bng 50% th 2 loi nu phi khc nhm b sung + Tng 2 loi nu khc N/ 2 hoc khc 50% th 2 loi nu phi cng nhm b sung 3. Tng s nu ca ADN (N) Tng s nu ca ADN l tng s ca 4 loi nu A + T + G+ X . Nhng theo nguyn tc b sung (NTBS) A= T , G=X . V vy , tng s nu ca ADN c tnh l : N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G) N Do A + G = hoc %A + %G = 50% 2 4. Tnh s chu k xon ( C ) Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu . khi bit tng s nu ( N) ca ADN : N l N = C x 20 => C = ; C= 20 34 5. Tnh khi lng phn t ADN (M ) : Mt nu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc . khi bit tng s nu suy ra M = N x 300 vc 6. Tnh chiu di ca phn t ADN ( L ) :Phn t ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mch n chy song song v xon u n quanh 1 trc . v vy chiu di ca ADN l chiu di ca 1 mch v bng chiu di trc ca n . N Mi mch c nucltit, di ca 1 nu l 3,4 A0 2 lx 2 N l= . 3,4A0 => N= 3,4 2 n v thng dng : Nguyn c Hu 1 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 1 micrmet = 10 4 angstron ( A0 ) 1 micrmet = 103 nanmet ( nm) 1 mm = 103 micrmet = 106 nm = 107 A0 II. Tnh s lin kt Hir v lin kt Ha Tr P 1. S lin kt Hir ( H ) + A ca mch ny ni vi T mch kia bng 2 lin kt hir + G ca mch ny ni vi X mch kia bng 3 lin kt hir Vy s lin kt hir ca gen l : H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X 2. S lin kt ho tr ( HT ) a) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 1 mch gen : N -1 2 N 2

Trong mi mch n ca gen , 2 nu ni vi nhau bng 1 lk ho tr , 3 nu ni nhau bng 2 lk ho tr nu ni nhau bng N -1 2 N -1) 2

b) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 2 mch gen : 2( Do s lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trn 2 mch ca ADN : 2(

N -1) 2

c) S lin kt ho tr ng photpht trong gen ( HT-P) Ngoi cc lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trong gen th trong mi nu c 1 lk ho tr gn thnh phn ca H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ho tr P trong c ADN l : HT-P = 2( N - 1 ) + N = 2 (N 1) 2

PHN II.

C CH T NHN I CADN

I . TNH S NUCLTIT T DO CN DNG 1.Qua 1 ln t nhn i ( t sao , ti sinh , ti bn ) + Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton 2 mch u lin kt cc nu t do theo NTBS : AADN ni vi TT do v ngc li ; GADN ni vi X T do v ngc li . V vy s nu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu m loi n b sung Atd =Ttd = A = T ; Gtd = Xtd = G = X + S nu t do cn dng bng s nu ca ADN Ntd = N 2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t ) + Tnh s ADN con - 1 ADN m qua 1 t t nhn i to 2 = 21 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua 2 t t nhn i to 4 = 22 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua3 t t nhn i to 8 = 23 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua x t t nhn i to 2x ADN con Vy : Tng s ADN con = 2x Nguyn c Hu 2 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 - D t t nhn i no , trong s ADN con to ra t 1 ADN ban u , vn c 2 ADN con m mi ADN con ny c cha 1 mch c ca ADN m . V vy s ADN con cn li l c c 2 mch cu thnh hon ton t nu mi ca mi trng ni bo . S ADN con c 2 mch u mi = 2x 2 + Tnh s nu t do cn dng : - S nu t do cn dng th ADN tri qua x t t nhn i bng tng s nu sau cng coup trong cc ADN con tr s nu ban u ca ADN m Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con : N.2x S nu ban u ca ADN m :N V vy tng s nu t do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x t t nhn i : N td = N .2x N = N( 2X -1) - S nu t do mi loi cn dng l: A td = T td = A( 2X -1) = X td = G( 2X -1) + Nu tnh s nu t do ca ADN con m c 2 mch hon tan mi : N td hon ton mi = N( 2X - 2)
td

X = td = G( 2 2) II .TNH S LIN KT HIR ; HO TR - P C HNH THNH HOC B PH V 1. Qua 1 t t nhn i a. Tnh s lin kt hirb ph v v s lin kt hir c hnh thnh Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton : - 2 mch ADN tch ra , cc lin kt hir gia 2 mch u b ph v nn s lin kt hir b ph v bng s lin kt hir ca ADN H b t = H ADN - Mi mch ADN u ni cc nu t do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hir nn s lin kt hir c hnh thnh l tng s lin kt hir ca 2 ADN con H hnh thnh = 2 . HADN b. S lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh : Trong qu trnh t nhn i ca ADN , lin kt ho tr P ni cc nu trong mi mch ca ADN khng b ph v . Nhng cc nu t do n b sung th dc ni vi nhau bng lin kt ho tr hnh thnh 2 mch mi V vy s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tr ni cc nu vi nhau trong 2 mch ca ADN N HT c hnh thnh = 2 ( - 1 ) = N- 2 2 2 .Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t ) a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh thnh : -Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v : H b ph v = H (2x 1) - Tng s lin kt hidr c hnh thnh : H hnh thnh = H 2x b. Tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh : Lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l nhng lin kt ho tr ni cc nu t do li thnh chui mch polinucltit mi td hon ton mi

A G

td hon ton mi

T X

td

= A( 2X -2)

Nguyn c Hu -

THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 N -1 2 - Trong tng s mch n ca cc ADN con cn c 2 mch c ca ADN m c gi li - Do s mch mi trong cc ADN con l 2.2x - 2 , v vy tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l : N HT hnh thnh = ( 2 - 1) (2.2x 2) = (N-2) (2x 1) III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M C th quan nim s lin kt cc nu t do vo 2 mch ca ADN l ng thi , khi mch ny tip nhn v ng gp dc bao nhiu nu th mch kia cng lin kt c bay nhiu nu Tc t sao : S nu dc tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy 1. Tnh thi gian t nhn i (t sao ) Thi gian 2 mch ca ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu t do - Khi bit thi gian tip nhn v l in kt trong 1 nu l dt , thi gian t sao dc tnh l : N TG t sao = dt . 2 - Khi bit tc t sao (mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu nu )th thi gian t nhn i ca ADN l : TG t sao = N : tc t sao S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trong mi mch n : PHN III . CU TRC ARN I.TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CA ARN : - ARN thng gm 4 loi ribnu : A ,U , G , X v c tng hp t 1 mch ADN theo NTBS . V v s ribnu ca ARN bng s nu 1 mch ca ADN N rN = rA + rU + rG + rX = 2 - Trong ARN A v U cng nh G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b sung ch c gia A, U , G, X ca ARN ln lt vi T, A , X , G ca mch gc ADN . V vy s ribnu mi loi ca ARN bng s nu b sung mch gc ADN . rA = T gc ; rU = A gc rG = X gc ; rX = Ggc * Ch : Ngc li , s lng v t l % tng loi nu ca ADN c tnh nh sau : + S lng : A = T = rA + rU G = X = rR + rX + T l % : %rA + %rU % A = %T = 2 %rG + %rX %G = % X = 2 II. TNH KHI LNG PHN T ARN (MARN) Mt ribnu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc , nn: N MARN = rN . 300vc = . 300 vc 2 III. TNH CHIU DI V S LIN KT HO TR P CA ARN 1 Tnh chiu di : - ARN gm c mch rN ribnu vi di 1 nu l 3,4 A0 . V vy chiu di ARN bng chiu di ADN tng hp nn ARN Nguyn c Hu 4 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 - V vy LADN = LARN = rN . 3,4A0 = N . 3,4 A0 2

2 . Tnh s lin kt ho tr P: + Trong chui mch ARN : 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tr , 3 ribnu ni nhau bng 2 lin kt ho tr Do s lin kt ho tr ni cc ribnu trong mch ARN l rN 1 + Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tr gn thnh phn axit H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ha tr loi ny c trong rN ribnu l rN Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN : HT ARN = rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1 PHN IV . C CH TNG HP ARN I . TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT T DO CN DNG 1 . Qua 1 ln sao m : Khi tng hp ARN , ch mch gc ca ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu t do theo NTBS : AADN ni U ARN ; TADN ni A ARN GADN ni X ARN ; XADN ni G ARN V vy : + S ribnu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu loi m n b sung trn mch gc ca ADN rAtd = Tgc ; rUtd = Agc rGtd = Xgc ; rXtd = Ggc + S ribnu t do cc loi cn dng bng s nu ca 1 mch ADN N rNtd = 2 2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( k ln ) Mi ln sao m to nn 1 phn t ARN nn s phn t ARN sinh ra t 1 gen bng s ln sao m ca gen . S phn t ARN = S ln sao m = K + S ribnu t do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn t ARN . V vy qua K ln sao m to thnh cc phn t ARN th tng s ribnu t do cn dng l: rNtd = K . rN + Suy lun tng t , s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng l : rAtd = K. rA = K . Tgc ; rUtd = K. rU = K . Agc

rGtd = K. rG = K . Xgc ; rXtd = K. rX = K . Ggc * Ch : Khi bit s ribnu t do cn dng ca 1 loi : + Mun xc nh mch khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu cho s nu loi b sung mch 1 v mch 2 ca ADN => S ln sao m phi l c s gia s ribbnu v s nu loi b sung mch khun mu . + Trong trng hp cn c vo 1 loi ribnu t do cn dng m cha xc nh mch gc , cn c s ribnu t do loi khc th s ln sao m phi l c s chung gia s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng vi s nu loi b sung ca mch gc II. TNH S LIN KT HIR V LIN KT HO TR P : 1 . Qua 1 ln sao m : a. S lin kt hidro : H t = H ADN H hnh thnh = H ADN => H t = H hnh thnh = H ADN b. S lin kt ho tr : Nguyn c Hu 5 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 HT hnh thnh = rN 1 2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) : a. Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v H ph v = K . H b. Tng s lin kt ho tr hnh thnh : HT hnh thnh = K ( rN 1) III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M : * Tc sao m : S ribnu c tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy . *Thi gian sao m : - i vi mi ln sao m : l thi gian mch gc ca gen tip nhn v lin kt cc ribnu t do thnh cc phn t ARN + Khi bit thi gian tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thi gian sao m l : TG sao m = dt . rN + Khi bit tc sao m ( mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu ribnu ) th thi gian sao m l : TG sao m = r N : tc sao m l : TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + Nu TG chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m lin tip ng k l t thi gian sao m nhiu ln l : TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + (K-1) t PHN IV . CU TRC PRTIN I . TNH S B BA MT M - S AXIT AMIN + C 3 nu k tip nhau trn mch gc ca gen hp thnh 1 b ba m gc , 3 ribnu k tip ca mch ARN thng tin ( mARN) hp thnh 1 b ba m sao . V s ribnu ca mARN bng vi s nu ca mch gc , nn s b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m sao trong mARN . N rN S b ba mt m = = 2.3 3 + Trong mch gc ca gen cng nh trong s m sao ca mARN th c 1 b ba m kt thc khng m ho a amin . Cc b ba cn li co m ho a.amin N rN S b ba c m ho a amin (a.amin chui polipeptit)= -1 = -1 2.3 3 + Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a amin , m m u tuy c m ha a amin , nhng a amin ny b ct b khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin N rN S a amin ca phn t prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh )= -2 = -2 2.3 3 II. TNH S LIN KT PEPTIT - S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn t H2O to ra - Hai a amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit , 3 a amin c 2 lin kt peptit ..chui polipeptit c m l a amin th s lin kt peptit l : S lin kt peptit = m -1 III. TNH S CCH M HA CA ARN V S CCH SP T A AMIN TRONG CHUI POLIPEPTIT Cc loi a amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loi a amin thng gp trong cc phn t prtin nh sau : 1) Glixrin : Gly 2) Alanin : Ala 3) Valin : Val 4 ) Lxin : Leu 5) Izolxin : Ile 6 ) Xerin : Ser 7 ) Treonin : Thr 8 ) Xistein : Cys 9) Metionin : Met 10) A. aspartic : Asp 11)Asparagin : Asn 12) A glutamic : Glu Nguyn c Hu 6 THCS Th Trn Thnh An i vi nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) : + Nu thi gian chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m m khng ng k thi thi gian sao m nhiu ln

13) Glutamin :Gln 17) Tirozin: Tyr Bng b ba mt m

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 14) Arginin : Arg 15) Lizin : Lys 18) Histidin : His 19) Triptofan : Trp

16) Phenilalanin :Phe 20) Prlin : pro

U U UUU UUX UUA UUG XUU XUX XUA XUG phe

X UXU UXX U X A Ser Leu UXG XXU Leu X X X Pro XXA XXG AXU AXX AXA AXG GXU GXX GXA GXG Thr

A UAU Tyr UAX U A A ** U A G ** XAU His XAX XAA XAG Gln AAU AAX AAA AAG GAU GAX GAA GAG Asn Lys Asp Glu

G UGU UGX Cys U G A ** U G G Trp XGU XGX XGA Arg XGG AGU AGX AGA AGG GGU GGX GGA GGG Ser Arg Gli U X A G U X A G U X A G U X A G

AUA AUX He AUA A U G * Met GUU GUX Val GUA G U G * Val

Ala

K hiu : * m m u

; ** m kt thc

PHN V . C CH TNG HP PRTIN I .TNH S AXIT AMIN T DO CN DNG : Trong qu tnh gii m , tng hp prtein, ch b ba no ca mARN c m ho a amin th mi c ARN mang a amin n gii m . 1 ) Gii m to thnh 1 phn t prtein: Khi ribxm chuyn dch t u ny n u n ca mARN hnh thnh chui polipeptit th s a amin t do cn dng c ARN vn chuyn mang n l gii m m u v cc m k tip , m cui cng khng c gii . V vy s a amin t do cn dngh cho mi ln tng hp chui polipeptit l : N rN S a amin t do cn dng : S aatd = -1 = -1 2.3 3 Khi ri khi ribxm , trong chui polipeptit khng cn a amin tng ng vi m m u .Do , s a amin t do cn dng cu thnh phn t prtin ( tham gia vo cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ) l : S a amin t do cn dng cu thnh prtin hon chnh : N rN S aap = -2 = -2 2.3 3

Nguyn c Hu -

THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 2 ) Gii m to thnh nhiu phn t prtin : Trong qu trnh gii m , tng hp prtin , mi lt chuyn dch ca ribxm trn mARN s to thnh 1 chui polipeptit . C n riboxomchuyn dch qua mARN v khng tr li l c n lt trt ca ribxm . Do s phn t prtin ( gm 1 chui polipeptit ) = s lt trt ca ribxm . Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, to nhiu phn t mARN cng loi . Mi mARN u c n lt ribxm trt qua th qu trnh gi m bi K phn t mARN s to ra s phn t prtin :

s P = tng s lt trt RB = K .n

Tng s axit amin t do thu c hay huy ng va tham gia vo cu trc cc phn t protein va tham gia m m u. V vy :

-Tng s axit amin t do c dng cho qu trnh gii m l s axit amin tham gia vo cu trc phn t protein v s axit amin thjam gia vo vic gii m m u (c dng 1 ln m m thi ).

aatd = S P . (

rN rN - 1) = Kn ( - 1) 3 3

- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ( khng k a amin m u ) :

aaP = S P . (

rN -2) 3

II . TNH S PHN T NC V S LIN KT PEPTIT Trong qu trnh gii mkhi chui polipeptit ang hnh thnh th c 2 axit amin k tip ni nhau bng lin kt peptit th ng thi gii phng 1 phn t nc, 3 axit amin ni nhau bng 2 lin kt paptit, ng thi gii phng 2 phn t nc V vy : S phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh gii mto 1 chui polipeptit l rN S phn t H2O gii phng = -2 3 Tng s phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh tng hp nhiu phn t protein (mi phn t protein l 1 chui polipeptit ) . rN -2 H2O gii phng = s phn t prtin . 3 Khi chui polipeptit ri khi riboxom tham gia chc nng sinh hc th axit amin m u tch ra 1 rN mi lin kt peptit vi axit amin khng cn s lin kt peptit thc s to lp c l -3 = 3 s aaP -1 . v vy tng s lin kt peptit thc s hnh thnh trong cc phn t protein l : rN peptit = Tng s phn t protein . ( 3 - 3 ) = S P(s aaP - 1 ) III. TNH S ARN VN CHUYN ( tARN) Trong qu trnh tng hp protein, tARN nang axit amin n gii m. Mi lt gii n, tARN cung cp 1 axit amin mt phn t ARN gii m bao nhiu lt th cung cp bay nhiu axit amin . S gii m ca tARN c th khng ging nhau : c loi gii m 3 ln, c loi 2 ln, 1 ln . - Nu c x phn t gii m 3 ln s aado chng cung cp l 3x. Nguyn c Hu 8 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 y phn t gii m 2 ln l 2 y . z phn t gii m 1 ln l z -Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn t tARN vn chuyn 3 loi cung cp phng trnh. 3x + 2y + z =

aa t do cn dng

IV. S DCH CHUYN CA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN 1.Vn tc trt ca riboxom trn mARN - L di mARN m riboxom chuyn dch c tron 1 giy. - C th tnh vn tc trt bng cch cia chiu di mARN cho thi gian riboxom trt t u n n u kia. (trt ht Marn ) l (A0/s ) t * Tc gii m ca RB : - L s axit amin ca chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba c gii trong 1 giy ) = S b ba m RB trt trong 1 giy . - C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba ca mARN cho thi gian RB trt ht mARN. v= Tc gii m = s b ca mARN : t 2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn t protein (phn t protein gm 1 chui polipeptit ) - Khi riboxom trt qua m kt thc, ri khi mARN th s tng hp phn t protein ca riboxom c xem l hon tt. V vy thi gian hnh thnh 1 phn t protein cng l thi gian riboxom trt ht chiu di mARN ( t u nn u kia ) . l t = t 3. Thi gian mi riboxom trt qua ht mARN ( k t lc ribxm 1 bt u trt ) Gi t : khong thi gian ribxm sau trt chm hn ribxm trc - i vi RB 1 : t - i vi RB 2 : t + t - i vi RB 3 : t + 2t - Tng t i vi cc RB cn li VI. TNH S A AMIN T DO CN DNG I VI CC RIBXM CN TIP XC VI mARN Tng s a amin t do cn dng i vi cc riboxom c tip xc vi 1 mARN l tng ca cc dy polipepti m mi riboxom gii m c : aatd = a1 + a2 + + ax Trong : x = s ribxm ; a1 , a2 = s a amin ca chui polipeptit ca RB1 , RB2 . * Nu trong cc riboxom cch u nhau th s a amin trong chui polipeptit ca mi riboxom ln lt hn nhau l 1 hng s : s a amin ca tng riboxom hp thnh 1 dy cp s cng : - S hng u a1 = s 1 a amin ca RB1 - Cng sai d = s a amin RB sau km hn s a amin trc . - S hng ca dy x = s riboxom c tip xc mARN ( ang trt trn mARN ) Tng s a amin t do cn dng l tng ca dy cp s cng : x Sx = [2a1 + (x 1 ) d ] 2 Nguyn c Hu 9 THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 PHN VI: DI TRUYN V BIN D I / LAI MT CP TNH TRNG: * Cc bc lm bi tp lai: Xc nh tri, ln. Quy c gen. Xc nh kiu gen ca P Vit s lai. Tnh t l kiu gen, kiu hnh. 1. T kiu gen v kiu hnh P kiu gen v kiu hnh i con. 2. T kiu hnh i con Kiu gen v kiu hnh P Con lai c kiu hnh khc so vi P th kiu hnh l tnh trng ln. 3. T t l kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P F1 ng tnh P thun chng, tng phn ( AA x aa ) F1 ( 1 : 1) F y l kt qu ca php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trng tri c kiu gen d hp. ( Aa x aa ) T l (1:1) C 2 t hp. Vy = 2 gt x 1 gt ( Aa x aa ) F1 ( 3:1) F P u d hp ( Aa x Aa) T l ( 3:1) c 4 t hp 2 gt x 2 gt ( Aa x Aa) F1 ng tnh trung gian P thun chng tng phn v c th mang tnh trng tri l tri khng hon ton. F1 ( 1:2:1) F P u d hp v c th mang tnh trng tri l tri khng hon ton. II/ LAI HAI CP TNH TRNG: 1. T kiu gen v kiu hnh P kiu gen v kiu hnh P. 2. T s lng kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P Xt tng cp tnh trng: Thng k s liu thu c v a v t l Xc nh tri - ln. Quy c gen. Xc nh kiu gen ca tng cp. Xc nh kiu gen ca P Vit s lai. 3. T t l kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P F1 ( 9:3:3:1) F 16 t hp 4gt x 4 gt . cho 4 loi giao t d hp 2 cp gen ( AaBb ) ( AaBb x AaBb ) ( ( 9:3:3:1) ( 3:1) x ( 3:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x Bb) ( AaBb x AaBb ) F1 ( 3:3:1:1) F 8 t hp 4gt x 2gt. ( AaBb x Aabb ) hay ( AaBb x aaBb ) ( 3:3:1:1) ( 3:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x Aabb ) F1(1:1:1:1) F y l kt qu ca php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trng tri c kiu gen d hp 2 cp tnh trng. ( AaBb x aabb ) (1:1:1:1) ( 1:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x aabb ) (1:1:1:1) 4 t hp 2gt x 2gt Tu vo kiu hnh P (1:1:1:1) 4 t hp 4gt x 1gt ( AaBb x aabb ) III/ DI TRUYN LIN KT: T l phn ly kiu hnh i con mi tnh trng l 3:1 m c 2 tnh trng vn l 3:1 Chng t mi tnh trng u c kiu gen d hp, 2 cp gen xc nh 2 cp tnh trng lin kt hon ton trn 1 NST.

Nguyn c Hu -

10

THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12 BV bv x ) BV bv Bv bV T l 1:2:1 D hp cho P ( x ) Bv bV T l 3:1 D hp u P (

Nguyn c Hu -

11

THCS Th Trn Thnh An