I - Tng quan chun RS232 1) t vn Vn giao tip gia PC v vi iu khin rt quan trng trong cc ng dng iu khin, o lng...

.. Ghp ni qua cng ni tip RS232 l mt trong nhng k thut c s dng rng ri ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi my tnh.N l mt chun giao tip ni tip dng nh dng khng ng b, kt ni nhiu nht l 2 thit b , chiu di kt ni ln nht cho php m bo d liu l 12.5 n 25.4m, tc 20kbit/s i khi l tc 115kbit/s vi mt s thit b c bit. ngha ca chun truyn thng ni tip ngha l trong mt thi im ch c mt bit c gi i dc theo ng truyn. C hai phin bn RS232 c lu hnh trong thi gian tng i di l RS232B v RS232C. Nhng cho n nay th phin bn RS232B c th t c dng cn RS232C hin vn c dng v tn ti thng c gi l tn ngn gn l chun RS232 Cc my tnh thng c 1 hoc 2 cng ni tip theo chun RS232C c gi l cng COM. Chng c dng ghp ni cho chut, modem, thit b o lng...Trn main my tnh c loi 9 chn hoc li 25 chn ty vo i my v main ca my tnh. Vic thit k giao tip vi cng RS232 cng tng i d dng, c bit khi chn ch hot ng l khng ng b v tc truyn d liu thp. 2) u im ca giao din ni tip RS232 + Kh nng chng nhiu ca cc cng ni tip cao. + Thit b ngoi vi c th tho lp ngay c khi my tnh ang c cp in. + Cc mch in n gin c th nhn c in p ngun nui qua cng ni tip. 3) Nhng c im cn lu trong chun RS232 + Trong chun RS232 c mc gii hn trn v di (logic 0 v 1) l +-12V. Hin nay ang c c nh tr khng ti trong phm vi t 3000 m - 7000 m + Mc logic 1 c in p nm trong khong -3V n -12V, mc logic 0 t -3V n 12V + Tc truyn nhn d liu cc i l 100kbps ( ngy nay c th ln hn) + Cc li vo phi c in dung nh hn 2500pF + Tr khng ti phi ln hn 3000 m nhng phi nh hn 7000 m + di ca cp ni gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi ghp ni qua cng ni tip RS232 khng vt qua 15m nu chng ta khng s model + Cc gi tr tc truyn d liu chun : 50,75,110,750,300,600,1200,2400,4800,9600,19200,28800,38400....56600,115200 bps 4) Cc mc in p ng truyn RS 232 s dng phng thc truyn thng khng i xng, tc l s dng tn hiu in p chnh lch gia mt dy dn v t. Do ngay t u tin ra i n mang v li thi ca chun TTL, n vn s dng cc mc in p tng thch TTL m t cc mc logic 0 v 1. Ngoi

mc in p tiu chun cng c nh cc gi tr tr khng ti c u vo bus ca b phn v cc tr khng ra ca b pht. Mc in p ca tiu chun RS232C ( chun thng dng by gi) c m t nh sau: + Mc logic 0 : +3V , +12V + Mc logic 1 : -12V, -3V Cc mc in p trong phm vi t -3V n 3V l trng thi chuyn tuyn. Chnh v t - 3V ti 3V l phm vi khng c nh ngha, trong trng hp thay i gi tr logic t thp ln cao hoc t cao xung thp, mt tn hiu phi vt qua qung qu trong mt th gian ngn hp l. iu ny dn n vic phi hn ch v in dung ca cc thit b tham gia v ca c ng truyn. Tc truyn dn ti a ph thuc vo chiu di ca dy dn. a s cc h thng hin nay ch h tr vi tc 19,2 kBd . 5) Cng RS232 trn PC Hu ht cc my tnh c nhn hin nay u c trang b t nht l 1 cng Com hay cng ni tip RS232. S lng cng Com c th ln ti 4 ty tng loi main my tnh. Khi cc cng Com c nh du l Com 1, Com 2, Com 3...Trn c 2 loi u ni c s dng cho cng ni tip RS232 loi 9 chn (DB9) hoc 25 chn (DB25). Tuy hai loi u ni ny c cng song song nhng hai loi u ni ny c phn bit bi cng c (DB9) v cng ci (DB25) Ta xt s chn cng Com 9 chn:

Trn l cc k hiu chn v hnh dng ca cng DB9 Chc nng ca cc chn nh sau: + chn 1 : Data Carrier Detect (DCD) : Pht tn hiu mang d liu + chn 2: Receive Data (RxD) : Nhn d liu + chn 3 : Transmit Data (TxD) : Truyn d liu + chn 4 : Data Termial Ready (DTR) : u cui d liu sn sng c kch hot bi b phn khi mun truyn d liu + chn 5 : Singal Ground ( SG) : Mass ca tn hiu + chn 6 : Data Set Ready (DSR) : D liu sn sng, c kch hot bi b truyn khi n sn sng nhn d liu + chn 7 : Request to Send : yu cu gi,b truyn t ng ny ln mc hot ng khi sn sng truyn d liu + chn 8 : Clear To Send (CTS) : Xa gi ,b nhn t ng ny ln mc kch hot ng thng bo cho b truyn l n sn sng nhn tn hiu

+ chn 9 : Ring Indicate (RI) : Bo chung cho bit l b nhn ang nhn tn hiu rung chung Cn DB28 by gi hu ht cc main mi ra u khng c cng ny na. Nn ti khng cp n y. 6) Qu trnh d liu a) Qu trnh truyn d liu Truyn d liu qua cng ni tip RS232 c thc hin khng ng b. Do vy nn ti mt thi im ch c mt bit c truyn (1 k t). B truyn gi mt bit bt u (bit start) thng bo cho b nhn bit mt k t s c gi n trong ln truyn bit tip the . Bit ny lun bt u bng mc 0.. Tip theo l cc bit d liu (bits data) c gi di dng m ASCII( c th l 5,6,7 hay 8 bit d liu) Sau l mt Parity bit ( Kim tra bit chn, l hay khng) v cui cng l bit dng - bit stop c th l 1, 1,5 hay 2 bit dng. b) Tc Baud y l mt tham s c trng ca RS232. Tham s ny chnh l c trng cho qu trnh truyn d liu qua cng ni tip RS232 l tc truyn nhn d liu hay cn gi l tc bit. Tc bit c nh ngha l s bit truyn c trong thi gian 1 giy hay s bit truyn c trong thi gian 1 giy. Tc bit ny phi c thit lp bn pht v bn nhn u phi c tc nh nhau ( Tc gia vi iu khin v my tnh phi chung nhau 1 tc truyn bit) Ngoi tc bit cn mt tham s m t tc truyn l tc Baud. Tc Baud lin quan n tc m phn t m ha d liu c s dng din t bit c truyn cn tc bit th phn nh tc thc t m cc bit c truyn.V mt phn t bo hiu s m ha mt bit nn khi hai tc bit v tc baud l phi ng nht Mt s tc Baud thng dng: 50, 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 28800, 38400, 56000, 115200 Trong thit b h thng dng tc l 19200 Khi s dng chun ni tip RS232 th yu cu khi s dng chun l thi gian chuyn mc logic khng vt qu 4% thi gian truyn 1 bit. Do vy, nu tc bit cng cao th thi gian truyn 1 bit cng nh th thi gian chuyn mc logic cng phi nh. iu ny lm gii hn tc Baud v khong cch truyn. c) Bit chn l hay Parity bit y l bit kim tra li trn ng truyn. Thc cht ca qu trnh kim tra li khi truyn d liu l b xung thm d liu c truyn tm ra hoc sa mt s li trong qu trnh truyn . Do trong chun RS232 s dng mt k thut kim tra chn l. Mt bit chn l c b sung vo d liu c truyn ch thy s lng cc bit "1" c gi trong mt khung truyn l chn hay l. Mt Parity bit ch c th tm ra mt s l cc li ch hn nh 1,3,,5,7,9... Nu nh mt bit chn c mc li th Parity bit s trng gi tr vi trng hp khng mc li v th khng pht hin ra li. Do trong k thut m ha li ny khng c s dng trong trng hp c kh nng mt vi bit b mc li. Cn cch thc truyn dn. Phn ny ti khng cp cc bn vui lng xem trong gio trnh.

II - S ghp ni RS232 1) Mch chun giao RS232 dng IC Max232 Max232 l IC chuyn dng cho giao tip gia RS232 v thit b ngoi vi. Max232 l IC ca hng Maxim. y l IC chay n nh v c s dng ph bin trong cc mch giao tip chun RS232. Gi thnh ca Max232 ph hp (12K hay 10K) v tch hp trong hai knh truyn cho chun RS232. Dng tn hiu c thit k cho chun RS232 . Mi u truyn ra v cng nhn tn hiu u c bo v chng li s phng tnh in ( hnh nh l 15KV). Ngoi ra Max232 cn c thit k vi ngun +5V cung cp ngun cng sut nh. Mch giao tip nh sau :

y l mch giao tip 1 knh dng Max232. Cn giao tip 2 knh th tng t. Mch ny c s dng kh nhiu trong chun giao tip RS232.

II- Giao tip ni tip dng UART 1. Tng quan giao tip UART
Vit tt ca Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter thng l mt mch tch hp c s dng trong vic truyn dn d liu ni tip gia my tnh v thit b ngoi vi thng qua cng ni tip. Rt nhiu vi iu khin hin nay tch hp UART.

bt u vic truyn d liu bng UART, mt start bit c gi i, sau l 58 bit d liu, sau l stop bit. Start bit c trng thi ngc vi trng thi bnh thng ca ng truyn d liu. Stop bit c cng trng thi vi trng thi bnh thng ca ng truyn d liu. Tc ca UART c quy nh bi tc baud. Mt s interface chun ca UART l EIA, RS 232, RS 422 v RS 485. Nh vy lm vic vi UART chng ta phi quan tm n cc thng s sau: Tc Baud: thng l 9600 S bt c dng truyn Data: t 5 n 8 ( thng l 8 ) Bt Stop 1, hay 2 thng chn 1 Bit chn l 2. Giao tip UART trong PIC16F877A a. Cc thanh ghi c s dng trong PIC16F877A Trong PIC16F877A c tt c 5 thanh ghi cho qua trnh iu khin UART: Trong c 2 thanh ghi chc nng TXSTA, RCSTA, 2 thanh ghi d liu RCREG, TXREG., v thanh ghi tc Baud: SPBRG.

Thanh ghi TXSTA CSRC: TX9 : chn ch chuyn 9 bit: ( =1: 9 bit, =0: 8 bit ) TXEN : Cho php truyn SYNC : Chn ch truyn ng b hay khng ng b: ( =1: ng b, =0: khng ng b ) BRGH : chn ch d truyn cao hay thp ( =1 HIGH, =0: LOW ) TRMT : bt bo trng thi ca b m: =1: TSR rng( d liu oc truyn xong ), =0: TSR y ( d liu cn trong b m ca UART ) TX9D : gi tr ca bt th 9 trong ch truyn 9 bit. Bit ny c th dng lu bit Parity; Thanh ghi RCSTA SPEN : cho php s dng b UART RX9 : chp nhn ch nhn 9 bit SREN : khng dng vi trng hp Asychoronous CREN : tip tc nhn d liu ADDEN : dng trong ch chn 9 bit: ( master , slave ) FERR : bt bo hiu li ng truyn OERR : bo hiu li ng truyn RX9D : gi tr bt th 9 trong qu trnh Receive c lu ti y. Thanh ghi TXREG: dng cha d liu truyn i trong qu trnh Transmit Thanh ghi RCREG: dng lu d liu t ngoi vo trong qu trnh Receive Thanh ghi: SPBRG l thanh ghi thit lp tc baud ca PIC

Trong PIC16F877A c hai ch truyn High speed, v Low speed c quy nh bi bit BRGH ca thanh ghi TXSTA. Vic phn chia hai mc tc ny c s chn la cho trng hp sai s vi tc baud chun ca PC: M trong PC c cc mc chun: 300, 2400, 9600, 19200, 28800. Cc bn c th tham kho bng 103 trang 114 bit c cc mc tc : Thng qua bng trn ta thy ng vi tn s thch anh l 4M chn cho tc baud l 9600 ta c th chn hai gi tr ca thanh ghi SPBRG hai trng hp : SPBRG = 25 ng vi BRGH =1 ci sai s l 0.15 v SPBRG = 6 ng vi BRGH =0 c sai s 6.99. R rng l ta chn gia tr no c sai s b nht v ng vi VD trn ta nn chn SPBRG = 25 , BRGH= 1 v n c sai s nh hn trng hp kia. Nh vy ng vi trng hp no c sai s nh hn trong hai gi tr th ta s chn ci . b. Qu trnh truyn v nhn ca PIC vi PC Trong PIC16F877A c nhiu ch truyn nhn khc nhau: ch truyn nhn dng bit 9 nh chn l, hay cho mng VK 1 master v nhiu slave. V ch chuyn ng b ng dng cho vic giao tip vi A/D, D/A hay vi cc EEPRO. V tt nhin cc ch d ny s c thit lp bi cc bit trong thanh ghi TXSTA, v TCSTA. Tuy nhin trong tutorial ny ch xin gii thiu ch truyn v nhn 8 bit giao tip vi PC mt trong cc chc nng ca b AUSART ca PIC c. Qu trnh nhn d liu Trong PIC16F877A nhn bit c d liu truyn ti ngi ta dng bit c RCIF trong thanh ghi PIR1. Nh vy khi thanh ghi m d liu cha d liu th RCIF s c a ln 1. V chnh c ny cho php PIC16F877A c hai phng thc nhn bit lc no c d liu truyn ti. S dng ngt v s dng kiu Polling ( quay vng ) Kiu Polling: lin tc kim tra c RCIF nu =1 th c d liu: Phng thc ny c u im d lp trnh , ph hp vi nhng ng dng nh. Kiu dng ngt: c thit lp bng cch cho RCIE= 1 cho php ngt. Tc l mi khi c d liu truyn ti RCREG th sinh ra mt ngt v PIC s tm dng chng trnh hin thi x l d liu va nhn c. Cch ny ch yu c s dng Nh vy cc bc cho qu trnh nhn d liu ca qu trnh s dng INTERUPT bao gm: 1. Khi to tc baud: thanh ghi SPBRG. Cho SPBRG = 25, BRGH =1 ng vi tc 9600 ( thch anh 4M) 2. Cho php qu trnh truyn khng ng b bng cch thit lp SPEN = 1, SYNC= 0; 3. Cho php ngt qu trnh nhn d liu: RCIE=1 4 Cho php nhn d liu : CREN = 1 5. Cho php ngt ton cc bng vic GIE =1, PEIE = 1 ( GIE, PEIE trong thanh ghi INTCON ) 6. X l cc phn khc chng trnh khi c ngt xy ra th x l d liu d. Qu trnh truyn d liu Trong qu trnh truyn d liu cng c hai ch s dng ngt v Polling , tuy nhin qu trnh truyn d liu ln PC khng phi l thi dim bt k m dt di s

kim sot ca chng trnh cho nn ngi ta thng s dng kiu polling khi cn truyn th truyn i. Nh vy cc bc cho qu trnh thit lp ngt: 1. Khi to tc baud: thanh ghi SPBRG. Cho SPBRG = 25, BRGH =1 ng vi tc 9600 ( thch anh 4M) 2. Cho php qu trnh truyn khng ng b bng cch thit lp SPEN = 1, SYNC= 0; 3. Cho php truyn d liu bng cch thit lp bt TXEN = 1; 4. Khi cn truyn d liu ch cn Load d liu ln TXREG

III- Phn mn giao tip