Ti Liu V Chuyn IPv6

Nh cc bn bit, mng IPv4 m hin chng ta ang s dng l ch c 32 bit nn s a ch c th nh ra ch c khong 4 t. Vi mc tng trng ca Internet ngy cng ln v s lng ngi tham gia cc hot ng trn mng ngy cng ng nh hin nay th trong mt khong thi gian khng lu na, s lng a ch IP4 s b cn kit. V th vic chuyn sang IPv6 l xu th tt yu. IPv6 c 128 bit, ln hn rt nhiu nn s a ch s khng b gii hn. l im mu cht cho thy ti sao IPv6 li cn thit. Tuy th, vic chuyn sang IPv6 li khng n gin nh i s in thoi, v bn nn nh mt iu rng mt my chy IPv4 khng th lin lc c vi mt my chy IPv6. Nn chuyn i chc cng mt vi nm vi tt c router, server, client u phi chy dual stacks. C ngha l chy IPv4 v IPv6 cng mt lc. Nhng ci ct yu hin nay l ngay c cc nh qun tr mng cng b hng kin thc v IPv6. C ngi loay hoay sut mt thng mi thit lp xong mt file server da trn chun giao thc Internet phin bn 6. V vy hm nay tui vit bi ny c th cung cp cho cc nh Qun Tr Mng tng lai c ci nhn tng quan v IPv6 ch mt vi nm ti na thi IPv6 s bt u c trin khai. Lc cc bn s khng qu ng ngng v iu ny.

Trong c hai h iu hnh Windows Vista v Longhorn Server u chy hai giao thc IPv6 v IPv4, cc giao thc ny hin nay ang c s dng rt rng ri. Tuy nhin c mt vi tnh nng trong cc h iu hnh ny s khng lm vic tr khi IPv6 c s dng. Trong trng hp chng ta nn bt u tm hiu thm mt cht v IPv6 xem chng lm vic nh th no. Nu khng phi l mt l do sc thuyt phc th mt l do na l s lng a ch IPv4 c th hon ton cn kit vo khong 2009. Chnh v vy, chnh ph lin bang M d kin trin khai IPv6 n tt c cc mng xng sng c hon thnh vo nm 2008. Nh vy, giao thc IPv6 s c s dng ph bin trong mt vi nm ti v chng ti vit lot bi vit ny nh mt cch nhm gii thiu cho cc bn v giao thc IPv6.

Khng gian a ch IPv6

S khc nhau ng k nht gia hai giao thc ny l chiu di ca a ch ngun v a ch ca chng. Vic chuyn sang s dng IPv6 l do ngy cng thiu v s a ch IP. Giao thc IPv6 ny c mt khng gian a ch ln hn so vi giao thc IPv4. Giao thc IPv4 s dng mt a ch ngun v a ch ch l 32bit. Cc a ch ny c biu din thnh bn phn. Mt a ch IPv4 in hnh c dng nh 192.168.0.1. Tng phn vi IPv4, a ch IPv6 c chiu di l 128bit. iu cho php c th biu din n 3.4x1038 (340.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.0 00) a ch. C mt vi s khc nhau trong cch biu din a ch ca IPv6. Mt a ch IPv6 thng c vit thnh 8 nhm, mi nhm gm c 4 s hex v mi nhm c tch bit vi nhau bng du :. V d nh sau th hin iu ny 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af. Bn ang xem xt a ch mu trn v ngh rng vic nh mt a ch IPv6 phi rt mt thi gian v cng sc? Nhng khng phi nh vy, a ch IPv6 ch c th c vit vn tt bng vic gim thiu cc s 0. C hai nguyn tc phi tun theo y khi biu din mt a ch IP. u tin, mt dy bn s 0 lin tc c th c thay th bng hai du ::. Bng cch a ch IPv6 trn c th c vit tt nh sau: 2001:0f68::0000:0000:0000:1986:69af. Trong v d trn, chng ta ch c th c lng mt khi cc ch s 0 bi v nguyn tc ny pht biu rng ch c mt cp :: trong mt a ch. R rng, a ch m ang v d trn vn cn rt nhiu ch s cn phi nh. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc th hai s cho php bn thc hin a ch ny ngn hn. Nguyn tc th hai ni rng, cc s 0 trong mt nhm c th c b qua. Nu mt khi 4 s bt u ca n l s 0 th s 0 ny c th c lc b bt li l 3 s 0 trong khi. Nu khi ba s cng li bt u vi mt s 0 ng u th ta c th tip tc loi b. V c nh vy n khi gp s khc 0 trong nhm th dng. Trng hp nu 4 s trong nhm u l 0 th s c gi li cui cng l mt s 0. Nu c ni mi m khng biu din trong v d c th cc bn d theo di th l mt thiu st. Di y l nhng g m chng ta c th p dng c hai nguyn tc cho a ch v d: 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af 2001:f68:000:000:000:000:1986:69af 2001:f68:00:00:00:00:1986:69af 2001:f68:0:0:0:0:1986:69af 2001:f68::1986:69af Lu rng trong mi dng, chng ti lc b bt mt s 0 trong mi nhm. Khi m cc phn cn li l cc con s 0 chng ta li c th p dng thay th 4 s 0 lin tip bng hai du ::. iu ny ch c th thc hin c nu bn s 0 i lin nhau m thi. Nu khng tha mn iu kin th chng ta phi nguyn cc s 0.

Bi vit ny s tip tc gii thiu cho cc bn giao thc IPv6 bng cch tho lun v vic nh dng a ch v cc loi a ch khc nhau ca IPv6.

Nu quen vi IPv4 th bn phi bit rng mt a ch IPv4 gm c 4 phn, mi phn c phn bit vi nhau bng du chm. Mt phn trong a ch ny biu th s mng v cc bit cn li dng phn bit mt host c th trn mng. S ca cc bit thc c thit k cho s mng v s host khc nhau ph thuc vo subnet mask. Mt a ch IPv4 c chia thnh cc phn khc nhau, trong a ch IPv6 cng vy. Trong bi trc, bn bit c v cc a ch IPv6 c 128 bit chiu di. Khi mt a ch IPv6 c vit theo dng y , n c din t thnh 8 phn khc nhau, mi phn c 4 s v c phn tch bng du :. Mi phn c 4 ch s ny biu th 16 bit d liu, mi trng 16 bit ny li c s dng cho cc mc ch ring bit. C th, mi mt a ch IPv6 c phn thnh ba phn khc nhau l: site prefix, subnet ID, interface ID. Ba thnh phn ny c nhn dng bi v tr ca cc bit bn trong mt a ch. Ba trng u tin trong IPv6 c biu th site prefix, trng tip theo biu th subnet ID cn 4 trng cui biu th cho interface ID. Site prefix cng ging nh s mng ca IPv4. N l s c gn n trang ca bn bng mt ISP. in hnh, tt c cc my tnh trong cng mt v tr s c chia s cng mt site prefix. Site prefix hng ti dng chung khi n nhn ra mng ca bn v cho php mng c kh nng truy cp t Internet. Khng ging nh site prefix, subnet ID mang tnh ring bi v n bn trong mng ca bn, subnet ID miu t cu trc trang ca mng. Subnet ID lm vic rt ging vi cch m mng con lm vic trong giao thc IPv4. S khc nhau ln nht y l cc mng c c th di 16 byte l c biu th trong nh dng hex nhiu hn l k hiu ch thp phn c nhiu du chm. Mt IPv6 subnet in hnh tng ng vi mt nhnh mng n (trang) nh mt subnet ca IPv4. Interface ID lm vic ging nh mt ID cu hnh IPv4. S ny nhn dng duy nht mt host ring trong mng. Interface ID (th m i khi c cho nh l mt th) c cu hnh t ng in hnh da vo a ch MAC ca giao din mng. ID giao din c th c cu hnh bng nh dng EUI-64. xem mt a ch IPv6 c phn chia nh th no thnh cc phn con khc nhau ca n, bn hy quan st n a ch di y: 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af Phn site prefix ca a ch ny l: 2001:0f68:0000. Trng tip theo l 0000 biu th subnet ID. Cc byte cn li (0000:0000:1986:69af) biu th interface ID. in hnh khi mt tin t c biu din, n c vit trong mt nh dng c bit. Cc s 0 trong gii thch trong bi vit trc v cc tin t c theo sau bi mt du s v s. S sau du s ch s lng ca cc bit trong tin t. Trong v d trc ti cp n site prefix cho a ch 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af l 2001:0f68:0000. Khi tin t ny c chiu di 48 bit th chng ta nn thm vo a /48 kt thc n hp thc. Vi cc con s 0 b, tin t s vit nh sau: 2001:f68::/48

Cc loi a ch IPv6

IPv6 c ba loi a ch khc nhau: Unicast, Multicast v Anycast. a ch Unicast c s dng phn bit cc host n l trn mt mng. Cc a ch Multicast li s dng phn bit mt nhm cc giao din mng c tr in hnh trong cc my tnh phc hp. Khi mt gi d liu c gi n a ch multicast th gi c gi n tt c cc giao din mng trong nhm multicast. Ging nh cc a ch multicast, cc a ch anycast cng phn bit mt nhm c th cc giao din mng thng c tr trong cc my tnh phc hp. Vy ci g to tuyn anycast khc vi mt nhm multicast? Khi cc gi c gi i n mt a ch multicast chng c gi n tt c cc giao din mng trong nhm. Tri ngc vi iu , khi cc gi d liu c gi i n mt a ch anycast th cc gi ny khng gi n ton b nhm m thay v chng ch c gi n thnh vin gn nht.Khi nim gn nht do metric ca giao thc nh tuyn hin thi quyt nh

Cc a ch Unicast

Chng ti gii thiu cho cc bn nh dng ca mt a ch IPv6 v nhng v tr bit khc nhau c s dng. Qu thc c hai loi a ch unicast khc nhau l: ton cc v lin kt cc b. Mt a ch unicast ton cc c th truy cp rng ri trong khi a ch unicast lin kt cc b ch c th truy cp n cc my tnh khc m chia s lin kt. nh dng a ch IP m ti gii thiu cho cc bn phn trc l mt a ch unicast ton cc. Chng ti ni v loi a ch ny bi v n l loi a ch chung nht. Cc a ch unicast lin kt cc b s dng mt nh dng a ch khc vi cc a ch unicast ton cc. Ging nh cc

a ch unicast ton cc, cc a ch unicast lin kt cc b cng gm 128 byte chiu di. S khc nhau hai loi ny l cc byte c phn phi khc nhau v a ch s dng mt site prefix c bit. Trong mt a ch unicast lin kt ni b, mt site prefix chim 10 bit u tin ca a ch thay v 48 bit u nh trong trng hp ca a ch unicast ton cc. Site prefix c s dng bng mt a ch unicast lin kt cc b l: fe80. Khi site prefix c vit ngn li (so vi mt a ch unicast ton cc), bn c th khng ngc nhin khi thy rng s lng ca khng gian ch nh trong subnet ID c m rng t 16 bit thnh 64 bit. Nhng g y l 64 bit khng thc s c s dng. Nh rng mt a ch IP lin kt cc b ch hp l cho cc my tnh ang chia s mt lin kt chung. Nh vy, khng c l do no cn phi c mt subnet ID. 64 bit ca khng gian a ch m c dnh ring cho subnet ID c biu din nh nhng s 0. Interface ID cho mt a ch unicast lin kt cc b c chiu di 54 bit. Interface ID hu nh lun c bt ngun t 48 bit a ch MAC gn vo card giao din mng giao thc c phn danh gii. Di y l mt v d v mt a ch unicast lin kt cc b. Fe80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:23a1:b152 Tt nhin khi cc a ch IPv6 c vit ra th chng thng c din t vi mt lot con s 0 b trit tiu. Chnh v vy, mt cng thc vit tt ng k thut a ch ny l: Fe80::23a1:b152 Khi cc a ch din t vi cc s 0 b trit tiu, th a ch u tin trng ging nh bt k a ch IPv6 no. Nh rng bn c th ni c s khc nhau gia mt a ch unicast lin kt cc b vi cc a ch khc bi v mt a ch unicast cc b s lun lun bt u vi fe80.

a ch Multicast

Nh chng ti gii thch phn trc, cc a ch multicast c s dng nhn dng mt nhm cc giao din mng, c bit n nh mt nhm multicast. Cc giao din mng in hnh c nh v trn cc my tnh phc hp nhng y khng phi l mt thit b thun ty. Cc a ch multicast c s dng gi thng tin n bt k giao din mng no c nh ngha thuc v nhm multicast. Mt trong nhng iu th v nht v cc a ch multicast l chng hon ton ring bit, mt giao din mng c mt a ch multicast khng c ngha l my khng th c mt a ch unicast hoc l nm trong cc nhm multicast khc Trong thc t, mt vi h iu hnh thm vo mt adapter mng ca my tnh i vi cc nhm multicast khc nhau ti thi im a ch unicast ca adapter c nh ngha. V d: h iu hnh Solaris t ng thm vo cc adapter mng vo nt Solicited v cc nhm multicast tt c cc nt (hoc tt c cc router). Trong trng hp bn khng quen vi Solaris, nhm nt Solicited c s dng cho vic pht hin ra IPv6 khc kch hot cc thit b trn mng. Windows Vista cng c mt chc nng tng t. Chng ti gii thch cho cc bn nghe v cc a ch multicast c s dng cho nhng a ch multicast trng nh th no. Mc d mt a ch IPv6 di 128 bit nhng 8 bit u tin ca a ch li nh ngha cho a ch multicast. Mi mt a ch multicast s dng mt nh dng tin t l 11111111. Khi c biu din trong k hiu hex v : th mt a ch multicast lun lun bt u bng FF. Bn bit tip theo ca a ch multicast l cc bit c (flag). Ti thi im hin ti, ba bit u trong nhm bn bit l khng dng n (chnh v vy chng c thit lp l 0). Bit c th t c bit n nh mt bit nt m. Nhim v ca n l biu th xem a ch l mt a ch tm thi hay thng xuyn. Nu a ch l a ch thng xuyn th bit ny s c gn bng 0 cn ngc li n s c gn bng 1. Bn bit tip theo trong a ch multicast c bit n nh cc bit ID Scope. S lng ca khng gian d tr cho cc bit Scope ID l 4 bit, iu c ngha l c 16 gi tr khc nhau c biu th. Mc d khng phi tt c 16 gi tr u c s dng ti thi im hin ti, 7 trong s cc gi tr c s dng xc nh phm vi ca a ch. V d: nu mt a ch c phm vi ton cu th a ch l hp l trn ton b Internet. Hin ti s dng cc bit Scope ID nh sau:

112 bit cn li c s dng cho nhm ID. Kch thc ca nhm ID cho php cc a ch multicast dng ht 1/256 phn khng gian a ch ca IPv6. t lc a ch ny trong phn sp ti, chng ti cho bn xem mt s a ch multicast c s dng thng xuyn nht: FF0x0:0:0:0:0:1 y l mt multicast cho tt c cc nt. Bn c th phi lu n ch x trong a ch, n khng phi l mt k t h s hex. N l mt trnh gi ch cho phm vi. a ch c th ny c th s dng phm vi nt ni b (FF01:0:0:0:0:0:1) hoc phm vi lin kt ni b (FF02:0:0:0:0:0:1). FF0x:0:0:0:0:0:2 a ch multicast ny c gn cho tt c cc router bn trong phm vi nh ngha. y cng c k t x, n cng c chc nng tng t. Cc phm vi hp l l nt ni b (FF01:0:0:0:0:0:2), lin kt ni b (FF02:0:0:0:0:0:2) v trang ni b (FF05:0:0:0:0:0:2).

a ch Anycast

Nu nghin cu giao thc IPv4 th bn c th bit c rng cc khi nim ca unicast v multicast cng tn ti IPv4, mc d vy IPv6 chng c b sung nhiu vn khc. Anycast l duy nht vi IPv6. Anycast lm vic ging nh mt s kt hp cc a ch unicast v multicast. Mt a ch unicast c s dng gi d liu n mt ngi nhn c th no , mt a ch multicast c s dng gi d liu n mt nhm ngi nhn cn mt a ch anycast th c s dng gi d liu n mt ngi nhn c th ngoi nhm ngi nhn. Trong trng hp bn ang phn vn rng anycast c to nh mt cch lm cn bng ti tr ln d dng hn. Hy hnh dung mt tnh hung bn cn cung cp mt s lng ln ngi dng h c th truy cp n cc dch v hoc n mt router ca h. Trong tnh hung nh vy th n thng lm cho bn phi s dng nhiu my ch cu hnh dch v ang c cung cp hoc s dng cc router phc hp hay bt c trng hp no c th. L do y l v n c th cho php phn phi lung cng vic gia cc thit b phc hp. Loi cn bng ti ny thc hin rt kh khn nu s dng Ipv4 (mc d n c thc hin). Sic s dng cc a ch anycast vi IPv6 s cho hiu qu tuyt i vi vic cn bng ti. Bn cn gi mt yu cu ngi dng n mt trong nhng thit b, trong khi khng th quan tm n cc thit b c ch nh qun l yu cu m ch l yu cu phi c quan tm. Bng vic s dng cc a ch anycast, mi yu cu s t ng gi n thit b gn nht v mt a l n my tnh a ra yu cu. Trong mt s tnh hung, anycast thm c th c s dng cung cp li dung sai cho mt router li. Li c th c pht hin v cc yu cu c th c gi li vng qua mt router khc ln cn. Vn k l nht vi cc a ch anycast l khng c lc nh a ch c bit no. Vi nhng g trong bi vit ny, bn thy c c rt nhiu loi nguyn tc bao trm s dng v cu trc ca cc a ch unicast v multicast l gn cng mt a ch unicast cho cc host phc hp. Vi cch lm nh vy cc a ch unicast tr thnh mt a ch anycast.

I. Li ch ca IPv6:

Mt trong nhng l do chnh pht trin mt phin bn mi ca IP l vic a ch IPv4 lp B ang ht dn. Hnh v sau m t tnh hnh hin nay ca IPv4, v tm a ch hin c ca IPv4, qua ta thy d on c th ht a ch vo khong nm 2010 hay sm hn. [font=Tahoma]Cc vn v bo mt, cc ty chn ca IP v hiu sut nh tuyn. Cc ch li ca IPv6 gm: Tng kch thc ca tm a ch IP; tng s phn cp a ch; n gin ho a ch host (a ch c thng nht l: ton cc, site v cc b) ; n gin ho vic t cu hnh a ch (gm DHCPv6 v neighbor discovery thay cho ARP broadcast); tng linh hot cho nh tuyn multicast; c thm a ch anycast; header c sp xp hp l; tng bo mt (v c thm cc header m rng v bo mt gip bo m s ton vn d liu); c tnh di ng tt hn (home agent; care-of-address; v header nh tuyn m rng); hiu sut tt hn (vic tm tt a ch; gim ARP broadcast; gim s phn mnh gi tin; khng c header checksum; QoS c tch hp sn...).

1. Tng kch thc ca tm a ch:

IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch trong khi IPv4 ch s dng 32 bit; ngha l IPv6 c ti 2^128 a ch khc nhau; 3 bit u lun l 001 c ginh cho cc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (Globally Routable Unicast GRU). Ngha l cn li 2^125 a ch, ngha l c khong 4,25.10^37 a ch, trong khi IPv4 ch c ti a 3,7.10^9 a ch, ngha l IPv6 s cha 10^28 tm a ch IPv4.

2. Tng s phn cp a ch:

IPv6 chia a ch thnh mt tp hp cc tm xc nh hay boundary: Ba bit u cho php bic a ch c thuc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (GRU) hay khng, gip cc thit b t nh tuyn c th x l nhanh hn. Top level aggregation (TLA) ID c s dng v 2 mc ch: th nht, n c s dng ch nh mt khi a ch ln m t cc khi a ch nh hn c to ra cung cp s kt ni cho nhng a ch no mun truy cp vo Internet; th hai, n c s dng phn bit mt ng (route) n t u. Nu cc khi a ch ln c cp pht cho cc nh cung cp dch v v sau c cp pht cho khch hng th s d dng nhn ra cc mng chuyn tip m ng i qua cng nh mng m t route xut pht. Vi IPv6, vic tm ra ngun ca 1 route s rt d dng. Next level aggregator(NLA) l mmt kha ch c gn bn cnh khi TLA, nhng a ch ny c tm tt li i thnh nhng khi TLA ln hn, khi chng c trao i gia cc nh cung cp dch v trong li internet, ch li ca loi cu trc a ch ny l: th nht l s n nh v nh tuyn, nu chng ta c 1 NLA v mun cung cp dch v cho cc khch hng, ta s c cung cp dch v y nht, tt nht; bn cnh , chng ta cng mun cho php cc khch hng ca chng ta nhn c y bng nh tuyn nu h mun to vic nh tuyn theo chnh sch; cn bng ti... thc hin vic ny chng ta phi mang tt c cc ng trong backbone c th chuyn cho h.

3. n gin ho vic t a ch host:

IPv6 s dng 64 bit sau cho a ch host, v trong 64 bit th c c 48 bit l a ch MAC ca my, do phi m vo mt s bit c nh ngha trc m cc thit b nh tuyn s bit c nhng bit ny trn subnet, ngy nay, ta s dng chui 0xFF v 0xFE (:FF:FE: trong IPv6) m vo a ch MAC. Bng cch ny, mi host s c mt host ID duy nht trong mng. Sau ny nu s dng ht 48 bit MAC th c th s s dng lun 64 bit m khng cn m.

4. Vic t cu hnh a ch n gin hn:

mt a ch multicast c th c gn cho nhiu my, a ch anycast l cc gi anycast s gi cho ch gn nht (mt trong nhng my c cng a ch) trong khi multicast packet c gi cho tt c my c chung a ch (trong mt nhm multicast). Kt hp host ID vi multicast ta c th s dng vic t cu hnh nh sau: khi mt my c bt ln, n s thy rng n ang c kt ni v n s gi mt gi multicast vo LAN; gi tin ny s c a ch l mt a ch multicast c tm cc b(Solicited Node Multicast address). Khi mt router thy gi tin ny, n s tr li mt a ch mng m my ngun c th t t a ch, khi my ngun nhn c gi tin tr li ny, n s c a ch mng m router gi, sau , n s t gn cho n mt a ch IPv6 bng cch thm host ID (c ly t a ch MAC ca interface kt ni vi subnet ) vi a ch mng=>tit kim c cng sc gn a ch IP.

t trng hp: gim c mun gi mt hi ngh truyn hnh n cc nhn vin trong cng ty m khng mun gi tt c mi ngi trong internet (ch gi nhng ngi cn xem), lc , IPv6 c mt khi nim v tm vc multicast. Vi IPv6, bn c th thit k mt lung multicast xc nh ch c gi trong mt khu vc nht nh v khng bao gi cho php cc packet ra khi khu vc . 8 bit u lun c thit lp l 1 gip cc thit b nh tuyn bit c gi tin ny l mt gi tin multicast. 4 bit sau l flag (hin ti, 3 bit u khng c nh ngha v lun l 0, bit th t l T bit c s dng quyt nh xem a ch multicast ny l a ch c gn lu di (c gi l well-known) hay tm thi (transient). 4 bit tip theo l scope, xc nh gi tin multicast c th i bao xa, trong khu vc no th gi tin c nh tuyn; scope c th c cc gi tr sau: 1(c tm trong ni b node); 2 (c tm trong ni b lin kt); 5 (c tm trong ni b site); 8 (c tm trong ni b t chc); E (c tm ton cc). Tu vo cch gn a ch multicast, chng ta c th kim sot cc gi tin multicast c i bao xa, v cc thng tin nh tuyn kt hp vi cc nhm multicast c qung b bao xa. V d: nu chng ta mun qung b mt multicast trong vn phng ca ta, v mun ton th gii thy n, ta s gn tm cho n l E (110), tuy nhin, nu bn mun to mt nhm multicast cho mt hi ngh truyn hnh bn c th gn tm l 5 hay 2.

5. Tng linh hot cho nh tuyn multicast:

IPv6 nh ngha mt loi a ch mi: anycast. Mt a ch anycast l mt a ch IPv6 c gn cho mt nhm cc my c chung chc nng, mc ch. Khi packet c gi cho mt a ch anycast, vic nh tuyn s xc nh thnh vin no ca nhm s nhn c packet qua vic xc nh my gn ngun nht. Vic s dng anycast c 2 ch li: mt l, nu bn ang n mt my gn nht trong mt nhm, bn s tit kim c thi gian bng cch giao tip vi my gn nht; th hai l vic giao tip vi my gn nht gip tit kim c bng thng.

6. a ch Anycast:

a ch anycast khng c cc tm a ch c nh ngha ring nh multicast, m n ging nh mt a ch unicast, ch c khc l c th c nhiu my khc cng c nh s vi cng scope trong cng mt khu vc xc nh. Anycast c s dng trong cc ng dng nh DNS...

Header ca IPv6 n gin v hp l hn IPv4. IPv6 ch c 6 trng v 2 a ch, trong khi IPv4 cha 10 trng v 2 a ch. IPv6 header c dng:

7. Header hp l:

IP V6 Header IPv6 cung cp cc n gin ho sau: nh dng c n gin ho: IPv6 header c kch thc c nh 40 octet vi t trng hn IPv4, nn gim c overhead, tng linh hot. Khng c header checksum: trng checksum ca IPv4 c b i v cc lin kt ngy nay nhanh hn v c tin cy cao hn v vy ch cn cc host tnh checksum cn router th khi cn Khng c s phn mnh theo tng hop: trong IPv4, khi cc packet qu ln th router c th phn mnh n, tuy nhin vic ny s lm tng thm overhead cho packet. Trong IPv6 th ch c host ngun mi c th phn mnh mt packet theo cc gi tr thch hp da vo mt MTU path m n tm c, do , h tr host th IPv6 cha mt hm gip tm ra MTU t ngun n ch.

8. Cu truc Header:

Co nm fields c remove t IPv4 header: Header Length Identification Flags Fragment Offset Header Checksum Header Length c remove bi vi trong IPv6 c 40 octecs. Cn trong IPv4 c 20 octecs + optional c th ln n 60 octecs. V vy fiels ny l quan trng trong IPv4 xc nh chiu di ca header. IPv6 tch ra lm hai phn: Header chnh v header m rng (Extension headers). Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset l ba fields phc v cho vic phn mnh cc packet trong IPv4 header. Trong IPv4, c th cc packet c kch thc ln m i qua mng ch cung cp cc packet c kch thc nh, IPv4 router s chia nh cc packet ny ra thnh nhiu mnh ri chuyn n i thnh nhiu ng trong mng. Khi ti host ch, cc packet s c tp hp li v ghp ni. Nu mt trong cc mnh b mt hoc li, qu trnh truyn s khng thnh cng. Vic ny rt khng hiu qu. Trong IPv6, khng tn ti c ch phn mnh ny na ma cac host ngun co c ch Path MTU Discovery. Header checksum c remove tng tc x ly. Router khng cn kim tra va cp nht checksum. tin cy cua mang ngay nay a cao hn nn co th tin cy hn nhiu .

Tye of Service field c thay th bi Traffic Class field. - Version (4bits). - Traffic Class (1 bytes): thay th field Type of Service field, xac inh va phn bit cac lp packet vi cac u tin khac nhau. Yu cu chung cua Traffic Class field c th hin trong RFC 2460, ai khai nh sau: o Mc inh: gia tri 0. Khi packet khi u trong mt node bi upper layer protocol nao o, upper layer protocol o se xac inh gia tri cua Traffic Class field lun. o Node

9. Bo mt:
IPv6 tch hp tnh bo mt vo trong kin trc ca mnh bng cch gii thiu 2 header m rng ty chn: Authentication header(AH) v Encrypted Security Payload (ESP) header. Hai header ny c th c s dng chung hay ring h tr nhiu chc nng bo mt. AH: quan trr ng nhtrong header ny l trng Integriry Check Value(ICU). ICU c tnh bi ngun v c tnh t li bi ch xc minh. Qu trnh ny cung cp vic xc minh tn ton vn v xc minh ngun gc ca d liu. AH cng cha c mt s th t nhn ra mt tn cng bng cc packet replay gip ngn cc gi tin c nhn bn. ESP header: ESP header chh a mtrng : security parameter index (SPI) gip ch ca gi tin bit payload c m t ho nh th no. ESP header c th c s dng khi tunneling, khi tunnelling th c header v payload gc s c m ho v b vo mt ESP header bc ngoi, khi n gn ch th cc gateway bo mt s b header bc ngoi ra v gii m tm ra header v payload gc.

10. Tnh di ng:

IPv6 h tr tt cc my di ng nh laptop. IPv6 gii thiu 4 khi nim gip h tr tnh ton di ng gm: Home address; care-of address; binding; home agent. Trong IPv6 th cc my di ng c xc nh bi mt a ch home address m khng cn bit hin ti n c gn vo u. Khi mt my di ng thay i t 1 subnet ny sang subnet khc; n phi c mt care-of address qua mt qu trnh t cu hnh. S kt hp gia home address v care-of address c gi l mt binding. Khi mt my di ng nhn c 1 care-of address, n s bo cho home agent ca n bng gi tin c gi l binding update home agent c th cp nht li binding cache ca home agent v care-of address ca my di ng va gi. Home agent s duy tr mt nh x gia cc home address v care-of address v b n vo binding cache. Mt my di ng c th c truy cp bng cch gi mt packet n cc home address ca n. Nu my di ng khng c kt ni trn subnet ca home agent th home agent s gi packet cho my di ng qua care-of address ca my trong binding cache ca home agent (Lc ny,home agent c xem nh my trung gian my ngun c th n c my di ng). My di ng sau s gi mt gi tin binding update cho my ngun ca gi tin. My ngun sau s cp nht binding cache ca n, th sau ny my ngun mun gi n my di ng, ch cn gi trc tip n cho my di ng qua care-of address cha trong binding cache ca n m khng cn phi gi qua home address. Do ch c gi tin u tin l qua home agent.

11. Hiu sut:

IPv6 cung cp cc li ch sau: -Gim c overhead v chuyn dch a ch: v trong IPv4 c s dng private address trnh ht a ch, do xut hin k thut NAT dch a ch, nn tng overhead cho gi tin. Trong IPv6 do khng thiu a ch nn khng cn private address, nn khng cn dch a ch. -Gim c overhead do nh tuyn: nhiu khi a ch IPv4 c phn pht cho cc user nhng li khng tm tt c, nn phi cn cc entry trong bng nh tuyn lm tng kch thc ca bng nh tuyn v thm overhead cho qu trnh nh tuyn, ngc li, cc a ch IPv6 c phn pht qua cc ISP theo mt kiu phn cp a ch gip gim c overhead. -Tng n nh cho cc ng: trong IPv4, hin tng route flapping thng xy ra, trong IPv6, mt ISP c th tm tt cc router ca nhiu mng thnh mt mng n v ch qun l mng n v cho php hin tng flapping ch nh hng n ni b ca mng b flapping. -Gim broadcast: trong IPv4 s dng nhiu broadcast nh ARP, trong khi IPv6 s dng neighbor discovery thc hin chc nng tng t trong qu trnh t cu hnh m khng cn s dng broadcast. -Multicast c gii hn: trong IPv6, mt a ch multicast c cha mt trng scope c th hn ch cc gi tin multicast trong cc node, trong cc link, hay trong mt t chc. -Khng c checksum.

II. Cu trc ca a ch:

a ch unicast IPv6 c chiu di 128 bit v c chia lm 2 phn: mt subnet prefix v interface ID. Vi cc a ch kh

nh tuyn ton cc AGU, th c prefix v interface ID u c chiu di l 64 bit. Subnet prefix l a ch mng c gn cho lin kt. Trong khi interface ID l a ch MAC ca node. Trong qu trnh t cu hnh ca IPv6, host s cung cp interface ID ca n t ROM v yu cu router cc b hay s dng DHCPv6 server xc nh subnet prefix. -Do a ch MAC ch c 48 bit nn 16 bit trong interface ID s c ginh. IEEE c yu cu mt a ch MAC di 64 bit c gi l EUI-64. -Qun l a ch: mt a ch kh nh tuyn ton cc s c subnet prefix l 64 bit v subnet prefix ny s c chia nh thnh 5 trng:

Trng u tin l trng format prefix(FP), gip xc nh mt a ch kh nh tuyn ton cc (AGU) vi gi tr nh phn l 001. Trng th 3 cha c dng n v c ginh cho tng lai. Hai trng: TLA ID v NLA ID l quan trng nht. TLA ID l top level aggregation identifier. Cc a ch ton cc IPv6 s c gn cho cc ISP hay cc t chc dng TLA. Cc t chc TLA s tip tc phn pht cc tm a ch ny cho cc t chc Next level aggregation (NLA). Phng php phn phi a ch theo th bc ny cho php vic tm tt a ch gim kch thc ca bng nh tuyn core. Cn vi cc nh qun tr mng th trng quan trng nht l site-level aggregation (SLA) ID. Khng ging vi 2 trng kia, SLA ID thng s khng c gn sn gi tr khi cung cp cho cc t chc. SLA ID cho php 1 t chc nh ngha cc phn cp a ch trong c quan ca h. 16 bit SLA ID c th h tr ln n 65535 subnet.

III. Kho st cu trc mng ca IPv6:

1. Cc vn c bn v giao tip trong IPv6:chng ta s kho st cch cc thit b giao tip vi nhau trong
mt mng v cch IPv6 tham gia vo cng nh kho st vic giao tip gia 2 host/subnet, host vi router...

a. Cc giao tip trong mt subnet:IPv6 c thit k theo kiu plug and play. C h tr vic t cu hnh.
hiu cc giao tip trong mt subnet, ta cn hiu cc khi nim sau: t cu hnh phi trng thi (stateless); a ch lin kt cc b (link-local); link-local prefix; Interface ID; Neighbor solicitation message; neighbor advertisement message; neighbor cache. -Nu mt mng khng c router, khng c kt ni vi internet, v khng c c cc server h tr cho qu trnh t cu hnh th cc host trong mng phi cu hnh a ch IPv6 ca n bng mt qu trnh gi l stateless autoconfiguration. -Khi mt my kt ni vi 1 port trn 1 subnet, my s t cu hnh mt a ch th (tentative address) c gi l a ch lin kt cc b (link-local address). a ch ny c kch thc 128 bit gm 1 prefix lin kt cc b v a ch MAC ca my; prefix lin kt cc b l mt nh danh ton s 0 v theo dng hex l FE8. Mt a ch lin kt cc b c dng sau: FE80:0:0:0:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx - m bo a ch l duy nht th my s gi mt gi tin c bit l: neighbor solicitation n a ch va cu hnh v i reply trong mt giy. Nu khng thy th my s xem a ch l duy nht trong mng, nu c mt gi tin neighbor advertisement message th a ch khng duy nht. Sau khi xc nh a ch lin kt cc b l duy nht, qu trnh tip theo l query cc router ln cn trong mng. - giao tip vi hoat ch trn mng, my phi tm ra interface ID ca my ch. Do , my s s dng chc nng c gi l IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol. My s gi mt gi tin neighbor solicitation cho ch v interface ID s c gi tr li trong gi tin Neighbor advertisement. Interface ID s c b vo header ca IPv6 v truyn trn mng. My sau s thm mt entry vo neighbor cache ca n. Entry s cha a ch IPv6 ca ch, interface ID ca n , mt

con tr vo packet sp truyn, v mt flag xc nh ch c phi l mt router hay khng. Cache ny s c s dng cho nhng ln gi sau m khng cn gi li gi tin solicitation. -- a ch lin kt cc b khng th c s dng giao tip ra khi mt subnet. Vi nhng giao tip lin subnet th cn cc a ch site-local v global address ni cc router.

b. Cc giao tip lin subnet:

Khi mt my pht hin thy c mt router tn ti trn subnet, th qu trnh t cu hnh c s khc bit, v cn cc khi nim sau: site-local address; subnet ID; router solicitation message; router advertisement message; default router list cache; destination cache; prefix list cache; redirect message; path MTU discovery. w w Trong v sau qu trnh tt c u hnh th PC u ph r t u vo qu trnh IPv6 neighbor discovery protocol, thu c nhi tm cc node trong cng subnet v tm cc router cho cc ch n cc subnet khc. 7 7 Trong qu trnh tt c hnh, sau khi PC sinh ra mt a ch lin kt cc b duy nht th n s query mt router. PC s u gi mt gi tin c gi l router solicitation v mt router s phn hi li vi mt gi itn gi l router advertisement. Vic hin din ca router ngha l c th c cc subnet khc kt ni vi router. Mi subnet phi c mt subnet ID ca n v vic nh tuyn l da trn subnet ID. a ch ca PC by gi phi c mt subnet ID duy nht v a ch lin kt cc b khng cn s dng na. h tr qu trnh stateless autoconfig th router advertisement s cha mt subnet ID. Router advertisement ca mi interface s cha mt subnet ID khc nhau. ID ny s c kt hp vi interface ID to a ch IPv6. PC s b a ch lin kt cc b ca n v cu hnh mt a ch mi c gi l site-local address, gm 16 bit subnet ID c dng: FEC0:0:0:<subnet ID>:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx w w PC ss s d ng thng tin t router advertisement c p t cc cache c a n. Subnet ID s c thm vo prefix list nh cache ca PC. Cache ny c s dng xem mt a ch c cng subnet hay khng vi PC. Thng tin ca router s c thm vo neighbor cache v destination cache. Nu router c th c s dng l mt router mc nh th mt entry s c thm vo default router list cache. PC ss n sng gpacket cho ch, n s query prefix list xem a ch ch c chung subnet vi n hay khng. Khi i Nu khng th packet s c gi cho router trong default router list. PC sau s cp nht destination cache ca n vi mt entry cho host ch v next hop ca n. Nu default router c chn khng phi l next hop ti u n ch th router s gi mt Redirect message cho PC ngun vi mt next hop router tt hn n ch. PC sau s cp nht destination cache ca n vi next hop mi cho ch . Cc cache c duy tr bi bi mi IPv6 host v c query trc khi cc solicitation message c truyn, cc cache s gip gim c s message v cc cache ny s c cp nht nh k. h cc giao tip lin subnet th IPv6 cung cp mt dch v hu ch khc l Path MTU discovery. IPv6 khng tr cho php cc router phn mnh cc packet qu ln c truyn qua cc lin kt ca next hop, ch c cc node ngun mi c php phn mnh packet. S dng IPv6 Path MTU discovery, mt node ngun c th quyt nh packet ln nht c th c gi n ch. Vi thng tin v cc MTU ca cc lin kt c trn nhng hop trung gian, node ngun c th nh li kch thc cho cc packet ca n mt cch ph hp truyn.

c. Giao tip gia cc mng:

Trong qu trnh t cu hnh stateless, mi node c trch nhim cu hnh a ch ca chnh n v cache li interface ID ca n v thng tin c cung cp bi giao thc neighbor discovery. Trong mt mng nh, qu trnh ny c ch li l n gin v d dng. Bt li ca n l qu da vo k thut multicast, s dng khng hiu qu tm a ch v thiu bo mt, thiu s kim sot chnh sch v vic ng nhp. U U h cc giao tip gia cc mng ln hn v phc tp hn th ta phi s dng qu trnh t cu hnh stateful. tr hiu r hn qu trnh ny, ta phi hiu r cc khi nim sau: stateful autodiscovery; DHCPv6; DHCPv6 client, relay, agent, server. Stateful autoconfig dd a trn cc server cung c p cc thng tin c u hnh, nh ng server ny c g i l cc DHCPv6 server. Tuy nhin, vi cc nh qun tr th stateful phc tp hn stateless v n yu cu cc thng tin cu hnh phi c thm vo c s d liu ca DHCPv6 server. Do , stateful c kh nng m rng tt hn cho nhng mng ln. Stateful c thh s dng ng thi vi stateless. V d: mt node c th theo cc qu trnh stateless trong qu c trnh khi ng ly a ch lin kt cc b. Sau , n c th s dng stateful ly thm cc thng tin t DHCPv6 server. s s l y thng tin u hnh th PC ph i xc nh m t DHCPv6 server ng cch i ra m t DHCP solicit message hay c b g bng cch lng nghe mt DHCP advertisement. PC sau s gi mt unicast DHCPv6 Request. Nu DHCPv6 server khng chung subnet vi PC th mt DHCP relay hay agent s forward yu cu cho mt server khc. Server s hi m bng mt

DHCPv6 Reply cha thng tin cu hnh cho PC. Vii c s ng DHCPv6 c nhiu ch li nh: d + Kim sot: DHCPv6 kim sot vic phn phi v gn cc a ch t mt im kim sot tp trung. + Tm tt: do vic phn phi c th bc nn c th tm tt. + Renumbering: khi mt ISP mi c chn thay th ci c th cc a ch mi c th d dng c phn phi hn vi dch v DHCPv6. + Bo mt: mt h thng ng k host c th c s dng trong mt dch v DHCPv6. H thng ng k ny c th cung cp mt cch c chn la cc dch v mng cho cc host ng k v t chi truy cp cho cc host khng ng k.

Khi nim v a chi IPv6

I- GII THIU CHUNG
H thng a ch IPv4 hin nay khng c s thay i v c bn k t RFC 791 pht hnh 1981. Qua thi gian s dng cho n nay pht sinh cc yu t nh : - S pht trin mnh m ca h thng Internet dn n s cn kit v a ch Ipv4 - Nhu cu v phng thc cu hnh mt cch n gin - Nhu cu v Security IP-Level - Nhu cu h tr v thng tin vn chuyn d liu thi gian thc (Real time Delivery of Data) cn gi l Quality of Service (QoS) - Da trn cc nhc im bc l k trn, h thng IPv6 hay cn gi l IPng (Next Generation : th h k tip) c xy dng vi cc im chnh nh sau : 1- inh dng phn Header ca cc gi tin theo dng mi Cc gi tin s dng Ipv6 (Ipv6 Packet) c cu trc phn Header thay i nhm tng cng tnh hiu qu s dng thng qua vic di cc vng (field) thng tin khng cn thit (non-essensial) v ty chn (Optional) vo vng m rng (Extension Header Field) 2- Cung cp khng gian a ch rng ln hn 3- Cung cp gii php nh tuyn (Routing) v nh v a ch (Addressing) hiu qu hn -Phng thc cu hnh Host n gin v t ng ngay c khi c hoc khng c DHCP Server (stateful / stateless Host Configuration) 4- Cung cp sn thnh phn Security (Built-in Security) 5- H tr gii php Chuyn giao u tin (Prioritized Delivery) trong Routing 6- Cung cp Protocol mi trong vic tng tc gia cc im kt ni (Nodes ) 7- C kh nng m rng d dng thng qua vic cho php to thm Header ngay sau Ipv6 Packet Header

II- A CH IPv6

1- Khng gian a ch IPv6 a ch IPv6 (IPv6 Adddress) vi 128 bits a ch cung cp khi lng tng ng s thp phn l 2128 hoc 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,45 6 a ch so vi IPv4 vi 32 bits a ch cugn cp khi lng tng ng s thp phn l 232 hoc 4,294,967,296 a ch 2-Hnh thc trnh by IPv6 Address gm 8 nhm, mi nhm 16 bits c biu din dng s Thp lc phn (Hexa-Decimal) Vd-1 : 2001:0DB8:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Co th n gin ha vi quy tc sau : - Cho php b cc s khng (0) nm pha trc trong mi nhm - Thay bng 1 s 0 cho nhm c gi tr bng khng - Thay bng :: cho cc nhm lin tip c gi tr bng khng Nh vy a ch Vd-1 c th vit li nh sau : Vd-2 : 2001:DB8:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A Vd-3 : a ch = FE80:0:0:0:2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 C th vit li = FE80::2AA:FF:FE9A:4CA2 (*) Lu : phn Gi tr u (Prefix) c xc nh bi Subnet Mask IPv6 tng t IPv4 Vd-4 : 21DA 3::/48 c Prefix = 21DA 3:0 (48 bits) hoc 21DA 3:0:2F3B::/64 c Prefix = 21DA 3:0:2F3B ( 64 bits) Ch thch : khng b b ng, chng ta nn lu v mt s khi nim trc khi ni v a ch ca IPv6 Host

a) Link-Local : khi nim ch v cc Host kt ni cng h thng thit b vt l (tm hiu Hub, Switch) b) Site-Local : khi nim ch v cc Host kt ni cng Site c) Node : im kt ni vo mng (tm hiu l Network Adapter). Mi Node s c nhiu IPv6 Address cn thit (Interface Address) dng cho cc phm vi (Scope), trng thi (State), vn chuyn (Tunnel) khc nhau thay v ch c 1 a ch cn thit nh IPv4 d) Do vy khi ci t IPv6 Protocol trn mt Host, mi Network Adapter s c nhiu IPv6 Address gn cho cc Interface khc nhau 3-Cc loi IPv6 Address a- Unicast Unicast Address dng nh v mt Interface trong phm vi cc Unicast Address. Gi tin (Packet) c ch n l Unicast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n 1 Interface duy nht b- Multicast Multicast Address dng nh v nhiu Interfaces. Packet c ch n l Multicast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n tt c cc Interfaces c cng Multicast Address c-Anycast Anycast Address dng nh v nhiu Interfaces. Tuy vy, Packet c ch n l Anycast Address s thng qua Routing chuyn n mt Interfaces trong s cc Interface c cng Anycast Address, thng thng l Interface gn nht (khi nim Gn y c tnh theo khong cch Routing) Trong cc trng hp nu trn, IPv6 Address c cp cho Interface ch khng phi Node, mt Node c th c nh v bi mt trong s cc Interface Address IPv6 khng c dng Broadcast, cc dng Broadcast trong IPv4 c xem nh tng ng Multicast trong Ipv6 4-Cc loi IPv6 - Unicast Address IPv6 Unicast Address gm cc loi : Global unicast addresses Link-local addresses Site-local addresses Unique local IPv6 unicast addresses Special addresses a-Global unicast addresses (GUA) GUA l a ch IPv6 Internet (tng t Public IPv4 Address). Phm vi nh v ca GUA l tan b h thng IPv6 Internet (RFC 3587)

001 : 3 bits u lun c gi tr = 001 nh phn (Binary bin) (Prefix = 001 /3) Global Routing Prefix : gm 45 bits. L a ch c cp cho mt t chc, Cng ty / C quan ..(Organization) khi ng k IPv6 Internet Address (Public IP) Subnet ID : gm 16 bits. L a ch t cp trong t chc to cc Subnets Interface ID : gm 64 bits. L a ch ca Interface trong Subnet C th n gin ha thnh dng nh sau (Global Routing Prefix = 48 bits)

(*) Cc a ch Unicast trong ni b (Local Use Unicast Address) : gm 2 loi : Link-Local Addresses : gm cc a ch dng cho cc Host trong cng Link v Neighbor Discovery Process(quy trnh xc nh cc Nodes trong cng Link) Site-Local Addresses : gm cc a ch dng cc Nodes trong cng Site lin lc vi nhau b-Link-local addresses (LLA) LLA l a ch IPv6 dng cho cc Nodes trong cng Link lin lc vi nhau (tng t cc a ch IPv4 = 169.254.X.X). Phm vi s dng ca LLA l trong cng Link (do vy c th b trng lp trong cc Link) Khi dng HH Windows, LLA c cp t ng vi cu trc nh sau :

64 bits u = FE80 l gi tr c nh (Prefix = FE80 :: / 64) Interface ID = gm 64 bits . Kt hp vi Physical Address ca Netwoprk Adapter (ni phn sau) c-Site-local addresses (SLA) SLA tng t cc a ch Private IPv4 (10.X.X.X, 172.16.X.X, 192.168.X.X) c s dng trong h thng ni b (Intranet). Phm vi s dng SLA l trong cng Site. (*) Site : l khi nim ch mt phn ca h thng mng ti cc ta a l khc nhau

1111 1110 11 = 10 bits u l gi tr c nh (Prefix = FEC0 /10) Subnet ID : gm 54 bits dng xc ng cc Subnets trong cng Site Interface ID : gm 64 bits. L a ch ca Interfaces trong Subnet (*) Ch thch Vi cu trc nh trnh by phn trn, cc Local Use Unicast Address (Link-local, Site Local) c th b trng lp (trong cc Link khc, Site khc). Do vy khi s dng cc Local Use Unicast Addresss c 1 thng s nh v c thm vo (Additional Identifier) gi l Zone_ID vi c php : Address%Zone_ID Vd-5 : ping fe80::2b0:d0ff:fee9:4143%3 Zone_ID = %3. Trong : Address = Local-Use Address (Link-Local / Site-Local) Zone ID = gi tr nguyn, gi tr tng tng i (so vi Host) xc nh Link hoc Site. Trong cc Windows-Based IPv6 Host, Zone ID c xc nh nh sau : + i vi Link-Local Address (LLA) : Zobe ID l s th t ca Interface (trong Host) kt ni vi Link. C th xem bng lnh : netsh interface ipv6 show interface + i vi Site-Local Address (SLA) : Zone ID l Site ID, c gn cho Site trong Organization. i vi cc Organization ch c 1 Site, Zone ID = Site ID = 1 v c th xem bng lnh : netsh interface ipv6 show address level=verbose
d-Unique- local addresses (ULA) i vi cc Organization c nhiu Sites, Prefix ca SLA c th b trng lp. C th thay th SLA bng ULA (RFC 4193), ULA l a ch duy nht ca mt Host trong h thng c nhiu Sites vi cu trc:

111 110 : 7 bits u l gi tr c nh FC00/7. L=0 : Local Prefix =FC00 /8 Glocal ID : a ch Site (Site ID). C th gn ty Subnet ID : a ch Subnet trong Site Vi cu trc ny, ULA s tng t GUA v khc nhau phn Prefix nh sau :

e- Cc a ch c bit (Special addresses) Cc a ch c bit trong IPv6 gm : 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 : a ch khng xc nh (Unspecified address) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 : a ch Loopback (tng ng IPv4 127.0.0.1) IPv4-Cpompatible Address (IPv4CA) : Format : 0:0:0:0:0:0:w.x.y.z Trong w,x,y,z l cc IPv4 Address Vd : 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:192.168.1.2 IPv4CA l a ch tng thch ca mt IPv4/IPv6 Node. Khi s dng IPv4CA nh mt IPv6 Destination, gi tin s c ng gi (Packet) vi IPv4 Header truyn trong mi trng IPv4 IPv4-mapped address (IPv4MA) Format : 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:w.x.y.z (::FFFF:w.x.y.z) Trong w,x,y,z l cc IPv4 Address Vd : 0:0:0:0:0:FFFF:192.168.1.2 IPv4MA l a ch ca mt IPv4 Only Node i vi mt IPv6 Node, IPv4MA ch c tc dng thng bo v khng c dng

nh Resource hoc Destination Address 6to4 Address L a ch s dng trong lin lc gia cc IPv4/IPv6 nodes trong h thng h tng IPv4 (IPv4 Routing Infrastructure). 6to4 c to bi Prefix gm 64 bits nh sau : Prefix = 2002/16 + 32 bits IPv4 Address =64 bits 6to4 Address l a ch ca Tunnel (Tulneling Address) nh ngha bi RFC 3056 5-Cc loi IPv6 - Multicast Address Multicast Address ca IPv6 Node c hat ng tng t Maulticast trong IPv4. Mt IPv6 Node c th tip nhn tn hiu ca nhiu Multicast Address cng lc. IPv6 Node c th tham gia hoc ri khi mt IPv6 Multicast Address bt k lc no V d v mt s IPv65 Multicast Address c s dng : FF01::1 (interface-local scope all-nodes multicast address) FF02::1 (link-local scope all-nodes multicast address) FF01::2 (interface-local scope all-routers multicast address) FF02::2 (link-local scope all-routers multicast address) FF05::2 (site-local scope all-routers multicast address) Solicited-Node Address (SNA)

L a ch s dng trong quy trnh phn gii cp a ch LLA (Link-Local Address) t ng cho cc Node (tng t quy trnh t cp a ch 169.254.X.X trong IPv4) SNA c dng : FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF / 104 + 24 bits a ch MAC 6-Cc loi IPv6 - Anycast Address Anycast Address c th gn cho nhiu Interfaces, gi tin chuyn n Anycast Address s c vn chuyn bi h thng Routing n Interface gn nht. Hin nay, Anycast Address ch c dng nh Destination Address v gn cho cc Router IPv6 - Interface ID Trong tt c cc loi a ch ni trn u c gi tr Interface ID dng xc nh Interface. Gi tr Interface ID c xem xt v to nn theo cc yu t sau : - Xc nh bi Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 Address (*) . EUI-64 Address c th do gn hoc kt hp vi MAC (physical) Address ca Network Adapter (Window XP / Windows 2k3) - c gn tm thi vi gi tr ngu nhin (**) (RFC 3041) - c to thnh bi Link-layer address hoc Serial Number khi cu hnh Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) - T cp (manual address configuration) - L mt gi tr pht sinh ngu nhin v gn thng trc cho Interface (Windows Vista / LogHorn) Extended Unique Identifier (EUI)-64 Address (*) EUI-64 Address xc nh phong thc to 64 bits Interface ID bng cch kt hp Mac Address ca Network Adapter (48 bits) theo quy tc nh sau :

Mac Address = 6 nhm 8 bits = 48 bits. Trong 24 bits l m nh sn xut, 24 bits l m s Adapter Bc 1 : Tch i MAC Address lm 2 nhm (mi nhm 24 bits), chn vo gia 16 bits gi tr FFFE Bc 2 : o ngc gi tr bit th 7 ca nhm u V d : Network Adapter c MAC address = 00-AA-00-3F-2A-1C Bc 1 00-AA-00-FF:FE-3F-2A-1C Bc 2 02-AA-00-FF-FE-3F-2A-1C Interface ID = 02AA:00FF:FE3F:2A1C (64 bits) Theo forum ictvietnam

Lm quen vi a ch IPv6
Trong c hai h iu hnh Windows Vista v Longhorn Server u chy hai giao thc IPv6 v IPv4, cc giao thc ny hin nay ang c s dng rt rng ri. Tuy nhin c mt vi tnh nng trong cc h iu hnh ny s khng lm vic tr khi IPv6 c s dng. Trong trng hp chng ta nn bt u tm hiu thm mt cht v IPv6 xem chng lm vic nh th no. Nu khng phi l mt l do sc thuyt phc th mt l do na l s lng a ch IPv4 c th hon ton cn kit vo khong 2009. Chnh v vy, chnh ph lin bang M d kin trin khai IPv6 n tt c cc mng xng sng c hon thnh vo nm 2008.

Nh vy, giao thc IPv6 s c s dng ph bin trong mt vi nm ti v chng ti vit lot bi vit ny nh mt cch nhm gii thiu cho cc bn v giao thc IPv6.
Khng gian a ch IPv6

S khc nhau ng k nht gia hai giao thc ny l chiu di ca a ch ngun v a ch ca chng. Vic chuyn sang s dng IPv6 l do ngy cng thiu v s a ch IP. Giao thc IPv6 ny c mt khng gian a ch ln hn so vi giao thc IPv4. Giao thc IPv4 s dng mt a ch ngun v a ch ch l 32bit. Cc a ch ny c biu din thnh bn phn. Mt a ch IPv4 in hnh c dng nh 192.168.0.1. Tng phn vi IPv4, a ch IPv6 c chiu di l 128bit. iu cho php c th biu din n 3.4x1038 (340.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000) a ch. C mt vi s khc nhau trong cch biu din a ch ca IPv6. Mt a ch IPv6 thng c vit thnh 8 nhm, mi nhm gm c 4 s hex v mi nhm c tch bit vi nhau bng du :. V d nh sau th hin iu ny 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af. Bn ang xem xt a ch mu trn v ngh rng vic nh mt a ch IPv6 phi rt mt thi gian v cng sc? Nhng khng phi nh vy, a ch IPv6 ch c th c vit vn tt bng vic gim thiu cc s 0. C hai nguyn tc phi tun theo y khi biu din mt a ch IP. u tin, mt dy bn s 0 lin tc c th c thay th bng hai du ::. Bng cch a ch IPv6 trn c th c vit tt nh sau: 2001:0f68::0000:0000:0000:1986:69af. Trong v d trn, chng ta ch c th c lng mt khi cc ch s 0 bi v nguyn tc ny pht biu rng ch c mt cp :: trong mt a ch. R rng, a ch m ang v d trn vn cn rt nhiu ch s cn phi nh. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc th hai s cho php bn thc hin a ch ny ngn hn. Nguyn tc th hai ni rng, cc s 0 trong mt nhm c th c b qua. Nu mt khi 4 s bt u ca n l s 0 th s 0 ny c th c lc b bt li l 3 s 0 trong khi. Nu khi ba s cng li bt u vi mt s 0 ng u th ta c th tip tc loi b. V c nh vy n khi gp s khc 0 trong nhm th dng. Trng hp nu 4 s trong nhm u l 0 th s c gi li cui cng l mt s 0. Nu c ni mi m khng biu din trong v d c th cc bn d theo di th l mt thiu st. Di y l nhng g m chng ta c th p dng c hai nguyn tc cho a ch v d: 2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af 2001:f68:000:000:000:000:1986:69af 2001:f68:00:00:00:00:1986:69af 2001:f68:0:0:0:0:1986:69af 2001:f68::1986:69af Lu rng trong mi dng, chng ti lc b bt mt s 0 trong mi nhm. Khi m cc phn cn li l cc con s 0 chng ta li c th p dng thay th 4 s 0 lin tip bng hai du ::. iu ny ch c th thc hin c nu bn s 0 i lin nhau m thi. Nu khng tha mn iu kin th chng ta phi nguyn cc s 0.
S dng cc a ch IPv6 trong URL

Mc d cc my ch DNS c th truy cp vo mt website bng cch s dng tn min thay cho s dng mt a ch IP, nhng bn vn c th vo mt a ch IP thay cho mt phn ca mt URL. V d, mt website c nhn s dng URL l www.tenmien.com, tng ng vi n l a ch IP 24.235.10.4. Vi a ch IP nh vy, ti hon ton c th truy cp vo website bng cch nhp vo URL: http://24.235.10.4 Hu ht nhng ngi lt web thng khng s dng thi quen nhp vo a ch IP. Tuy vy, vic truy cp theo kiu ny vn tn ti. iu ny c bit ng vi cc ng dng web ring l. Khi khng lin quan n mt tn min, mt ng dng c kh nng trnh c ngi dng tri php d dm v nhy vo ng dng ca bn mt cch tnh c. Khi mt a ch IP c s dng thay th cho mt tn min, th s cng i lc c ch nh nh mt phn ca a ch. Nu bn ch n gin nhp vo sau HTTP:// sau l mt a ch th trnh duyt s tha nhn rng bn mun s dng cng 80. Mc d vy, bn c th ch nh bt k cng no truy cp n website, v d nu bn mun truy cp n website www.tenmien.com bng a ch IP v c th l cng 80 c s dng th lnh nn dng l http://24.235.10.4:80 Giao thc IPv6 cng vy, n cng c s dng nh mt phn ca mt URL. Nhng nu quan tm n nh dng IPv6 th bn nn lu rng mt a ch IPv6 gm c rt nhiu du :. iu ny ny sinh mt vn khi trnh duyt ca bn x l bt c nhng ci g pha sau du : nh mt s ch th ca cng. Trong trng hp , cc a ch IPv6 c phn bit bn trong du ngoc khi chng c s dng nh mt phn ca URL. V d: nu bn s dng a ch IPv6 mu trong mt URL th n s ging nh th ny: HTTP://[2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af]/ Ging nh c th ch nh s ca cng vi a ch IPv4, bn cng c th ch nh s cng khi s dng a ch IPv6. S cng phi i sau cng mt nh dng bt buc nh khi s dng IPv4. V bn ngoi cc du ngoc. V d, nu bn mun truy cp vo website ti a ch IPv6 mu trn theo cng 80 th URL nhp vo s nh sau: HTTP://[2001:0f68:0000:0000:0000:0000:1986:69af]:80/

Lu rng s ca cng trong trng hp ny l 80, nm gia du ng ngoc v du s. Mt du : cng c s dng nh r s cng nh trong giao thc IPv4.
Kt lun

Chng ti gii thiu cho cc bn nhng cch biu din khc nhau ca a ch IPv6. Ging nh giao thc IPv4, mt chui a ch IPv6 c th nh a ch mng cp di. Mc d khi nim c bn ca mng cp di lm vic ging nh cch m n lm vic trong giao thc IPv4 nhng phng php trnh by mng cp di c thay i mt cch r rng. Trong phn 2 ca lot bi vit ny chng ti s gii thiu k hiu mng, mng cp di v IPv6. Chng ti cng s gii thiu thm mt s a ch c bit (cc phn on a ch), chng c ngha nh th no i vi giao thc IPv6.