TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT VINH KHOA IN NHIM V N MN HC

TI: THIT K H THNG TRUYN NG CHNH CA MY DOA NGANG 2620A DNG H THNG T- Ging vin hng dn hng dn: V ANH TUN Sinh vin thc hin: Trn Vn Vin Ni dung n mn hc trang b in: 1. Gii thiu v my doa ngang 2620A 2. nh gi phng n truyn ng c v phng n thay th 3. Thit k mch lc h truyn ng 4. Thit k h thng iu khin m van 5. xy dng c tnh tnh ca h truyn ng 6. Xt tnh n nh v hiu chnh h thng 7. Thuyt minh s nguyn l h truyn ng Ngy giao ti : Ngy 17 thng 04 nm 2010 Ngy hon thnh ti : ngy 16 thng 05 nm 2010

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LI NI U
Hin nay trong cng cuc cng nghip ho t nc, yu cu t ng ho trong my sn xut ngy cng cao, iu khin linh hot, tin li, gn nh v hiu xut sn xut cao. Mt khc , vi cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh in t pht trin ngy cng cao v nhu cu con ngi ngy cng i hi ngng sn phm sn xut ra t chnh xc v thm m cao. Trong thi i hin nay cc phn xng, nh my, x nghip ct gt kim loi lun i hi nhng my ct gt kim loi hin i nh C kh nng t ng ho cao, chnh xc tuyt i. C kh nng iu chnh tc trn, rng v bng phng, kt cu gn nh, hiu xut cao v chi ph vn hnh t nht nhng m bo tnh kinh t. Trong qu trnh thc hin lm n bn thn c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio to iu kin cho ti c hon thnh n ca mnh. Tuy c nhiu c gng, song Kin thc rng v thc t cn hn ch nn kh trnh khi nhng sai st, ti rt mong c s ch bo ca cc Thy C gio n ca ti c hon thin hn. Em xin chn thnh cm n! Vinh, ngy: 26/05/2010 Sinh vin thc hin: Trn Vn Vin

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Tn ti: Thit k h thng truyn ng n dao ca my doa ngang 2620A

CHNG I: GII THIU V MY DOA NGANG 2620A 1. c im cng ngh : My doa ngang 2620A l loi my doa vn nng dng gia cng l khoan hoc khot m kch thc gia cc tm l yu cu chnh xc tuyt i cao t cp 9 n cp 7 v ra = 6,3 1,25m. Vi dao doa c cht lng tt, chn ch ct v lng d ph hp, doa c th t chnh xc cp 6. Doa t cng vng cao, li ct thng b tr khng i xng nn khc phc c rumg ng. Ngoi ra cn thc hin mt s nguyn cng ph khc nh: khoan, phay bng dao phay mt u, gia cng ren.... Khi thc hin cc nguyn cng trn my doa th sn phm t chnh xc v bng rt cao. Chuyn ng chnh trn my doa l chuyn ng quay ca dao doa, cn chuyn ng n dao c th l: - Chuyn ng ngang ca bn gi chi tit gia cng - Gi dao hng knh lp trn mm cp thc hin chy hng knh xn mt Sk - Chuyn ng di chuyn dc trc ca trc chnh mang u dao - Chuyn ng ph l: Chuyn ng theo chiu thng ng ca dao v Cc ng c truyn ng bm du ca h thng bi trn v ng c bm nc lm mt. c tnh c ca my doa yu cu phi tuyt i cao vi n nh tc phi <10%. H thng truyn ng n dao phi m bo tc ng nhanh cao, dng my chnh xc, m bo s lin ng vi truyn ng chnh v lm vic t ng. 2. Yu cu i vi truyn ng in v trang b in ca my doa ngang 2620A. *Truyn ng chnh: L truyn ng quay ca mm cp chi tit cn gia cng. Yu cu ng c mang dao doa phi o chiu quay m bo nh nhng. Phm vi iu chnh tc
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yu cu D=130:1, vi bng phng iu chnh =1,26. H truyn ng trc chnh cn phi hm dng nhanh. Hin nay h truyn ng trc chnh ca my doa ngang 2620A thng dng h truyn ng xoay chiu vi ng c khng ng b rto lng sc hai cp tc tam gic- sao kp. nhng my doa c nng c th s dng ng c mt chiu, iu chnh tc trn trong phm vi rng. Nh vy c th n gin kt cu c kh. Mt khc c th hn ch c m men vng tc thp bng phng php iu chnh tc hai vng. 3.Truyn ng n dao. - Phm vi iu chnh tc ca truyn ng n dao yu cu D=1500:1. Lng n dc iu chnh trong phm vi 2mm/ph 600mm/ph. Khi di chuyn nhanh, c th t 2,5m/ph 3m/ph. Lng n dao(mm/ph) nhng my c nng yu cu c gi khng i - c tnh c tuyt i cng vi n nh tc <10%. H thng truyn ng n dao yu cu tc ng nhanh rt cao, dng chnh xc, m bo lin ngvi h truyn ng trc chnh trong ch my lm vic t ng. - Trong my doa ngang h truyn ng n dao l h truyn ng mt chiu T-. H m bo di iu chnh tc rng D=1500:1, bng phng trong iu chnh tc : 1, c tnh c tuyt i cng CHNG II: NH GI PHNG N TRUYN NG C V PHNG N THAY TH . I . Khi nim chung : Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut, cc my sn xut ngy mt a dng dn n h thng trang b in ngy cng phc tp v i hi s chnh xc v tin cy cao. Mt h thng truyn ng khng nhng phi m bo c yu cu cng ngh, m cn phi n nh. Tu theo loi my cng tc m c nhng yu cu khc nhau, rt cn thit cho gi n nh tc , m men vi chnh xc no trc s bin ng v ti v cc thng s ngun. Do b bin i nng lng in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu v ang c s dng rng ri.

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B bin i ny c th s dng nhiu thit b khc nhau to ra nh h thng my pht, khuych i t, h thng van. Chng c iu khin theo nhng nguyn tc khc nhau vi nhng u im khc nhau. Do c c mt phng n ph hp S nguyn l :

-ng c truyn ng cho my sn xut, my sn xut c cp in phn ng t my pht F. ng c s cp ko my pht F v ng c mt chiu KB K, ng c K cng ko my pht t kch t K cp in kch t cho ng c v my pht F. Bin tr RKK dng iu chnh dng in kch t ca my pht t kch t F. Ngha l iu chnh in p pht ra cp cho cc cun kch t my pht KTF v cun dy ng c KT . Bin tr RKF dng iu chnh dng kch t my pht F, do in p pht ra ca my pht F t vo phn ng ng c . Bin tr RK dng iu chnh dng kch t ng c, do thay i tc ng c nh thay i t thng. Phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c ca ng c .
I .R U = u u k d k d

=
Vi U =UF R .I hay

E.F RuD RuE .I u k d k d

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T phng trnh c tnh c ca h F - ta c h c tnh c ca h l nhng ng thng song song nm c bn gc phn t ca mt phng ta vi c tnh cng

* nh gi cht lng ca h thng : - u im : + Phm vi iu chnh d dng v ln, + C kh nng iu chnh rt bng phng, + Tn hao khi m my, o chiu quay v khi iu chnh tc b, v qu trnh ny c thc hin trn mt kch t. + C th o chiu ng c mt cch d dng. + C kh nng qu ti cao. + c tnh qu tt, thi gian qu ngn. + in p u ra ca my pht bng phng c li cho ng c. + C kh nng gi cho c tnh c ca ng c cao v khng i trong qu trnh lm vic. - Nhc im : + H thng s dng nhiu my in quay cho nn gy n, kt cu c kh cng knh chim nhiu din tch + Tng cng sut t ln. + Vn u t ban u ln. + My in mt chiu thng c t d ln, c tnh t ha c tr nn kh iu chnh su tc . II. H truyn ng tiristo - ng c :

S gm :
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- FT : My pht tc dng phn hi m tc phn ng ca ng c. - BB : B bin i dng tiristor bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu cp cho ng c. - : ng c mt chiu kch t c lp ko my sn xut. - TH - K : Khu tng hp v khuych i tn hiu. - UCd : tn hiu t vo. - .n : tn hiu phn hi m tc . * Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng : Gi thit ban u h thng c ng vo li in vi in p thch hp , lc ny ng c vn cha lm vic. Khi t vo h thng mt in p ng vi mt tc no ca ng c thng qua khu tng hp khuych i v mch pht xung (FX) s xut hin cc xung a ti cc iu khin ca cc van b bin i. Nn lc ny cc van ang t in p thun th van s m. u ra ca BB c in p UCd t ln phn ng ca ng c dn n ng c quay, tc ca n ng vi UCd ban u. Trong qu trnh lm vic, nu mt nguyn nhn no lm cho tc ng c gim th ta thy : Uk = Ucd - .n , nn khi n gim i Uk tng i gim iU tng in tng ti im lm vic yu cu. Khi n tng qu mc cho php th qu trnh xy ra ngc li, chnh l qua trnh n nh tc . * H c tnh ca h thng Sc in ng ca BB Eb = Ebm . cos = Ub (Ub = U u ra ca b bin i ). Eb = Kk = Uc . Kb (U - .n)

= ar cos.

K dk .K b .(U d n) E bm

Phng trnh c tnh c ca h thng :

=
Ud R + Ru K dk .K b .(U d n) Rb + Ru b = Kdd K d . d K d . d K d . d

K dk .K b .U d Rb + Ru Iu 1 + .K dk .K b 1 + .K dk .K b

H c tnh c ca h thng nh hnh v :

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* nh gi cht lng ca h thng : - u im : + Tc ng nhanh khng gy n v d t ng ha do cc van bn dn c h s khuych i cng sut cao. + Cng sut tn hao nh, kch thc v trng lng nh. Gi thnh h d bo dng sa cha. - Nhc im : + Mch iu khin phc tp, in p chnh lu c biu p mch cao, gy n tn tht ph ng k trong ng c v h thng. + Chuyn i lm vic kh khn hn do ng c tnh nm trong mt phng ta . + Trong thnh phn ca h bin i c my bin p nn h s cos thp. + Do vai tr ch dn dng mt chiu nn vic chuyn i ch lm vic kh khn i vi cc h thng o chiu. Do c vng lm vic gin on ca c tnh nn khng ph hp truyn ng ng c ti nh. * Cc s ni dy ca b chnh lu c iu khin Trong k thut in hin nay c nhiu trng hp phi s dng ngun in p mt chiu c tr s thay i c cung cp cho cc ph ti khc nhau tu thuc mc ch s dng. Cc ngun in p mt chiu nh my pht in mt chiu, cc b bin i tnh (Khuych i t) c kh nhiu nhc im, trong c nhc im c bn l tn tht ring kh ln. Cng vi s pht trin ca k thut bn dn v vi mch in t th vic s dng cc b chnh lu bn dn c iu khin ngy cng c ph bin v c nhiu u vit.

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* S ni dy hnh tia:

Hnh 2.5: S nguyn l h thng CL - hnh tia 3 pha v s thay th * S hnh cu: c im ca s chnh lu cu: - S van chnh lu bng 2 ln s pha ca in p ngun cung cp, trong c m van c katt ni chung (cc van 1, 3, 5) to thnh cc dng ca in p ngun ; m van c ant chung ( 2, 4, 6) to thnh cc m ca in p chnh lu - Mi pha ca in p ngun ni vi 2 van, 1 nhm ant chung, 1 nhm katt chung.

Hnh 2.6: S nguyn l h thng CL- hnh cu 3 pha v s thay th.

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* Nguyn l lm vic ca BB xoay chiu - mt chiu - S tia: Xt s tia 3 pha katt ni chung. mt Thyristor m cn c 2 iu kin + in p Ant - Katt phi dng ( UA > 0) + C tn hiu iu khin t vo in cc iu khin v Katt ca van Do c im va nu m trong s tia 3 pha cc van ch m trong mt gii hn nht nh. V d: pha A, trong khong wt = 0 uA>0. Tuy nhin cc khong wt = 0 /6 uC > uA v wt = 5 /6 ub > uA Nh vy van T1 ni vo pha A ch c th m trong khong wt = /6 5 /6. Trong khong ny nu tn hiu n cc iu khin ca T1 th T1 m. Tng t vi T2 v T3. Thi im 0 = wt = /6 c gi l thi im m t nhin ca s chnh lu 3 pha. Nu truyn tn hiu m van chm hn thi im m t nhin mt gc in th khong dn dng cu van s thay i (nh hn 2 /3) dn n tr s trung bnh ca in p chnh lu s gim i. Khi gc m cng ln th Ud cng nh - S cu: T kt cu ca s chnh lu cu ta c nhn xt: c dng qua ph ti th trong s phi c t nht 2 van cng thng, mt nhm ant chung, mt nhm katt chung. Vy vi gi thit l s lm vic ch dng lin tc v b qua qu trnh chuyn mch th khi b chnh lu cu m pha lm vic, mt thi im bt k trong s lun c 2 van c th dn dng khi c xung iu khin: Van nhm katt chung ni vi pha c in p dng nht v van nhm ant chung ni vi pha c in p m nht. Thi im m t nhin ca s cu cng c xc nh nh i vi s tia c s pha tng ng:

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iu khin in p chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu ta thay i thi im a xung iu khin n cc cc iu khin ca cc van, lm thay i khong dn dng ca van lm in p trung bnh ca chnh lu thay i. c im ca cc s hnh tia l ngoi cc thi gian chuyn mch cc van ng vi (l khong thi gian khi mt van no ang ngng lm vic v van tip sau ang bt u lm vic )dng in ph ti id bng dng in trong van ang m. Do dng in trong mch ph ti c xc nh bi sc in ng pha lm vic ca my bin p , cn st p trong b bin i th c xc nh bi st p trn pha . s cu, bn ngoi chu k chuyn mch vn c hai van lm vic ng thi .Dng in ph ti chy lin tip qua hai van v hai pha ca my bin p di tc dng ca hiu s sc in ng ca cc van tng ng, ngha l di tc dng ca sc in ng dy. Sau mt chu k bin thin ca in p xoay chiu c su van ca b bin i u tham gia lm vic. tr s trung bnh ca sc in ng chnh lu E d trng thi dng in lin tc c xc nh nh sau : Ed = Emcos Trong Em l tr s cc i ca sc in ng chnh lu ng vi trng hp = 0 Vi s 3 pha hnh tia tr s cc i ca sc in ng chnh lu l : Em1 =1,17E2f .Vi s cu l Em2 =2,34E2f Trong E2f l tr s hiu dng ca s.. pha th cp my bin p Kt lun : ph hp vi yu cu ca ti th ta chn b chnh lu cu 3 pha. c, Dng in chnh lu trn ph ti mt chiu: Do in p chnh lu lp i lp li 2m (hoc m) ln trong mt chu k ca in p ngun nn ch xc lp th dng qua ti cng lp i lp li nh vy (tu thuc s chnh lu l tia hay cu, s pha chn hay l). Nh vy ch cn bit dng v p trn ti trong khong thi gian l 1/m chu k hay l tng ng gc in 2 / q ( q=2m hoc q = m). xc nh dng v p trn ti ta da vo s thay th ca chnh lu trong mt khong thi gian lm vic ca mt van.

Hnh 2.7 :

S thay th ca chnh lu trong khong thi gian lm vic ca van.

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- U: tng i s in p ngun xoay chiu tc ng trong mch vng ni vi cc van ang dn dng trong s thi gian ang xt. - Nu l s tia th ch c 1 van m, u = uf. - Nu l s cu th c 2 van 2 pha khc nhau cng lm vic, u = ud. - Nu chn mc thi gian xt t = 0 l thi im bt u m mt van trong s th : u = Um.sin(wt + ) + Um - Bin in p ngun (pha hoc dy) + gc pha u, c xc nh: = / 2 - / q + - T c trng cho van ang dn dng, s tia l 1 van, s cu l 2 van ni tip nhau, b qua st p trn van - Ed, Rd, Ld l cc phn t ca ph ti - Ud, Id - dng v p trn ti. Phng trnh cn bng in p t s thay th:

Rd .id + Ld .

did = U m sin(t + ) Ed dt
e t / ] I m [1

(2-5)

Gii phng trnh ny ta nhn c biu thc ca dng in chnh lu:

id = i0 + I m [1 sin( arctg ) 1 + ( )
2

sin(t + arctg ) 1 + ( ) 2

] (2-6)

Tu thuc c tnh ph ti, dng s , gi tr gc iu khin m c th c cc ch lm vic khc nhau: - Nu trong ton b thi gian lm vic id >0 ta c ch dng ti lin tc - Nu trong mt chu k lm vic m dng ti c q khong bng khng v q khong khc khng ( q = m nu l s tia, q = 2m nu l s cu ) ta c ch dng ti gin on. - Ch gii hn gia 2 ch nu trn c gi l ch dng bin lin tc. d, o chiu trong h thng T - : Do tnh cht dn dng theo mt chiu ca chnh lu v ph hp vi truyn ng c cng sut chn ta dng phng n o chiu trong h T- l dng 2 b bin i .Mt b bin i lm vic ch thun,mt b thun lm vic ch quay ngc. iu khin cc b bin i ta dng phng php iu khin chung.y l phng php c dng ph bin trongh cc truyn ng o chiu tn s ln m cn gim s lng thit b.

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S nguyn l ca h T- dng 2 b bin i ni song song ngc iu khin chung: CB1 3 pha BBD1 CB2 BBD2 3 pha

CB3

CB4

H thng FX Hnh v 2.8 : S nguyn l T- dng 2 b bin i. Trong s bin i dng hai b bin i c 1 h pht xung iu khin chung ng thi pht xung n 2 b bin i .Trong mt b lm vic ch chnh lu v mt b lm vic ch nghch lu ch. Phng n ny lm gim s lng thit b v tng tn s o chiu .Tuy nhin ch dng gin on hoc ch chuyn i lm vic gia hai b bin i th xut hin dng khng cn bng nn ngi ta ni thm cc cun khng cn bng trong mch. III. Chn phng n truyn ng : Qua qu trnh phn tch hai h thng F - v T- ta thy chng c nhng u im nhc im nht nh. C hai h thng u p ng c yu cu cng ngh t ra. Nhng xt v ch tiu kinh t, k thut th mi h thng t c nhng c im khc nhau. C th ta thy h F - d iu chnh tc , chuyn i trng thi hot ng linh hot v c tnh h thng nm u bn gc phn t. Vi h thng F - khi lp t chim din tch ln, cng knh nhng hiu sut li khng cao. Khi lm vic li gy n o, rung ng mnh, cng lp t ln, vn u t cao. Trong giai on CNH HH ngy nay vi xu th chung hng ti mc tiu yu cu ti u nht m bo tnh khoa hc, gn nh khng gy n, t nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. Vi h truyn ng F - mc d c nhiu u im nhng cn nhiu hn ch cha p ng c yu cu CNH HH hin nay.

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Ngy nay vi nn cng nghip hin i ngi ta ang dn tin hnh thay th h thng truyn ng F - bng cc h truyn ng khc. Vi h truyn ng T - c h s khuych i ln, d t ng ho do tc ng nhanh chnh xc, cng sut tn hao nh. Kch thc nh v gn nh. Ngy nay vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc cng ngh xu hng t ng ho cc h thng t ng, gia cng chnh xc, nn iu khin h thng c thc hin bng cch lp ghp h thng vi cc b iu khin t ng nh PLC, vi x l. Nhn chung h thng T - p ng c yu cu t ra. Vi nhng u im v nhng c im ph hp cch truyn ng.Vy em chn phng n truyn ng T . Bi v h T- c ch tc ng nhanh v d t ng ho , ph hp vi yu cu ca s pht trin khoa hc k thut l ti u ho, t ng ho gia cng chi tit chnh xc, tin cy cao gim c sc lao ng v tng nng xut, kch thc c kh gn nn phn c kh ca my gn to nn tnh thm m ca h thng. V kinh t vn u t v chi ph vn hnh thp hn nhiu so vi h truyn ng F-. CHNG III: THIT K MCH LC H TRUYN NG Mun xy dng s mch ng lc phi chn c s chnh lu lm b bin i cho mch, nh bit phn II, h T- c tc ng nhanh, s E ca b bin
i. Khi bin i t 0 n , tr s E bin thin t Em n 0. R rng l cc c
2

tnh c v c tnh tc ca truyn ng in l mt h cc ng thng song song vi nhau. Cc ng thng ct trc tung ti nhng im tng ng vi cc tc khng ti l tng
' 0 =
E dm cos U v K dm

c tnh c v c tnh tc ca truyn ng in khi b bin i l vic trng thi ng in gin on khng th biu din bng gii tch c. Trng hp b bin i l vic trng thi dng in lin tc, nu bin i gc thng van th tc khng ti l tng gi nh ' 0 bin i trong mt phm vi rng. Nu = 0 =
th ' 0 =0 v ng c lm vic trng thi hm ng nng. Khi > , 2 2

' 0 < 0 , h thng truyn ng in s lm vic trng thi hm ti sinh. Khi , nng

lng do my in mt chiu sinh ra s c b bin i van bin thnh nng lng

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in xoay chiu truyn vo li cung cp. Khi ny, b bin i van lm vic trng thi nghch lu vi c im sau: dng in trong mch ca ngun xoay chiu chy di tc dng ca s... E ca ng c. trong phn ln khong dn ca van, dng in ny chy ngc chiu s ca cc cun dy my bin p. khng xy ra hin tng t bin nghch lu vi dng in trong mch ln gp nhiu ln so vi lc lm vic bnh thng, d gy hng trong b bin i, m trc ht l gy nguy him cho cc van, ta phi hn ch gc thng van:
max ( + )

Trong : l khong thi gian phc hi tnh cht ngt ca van. Trong : l khong thi gian phc hi tnh cht ngt ca van. Khi tn s li l 50Hz, gc phc hi tnh cht ngt ca van ion bng khong 120. i vi Tiaristo, thi gian phc hi tnh cht ngt khng qu 150 s , tng ng vi

3 .
Thng thng, khi phn tch hot ng ca b bin i trng thi nghch lu, ngi ta s dng khi nim gc thng trc ca van = . Tng ng loi tr hin tngt bin nghch lu ta c iu kin hn ch sau:

min + .
Trong thc t cc h thng truyn ng, van, ngi ta p dng ba phng php bin i chiu mmen ng c sau:

1 Bin i chiu t thng ng c khi chiu dng in phn ng khng i (hnh 3.1).

(3.1)
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(3.2)

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2 Bin i cc tnh in p phn ng nh cc cng tc chuyn i (b o chiu) (hnh 3.2). 3.Bin i cc tnh in p phn ng nh b bin i van hai nhm (hnh 3.3). Khi p dng hai phng php u, ng c c xung cp t b iu khin n (b bin i mt nhm). Tuy nhin, khi rt kh thc hin chuyn i t trng thi ng c sang trng thi hm vi chiu quay khng i. S u l r nht v n gin nht, song c nhc im l thi hn o chiu ln, bng khong (0,5 - 2,5)s ,( do hng s thi gian ca cun dy kch t ng c khng ln). S th hai tuy c thi hn o chiu nh hn nhng van khng th di 0,1s v trong qu trnh o chiu, phi m bo th t tc ng nht nh trong h thng iu khin truyn ng in. i vi cc h thng truyn ng yu cu o chiu nhanh v cn c trng thi ng c hay trng thi hm trong cng mt chiu quay ca ng c, ngi ta s dng cc s c hai nhm van (b bin i kp). Mi nhm dn dng in theo mt chiu nn b bin i c kh nng dn in theo c hai chiu. B bin i nh vy c th c ni theo nhiu s khc nhau. C 2 b chnh lu iu khin l s u cho v s song song ngc. V mt nguyn l th s u cho hoc s song song ngc hot ng tng t nh nhau. Khi BB ny lm vic th BB kia ngh, khi i ch ca BB th dng in qua ti c i chiu. Thc t ngi ta hay s dng s u song song ngc vi cc phng php iu khin khc nhau. Trong s song song ngc, c hai nhm van u c cung cp t mt nhm dy cun th cp ca my bin p. Khi h thng truyn ng in lm vic trng thi ng c, mt nhm van, v d 1V, lm vic trng thi chnh lu cn nhm kia 2V b kho hoc chun b lm vic trng thi nghch lu. Trong trng hp th hai, loi tr hin tng truyn nng lng do 1V bin i vo li qua 2V ta phi bo m E2> E1. Nu 2V lm vic trng thi chnh lu, th 1V phi c kho hoc chun b lm vic ch nghch lu. Khi , tng ng vi trng hp trn, ta c Ed1 Ed2: Nh vy ni
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chung Edn1 Edc2 , trong Edn1 , Edc2 s.. ca cc nhm van b bin i lm vic trng thi nghch lu v chnh lu. Khi h thng truyn ng in lm vic trng thi hm ti sinh, mt nhm van lm vic trng thi nghc lu, cn nhm van kia b kho hoc chun b lm vic ch chnh lu. Trng hp ny cng phi m bo quan h Edn1 Edc2 Trng thi lm vic ca b bin i van o chiu ph thuc rt nhiu vo phng thc iu khin c hai nhm van . Khi iu khin chung, tn hiu in khin c a vo c hai nhm van sao cho m bo c Edn1 Edc2 . Trng hp ny cn hn ch dng in cn bng chy gia hai nhm van di tc dng ca cc tr s tc thi ca s.. cc nhm van. Do trong mch ca b bin i ngi ta ni cc cun khng cn bng CB1 CB4, nh hnh v.

Hnh 3.4 : S ni song song ngc ca h thng CL - c o chiu quay. loi tr dng in cn bng ngi ta s dng phng php iu khin ring cc nhm van ca b bin i . Khi cc tn hiu iu khin (xung) ch c a vo nhm van ang lm vic, cn nhm van kia (nhm khng lm vic ti thi im dang xt ) khng c xung iu khin nn n b ngt. thay i trng thi lm vic ca b bin i ngi ta dng mt thit b bin i c bit ban u lm mt xung iu khin trn nhm van ang lm vic, ri sau mt khong thi gian ngn (5 - 10 s) a xung iu khin ln nhm van th hai.

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Ta c s mch lc nh sau :

Hnh 3.5 : S mch lc ca h truyn ng. Trong s gm c: - My bin p BA :Lm nhim v cung cp ngun cho mch - CK l cun khng dng lc ngun 1 chiu gi l cun khng san bng. - BD l cc my bin dng c s dng ly tn hiu m dng in, a tr li khng ch u vo mch iu khin.

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- Cc b R-C c mc song song vi cc Tiristor trong cc qu trnh chuyn mch v bin thin
du di ; . dt dt

- l ng c in 1 chiu kch t c lp, dng truyn ng cho h thng. CHNG IV: THIT K H THNG IU KHIN M VAN
I . KHI QUT CHUNG

Nh ta bit, cc van ca b chnh lu c th m ti thi im mong mun th ngoi iu kin ti thi im trn van c in p thun th trn cc iu khin G v K ca van phi c in p iu khin (thng gi l tn hiu iu khin). c h thng tn hiu iu khin xut hin ng theo yu cu m van ngi ta s dng mch in to ra cc tn hiu gi l mch iu khin. in p iu khin cc Tiristor phi p ng c cc yu cu cn thit v cng sut, bin cng nh thi gian tn ti. Do c im ca Tiristor l khi van m th vic tn ti tn hiu iu khin na hay khng cng khng nh hng n dng qua van. V th hn ch cng sut ca mch pht tn hiu iu khin v gim tn tht trn vng cc iu khin to ra cc tn hiu iu khin Tiristor c dng xung. Trong h thng truyn ng ta dng cc h thng pht xung iu khin ng b, khng ch theo nguyn tc pha ng vi s khi nh sau :

Hnh 4.1: S khi ca khu pht xung theo nguyn tc pha ng. - Khi 1 : Khi ng b ha v pht xung rng ca khi ny c nhim v ly tn hiu ng b ha v pht ra in p hnh rng ca a n khi so snh. - Khi 2 : Khi so snh c nhim v so snh hai tn hiu in p hnh rng ca URC v in p iu khin Uk pht ra xung in p a ti mnh to xung. - Khi 3: Khi to xung c nhim v to ra cc xung iu khin a ti U1: in p li xoay chiu cung cp cho b chnh lu. urc: in p ta hnh rng ca ly t u ra ca khi BH - FXRC

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uk: in p iu khin mt chiu dng iu khin gi tr gc m cc iu khin ca Tiristor. Nguyn l lm vic c bn ca mch pht xung theo nguyn tc pha ng: in p cp cho mch ng lc ca BB c a n mch ng b ho ca khi 1. Trn u ra ca mch ng b ho c in p hnh sin cng tn s vi in p ngun cung cp v c gi l in p ng b.in p ng b c a vo mch pht xung rng ca to ra in p rng ca cng tn s vi in p cung cp. in p rng ca v in p iu khin (thay i c tr s) a vo mach so snh sao cho cc tnh ca chng ngc nhau. Ti thi im tr s ca 2 in p ny bng nhau th u ra ca mch so snh thay i trng thi xut hin xung in p. Nh vy xung in p c tn s xut hin bng vi tn s xung rng ca bng vi tn s ngun cung cp. Thay i tr s ngun iu khin s lm thay i thi im xut hin xung ra ca mch so snh. Xung ny c th a n cc iu khin ca Thyristor m van. Thc t th xung u ra ca mch so snh thng khng rng v bin m van, do ngi ta s dng mch khuych i v truyn xung. Nh m cc xung ra ca mch ny iu kin m chc chn cc Thyristor. Mi Thyristor cn c mt mch pht xung, do trong s c bao nhiu van cn c by nhiu mch pht xung. Vn l phi phi hp s lm vic ca cc mch pht xung ny ph hp vi quy lut m cc van mch ng lc. T s khi ca ca mch ta c th phn tch v thit k tng khi chc nng 1. Khu ng b ho v pht xung rng ca: C rt nhiu loi mch in to ra xung rng ca nhng trong trng hp ny chn khu ng b ho sau : Thit b ca mch gm : - BA l my bin p ng b xoay chiu mt pha gm mt cun dy pha s cp v hai cun dy pha th cp c cc tnh ngc nhau. ly tn hiu ng b v hai cun dy pha th cp cn li c lp vi hai cun dy trn dng cung cp in p ngun nui cho mch iu khin. - Trn mch ra ca cun dy th cp ly tn hiu ng b c cc phn t l mch to in p rng ca, trong : + Mch gm Tr2, Z, R4, WR l mch n nh dng np t. + URC l in p rng ca u ra ca s .
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+ U0 l in p n nh trn it n p DZ; ic1, ic2 l dng in cc gp Tr1 v Tr2

Hnh 4.2 : Mch to xung rng ca - Nguyn l lm vic ca khu ng b ha v pht xung rng ca : in p Ucb2 gia cc pht ra v cc Tr2 l Ucb2 = U0 - ic2.RWR, vi RWR l tr s in tr ca bin tr WR. Do st p gia cc pht va cc gc ca mt Tranzitor hu nh khng i nn ta xem Ucb2 = A = const, vy ta c : ic2 = (U0- Ucb2)/RWR = 1 const mt khc ta li c dng in qua cc gp Tr2 l khng i. Ta gi thit rng : ti t = 0 th Ub = 0 v bt u chuyn sang chu k dng, ti t = 0 th in p trn t C = 0. Vy sau thi im t = 0 th Ub > 0 nn it D c t in p thun, D s m dn n c dng in t cun th cp BA i qua R2 v D, nu b qua st p rt nh trn cun dy my bin p ng b ha v trn it D th trn R2 c t in p bng ton b sc in ng th cp BA tc l U b. in p st trn R2 lc ny c th dng t vo cc pht Tr2 cn th m dt vo cc gc Tr1, do vy mch gc pht Tranzitor b t in p ngc v Tr1 kha v t c np in bi dng cc gp Tr2 c gi tr n nh. in p trn t tng dn theo quy lut UC = I.t/c y l quy lut tuyn tnh.

Hnh 4.3 : th in p khu to xung

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n thi im t = th Ub = 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k m. Van D b t in p ngc v kha li do vy in p ng b khng tc ng n mch gc pht ca Tr1 na lc ny di tc ng ca ngun cung cp mt chiu qua in tr nh thin R1 trong mch nh thin trong kiu phn p gm R1 v R2 m Tr1 m. Khi Tr1 m th t ngng np v bt u phng in qua mch gp pht ca Tr1 v in tr bo v Tranzitor R3. Ngi ta tnh chn cc in tr R1, R2 v Tr2 sao cho Tr1 m bo ha vi dng cc gp l 1. Vy t C s ngng phng in khi in p trn t gim xung bng st p bo ha ca Tr1 cng vi st p trn R3 gy nn bi dng m bo ho ca Tr1; UR3 = iR3, st p bo ha trn mt Tranzitor rt nh nn ta c th b qua, mt khc R3 v I cng c gi tr rt nh (1 5 mA) nn ta c th b qua st p trn R 3. nh vy th t C phng n in p bng khng ti t = vt v do Tr1 vn m nn t vn gi nguyn gi tr in p bng khng cho n thi im t =2 . Ti thi im ny th Ub = 0 v li bt u chuyn sang dng, it D li c t in p thun v li m v Tr 1 li b kha, do vy t C li c np tng t nh khi t = 0 v s lm vic ca s lp li nh chu k va xt. in p rng ca trn u ra cng chnh l in p trn t C v dng in p ra URC c cho trn th in p. Vi s ny th bin in p rng ca khng ph thuc vo bin in p ng b, dng in p ra gn ging hnh rng ca v di sn trc(giai on np t) cng t n 1800 ta s s dng sn ny ca URC. Trong s th R3 l in tr hn ch dng phng ca t C qua Tr1 m bo v Tr1, cn WR iu chnh tin in p rng ca cho ph hp vi yu cu. 2. Khu so snh. to ra mt h thng xung xut hin mt cch chu k vi chu k bng chu k in p rng ca (cng l chu k ngun cung cp cho b chnh lu) v iu khin c thi im xut hin cc xung ta s dng mch so snh. C th thc hin khu so snh theo nhiu mng khc nhau, y ta dng IC khuych i thut ton v cch ni hai tn hiu URC v Uk theo cch tng hp song song s nh sau.

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Hnh 4.4 :S khu so snh a, Thit b ca mch gm : - IC1 l IC khuych i thut ton c nhim v khuych i v so snh tn hiu URC v Uk. URC l in p rng ca c chu k theo in p thun t ln cc van mch ng lc, cn Uk l in p iu khin. - it D2 bo v u ra ca mch so snh. b, Nguyn l lm vic : Cc in p rng ca URC v in p iu khin Rk c a vo mch so snh vi cc tnh khc nhau. C th trn s ta c URC > 0 cn Uk < 0 , IC thut ton lm nhim v so snh v ti thi im U RC = U dk th u ra khi so snh Ura s thay i trng thi c th : Khi U RC > U dk : Ura < 0
U RC < U dk : Ura > 0

< 900 > 900

U RC = U dk : Ura i chiu.

Nh vy in p ca khu so snh l dng xung c 2 mc bo ho dng v bo ho m .cc xung in p ny c a ti Qu trnh ny c m t trn gin in p ca mch iu khin.

Hnh 4.5 :Gin in p 3 . Khu to xung. m bo yu cu v chnh xc ca thi im xut hin xung, s i xng ca xung cc knh khc nhau... m ngi ta thit k cho khu so snh lm vic vi cng sut xung ra nh, do xung ra ca khu so snh cha p ng cc thng s yu cu ca cc iu khin Tiristor. c xung c cc thng s yu cu cn thit ta phi thc hin khuch i xung, thay i li di xung, trong mt s trng hp cn phi phn chia cc xung, v cui cng l truyn xung ra ca mch pht xung n
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cc iu khin v katt ca Thyristor. V vy m ta phi s dng mt s mch in thc hin cc cng vic nu,cc mch ny thng bao gm: - Mch khuych i xung - Mch sa xung. - Mch phn chia xung. - Mch chuyn xung n Thyristor (thng c gi l thit b u ra). Ton b cc mch ny c ghp chung vo mt khu gi l khu to xung. tu tng trng hp c th m c th c y cc phn mch ring thc hin y cc nhim v nu, c trng hp ch c mt hoc mt s mch nht nh no * Thit b ca mch bao gm : - R7, C1, D2, Tr2, Tr4 c nhim v sa xung. - Tr3, Tr4, D3, D4, BAX c nhim v khuych i v truyn xung cung cp cho cc G ca Tiristor. * Nguyn l lm vic ca mch to xung : - Xung truyn n cc iu khin Tiristor dng my bin p xung BAX. My bin p xung ghp gia u ra ca tng khuych i cng sut xung vi cc iu khin G v K ca Tiristor. - Khuych i xung : dng tng khuych i alinhtn mch khuych i c h s khuych i l : = 1 + 2 trong 1 , 2 l h s khuych i ca Tr3 ,Tr4) Sa xung : Khi in p u ra ca khu so snh c gi tr dng, t C1 s np (D2 kho Tr3, Tr4 m bi xung dng theo ng + USS R7 - C1 Tr3 Tr4 USS nn UC1 : UCC(+) in p u ra ca khu so snh c gi tr m, i t D2 phn cc thun, Tr3 v Tr4 kha, t C1 phng in ( + C1 ) R7 USS D2 (-C1) t C1 phng nhanh v 0 v np li vi in p c cc tnh ngc li vi hng s thi gian = R7.C1. Do Tr3 v Tr4 khng kha li ngay m dn kha li ty thuc , qu trnh gi l qu trnh sa xung. Xut pht t nguyn l hot ng ca khu so snh ta thy: Khi thy i tr s in p iu khin Uk thay i gc iu khin th di ca cc xung ra ca khu so snh thay i.
II . THIT K MCH KHUYCH I TRUNG GIAN

Mch khuych i trung gian gm cc khu in p ch o ,khu tng hp tn hiu ,khu phn hi m dng in v tc .cc khu ny u s dng cc vi mch khuych i thut ton kt hp vi cc linh kin lin quan nn tn hiu ra l tuyn tnh so vi tn hiu vo thng s qua h s khuych i
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1. Mch khuych i v to xung ( mch to in p ch o ).

Hnh 4.10 : S mch in p ch o Khuych i thut ton OA v cc iot,in tr ding nhn tn hiu U0 Vo v to ra in p ch o(tn hiu ch o).

2. Khu tng hp mch vng m tc : R20 +UdkT -UCC R24 C R21 OA4 R19 R19 R18 +UCC -UCCOA3 Ucd

RU R23 R22 UdkN +UCC OA5 -UCC FT R0

Hnh 4.11 :S mch vng m tc

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Tn hiu phn hi m tc c cp t my pht tc (FT) nn cng trc vi ng c.tn hiu ny t l tuyn tnh vi tc c. Trong : OA3 :Khu tng hp v khuych i.(KCO) OA4 : Khu tng hp v khuych i dng (KI) OA5 : Dng ly trng thi theo yu cu Ucd in p ch o. Ngoi ra cc cng tc hnh trnh cn c cc in in cc hn ch ,bo v my khi b s c.khuych i thut ton v cc linh kin khc nhn tn hiu U 0 vo u vo v to ra cc tn hiu ch o. Nguyn l hot ng : Gi s bn my nm hnh trnh thun chun b cho cc qu trnh lm vic .khi bn my chuyn ng th cc tay gt ca bn my s gt vo tip im s 1 ng tip im k1 cho tc bn my tng ln U0 chun b vo dao v ln lt tng t ,bn my s gt vo v tr 2,3,4,5 v quay li lm vic ch k tip theo. 3. Mch to ngun nui : Do trong mch iu khin c s dng khuych i thut ton (OA) nn cn c 2 ngun nui ngc du ,cng ln ly im chung lm im ni mt.

Hnh 4.12 : S to ngun. in p xoay chiu c chnh lu nh b chnh lu cu 3 pha,in p ra c gi n nh nh 2 IC 7815 v 7915 v c lc phng bi cc t lc.Cui cng a ra 2 ngun nui +UCC V -UCC.C im chung l 0 ca my bin p .hai ngun nuI ny l 2 ngun nuI cc vi mch v n cng l in p ngng. 4. Mch vng dng in : Trong s :
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OA 6 ,OA7 l cc b khuych i thut tun t c h s khuych i nh nhau. tn hiu phn hi dng c ly trn in tr iu chnh R thng qua b bin dng v b chnh lu cu 3 pha .tn hiu dn vo u OA6 .Sau vo u vo OA7 so snh vi Udk bi 2 iot D10 v D11.

Hnh 4.13 :S mch vng dng in T nhng phn tch trn ta c th tng hp c thnh mch iu khin ca my tin nh hnh v.
III. TNH CHN THIT B IN

1: Tnh ton mch ng lc. a. Cc thng s c bn ca ng c : - in tr mch phn ng ca ng c :

Ru = 0,5.(1 ) U udm 220 = 0,5.(1 0,85). = 0,074 ) I udm 222

- in cm mch phn ng ng c :
Lu = . U dm .60 220.60 = 0,25. = 0,0008( H ) = 0,8 ( mH ) . 2. . p.ndm .I dm 2.3,14.2.1500.222

b. Tnh chn Tiristor : Tnh chn da vo cc yu t c bn dng ti, iu kin to nhit, in p lm vic, cc thng s c bn ca van c tnh nh sau: - in p ngc ln nht m Tiristor :
U n max = K nv .U 2 = K nv . Ud = 220. = 230,27(V ) .K u 3

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Trong : Knv= 6 , Ku =

in p ngc ca Tiristor cn chn : Unv = KdtU . Unmax = 1,8 .230,27 = 414,476 414,5 (V). Trong : KdtU = 1,8 l h s d tr in p. - Dng in lm vic ca van c tnh theo dng hiu dng : Ilv = Ihd = Khd .Id =
Id 3 = 222 3 = 128,17 ( A) .

Chn iu kin lm vic ca van l cnh to nhit v y din tch to nhit. khng c qut i lu khng kh ,vi iu kin lm vic dng in nh mc ca van cn chn : Idm = Ki .I lv = 3,2 . 128,17 = 410,15 (A) 410 (A) (Ki = 3,2 l h s d tr dng in). T thng s Unv, Idm ta chn 12 thysistor loi T35N500BOF do m sn xut c cc tham s sau : in p ngc cc i : Un = 500 V Dng in ng mc ca van : Idm = 35 A. nh xung dng in : Ipik = 1100 A Dng in xung iu khin : Idk = 0,2 A in p ca xung iu khin : Udk = 1,4 V Dng in r : Ir =20 mA St p ln nht ca tiristor trng thi dn l : U = 2 V
dU = 1000V/s dt Thi gian chuyn mch : tcm = 120 s

Tc bin thin in p :

Nhit lm vic cc i cho php : Tmax = 125 0C c. Tnh ton my bin p chnh lu: Nh phn thit k ta chn my bin p c t ni dy Y/Y o , phn ny ta tnh ton cc thng s cho n. My bin p c chon theo iu kin: + Smba Stt + I1fm I1dm + I2fm I2dm + U2fdm KuKrKKa.Udm in p th cp c chn theo biu thc
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U2fdm KuKrKKa.Udm Trong Um l in p nh mc ng c Ku ll h s xt ti n hng kh nh hng dao ng trong phm vi cho php ca in p li. Thng ly Ku = 1,05 1,1 ta chn Ku = 1,1 K l h s k n gc iu khin nh nht (min ), ta chn min = 30o max = 150o k = 1/cos min = 2/ 3 Kr l h s xt n s st p trn in tr thun ca my bin p, trn in cm ca cun dy th cp my bin p, do chuyn mch, do st p trn dy ni v cun khng, m trn c van. Kr thng oc chn t 1,15 1,25 ta chong Kr = 1,15. Ka l h s ph thuc s chnh lu. Ka =
U 2 fdm U dm = = 0,85 U do 3 6 U 2 fdm 2

Cui cng tat hay cc gia tr c h s vo ta c. U2fm 0,85.1,1.(2/3).1,15 = 260 chn gi tr hiu dng ca dng pha th cp. n gin gin ta b qua gi tr dng cn bng khi ta c: I2m =Im/3 = 222/3 = 74 (A) gi tr hiu dng ca dng pha s cp:
I 2 dm = m. 2 .I dm 3

Vi m =U2/U1 = 260/220 = 1,18 l h s bin p suy ra I1m = 123,5 (A). *S = ( S1 +S2)/2 = 1,345.Pd = 1,345.55 = 73,975 (Kw) Da vo cc s liu tnh c trn ta chn my bin p c s liu sau:

U1fm (v) 220

U2fm (v) 260

Sm (Kva) 75

Im (A) 222

I2m (A) 74

d. Tnh chn thit b bo v mch ng lc. Ta bit rng cc thyistor l phn t rt nhy vi s bin thin t ngt ca in p hay dng i, c trng cho nhn hin tng ny l gia tc dng in v in p di/dt v du/dt. Cc nguyn nhn gy ra nhng hin tng ny bao gm.
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+ qu gia tc dng, p do qu trnh chuyn mch. + qu gia tc dng, p do cng hng. + qu gia tc dng do ct my bin p ch khng tI hay tI nh. bo v an ton cho cc van trc nhng tc nhn trn ta ding cc phn t R, C mc song song vi cc thysitor nh hnh v:

tr s R, C c th tra theo cc ng cong c xy dung bng my tnh cc quan h Ua/Up: G = b/o; H = o.Uk
I. F= L C vi b = R/2L

UK

L l in cm quy i ca ton b mch tra ng cong ta c C = 0,3; R = 5. 2. Tnh ton mch iu khin. a. tnh chn khu to in p ch o. chn bin tr R30 = 4,7 K cng suet tiu tn trn in tr l.
PR30 = 152 = 0,0478( W ) 4700

Chn R30 = 4,7k, 1w b. tnh chn khu phn hi tc . Cn c vo tc nh mc ca ng c v sai lch tnh ca h thng ta chn sai lch tnh ca h thng c cc thng s sau; Kiu .101 Um (V) 100 Im ( A) 0.08 nm (v/ph) 800 R( ) 200 m (kg) 4,8

Cn c vo tc nh mc ca my pht tc v ca ng c ta chn b truyn bnh rng c t s i = 2. truyn tc t ng c n MFT.

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in tr mch ngoi ca MFT:

R31 = U dm 100 = = 1250() I dm 0,08

in p phn hi ly ra l 12 v t ta chn R31 =47 k, 2w. H s phn hi tc : khi tc ng c l nh mc th in p ra l 12v do h s phn hi tc oc tnh:
=
12 = 0.004(v / v. ph) 3000

c. tnh chn BAX. T s bin p xung thng l:

1 n= U = 2:3 2

ta chn n = 3 m bo transitor m khi in p li dao ng ta chn U2 = 8v, I2 = 2A, in p t ln cun s cp BAX: U1 = n.U2 = 3.8 = 24v dng s cp BAX
I2 = I2 2 = = 0,6 v n 3

chn vt liu st t 330 hnh ch I I I lm vic trn mt phn ca c tnh t ho B = 0,7T , H = 50A/m c khe h t thm ca li st t:

B 0,7 = 6 = 1,4.10 4 0 H 10

V mch t c khe h nn phi tnh t thm trung bnh s b chn chiu di ng sc l = 0,1m khe h lkh = 10-5m.
TB =
1 1 l kh + = 0,1 10 5 0,1 + 1,4.10 4 = 5,8.10 3

Th tch li st t:

TB . 0 .t x .S .U .I 2 ' 5,8.10 3.10 6.0,15.24.0,6 V = Q.l = = = 15(cm 3 ) 2 2 B 0,7

Vi Q l tit din li st. I2 l dng th cp quy i sang s cp. Chn v = 16,35cm3 ta s chn c cc kch thc ( theo bng II.2 in t cng sut). Q = 163cm2, l = 10,03cm. a = 1,2cm, h = 3cm, c = 1,2 cm, e = 1,8 cm, H = 4,2 cm, B = 1,6 cm, p = 7w.
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S vng cun s cp BAX:

W1 = U .t x 24.6.10 4 = = 166 B.Q.K 0,7.1,63.10 4.0,76

W1 = 166 vng, K = 0,76 l h s lp y. S vng cun th cp BAX W2 = W1/ 3 = 56 (vng) d. tnh khu khuych i xung. Cn c vo dng s cp BAX 0,6A ta chn Tr l loi A1013 c: Pk = 9 mw, nhit lm vic max l 150o, f = 15 MH, Uceo = 160 v, Ucb = 6v, Ik = 1A, = 60, Tr lm vic ch xung. Nh vy Ip3 = 600/60 = 10mA, Ip3 chnh l IC, Tr2 do ta chn Tr5,Tr6 loi A1015 c Pk = 400 mw, f = 80 MHz Tmax = 125oC, Uce =50v, Ube = 5v, Ic = 150mA, = 70. e. tnh chn khu in p ng b. Chn bin p ng b l bin p u / Y0; in p pha th cp Uf2m = 24v Trn bin p ng b cng t lun cc cun dy to n p ngun nuI cho mch iu khin. Ta bit cng sut mi BAX l 7W, c 6 BAX s dng cng sut ca ngun nuI; ng thi cng tnh n cng sut nui cho cc khi khc nh khuych i, so snh, phn hi nh vt s b chn cng sut ca bin p ng b l 100VA. in p ra th cp l: Uf2dm=24v. chn cc t lc C1 C7 l 200F , 30V f. tnh chn khu tng hp tn hiu khu tng hp tn hiu c c nhim v tng hp tn hiu m khng yu cu c h s khuych i ln. S b chn h s khuych i ca khu =2; cc gi tr in tr s c xc nh khi hiu chnh xong h thng g. xc nh h s khuych i ca b bin i

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do mch phn ng ca ng c c in cm ln nn ta coi dng phn ng l dng lin tc.

Ud =

3 2 U fdm .cos = 304,1cos 2

U (1- dk ) 2 6 U (1- dk ) 2 6

Ud = 304,1cos

T y ta xy dng c quan h U = f(Uk) thc t quan ny l phi tuyn n gin ta tuyn tnh ho on c tn lm vic. c tnh c dng nh hnh v * h s khuych i ca b bin i KB = Ud / uk = (265,7 - 0,332 )/ (4 0,004) = 66,4 h. Tnh chn khu khuyc i trung gian tnh chn khu khuyc i trung gian: h s khuych i ca h thng c tnh theo c tnh c thp nht v sai lch tnh yu cu gi n l st tc c tn c thp nht n = S*. nomin S* = (n0min - nmin )/ n0min nomin = nmin/ (1- S* ) = nm / (1 - S*) . D Gi K l h s khuych i ca h thng. Ta c: K = KB.KTH.KTG.K .KHC Phng trnh c tnh c h kn l:

n=

U cd .K I dm .R.K D 1 + n
(1) 33

st tc n = Im.R.K/ (1+ n)
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Mt khc n = S* . n0min = S* .nm / (1- S*)D T (1) v (2) ta c: K = 1

(2)

I dm .R.K D ) n . S* dm 1 S * (

Vi K = 7,8 ; nm = 3000 v/ph ; S* 3% ; D = 30 R = R + Rtx + RCK + RCKcb = 1,61+ 0,33 + 0,48 + 0,48 R = 2,92 Thay cc gi tr trn vo (3) ta tn c: K 446630,5 Nh vy h s khuych i ca b khuych i trung gian l: KTG K/ ( KHC.KB.K.KTH ) Thay s vo ta c: KTG 1149,8 . Chn KTG = 2000 Cui cng h s khuych i ca thng l: K = KB.KTH.KTG.K.KHC = 621504 l. Chn khu ci thin cht lng ng Khi khi ng tc ng c bng khng v ku ngt dng cha kp tc ng do c qun tnh ln. Gc m lc ny ph thuc vo in p ly ra trn R39 tc l ph thuc vo in p ca IC6. dng ngt ln hay nh ph thuc vo vic ta chn bin tr ny v lc ny khu ngt dng b loi ra khi mch. Dng dng thng c chn: I = 2 2,5Im = 18 22,5A. s b chn dng dng l I = 18A. v tc bng 0 nn in p ra b bin i s rI ton b trn transitor v in tr mch phn ng, tc l Ud = RI0 + U Ud = 2,92.18 + 1,4 = 53,96 V khi in p iu khin l: uk = Ud / KB = 53,96/ 66,4 = 0,81 V in p u ra IC6 phI l urIC6 = K ' .uk HC vi K'HC = R43 2 / R43 urIC6 = 0,81/ 0,323 = 2,51 V Ta chn R40 = 50 K ; R35 = R37 =R38 = R36 = R34 = R39 = 10 K Khi ta c: urIC6 = 2,516 - 2,5. u'R34 u'R34 l mt phn in p ly trn u'R34.ta c th vit: u'R34 = A. n
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gi s ng c ang chy tc n1 m ta gim tc lc ny in p u ra IC4 gim t KTG.KTH (- Uc + n1 xung gi tr KTH.KTG ( - Uc+ n2 do tc n cha kp gim nn dit D7 thng, in p t ln R34 l in p ca IC6, BB 2 s m theo in p ny, ng c hm tI sinh c th in p ra ca BB2 phI nh hn s e, tc l: 2,51 - 2,5.A. .n1 < KTH.KTG
n1 - Uc 1

2,51 - 2,5.A .n1 > KTHKTG ( .n1 - Uc 1 )

A> 2,15 + K TH .K TG .(U cd 1 n) 2,5. .n

n gin ta chn: A < 2,51/ (2,5 .n1) Tc n1 ln nht chn bng1600v/ph A < 2,5.0,0075.3000 = 0,083 +khi o chiu t quay thun sang quay ngc ta cng cn hn ch dng in hm. v dng in o chiu th st p trn cc trisitor cng o chiu. s b ch dng in hm bng 22A, hm t tc cao nht.
2,51

Sc in ng ca BB ngoc 2 c tnh: 1600 = (Ud - U - IHR)K Ud = 139,5 V V BB 2 mc ngc vi BB 1 nn: KB2 = -KB1 = -66,4 uk2 = Ud / KB2 = 139,5/ (-66,4) = - 2,1V in p u ra IC6 phI l: urIC6 = - 2,1/ 0,323 = - 6,5V
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Mt khc ta c: urIC 6 = 2,51- 2,5A. .n - 6,5 = 2,51 - 2,5A.0,0075.1600 A = 0,3 ( < 0,8 ) Nh vy khi cI thin cht lng ng s lm vic tho mn c yu cu hn ch dng in hm v yu cu ng c oc hm tI sinh khi gim tc. urIC 6 = 2,51 - 0,005631.n khi ng c quay thun urIC 6 = 2,51 + 0,00563.n khi ng c quay ngc

CHNG V. XY DNG C TNH TNH 1. t vn . Xy dng c tnh tnh ca h thng l xy dng c tnh n = f(I) hoc n = f(M) qua kim tra c st tc tc l nh gi c sai lch tnh ca h thng c c bo yu cu t ra ca cng ngh truyn ng n dao ca my doa hay khng ; ng thi cng kim tra cc gi tr dng in ngt dng in dng , hm xem c m bo cho an ton cng ngh hay khng. t nh gi c nng lc qu ti ca h thng; kh nng tc ng nhanh ca h tng cng nh an ton ca h thng thong qu trnh lm vic. Do ng c mt chiu kch t c lp c n = f(I ) v n = f(m) ng dng nhautc l c th suy ra c tnh n = f(M)t c tnh n =f(I) do ta ch xy dng quan h n = f(I) v gi l c tnh c ca h thng. Khi xy dung c tnh tnh ta a ra c gi thit sau. - ngc ol lm vic ch di hn. - H s khuych i ca b bin i l hng s. - in tr phn ng ca ng c khng thay i trong qu trnh lm vic. - Thysitor l phn t bn dn tc ng nhanh kng c qun tnh. - in cm phn ng ca ng c v cc cun khng d ln duy tr dng in ti l lin tc. 2. Xy dng c tnh. a. Xy Dng c tnh trong qu trinh lm vic. Vit phng trnh kichop cho ng c ta c: Ud = Ke n + U U = 1,4 V l st p trn cc transitor
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n = (Ud - IR - U )K vi K = 1/ Ke

KHOA IN

= 7,8

S CU TRC H THNG T s cu trc ta vit c: n = (Uc - n).KTGKTHKBKHCK - (U +IR).K

n= U cd k (U + I u R ).K D 1 + K

Trong : K l h s khuych i ca i: K = 621504 R l in tr mch phn ng: R = 2,92 + khi: n = nmax; Im = 9A Uc = Ucmax = 12,0029V + khihi: n = nmin ; Im = 9 A Uc = Ucmin = 0,0153 V *im khng ti l tng: ( I = 0) nomax =
12,0029 .621504 1,4.7,8 = 3000,041 (v/ph) 1 + 0,0075.621504 0,0153.621504 1,4.7,8 = 2,037 (v/ph) 1 + 0,005.621504

nomin =

* im gi hn vng lm vic, chn Ing = 12,5 A Uc = Ucmax n = 1599, 979 v/ ph Uc = Ucmin n = 1,976 v/ph *nh gi cht lng tnh: S* = ( n0min - nmin ) / n0min = ( 2,037 - 2 )/ 2,037 = 0,0181 = 1,81 % [ S*] < 3 % Nh vy sai lch tc tnh m bo yu cu. b. Xy dung c tnh vng ngt dng.

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c tnh khi khu ci thin cht lng ng cha tham gia v khu KTG cha bo ho. in p iu khin oc tnh nh sau: udk = [ U TG
U TG + ' ( I u I ng ) R23 R22 + R23

].KHC

( y ta b qua dng in r qua R34 v dng ny nh ) Vi K'HC = R432 / R43 = 0,323 t R23 / ( R22 + R23 ) = uk = [ uTG (1- ) - .( I - Ing) ] K'HC T s khi ca mch lc ny ta vit c: n=(Uc - n) KTHKTGK'HC (1- )KBK - .'K'HCKBK(I - Ing) - (U + I.R) .K (1) im C c to : (12,5; 2999; 979) phI nm trn ng (1). Do ta c:
U cd .K I .(1 ) (U + IR).K D U cd .K (U + IR ).K D = 1 + (1 ).K I . 1 + K

(tc l ng ngt dng phI ct ng lm vic to I = 12,5)

S cu trc ca h thngkhi khu ci thin cht lng ng cha tham gia v khu KTG cha bo ho. T y ta tm c: K1(1 - ) = K Vi K1 = KTG.KTH.KB.K.K'HC(1 - ) V K = KTH.KHC.KTG.KB.K (1 - ) = KHC / K'HC = 0,3/ 0,323 = 0,9285 = 0,0714 T y ta chn R22: 500/ ( 500 + R22) = 0,0714 R22 = 6,5 K

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H s phn hi dng 's c chn khi ta xy dng xong ng c tnh c s tham gia ca khu ci thin cht lng ng. c tnh khi c s tham gia ca khu cI thin cht lng ng: nh gi s tham gia ca khi: khi tc ng th it D7 phI m. Tc l:

(Uc - n) KTH.KTG 2,51 + 0,005631. n + Khi Uc = Ucmax = 12,0029 V th n 2999,967 v/ ph + Khi Uc = Ucmin =0,0135 V th n 1,9386 v/ ph Ta bit rng: iu kin khu KTG bo ha l. Uc - n 13/ KTHKTG Khi Uc = Ucmax th n 2999,953 v/ph Khi Uc = Ucmin th n 1,606 v/ph Nh vvy c tnh tnh s khng c vng khu KTG bo ho v trc khu ci thin cht lng ng tc dng. S khi lc ny l:

S cu trc ca h thng khi khu cI thin cht lng ng tc ng. T s khi ta c: n = (2,51 + 0,005631.n).0,323.KB.K - (U + I.R)K n = 7056,3 - 392,9I (*) (*) L phng trnh ng thng,vi n = 2999,968v/ph th I = 13,88A. im to (13,88; 2999,968) phI nm trn ng (1) khi Uc = Ucmax. Ta c:
2999 .968 = U cd max .K I 16,483. '327,05 1 + .K I

Vi K1 = KTH.KTG.K'HC.KB.K(1- ) = 621308,226 Gii phng trnh trn ta c: ' = 1,4471 Nh vy tc ca vng ngt dng ch c khssu ngt dng tc ng l: n = 133,3047Uc + 0,044 - 0,008595 I
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* c tnh cao nht i qua cc im: A (9 ;3000,041) , B (9 ; 3000) , C (12,5 ; 2999,979) , E (13,88 ; 2999,968) , F (18 ; 0) . *c tnh thp nht i qua cc im: D (0 ; 2,037) G (12,5 ; 1,976) , H (17,95 ; 1,9836) , K (18 ; 0).

c tnh tnh ca h thng.

CHNG VI. XT TNH N NH V HIU CHNH H THNG. 1. Mc ch v ngha. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca h thng truyn ng in t ng, do nhiu lon hoc do nhiu nguyn nhn khc m hn thng mt tnh n nh. tnh n nh ca h thng.tnh n inh l tnh h thng c th tr li trang thI ban u khi nhiu lon mt I sau mt khong thi gian no hoc kh nng xc lp trng thI n nh mi khi sai lch u vo thay i.

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Xt n nh cho h thng l xem h thng c n mh hay khng da vo cc tiu chun n mh .t o ta tin hnh hiu chnh h thng h thng lm vic an ton , tin cy dt c cc yu cu mong mun . Da vo c tnh tnh ca h thng ta they rng cc phn hi m dng v m tc lun c xu hng lm n nh h thng. ch c phn c tnh lm vic c c tnh c ln nht l d mt n nh hn c. Do ta ch xt n nh vng ny, trong vng ny ch c m phn hi m tc tc dng. S khi ca h thng lc ny c biu din trn hnh v sau:

2. Xt tnh n nh ca h thng. Hm truyn ca h thng l:

K TH .K TG .K HC .K BD .wBD

W = 1 + .K .K .K .K .w TH TG HC BD BD . Trong : WB = KB/ (1 + TBP ) l hm truyn ca b bin i. TB = 1 / 2qf l hng s thi gian ca b bin i. q l tn s xung chnh lu. q = 3 f = 50 Hz l tn s li. TB = 1 / (2.3.50) = 3,33 . 10-3s + in cm phn ng c c tnh: L = Um / (P.Im.nm) = 5,7.220/ (1,2.9.3000) = 0,0566 H =5,7 l h s cu to ca ng c. L =LCK + LCK1 + L = 125 + 200 + 56,6 = 381,6 mH T = l / R = 381,6 / 2,92 = 0,13 s

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GD 2 .Rt 375.9,55.K B
2

KHOA IN
0,75.2,92.(7,8) 2 = 0,0372 375.9,55

TM =

W = T .T .P 2 + T .P + 1 M E M
K

KD

WP = (T .P + 1).(T .T .P 2 + T .P + 1) + .K BD M E M

621504 159,58.10 .P + 49,58.10 4 P 2 + 405.10 4 P + 4662,28

7 3

Trong : W l hm truyn ca ng c. Rt l in tr tng: Rt = R K =KTGKTHKHCKBK l h s khuych i ca h thng. TE = T Lp bng Raox: 159,58.10-7 49,58.10-4 389,99 4662,28 Ta thy cc s hng trong ct th nht ca bng raox u dng nh vy h thng n nh. 3. Hiu chnh h thng: Ta tin hnh hiu chnh h thng theo c tnh bin lgarit. Mun vy trc ht ta a h tng v phn hi m mt n v . 405.10-4 4662,28

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W0 = (T P + 1)(T .T P 2 + T P + 1) BD M E M W0 = (T P + 1)(T 2 P 2 + 2T P + 1) 2 1 1 Vi T2 = TB = 3,33.10-3 s 2 = 1/ T2 = 300 rad/s lg2 = 2,4771 dec T1 = TM .TE 1 = 1/ T1 = 14,38 lg1 = 1,1577 dec 20lg K = 73,37
TM 4TE

.K

.K

t cc s liu trn ta v c c tnh Lo l c tnh bin _loga ca hm W0. tin hnh xy dung Lm l c tnh bin lgarit mong mun da trn cc ch tic cht lng ng. max 30% Tmax 0,3 (s) T ch tiu trn max 30% theo gio trnh t ng iu chnh, tra ng cong xc nh tn s ct c ta c:
4

Tmax = c
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Vi iu kin Tmax 0,3 (s) c = 13. T c = 13 k ng c nghing 20db.dec.vng trung tnca Lm gii hn bi 2 v 3 = c2/ 2 = 5,559 rad/s lg3 = 0,745. T im 3 va xc nh trn Lm k ng nghing-20db/dec,ng ny ct Lo ti 4 v vng h tn ca Lm l 4. Vng tn s cc thp ca Lm trng vi Lo. bng tnh ton hnh hc ta tnh c: 4 = 0,22 rad lg4 = - 0,656 T 2 k ng nghing-60db/dec, vng tn s ln hn 2 l vng cao tn ca Lm. Qua L0 v Lm ta xc nh c Lhc = Lm L0. T c tnh ta vit hm hiu chnh:
WP = 1 (1 + T4 P )
2

(T3 P + 1)(T1P + 1) (T2 P + 1)

T y ta a ra hai loi khi hiu chnh nh sau: + Khi th nht l mt khuych i thut ton kt hp vi t in - in tr hm truyn ca khi hiu chnh ny l:
WP = ur 1 + T1P = KR uv 1 + T2 P

Vi: KR = R3/ R5 v T1 = R2C ; T2 = (R2 + R3)C Loi ny hiu chnh cho dng: T1 < T2:

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c tnh bin lgarit + khi hiu chnh th hai l cc in tr kt hp vi t in:

WP = K R 1 + T1P 1 + T2 P

Vi

KR = R4/ (R4 + R5) ; T1 = R5C1 T2 = R4R5C1/ (R4+R5) Loi ny hiu chnh cho cc hm c: T1 > T2 Nh vy to hm Whc ta dng ba khu hiu chnh, hai khu ging nhau c dng khi th nht thc hm truyn:

Whc1 =

(T1P + 1)2 (T4 P + 1)2

Khi hiu chnh 2

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Chn:

C = 47F R2 = 1,478 K ; R3 = 95,2 K

Whc 2 = T3 P + 1 T2 + 1

Chn: C1 = 1F R5 = 179,8 K ; R4 = 1,086 K Trong s nguyn l ta to khu hiu chnh th nht v th hai nh hai IC ca khi tng hp v khuych i trung gian. S mch hiu chnh nh hnh v:

S mch hiu chnh Khi mc thm khu hiu chnh th ba h s khuych i ca h thng b gim i l:
KR = R4 1,0186 = (ln) R3 + R4 1,018 + 179,8

Do khu tng hp v khuych i trung gian phI tnh ton sao cho h s khuych i ca hai khu ny v khu th ba phI m bo: KTG = KTHKKKR = 4000 T y ta chn c: R29 = 100 ; R25 = 63,7 . c. Xttnh n nh ca h thng. Hm truen ca h thng h mong mun sau khi hiu chnh h thng l:

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K (T2 P + 1) (T2 P + 1) (T4 2 P 2 + 2.0,26.T4 P + 1)
2

KHOA IN

Whmm =

Ta c c tnh tn s pha loga l:

1 = actg
2T4 1 2T4 2

2 = arctgT2 3 = arctgT3 T y ta v c cc ng c tnh cng cc c tnh li ta c ng h ca

h Qua c tnh ta thy: trong phm vi L > 0 c mt ln chuyn t ln hn xung di ng (-) v mt ln chuyn t di ng (-) ln pha trn, tc l s im chuyn i C+ = C-. v vy h kn n nh. Hnh 5-6:c tnh bi lgarit (a), c tnh pha- logarit ca h thng sau hiu chnh.

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20lgK 40db/de c 20db/d ec 0

60db/d ec

CHNG VII: THUYT MINH S NGUYN L H TRUYN NG. I - GII THIU S H thng TB iu khin ng c truyn ng chnh my tin tho mn cc yu cu sau: - Khi ng c theo c hai chiu - Dng ng c - T ng n nh tc v hn ch dng in ph ti. - Phm vi iu chnh tc tt. D = 15. 1 - Mch ng lc - ng c in 1 chiu kch t c lp - My bin p cung cp ngun cho b chnh lu. - Aptomat bo v v ct in cho mch. - Mch chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin cung cp ngun 1 chiu cho ng c gm 2 b mc song song v ngc nhau - Cc cun cn bng dng in CB1, CB2, CB3, CB4 . - My pht tc FT to ra khu phn hi m tc .
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- Cc mch R C bo v qu ti p cho Tiristor. 2 - Mch iu khin - Hai h pht xung iu khin cho cc Tiristor 1 b pht xung thun v 1 b pht xung ngc. Cc b ny u s dng Transistor,BAX, KThut ton , bo v v bo tn hiu xung. - MBA ng b to ra tn hiu ng b cho cc knh pht xung. - Tn hiu iu khin c tng hp t in p ch o tn hiu nh hi m tc tn hiu phn hi m dng in - B ngun nui to ra ngun nui cho cc IC. II NGUYN L HOT NG CA S . ng Aptomat cung cp in cho h thng T (Mch kch t my bin p ng lc, ngun nui mch iu khin). Khi chi tit c g ln mm cp ta pht lnh iu khin m cc van T1 T12 vi gc m 1 < 900 ; 1 > 900 sao cho 1 + 2 = 1800 ( 1 - gc m ca T1 - T6 ; 1 - gc m ca T7 T12 ). Khi khi to xung to ra cc xung sau cc xung ny c a ti mch gi xung iu khin m Thyristor thng qua my MBX to ra cc xung iu khin xut hin ng theo yu cu. Ta phi chn tn hiu iu khin. Mch khuych i trung gian v tn hiu ny c so snh vi tn hiu rng ca. Nu thay i ln Uk th s thay i thi gian xut hin xung. Ngha l thay i c gc m 1 ( 2 ) ca cc b chnh lu. iu khin c tc ng c ph hp vi cc chu trnh ct gt. Ta dng cng tc hnh trnh cp tn hiu. Khi mun bn my chy chm vo dao an ton th gc m ca b bin i phi ln Uk nh. Ngc li mun tng tc bn dao tng nng sut th gc m nh Uk ln. Khi K1 ng ng c c tc nh vo dao th K2 ng ng c tng tc n Vth , tng nng sut my K3 ng ng c gim tc xung V0 ra dao an ton v o chiu ng c. K4 ng ng c chy theo chiu ngc v tc c tng dn ln. Khi K5 ng ng c gim tc v o chiu chun b qu trnh gia cng tip theo. Sau lp li chu trnh mi. Nguyn l iu chnh tc

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Vi gi thit ng c ang lm vic vng khu ngt dng khng tc ng. Nu thay in p trn bin tr R u vo OA3 lm cho in p ra OA1 (Uc ) thay i dn n Uk = Uc - .n thay i .Khi Uk thay i vi gc m thay i ( V UkT ,UkN thay i ) U chnh lu U thay i c ngha l in p t vo phn ng thay i tc ng c thay i. Nguyn l o chiu quay Trong qu trnh lm vic bn my s gt vo cc tay gt . Cc cng tc hnh trnh lm vic ph hp vi my .Ti cc thi im Uc sang m do qun tnh c tc ng c vn dng .n dng nn in p t vo OA3 l Uc - .n = -Uc - .n c gi tr m v c gi tr tuyt i ln OA4, OA5 lm vic ch bo ho nn
= max ,Uc rt mdo mt dng qua BB thun. V tt c s.. ng c v in p

chnh lu trung bnh ca BB1 u tc ng cc dng ngc chiu qua van cc van BB thun kho li do in p ngc u ra OA4 ngc u cun in p OA5 nn 2 = max in p chnh luBB ngc ln nht v dng. ng thi s.. ng c li ang cng chiu dng in qua b ngc ng c dng in phn ng ng c o chiu v tng rt nhanh. Khi I = Ing th khu phn hi m dng in tc ng , thc t th in p u ra OA7 rt m nn xut hin 1dng in t OA5 qua R22 D u ra cae OA7 gy nn st p ln trn R22, in p ny > Ubh UdkN rt m 2 < 90 0 BB ngc lm vic ch nghch lu v ng c lm vic ch hm ti sinh. Tc ng c gim xung t mt gi tr no th UkN = 0 , 2 = 90 0 sau tc tip tc gim th
2 < 90 0 BB chuyn sang kho khi tc bng 0 th ng c s khi ng theo

chiu ngc li tin ti lm vic n nh tc t ca bn my theo chiu ngc li

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TRNG HSPKT VINH

KHOA IN

vi tng loi cng ngh i hi cc nh thit k phi so snh nhng ch tiu kinh t k thut a ra phng n ti u. 1. Ni dung phng n : Trn thc t, c rt nhiu phng n gii quyt. Tuy nhin mi phng n c nhng u nhc im ca n. Nhim v ca nh thit k phi chn ra phng n ti u nht. i vi nhng h thng truyn ng in n gin khng c nhng yu cu cao th ch cn dng ng c in xoay chiu vi h thng truyn ng n gin. Vi h thng truyn ng phc tp c yu cu cao v cng ngh, cht lng nh iu chnh trn, di iu chnh rng th phi dng ng c in mt chiu. Cc h iu chnh km theo phi m bo cc yu cu cng ngh v c kh nng t ng ha cao. Nh vy, chn c h thng truyn ng ph hp th chng ta phi da vo cng ngh ca my, cng sut lm vic a ra nhng phng n c th p ng yu cu ca n. chn c phng n tt nht trong cc phng n a ra th cn phi so snh v k thut - kinh t i vi truyn ng ca ng c in mt chiu th b bin i rt quan trng, n quyt nh n cht lng h thng. Do vy vic la chn phng n v la chn b bin i thng qua vic xt cc h thng. 2. ngha ca vic la chn : Vic la chn phng n hp l c mt ngha c bit quan trng, n
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KHOA IN

c th hin qua cc mt. + m bo c yu cu cng ngh my sn xut. + m bo c s lm vic lu di, tin cy. + Gim gi thnh sn phm, tng nng sut. + D dng sa cha, thay th khi xy ra s c. II. Cc phng n truyn ng: 1. H truyn ng my pht - ng c : (F - ) Trong h truyn ng my pht - ng c (F - ) ngun cung cp phn ng ng c l b bin i my in (my pht iu khin kch t c lp).

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