NG -TEN V S TRUYN SNG V TUYN IN I- NG -TEN. ng-ten l h dao ng h, c thng s phn b. 1.

Bc x nng lng in t ca ng-ten: Khi kch thch ng-ten bng my pht, trong ng-ten c dao ng in t cng bc v khng gian xung quang ng-ten s c trng in t bin thin truyn i vi vn tc nh sng, ngi ta ni ng-ten bc x. Chng ta xt trng hp ng-ten l mt lng cc, ni vo tm ca lng cc mt sc in ng ngoi iu ha, trong ng-ten s c mt dao ng in cng bc c tn s bng tn s sc in ng ngoi.

Lc t = 0: dng in trong ng-ten bng khng, in tch ca lng cc bng khng v ng sc in trng khng c mt (a). Trong khong t = 0 n t = T/4: dng in tng, in tch s dch chuyn t 2 cc ca ngun n 2 u mt ca ng-ten, do ng sc ca in trng cng dch chuyn theo. n t = T/4: dng in ngng tng, cc ng sc n tn cc mt ca ng-ten (b). T t = T/4 n t = T/2: dng in gim v in tch dch chuyn t cc u mt n trung tm ng-ten, cc ng sc in trng co li v trung tm. Ti thi im t = T/2, dng in bng khng, in tch lng cc bng khng v trong khng gian cn li cc ng sc khp kn, ng xa nht cch ng-ten mt khong bng /2 (c). T t = T/2 n t = 3T/4 dng in trong ng-ten li tng, nhng theo chiu ngc li. Cc ng sc in trng cng dch chuyn theo, c hng ngc chiu so vi cc ng sc phn t chu k th nht (d). Tng t khi t = T in tch ca lng cc li bng khng v ng sc in trng ban u lan truyn i xa ng-ten mt khong (e). Qu trnh c tip din, theo Maxwell in trng bin thin sinh ra t trng bin thin v ngc li. V vy ta c trng in t bin thin xung quanh lng cc. Cc ng sc t trng l cc vng trn ng tm bao quanh lng cc. Trng in t ny lan truyn trong khng gian. 2. Vi c trng c bn ca anten: a. Trng trong min sng bc x ca anten l khng ng hng. Trng bc x ca anten gim t l ngc vi khong cch R i vi v tr t anten v dng in c tn s cng cao th bc x cng mnh. b. cao hiu dng ca anten: I mhhd = I 0(Z)dZ , trong trng hp khng c C hoc L: l =
0

th 4

hhd =

1 1 2 , trong I = I m . Trong trng hp anten I 0(Z)dZ = I mcos ZdZ = 2 Im Im 2 0 0 4 sin hhd I C R

sng di c mc thm cun cm, di anten b hn phn t bc sng, d cao hiu dng ca n cng b hn gi tr trn. Gi tr hiu dng ca trng: E0 =

c. Cng sut bc x trung bnh: L dng nng lng m sng mang qua na mt cu bao quanh anten trong n v thi gian. Dng nng lng sng ngang qua nguyn t mt cu dS = 2 R2 sin d l: dP = Cng sut bc x trung bnh: P =

16 2 hhd 2 , trong h SI: P = 160 2 hhd I 2 . dP = I 3C =0

2

C 2 E dS 4

2 d. in tr bc x: C th vit cng thc trn di dng: P=rI2. Suy ra: r = 160 (

tr. e. Hiu sut bc x ca anten: A =

hhd ) c th nguyn l in

P r 2 vi Pnh = RI nn A = . P + Pnh r+R

3. Bc x nh hng ca anten: Khi ng-ten bc x nh hng, nng lng in t do ng-ten pht ra khng phn b u theo moi hng m s tp trung vo nhng hng xc nh. ng-ten pht v ng-ten thu c gin ch hng ging nhau nn cc gin di y c trng cho ng-ten pht cng nh ng-ten thu. r ng-ten nh hng n gin l ng-ten khung, gi s sng ti c vn tc v lm vi php

tuyn n ca mt phng khung mt gc , c vect in trng E song song vi cnh a ( hnh v) Ta tnh sc in ng cm ng trong khung: T trng trn mt phng khung c dng:

u r

H = Hm(x, y, z)cos t

Gi s kch thc khung nh hn nhiu so vi bc sng, khi c th coi bin Hm ca t trng khng i trong phm vi khung. Gi N l s vng dy ca khung, t thng cm ng qua khung l: = NHmabsincost = NHmS.sincost. Trong S l din tch ca khung, sc in ng cm ng trong khung l:

1 d 2 2 = NHmSsin sint = Em sin t vi Em = NHmSsin ph thuc hng sng ti, n C dt ) cc i i vi sng truyn trong mt phng khung ( = ,sin = 1 n bng 0 i vi sng truyn vung 2 e=
gc vi mt phng khung. Vy Em khng ph thuc hnh dng m ch ph thuc din tch S ca khung. Hnh bn y cho thy gin ch hng ca ng-ten khung trong mt phng vung gc vi cnh a ca khung. Trn y l s bc x (hoc thu) nh hng ca nhng ng-ten n gin. to ra s bc x nh hng tu c th dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. V sng v tuyn in cng l sng in t nh sng nh sng, nn c th dng nhng b phn phn chiu cho nhng sng cc ngn (dm, cm) v chng gn vi sng nh sng. i vi cc sng di, c th dng phng php giao thoa: cho nhiu ng-ten bc x ng thi, mi ng-ten c cp bng dng in c pha v bin khc nhau. Ty theo bin v pha ca cc sng ti m trng tng hp theo hng ny hay hng khc mnh ln hay yu i, ngha l bac x c tnh nh hng. n gin, ta xt trng hp cc ng-ten c nui bng cc dng in ch c pha khc nhau:

i1 = Icos t;i 2 = Icos( t- )

Trng do 2 anten sinh ra l: E1 = Em1cos t; E2 = Em2cos( t

= R2 R1 b cos l hiu ng i ca hai sng. Ta gi thit Em1 = Em2 = Em, ta c:

2 )

Ch trng hp =

v b = , chng ta thy hai ng-ten ch bc x v mt pha, ngten th hai phn 2 4

chiu nng lng v pha ng-ten th nht.Vy c th thay i s nh hng khng gian ca gin bc x bng cch thay i lch pha gia dng in nui cc ng-ten trong khi vn gi nguyn h thng ng-ten. Hai i lng c trng cho mc nh hng ca anten : + Gc nh hng l gc gia hng c cng bc x cc i v hng c cng bc x bng mt na gi tr cc i.

E + H s khuch i cng sut : G = A ; vi EA l gi tr cc i ca trng do anten bc x nh hng E0

sinh ra ; E0 l gi tr cc i ca trng do anten bc x mi hng sinh ra cng khong cch, vi iu kin l cng sut bc x tng cng nh nhau. 4. ng-ten thu thng dng: nhn nng lng sng in t, pha my thu phi c ng-ten thu, ng-ten n gin nht l mt si dy ni t. Khi sng in t n ng-ten thu, trong n s xut hin sc in ng cm ng bin thin cng tn s vi sng in t do ng-ten pht truyn n. c dng in ln trong ng-ten thu, cn lm cho n cng hng vi dao ng cn thu bng cch ni ng-ten thu vi cun cm hoc t in bin i lm ho hp tn s nh phn rn ta cp ti. i vi cc my thu hin i, d ng-ten khng cng hng nhng sc in ng cm ng vo ng-ten khong vi micro-volt, cng thu sng in t . Cc loi ng-ten thng dng nh ng-ten ch T, ch ... cao hiu dng ca chng ln hn cao hiu dng ca ng-ten thng ng c cng cao thc t. gim kch thc ca ng-ten ngi ta dng ng-ten ferrit (ferrit dng lm ng-ten l mt nhom vt liu c cng thc Mo,Fe2O3 trong M l mt cation ho tr 2, thng l Zn, Cd, Ni, Cu, Co hoc Mg, ferit c tnh st t) l mt cun cm c li l thanh ferrit, thanh ferrit c kh nng tp trung ng sc t, t thng qua cun cm tng do sc in ng cm ng trong cun cm tng ln vi chc ln so vi trng hp cun cm khng c li ferrit. Ang-ten ferrit ch nhn c sng in t khi li ferrit t dc theo ng sc t ca sng ti. Do trc ca ng-ten ferrit phi t vung gc vi phng truyn sng. Ang-ten ferrit cng l mt loi ng-ten nh hng, thng c tit din 1-2 cm2, di 15 30 cm c dng nhiu trong cc radio bn dn. II- S TRUYN SNG V TUYN IN: Sng v tuyn in c truyn trong kh quyn tri t, kh quyn gm cc kh N, O, H ... mt t, khng kh c mt ln nht, ln cao mt khng kh gim dn. Lp kh quyn bao quanh tri t rt dy, c th ln n 1000km hay hn na. Khng kh c nhiu lp, lp di cng l tng i lu, khng kh c thnh phn khng i. cao hng trm km, kh quyn khng ng nht, kh nng nm di, kh nh nm trn. Di tc dng ca bc x mt tri ... khng kh b ion ho v trn cao hng trm km c mt tng in li, nh hng quan trng n s truyn sng v tuyn in. Trong tng in li, mt cc ht mang in phn b khng u, c nhiu cc i cc cao khc nhau: Lp D: di cng c cao tc dng t 60 80km ch xut hin ban ngy, hp th mnh sng truyn qua n. ( cao tc dng = 1/2 tch ca thi gian sng i t mt t n lp v quay v tri t vi vn tc nh sng trong chn khng). Lp E: cao 110 120km, bn nht. Lp F2: cao 300 400km, ma ng h thp xung 225 n 250km. Lp F1: xut hin vo ma h, nm di lp F2 c cao khong 200km. Tng in li v cc lp khng kh khc khng c gii hn r rt, cn cao, b dy, mt electron ca cc lp thay i theo thi gian (ngy, m, ma ...) do ngun ion ho thay i. S bin i ca tng in li lm nh hng n s truyn sng in t, c bit i vi sng ngn. S truyn sng in t trong kh quyn: Sng in t c bc sng khc nhau s truyn i khc nhau, nn ngi ta ghp cc sng in t c cng c tnh li thnh tng bng (band): Sng rt di (VLW) : 25KHz < f < 30KHz Sng di (LW) : 30KHz < f < 300KHz Sng trung (MW) : 300KHz < f < 3MHz. Sng ngn (SW) : 3MHz < f < 30MHz. Sng cc ngn (VHF) : 30MHz < f < 300MHz (sng mt). Sng cc tn s (UHF) : 300MHz < f < 3GHz (sng dm). Sng siu tn s (SHF) : f > 3GHz (sng cm, mm). Sng v tuyn in truyn i trong kh quyn vi vn tc: Cng nh nh sng, sng in t cng c cc tnh cht nh: khuch tn, hp th, phn x, khc x, giao thoa...

Khi sng c truyn dc theo mt t, ta c sng t hay tia t. Khi bc x vo trong khng gian, c phng lm vi mt t mt gc no , sng c gi l sng tri hay tia tri. Sng rt di: Tia t b hp th mnh, tuy nhin t b nc bin v t hp th, nn thng dng lin lc gia mt t tu ngm hoc mt t hm m. Sng di: Tia t ca sng ny b nhiu x mnh, v bc sng ca n so snh c vi kch thc cc min g gh trn mt t. Mt t v cc vt cn hp th mnh sng di. Sng di phn x tt t cc tng in li, ban ngy phn x t lp D, ban m phn x t lp E. C th phn x nhiu ln nn b tng in li hp th mnh, nn cng sut truyn phi ln. Ma ng v ban m sng di truyn i tt hn ma h v ban ngy. Tuy nhin sng di khng b hin tng fading (gy bi hin tng giao thoa), iu kin truyn n nh nht. Thng dng lin lc trong cc thnh ph. Sng trung: ban ngy tia tri b tng in li hp th mnh nn khng lin lc i xa c. Tia t b hp th mnh, hp th cng ln khi sng cng ngn v t c dn in cng b. t b nc bin hp th, t kh hp th nhiu hn t m t. Ban ngy sng trung truyn gn, v m truyn cng xa do t b hp th khi phn x tng in li. Sng trung b hin tng fading mnh. Thng dng lin lc trong thnh ph ln. Sng ngn (v mt phn sng trung): b mt t v cc vt cn hp th mnh do c tn s cao. c bit i vi sng ny c min lng (c khong cch t tia t ngoi cng v tia tri phn x t tng in li xung), khng thu c sng, min ny ko di t vi trm n hng nghn km tu theo thi gian (ngy, m) v bc sng, sng cng ngn min lng cng rng. Trong min nghe c, vic thu tt nhng lun lun b hin tng fading rt mnh. Tia tri ca sng ngn thng phn x lp F2 v b lp E hp th mnh v phi qua lp ny 2 ln. - Sng 80 200m khng c min lng. - Sng 50 80m i khi c min lng vo ban m. - Sng 35 70m ch yu c dng lin lc xa ban m nn gi l sng m. - Sng 10 25m t b lp E hp th nn c dng lin lc ban ngy nn c gi l sng ngy, min lng li rt rng, nht l ban m. u im ca sng ngn l c th lin lc rt xa nh tia tri (my c cng sut pht vi chc Watt, c th lin lc c vi na bn kia tri t tc xa 20.000km). Tuy nhin nhng xo trn trong tng in li lm nh hng mnh n s truyn sng ngn, c bit ta quan st c hin tng ting vng v tuyn (radioecho) do tn hiu i theo 2 ng khc nhau t ng-ten pht n ng-ten thu. Sng cc ngn, sng cc tn s ...: Cc sng ny khng b phn x tng in li m i xuyn qua n vo khng gian v tr. Tia t ca cc sng ny b t hp th mnh. Do cc sng ny ch lin lc c trong phm vi nhn thy ca ng-ten pht v ng-ten thu. Mun truyn i xa cn t cc ng-ten kh cao. Thng dng trong pht truyn hnh v pht thanh FM, lin lc ra v tr. Cc sng ny t b hin tng fading v thi gian (ngy, m, ma ...) v tng in li hng nh hng n s truyn ca cc sng ny. Ngoi ra cc sng ny c bc x nh hng tt, khng b nhiu lon.

MY THU BI 1: MY THU THANH Trong vng khng gian c sng in t ca i pht thanh, nu ta t mt ng-ten thu, th trn ng-ten thu s c mt sc in ng cm ng. Tuy nhin c rt nhiu i cng pht mt lc, nn my thu phi chn lc c i mun thu, khuch i, tch sng ly ra m thanh, khuch i m tn pht ra loa. My thu thanh c th chia thnh 2 loi chnh nh my thu khuch i trc tip v my thu i tn. * My thu khuch i trc tip: Tn hiu thu c t ng-ten thu, c khuch i cao tn sau tch sng ly ra tn hiu m tn, khuch i m tn v a ra loa. Loi ny c nhiu nhc im: km nhy, tnh lc la thp. * My thu i tn: Tn hiu thu c t ng-ten thu, c i xung mt tn s thp hn, khng i gi l trung tn, khuch i mnh ln trc khi tch sng ly ra tn hiu m tn, khuch i m tn v a ra loa. Loi ny c nhiu u im: nhy cao, tnh lc la tt, chng nhiu tt ... do c dng ph bin trong cc my thu hin i. Sau y ta xt n loi my thu ny. 1. Chn i: Khi ny c mt mch cng hng gm cun dy La v t in thay i Cva (hoc t in Ca v cun dy La c li iu chnh c), s cng hng ng i mun thu c tn s fa nh iu chnh Cva hoc La. 2. Dao ng ni : L mt mch dao ng LoCvo to ra dao ng cao tn hnh sin c tn s fo. Tn s fo khng phi c nh m s thay i theo tn s cao tn thu c fa. Mun c nh vy, hai t in Cva v Cvo c chung trc xoay ta lun lun c f0 fa = const. 3. Trn sng (Mixer): C nhim v trn 2 tn s fa thu c t ng-ten v fo t mch dao ng ni a n cho ra tn s trung tn f0 fa = const. Sau khi ra khi mch trn sng (to phch) tn hiu gm cc tn s sau: f0,fa,f0+fa,f0-fa fo v fa u cao nn fo fa thp ta gi l trung tn. Theo h thng pht thanh, truyn hnh FCC, trung tn ca my thu AM c chn l 455KHz v trung tn ca my thu FM c chn l 10,8MHz 4. Khuch i trung tn (IF): Gm nhiu tng khuch i cng hng, mch cng hng ng vo c iu chnh tn s fo fa. Tng ny ch khuch i mt tn s c nh nn h s khuch i rt ln, my thu rt nhy v chng nhiu tt. 5. Tch sng: Tch tn hiu m thanh ra khi sng mang (trung tn), thnh phn mt chiu sau tch sng c dng lm mch AVC (Automatic volume control), t ng iu chnh h s khuch i ca my thu. Khi thu i mnh h s khuch i ca my thu s gim v ngc li. 6. Khuch i m tn: Gm c khuch i in p v khuch i cng sut khuch i mnh tn hiu m tn. 7. Loa: Bin i tn hiu in m tn thnh dao ng c pht ra ngoi, tai ta nghe c II- S MCH IN: Mch in ca mt my thu thanh i tn gm 7 transistor thu bng sng trung: T1 lm nhin v i tn (dao ng v trn sng), tn s fa thu c t mch cng hng chn sng, trn vi tn s fo do mch dao ng ni (C1L4) to ra cho ra tn s trung tn (455KHz) c bin th TT1 v C5 cng hng a n mch khuch i trung tn. T2 v T3 lm nhim v khuch i trung tn, n l mch khuch i cng hng, ch khuch i tn s 455KHz, nn h s khuch i rt ln, c th ln n 10.000 ln. Sau it tch sng, ta thy c mch AVC gm R6C8. Khi thu i qu

mnh, phi lm gim h s khuch i ca my thu, nu khng ting ra loa s mo dng, m thanh pht ra b nght. in p mt chiu dng sau tch sng em phn cc cho transistor khuch i trung tn pha trc s iu ho h s khuch i cho my thu. T4 v T5 : khuch i in p. Bin th B1 lm nhim v o pha cung cp cho mch khuch i cng sut Push-pull T6, T7. Bin th xut m B2 c cun th cp t vng s cung cp mt dng in ln ra loa. BI 2: MY THU HNH I- MY PHT HNH: 1. Nguyn tc: a- m thanh : Dao ng c hc ca m thanh c micro bin i thnh dao ng in c cng tn s, ta gi l tn hiu m tn, c tn s t 20Hz ( 20.000Hz (tn s cng thp m thanh cng trm v tn s cng cao m thanh cng bng). Tn hiu m tn c iu ch tn s (FM) nh mt sng cao tn fT. b.- Hnh nh : sng, ti ca hnh nh c mt camera bin i thnh tn hiu in ta gi l tn hiu th tn, c tn s t 0 ( 6MHz (tn s cng thp, hnh nh cng t chi tit v tn s cng cao hnh nh cng nhiu chi tit). Tn hiu th tn c iu ch bin (AM) nh mt sng cao tn fH. Tn s cc sng mang cao tn fH v fT lin h vi nhau nh sau : fT fH = const. hng s ny tu thuc vo h thng pht hnh ca tng quc gia. V d: H FCC (M, Nht...) hng s ny l 4,5MHz (H M, N). H OIRT (Lin X, ) 6,5MHz (H D, K). H CCIR (u Chu) 5,5MHz (H B, G). V ph tn ca FM qu rng v tn hiu th tn kh cao, nn cc sng mang fT, fH phi nm trong bng tn VHF hoc UHF. Trong mi bng tn ngi ta chia thnh nhiu knh:

2. Cch phn nh: Mt nh c chia thnh nhiu hng v pht i nhiu nh mi giy, nh s lu nh trn vng m ca mt, chng ta c cm gic hnh nh lin tc. H FCC: Hnh nh chia thnh 525 hng v pht i 30 nh mi giy. H OIRT hoc CCIR: Hnh nh chia thnh 625 hng v pht i 25 nh mi giy. Tuy nhin lm gim bt cm gic nhp nhy ca hnh nh, ngi ta khng pht i lin tc 525 hng hoc 625 hng m mi nh c chia thnh 2 bn nh: bn nh l gm cc hng l 1, 3, 5, ...v bn nh chn gm cc hng chn: 2, 4, 6, ... V d h CCIR hay OIRT: Mi nh gm 625 hng c chia thnh 2 bn nh: bn nh l v bn nh chn. Bn nh l v bn nh chn c pht i xen k nhau, trong mi giy ngi ta pht i 25 bn nh l v 25 bn nh chn, vy trong mt giy pht i 50 bn nh. 3. Tn s tn hiu th tn (Video signal): Kch thc mn hnh l b cao bng 3/4 b ngang: S im theo b cao: 625 hng ng vi 625 im. S im trn mi hng ngang: 833 im. S im trn mi khung nh: 625 x 833 = 520.625 im. Pht i 25 bn nh l v 25 bn nh chn mi giy, s im sng xut hin trn mn hnh mi giy: 13 triu im. 13 triu im sng xut hin trn mn hnh ng vi mt tn hiu th tn l 6,5MHz. V l do kinh t, trong h CCIR hay OIRT gi ta chn tn s th tn ti a l 6MHz (trong h FCC tn s th tn ti a l 4MHz). Tn hiu th tn c tn s cng cao cng c nhiu im sng trn mn hnh, nhiu chi tit v tn hiu th tn c tn s thp s t chi tit. 4. Tn hiu th tn hn hp (Tn hiu Vido): Mt tn hiu th tn hn hp s c sng mang iu ch bin gm cc tn hiu sau y: Tn hiu hnh nh trn mi hng: cc im sng, ti trn mi hng c bin i thnh tn hiu th tn c tn s t 0(6MHz. Bin ln ng vi im ti, bin thp ng vi im sng. Tn hiu ng b: hnh nh pht i t i pht v hnh nh thu c trn mn nh my thu khp vi nhau, i pht phi pht km cc tn hiu ng b ngang v ng b dc:

 Tn hiu ng b ngang: l cc xung c bin ln pht i cui mi hng, nn c tn s: My thu nhn c tn hiu ng b ngang s iu khin mch qut ngang ca my dao ng cng tn s, cng pha nh dao ng ngang pht.i t i pht. Tn hiu ng b dc: l cc xung c bin ln pht i cui hng cui cng ca mi bn nh, nn c tn s: 25 + 25 = 50Hz. My thu nhn c tn hiu ng b dc s iu khin mch qut dc ca my thu dao ng cng tn s, cng pha nh dao ng dc pht i t i pht. Xung xo du qut v (xo hi): xung xo du qut v ngang c bin ln xut hin cui mi hng v xung xo du qut v dc c bin ln xut hin cui mi bn nh. Cc xung ny c bin ln, nn khng lm sng mn hnh khi tia electron qut v ngang cui mi hng v qut v dc cui hng cui cng c mi bn nh

II- MY THU HNH. 1. n hnh (CRT) Cathode ray tube: B phn chnh trong my thu hnh l n hnh, n l mt ng phng in t trong chn khng. V nguyn tc, n ging mt n hnh trong dao ng k in t, gm cc in cc v mt mn hunh quang t trong mt bng rt chn khng. Catt K: l mt ng lm bng Niken, c ph mt lp Oxit kim loi kim nh: BaO, ThO... c cng thot thp d pht x electron nhit thp. Tim n f: t bn trong catt, cung cp nng lng cho catt pht x electron. Ant 1 A1: C in p vi trm Volt, dng so vi catt ht electron. (iu chnh in p t vo cc ny nh nm Screen thay i sng, ti ca mn hnh) Ant 2 A2: c in p rt cao, n vi chc KV (tu kch thc n hnh) gia tc chm electron p vo mn hunh quang. Cc hi t F: (focus) c in p kh ln dng hi t chm tia electron ngay trn mn hunh quang (xem bi Dao ng k in t), iu chnh in p t vo cc ny nh nm Focus thay i nt ca hnh nh). Cc khin G: in p Ugk t vo 2 cc Gv K iu khin cng chm tia electron. 2. Li tia electron (qut): Mun tia electron qut c mn hnh tng hng t tri qua phi (qut ngang), t trn xung di (qut dc), ta dng h thng qut. cho my thu hnh c kch thc gn, ngi ta dng t trng qut (gc qut ln, ui

n hnh ngn). Mt b yoke gm 2 cun lm lch ngang v lch dc c t m c n hnh. Ta ly trng hp h OIRT hay CCIR: Mt in p hnh rng ca do mch qut ngang trong my to ra c tn s 15.625Hz a n cun lch ngang ko chm tia electron t tri mn hnh qua phi. V mt in p hnh rng ca do mch qut dc trong my to ra c tn s 50Hz a n cun lch dc ko chm tia electron t trn xung di. Kt hp c 2 mch qut ngang v qut dc, tia electron s qut t tri sang phi to ra mt khung hnh c 625 hng v lp li 50 khung hnh trong mt giy. 3. S khi. * Khi qut (Sweep): gm c mch qut ngang v qut dc. - Mch qut ngang (Hor. sweep): C nhim v to ra in p hnh rng ca tn s 15.625Hz, do mch dao ng ngang (Hor.osc.) to ra, sa dng thnh hnh rng ca, a n khuch i cng sut ngang (Hor. output) v ti l cun lch ngang (Hor. eflection coil). Ngoi ra ngi ta cn li dng thi gian qut v rt ngn to ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trn bin th Fly back, bin th ny c cun th cp rt nhiu vng dy so vi cun s cp nn ta c mt in p rt cao (siu th), qua it chnh lu bin thnh in p mt chiu (HV) cung cp cho A2 ca n hnh. Bin th fly back cn l mt ngun nui to nhiu in p mt chiu, cung cp cho cc mch in khc trong my thu hnh. - Mch qut dc (Vert. sweep): C nhim v to ra in p hnh rng ca tn s 50Hz, do mch dao ng dc (Vert. Osc), khuch i cng sut dc (Vert output) to ra, ti l cun lch dc (Vert deflectioncoil). * Khi cao tn (Tuner): Tn hiu hnh hn hp c iu ch bin bng sng cao tn c tn s fH v tn hiu m thanh c iu ch tn s bng sng cao tn c tn s fT. Ta c: fT - fH = const. Hai sng cao tn fT , fH c chn sng, khuch i cao tn (RF amp.) trn vi mt sng sin c tn s f0 c mch dao ng ni (Oscillator) to ra ti tng trn sng (Mixer) i xung tn s trung tn (IF). * Khi khuch i trung tn (Imtermediate Frequency amplifier): Trung tn hnh c tn s f0 fH v trung tn ting c tn s fo-fT . Mch khuch i trung tn l mch khuch i cng hng gm 2 hay nhiu tng, c chnh cng hng lch nhau c mt gii thng rng cho c mt gii tn t f0 - fT n fo- fH i qua. Mch ny khuch i trung tn hnh rt mnh, cn trung tn ting b lm gim yu khng gy nhiu ln hnh. * Khi tch sng hnh (Video detector): L mch tch sng bin dng mt it cao tn, c hai nhim v: - Tch tn hiu hnh hn hp ra khi sng mang hnh fo- fH. - Trn 2 tn s trung tn (f0 fH) v (fo fT) li cho tn s trung tn m thanh (fT fH). * Khi m thanh (Sound): Gm c mch khuch i trung tn m thanh (Sound amp.) dng khuch i tn s trung tn m thanh fT - fH, tch sng FM (FM det.) ta thu c tn hiu m thanh, khuch i in p, khuch i cng sut (Sound amp.) a m thanh ra loa nh radio. * Khuch i hnh (Video amp.): Sau tch sng hnh, ta nhn c tn hiu hnh hn hp, qua khuch i hnh khuch i mnh a tn hiu hnh n n hnh. Tn hiu hnh c tn s kh cao (6MHz) nn y l mch khuch i cng sut cao tn, phi c gii thng rng, nu khng hnh nh s b bt nt (mt bt chi tit). * Khi tch ng b (Synchro separator):

Sau phn tch sng hnh ta thu c tn hiu hnh hn hp trong c cc tn hiu ng b ngang v ng b dc, cc xung xo du qut v... mch tch ng b l mt mch khuch i hot ng ch C, s tch ly cc nh xung ng b ngang v dc ra khi tn hiu hnh hn hp. - Tn hiu ng b ngang c tch ra bi mch vi phn (Differentiel circuit), a n mch dao ng ngang cng bc dao ng ngang dao ng ng tn s qut ngang nh i pht. Ngoi ra cn c tng AFC (Automatic Frequency Control) lm nhim v so pha 2 tn hiu: tn hiu ng b ngang t mch tch ng b a n v tn hiu dao ng ngang do mch dao ng ngang a li. Khi pha ca 2 tn hiu bng nhau cng c ngha l 2 tn s dao ng ngang do my tao ra cng tn s v ng pha vi tn hiu ng b ngang pht km vi tn hiu hnh sau mi hng (nu sai pha hnh s b chy qua li theo chiu ngang, nu sai dao ng hnh s b x ngang). - Tn hiu ng b dc c tch ra bi mch tch phn (Integrate circuit), a n mch dao ng dc cng bc dao ng dc dao ng ng tn s qut dc nh i pht (nu khng hnh s b tri ln, tri xung). 4. Mch tch phn v vi phn. a- Mch tch phn (Integrate circuit): Gm mt in tr v mt t in mc nh hnh bn. Tnh ton ta c

in p ra khi mch tch phn Ura t l thun vi tch phn ca in p vo Uvo. Tc dng ca mch tch phn ln mt xung ch nht : Bn y l hnh v ca in p xung Uvo c dng ch nht v in p Ura c dng mt xung nhn, c bin ln. Nh s tch in v phng in ca t in C, in p hai u t in c tch dn n mt in p ln. Tc dng ca mch tch phn ln mt chui xung ng b: Trong mt xung ng b dc, tht ra c nhiu xung nh hn trong c cc xung ng b ngang v trong thi gian qut v dc dao ng ngang vn hot ng nn cn c nhng xung ng b ngang iu khin n, ngoi ra cn c cc xung rng v thi gian lp li xung nh hn xung ng b ngang, chng s c tc dng tch in p to nn mt xung nhn, bin ln kch thch cng bc mch dao ng dc dao ng cng tn s vi cc xung ng b dc t i pht a ti. Cc xung ng b ngang khng c tch ln v chng c thi gian lp li xung ln. b- Mch vi phn (Differentiel circuit): Gm mt in tr v mt t in mc nh hnh bn.

Tnh ton ta c:

Vy: in p ra khi mch vi phn Ura t l thun vi vi phn ca in p vo Uvo. * Tc dng ca mch tch phn ln mt xung ch nht :

Bn y l hnh v ca in p U vo c dng xung ch nht v in p Ura c dng hai xung nhn, c sn trc thng dng kch cho mch dao ng ngang chy ng tn s nh xung ng b ngang ca i pht. * Tc dng ca mch vi phn ln mt chui xung ng b: Trong mt xung ng b dc, c nhiu xung nh nn tt c cc xung ng b dc ln ng b ngang qua mch vi phn u b bin thnh 2 xung nhn c sn bn rt thng kch dao ng ngang dao ng cng bc theo xung ng b ngang.

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MY O IN DAO NG K IN T (Oscilloscope) Trong k thut o lng in, in t, mt trong nhng tnh cht c bn ca tn hiu m chng ta cn bit l dng sng ca n. Cc tn hiu in thng bin thin nhanh theo thi gian, do vy c c mt thit b v

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c trc tip th bin thin ca tn hiu u = f(t) th ta c th quan st dng sng v o lng c cc thng s ca tn hiu mt cch trc quan. Thit b phc v cho mc ch trn l Dao ng k in t , cn c gi l My hin sng hay Oscillo. (Oscilloscope). Dao ng k in t thc hin v dao ng ca tn hiu bng mt ng tia in t. N l mt loi my o c nhiu tnh nng tt nh: quan st c dng sng, tr khng vo rt ln (khng lm suy yu tn hiu cn o), nhy cao (o c nhng in p rt nh), o c in p ca cc tn hiu c dng c bit (dng xung), qun tnh ca chm tia in t rt nh nn quan st c nhng hiu in th c tn s rt cao... Ta thng dng dao ng k in t trong cc php o sau y : * Quan st dng sng ca cc hiu in th thay i theo thi gian. * o hiu in th nh-nh Vp-p (peak to peak) ca xung in. * o tn s ca mt tn hiu in hnh sin, bng cch so snh tn s ca n vi mt tn hiu in hnh sin khc to ra t mt my pht sng c tn s chun (phng php Lissajous). * o lch pha ca 2 tn hiu in. * Xc nh im lm vic tt nht cho mt tng khuch i. * Ngoi ra, my dao ng k in t, cn c dng o lng rt nhiu cc dng i lng vt l bin i khc, nh cc bin i trong c hc, sinh vt hc, ... Php o thng c thc hin bng cch dng mt b chuyn i chuyn cc dng nng lng cn o sang dng nng lng in ri dng my dao ng k in t nghin cu. I- NGUYN TC HOT NG. Dao ng k in t da trn nguyn tc chm tia in t b lch trong in trng. Trong mt bng thy tinh rt chn khng, c cc b phn: Mt ng phng in t (Canon), to nn mt chm electron p thng vo mn hunh quang to thnh mt vt sng. Vt sng ny c iu chnh thnh mt im sng tht nh, nh h thng hi t chm tia in t (Focus). B phn li tia in t s li chm tia electron to nn nhng hnh v cn thit trn mt mn hunh quang t cui bng. Mn hunh quang s pht sng ti nhng ch c chm tia electron p vo. 1. ng phng in t (Canon): C nhim v to ra mt chm tia electron p vo mn hunh quang, gm c cc b phn sau y: a- Catt (K): L ni pht ra electron, c dng mt ng hnh tr nh, lm bng Niken. Bn trong c tim n si nng catt, bn ngoi c ph mt lp Oxit kim loi kim (c cng thot nh) d pht x electron khi c si nng nh BaO, ThO... b- Ant 1 (A1): C dng mt ng hnh tr trn, c mt l nh gia cho electron thot ra. Ant 1 c cp in p dng so vi catt gia tc chm tia electron. c- Ant 2 (A2): C dng mt ng hnh tr trn, c mt l nh gia cho electron thot ra. Ant 2 c cp in p dng (so vi catt) rt ln ht mnh chm tia electron p vo mn hunh quang. d- Cc iu khin (G): Hay ng Wehnelt, cng c dng mt ng hnh tr trn, cng c mt l nh gia chm electron that ra, t gia Catt v Ant 1, c cp in p m so vi catt iu chnh cng chm tia electron. Mt ng phng in t gm cc b phn nh trn, khi cp cc in p thch hp s to ra mt chm tia electron p vo mn hunh quang. e- H thng hi t (Focus): Chm tia electron pht ra t ng phng in t s c hi t li nh cc in trng c b tr thch hp (thu knh in t). 2. Thu knh in t: Chuyn ng ca electron b lch trong in trng hoc t trng, nn qu o ca electron c th b khc x hoc phn x nh nh sng. Xt 1 chm electron i vo mt in trng u ca mt t in phng c cc bn cc trong sut (m ZnO hay mt lp bc mng), di mt gc ti i1 nh hnh 1. Ta thy in trng c tc dng hm chuyn ng ca electron. * Nu in trng ln: Phn x. Thnh phn ca gim dn n mt lc s b trit tiu v chuyn ng ca chm electron i hng theo chiu ngc vi . in p bin thin t A n B v t B n C bng nhau, nn electron ra khi bn cc dng ca t in di gc i2 bng gc ti i1. Nh vy ta ni chm tia electron b phn x khi gp in trng. i1 = i2

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* Nu in trng khng ln : Khc x. Thnh phn ca s khng b trit tiu v chm tia electron thot ra khi bn cc kia vi mt gc khc gc ti. Ta c s khc x. Nu electron i vo in trng t ni c in p cao sang in p thp: in trng c tc dng hm chuyn ng ca electron, nn gc khc x ln hn gc ti. Tng t nh trng hp ca nh sng khi i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit sut nh (n1 > n2) . Nu electron i vo in trng t ni c in p thp sang in p cao: in trng c tc dng h tr chuyn ng ca electron, nn gc khc x nh hn gc ti. Tng t nh trng hp ca nh sng khi i t mi trng c chit sut nh sang mi trng c chit sut ln (n1 < n2). Trn c s khc x ca chm electron, ta c th to nn nhng thu knh in c tc dng hi t hay lm phn k chm tia electron. Mt h thng in cc nh hnh sau y l mt thu knh in, s hi t chm tia electron D1 , D2 v D3 l cc in cc bng kim loi, c dng hnh tr gia c l nh cho electron i qua, trc i xng ca n trng vi trc i xng ca thu knh in. Trong D1 ,D3 ni chung vi nhau, c cng in p dng rt cao so vi catt (chnh l Ant 2) v D2 cng c cp in p dng so vi catt nhng thp hn in p ca D1, D3. in p ny thay i c nh mt bin tr (c gi l nm Focus). Chm electron xut pht t mt sng phng in t (Canon), qua cc in cc D1, D2 s phn k v qua D2, D3 s hi t ti mt im P. Mun iu chnh im hi t ny ng ngay trn mn hunh quang, ngi ta iu chnh in th dng cp vo in cc D2, nn D2 cn gi l cc hi t (Focus). 3. B phn li tia: (qut). Chm tia electron c th b lch trong in trng hoc t trng, trong dao ng k in t ngi ta lm lch chm tia electron bng in trng: Gia ngun electron (canon) v mn hunh quang, ngi ta t 2 cp bn t in C1 v C2 c tc dng lm lch chm tia electron theo 2 phng thng gc vi nhau: * Qut ngang -X: mt cp bn cc ca t in C1 t thng ng c cp mt in p bin thin theo thi gian, c dng hnh rng ca, im sng trn mn hunh quang chuyn ng thng u theo phng nm ngang v ta c mt ng sng nm ngang trn mn hunh quang. in p ny do mch qut ngang bn trong dao ng k in t to ra. * Qut dc -Y: cp bn cc ca t in cn li C2 t nm ngang c cung cp mt hiu in th cn nghin cu, lm lch chm tia electron theo b dc. Di tc dng ng thi ca 2 in trng 2 t in C1 v C2, vt sng trn mn hunh quang s v nn mt ng cong (dao ng ), biu din s bin thin ca in p cn nghin cu theo thi gian. Nu tn s ca tn hiu cn nghin cu gp i tn s in p rng ca, trn mn hunh quang ta s thy 2 chu k ca dng sng cn nghin cu. Tn s dng in cn nghin cu cng cao, tn s qut rng ca ca dao ng k in t cng phi cao tng ng, ta mi thy c mt vi chu k ca tn hiu. y l mt ch tiu k thut quan trng chn mt dao ng k in t.

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II- CU TO V CCH S DNG. Ty theo kt cu ca dao ng k in t m ta c loi dao ng k in t 1 chm tia, dng quan st, o t 1 dng sng in hoc dao ng k in t 2 chm tia quan st, o t, so snh ng thi 2 dng sng in. 1. Cu to. Ta thng thy dao ng k in t 1 chm tia loi n gin, c cc nm iu chnh nh di y:

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Ty theo hiu my v ty theo tng model khc nhau, cc nm iu chnh c b tr khc nhau. Ta c th nhn thy cc nm iu chnh c b tr thnh 3 khi: khi lch dc, khi lch ngang & khi ng b hoc khi v tr, khi lch dc v khi lch ngang & ng b . * CHC NNG CA CC NM IU CHNH: a) Khi v tr (POSITION): ON/OFF: C th nm bn trong ca nm INTENSITY: Ko nm ra m my v nhn vo tt my. INTENSITY: Vn theo chiu kim ng h s tng cng chm tia electron: sng ca ng biu din trn mn hunh quang sng hn. Vn ngc chiu kim ng h s lm gim sng ca ng biu din v lm m hoc tt ng qut v. FOCUS: iu chnh thy ng biu din nt, r. VERT.: Di chuyn tnh tin ng biu din theo chiu dc (Vertical). HORIZ.: Di chuyn tnh tin ng biu din theo chiu ngang (Horizontal). b) Khi lch dc (VERTICAL): GAIN: Thay i lin tc b cao ca ng biu din. VERTICAL: C cc v tr gim bt bin tn hiu ang o: X1, X10, X100. Pha DC (Direct Current) dng cho tn hiu cn o l hiu in th mt chiu. Pha AC (Alternating Current) dng cho tn hiu cn o l hiu in th xoay chiu. VERT. IN: Ng vo ca in p cn kho st. c) Khi lch ngang & ng b (HORIZONTAL & SYNC.): GAIN: Thay i b rng ca ng biu din trn mn hnh. HORIZONTAL: Thay i tn s qut ngang (in p rng ca). C cc thang 10Hz, 100Hz, 1KHz, 10KHz, 100KHz, 500KHz v v tr EXT. IN a in p bn ngai vo trc X (dng o tn s theo phng php Lissajous). FREQ. VERN.: (Frequency vernier) Thay i tn s qut ngang lin tc bt ng hnh trn mn. 1Vpp hoc 0.5Vpp (peak to peak) ty tng lai my: Ni cung cp in p chun c dng tun han, bin 1Volt hoc 0.5Volt nh-nh. Dng ly chun cho phn qut dc. GND (Ground): Masse ca my, ni c in p 0V. EXT. SYNC: a hiu in th bn ngoi vo lm ng b. 2. Cch s dng: a- Quan st dng sng: * Dng mch qut ngang bn trong my to hiu in th rng ca, c tn chnh c bng nm HORIZONTAL v FREQUENCY VERNIER (khng v tr EXT. IN), chnh bin bng cc nm GAIN. iu chnh cc nm INTENSITY, FOCUS, VERT., HORIZ. khi v tr (POSITION) hnh c sng va phi, r nt v nm ngang gia mn hnh. * a hiu in th cn quan st vo 2 l cm VERT. IN. Nu hiu in th cn quan st l hiu in th xoay chiu, vn nt VERTICAL v pha AC, nu hiu in th cn quan st l mt chiu, vn nt VERTICAL v pha DC, iu chnh thang o (X1, X10, X100) kt hp vi nm GAIN c b cao ln, d quan st. * iu chnh phn ngang v ng b (HORIZONTAL & SYNC.): Chn ng b v tr INT s dng mch ng b bn trong my, iu chnh cc thang o ca nm HORIZONTAL (10Hz, 100Hz, 1KHz, 10KHz, 100KHz, 500KHz) v nm FREQ. VERN thy mt hay vi chu k ng yn trn mn hnh. b- o hiu in th: * Tin hnh cc bc nh phn quan st dng sng ca tn hiu, nhng trc phi ly chun cho phn dc. * Ly chun cho phn dc (V/cm): Nm VERTICAL v tr bt k (thang ly chun). a hiu in th chun (Vpp chun) t cm 1VPP hoc 0.5Vpp (ty my) vo l cm VERTIN. iu chnh nm GAIN dng sng chun c b cao a (cm), nn chn a l s nguyn d chia. Nh vy ta ly chun cho b dc. Sau khi ly chun xong, khng c ng n nm GAIN na. iu chnh cc thang o (X1, X10, X100) c b cao ln, d quan st. o b cao b (cm) ca ng biu din. Ta c cng thc tnh in p ca tn hiu cn o nh sau:

Ch : Nu in p ca tn hiu hnh sin, in p nh-nh Vpp = 2VM ta c gi tr hiu dng nh sau:

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c- o tn s dng in hnh sin bng phng php lissajous: Phng php Lissajous cho php ta so snh so snh tn s ca tn hiu hnh sin cn o vi tn hiu hnh sin c tn s chun t mt my pht sng. * Tt mch qut ngang bn trong my, bng cch vn nm HORIZONTAL v v tr EXT.IN. iu chnh cc nm INTENSITY, FOCUS, VERT., HORIZ. khi v tr (POSITION) c 1 im sng va phi, r nt v nm ngay tm ca mn hnh (trnh lu, nu khng s chy lp hunh quang ca mn hnh). * a tn hiu t my pht sng hnh sin pht tn s chun (Sine Wave Generator) vo l EXT. IN v GND qut ngang, iu chnh bin my pht sng chun hoc nm GAIN ca phn qut ngang (HORIZONTAL) ta c mt ng sng nm ngang c bin va phi. * a hiu in th cn o tn s vo 2 l cm VERT. IN, vn nt VERTICAL v pha AC. iu chnh thang o (X1, X10, X100) kt hp vi nm GAIN c b cao ln, d quan st. Trn mn hnh s c cc ng cong ln xn, iu chnh tn s ca my pht sng chun ta thy c mt trong nhng dng sau y:

Trn y l dao ng k in t mt chm tia, ta c c loi dao ng k in t 2 chm tia cng dng ng phng in t nh trong dao ng k in t 1 chm tia nhng kt hp vi mt Chuyn mch in t (Electronic Switch) c tn s cao. Chuyn mch in t c th mc thm bn ngoi dao ng k in t mt chm tia hoc c cu to sn bn trong my. Vi lai dao ng k in t ny, ta c 2 ng vo phn dc c lp nhau v 1 mch qut ngang trong my, do ta c th quan st, o t ... hoc so snh cng mt lc 2 tn hiu trn mn hnh.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. James J. Brophy- Basic electronics for scientists. 2. E.J. Angelo Electronic circuits. 3. Donal O Pederson, McGraw - Introduction to electronic systems, circuits and devices - Hill Book Company. 4. J.Quinet, Dunod - Thorie et pratique des circuits de llectronique et des amplificateurs. 5. Nguyn Thc Huy - V tuyn in t Nxb Gio dc, 1985. 6. Phm Hng Lin Gio trnh in t thng tin - HKT Tp.HCM, 1996. 7. L Tin Thng, Trn Vn S Bi ging in t, 1998. 8. Bi ging truyn dn si quang HBC-VT Tp.HCM, 1998.

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