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n chuyn ngnh hu c

LI M U

Trong thi i cng nghip ho hin nay cc sn phm cng nghip gn lin vi nhu cu cuc sng ca con ngi. Sn phm t cng nghip mang li cho i sng vt cht phong ph hn, to cho cuc sng tin nghi hn. Ty thuc vo nhu cu cn s dng m cc loi sn phm khc nhau c ra i. T xa ti nay, nha v cc sn phm ca n ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong lnh vc kinh t quc dn v s pht trin ca con ngi. Nha cung cp dng trong sinh hot hng ngy v ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc ca i sng. Nha cng c s dng rng ri lm chi tr em, v my tivi, t lnh, ng nc, cp in Trc kia sn xut nha ch yu bng th cng. Nhng do nhu cu ca con ngi ngy cng cao c v cht ln v lng. Cho nn i hi con ngi khng ngng ci tin thit b, phng php tin hnh em li hiu qu cho sn phm nha l cao nht. Do , cng ngh n ra i. Cng ngh n em li nhiu ng dng sn xut cc loi sn phm nha, c bit trong l cng ngh n trc vt em li s pht trin cao cho cc ngnh cng nghip. My n trc vt l mt loi my gia nhit lm chy lng nha rn thnh dung dch chy nht v nha lng c nh hnh, lm lnh trong khun to thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. V vy, my n l mt loi thit b khng th thiu trong lnh vc sn xut cc mt hng t nha trong cng nghip phc v cho cuc sng con ngi. Trong phn ti ny, nhm chng em xin c gii thiu v My n trc vt n. Qua qu trnh tm hiu qua sch v, ti liu tham kho, trao i kin ca bn b, do kin thc cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi nhng sai st. V vy, nhm em mong c s gp v ch bo ca thy nhm em c th hon thnh tt bi ti ca mnh.

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LI CM N
Qua thi gian hc tp ti trng, chng em c trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cng ngh ho hc v qua bi bo co chuyn ngnh ny gip chng em hiu v nm bt su hn thc t sn xut. Chng em rt vui mng khi c thy Trn Thanh i gii thiu vo tham quan tm hiu ti Cng ty C Phn Nha Xy Dng ng Nai, mt n v c uy tn cht lng t khi thnh lp n nay vn ang sn xut ra cc mt hng v nha cung cp cho ngnh xy dng. Nhng kin thc m chng em tm hiu v tip thu trong thi gian qua l nhng kin thc v cng qu bu v chng em tin rng n s l ngun ng lc vng chc cho chng em trn con ng s nghip sau ny. Chng em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c tn tm ging dy trong sut thi gian hc tp, gip chng em c thm kin thc i vo thc tin cuc sng. Chng em chn thnh cm n thy Trn Thanh i nhit tnh hng dn chng em hon thnh bi bo co ny. Xin chn thnh cm n ban lnh o v ton th cng nhn vin trong cng ty v b nhiu thi gian hng dn, to iu kin thun li v ging gii t m cho chng em v cng ngh sn xut, cung cp ti liu chng em hon thnh bi bo co ny. Do lng kin thc cn hn ch, bt u c tip xc vi thc t v thi gian tm hiu khng nhiu nn bi bo co ny khng trnh khi nhng thiu st. Nn chng em rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin v s ph bnh chng em c th sa i v b sung lm cho bi bo co ny tt hn. Sau cng, chng em xin knh chc qu thy c trng H Cng Nghip TP.HCM ni chung v thy c Trung Tm Cng Ngh Ha ni ring di do sc khe, hnh phc v thnh cng trong s nghip trng ngi. Knh chc qu Cng ty ngy cng pht trin, i sng cn b cng nhn vin ngy cng c nng cao gp phn xy dng t nc ngy cng giu mnh. Bin Ha, Thng 4/2008. Nhm Sinh Vin Thc Hin.

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NHN XT (Ca ging vin hng dn)

.... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .

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NHN XT (Ca ging vin phn bin hoc b mn)

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MC LC

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DANH MC CC BNG, S , HNH

Hnh 1. Cu to c bn ca my n trc vt...........................................................................9 Hnh 2: Qut lm mt xylanh.................................................................................................10 Hnh 3.1: Trc vt phn thnh ba vng...................................................................................11 Hnh 3.2: Trc vt c su rnh gim dn...........................................................................11 Hnh 3.3. Cc thng s ca trc vt........................................................................................12 Hnh 3.4 : Trc vt c hai ng rng....................................................................................13 Hnh 3.5 : Trc vt c trang b nhn t nho trn...................................................................13 Hnh 4 : Cc loi phu cp liu..............................................................................................14 Hnh 5 : Hin tng trng phng ca sn phm..................................................................17 Hnh 6 : Trc cao su dng ko sn phm...............................................................................19 Hnh 7: My n trc vt n.................................................................................................21 Hnh 8: My n trc vt i..................................................................................................22 Hnh 9: My n trc trc hnh tinh......................................................................................22 Hnh 10: My nha RAM.......................................................................................................23 Hnh 11: Dy chuyn sn xut mng mng phng v sn phm............................................24 Hnh 12: Dy chuyn sn xut ng v sn phm....................................................................25 Hnh 13: Dy chuyn sn xut si v sn phm.....................................................................26 Hnh 14: Dy chuyn sn xut tm v sn phm....................................................................27 Hnh 15: S lp rp my ...................................................................................................48 Hnh 16: M hnh my n....................................................................................................48 Hnh 17: Hnh ct trc vt v xylanh......................................................................................49 Hnh 18: Chi tit trc vt.........................................................................................................49 Hnh 19: Sn phm ca my n trong t ng ha sn xut................................................55 Bng tm tt cc yu t nh hng n tnh cht ca PE......................................................41 Bng chit tnh gi thnh ch to...........................................................................................51

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K HIU CC CM T VIT TT

PVC: PolyVinylClorua. PE: PolyEthylen. PP: PolyPropylen. LDPE: Lowdensitypolyethylene. LLDPE: Linearlowdensitypolythylene. HDPE: Highdesitypolyethylene. MI : Ch s chy. DOP: Dioctylphthalate. DOA: DioctylAdipate. DINP: Disonylphthalate. BBP: Butylbenzylphthalate . EBSO: Du u nnh epoxy ha. AZ: Azodicarbonamide. EPR: Ethylenpropyleneruber.

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CHNG 1 TNG QUAN

1.1.Tng quan v my n trc vt 1.1.1. Lch s pht trin v ng dng ca my n Ngun gc ca my n, theo lch s c thuyt ni l mt cy sng nc lm bng ng tre. Ngy xa, t trc y c trm nm nhng loi m ng, t st, x bng c ch to bng phng thc n. Nhng my ny c th c gi l my n kiu RAM, khc hn vi my n nha ngy nay. Phng thc n ra lin tc nh vt n c khai thc trong thi gian tng i gn y, xc lp quyn sng ch u tin trn th gii vo nm 1879. Ba nm sau , cng ty Paul Troester a ra th trng my n cao su trc vt, trong vng 20 nm k tip sn xut v bn ra 600 my. Da trn k thut ny cng ty Paul Troester hon thnh my n nha c cu bin tc xon gia nhit bng in v t ng iu nhit vo nm 1939, ln u tin th nghim to hnh n nha bng loi hai ng cng. y l hnh dng gc ca my n nha hin nay. My n nha l my gia cng cc nguyn liu c tnh to hnh, v vy pht trin cng vi vic sn xut cht tng hp thi hu chin. c bit cc loi nha si Olefin, si Styrene, si Polyamid khng th to hnh c bng phng php Roll Calendar v vy my n nha cn tn ti. Hu thp k 1950, thi k sn xut s lng ln nh cng ngh ho du, nh du mt thi k mi my n nha v k thut to hnh tin b vt bc. Thi gian y cc k thut thc dng ho u n ch T dng trong phm vi rng, n nha nhiu lp, n nha Tandem (ghp ni), n nha hai trc cc loi, phng php cn tm hai trc, k thut n nha phc hp khai thc rt nhiu k thut khc nhau. Thi k en ti ca to hnh Plastic trong v sau chin tranh qua i, nm 1949 hng NRM (M), nm 1952 hng Windsor (Anh) a k thut n nha vo nng cao k thut quc hu ho sn xut, thm na k thut gia cng v my n nha ca Nht Bn hin nay vt qua c bin c du la v pht trin, t mc hng u trn th gii. My to hnh nha bng phng php n theo s pht trin k thut bng nhng kinh nghim nh vy, bn cnh cc my to hnh Calendar hin i, my to hnh phun l ba loi my to hnh ln dng nha tng hp. Ngoi ra my n nha c nhiu phm vi la chn vt liu v chng loi sn phm to hnh, c kh nng ng dng to hnh t sn xut nguyn liu, nguyn liu trung gian

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n cc sn phm cui cng, v vy c th ni n l my tiu th nguyn liu nhiu nht trong cng ngh sn xut nha. 1.1.2. Cu to c bn ca my n trc vt

Hnh 1. Cu to c bn ca my n trc vt

Cho bit cc b phn chnh ca my n mt vt. Thnh phn chnh ca my l mt xylanh lm bng tr thp, bn trong c mt trc rng hay c c to cc rnh xon trn b mt. Trc ny gi l trc vt, do vy my n c gi l my n trc vt. C my n thng do kch thc trong ca xylanh quyt nh v thng c chun ho theo cc s sau: 30, 45, 65, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200mm. Chng hn my n 90 ngha l ng knh trong ca xylanh l 90mm. Nng lng lm quay trc vt c cung cp bi b truyn ng c tc thay i theo tng bc (khi thay i hp s) hay v cp (dng ng c c tc thay i c). Qu trnh n nh sau: nguyn liu nha c cho vo xylanh qua phu np liu, c trc vt vn chuyn ln pha trc, trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu b p nn sinh ra nhit ma st kt hp vi nhit gia nhit t bn ngoi b nng chy v c p qua li lc, tm li lc v vo u khun c hnh dng thng l ging vi hnh dng sn phm. p lc nha trc khi vo u khun c th thay i c th iu chnh c bng cch thay i c li v s li. Sau khi ra khi u khun, nha nng chy c lm lnh, nh hnh cho ra kch thc cui cng v ct thnh sn phm. Xy lanh

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Xy lanh l mt ng thnh dy c t c nh trn gi . H thng gi ny phi m bo khi gn u khun xylanh khng b cong (khi u khun qu nng phi dng b phn ph bn ngoi) v b phn xylanh phi m bo xylanh c th gin n c theo chiu di khi nung nng v co li c khi lm ngui. Vt liu ch to xylanh phi c tnh bn mi mn, chng n mn v c bn c hc tt. V vy phi dng thp c bn cao v b mt lm vic thng c thm Nit. T l chiu di/ng knh trong ca xylanh l (L/D) l mt c tnh quan trng trong xylanh v n xc nh t l gia b mt xylanh dng trn v to nhit masat (kt hp vi trc vt) v b mt xylanh dng nhn / thi nhit gia nhit t / ra bn ngoi. Chng hn nu xylanh ngn th r rng din tch trao i nhit vi bn ngoi gim i, cn nhit masat gn nh khng i (nhit masat ph thuc nhiu vo cu to, tc quay ca trc vt) nn my ngn i hi nhit gia nhit cao hn hoc nu cn gii nhit th hiu qu gii nhit phi tt. T l L/D ca xylanh c nh ngha l t l gia chiu di xylanh ng vi phn trc vt c rng v ng knh trong ca xylanh. T l ny thng nm trong khong 16/1 32/1 nhng thng thng l cc t l sau: 20/1, 24/1, 28/1. Xylanh thng c gia nhit bng in tr qun bn ngoi c cng sut nm trong khong 25 45 W/in2 (1in = 2.54cm). Khi cn gim nhit th xylanh phi c lm ngui. Tc nhn lm ngui c th l khng kh (dng qut gi) hay mt cht lng ti nhit khc (nh nc, du) trong gii nhit bng khng kh l phng php a dng nht gi thnh lp t thp, d iu khin. Nc hay du ch dng khi cn tc gii nhit cao khi b qu nhit.
Xylanh in tr gia nhit Qut gii nhit
X y la n h i ?n tr? g ia nh i? t Q u ?t l m m t

Hnh 2: Qut lm mt xylanh

B mt trong xylanh thng trn lng, tuy nhin khi cn tng nng sut phn ngay di phu bn trong xylanh c th to cc rnh c hnh dng thch hp thng c u vo ln u ra nh. Khi ht nha vo rnh, n b nn li mt phn khi chy trong rnh v vy nng sut s tng ln v tc dng nn xy ra ngay on u xylanh (bnh thng i vi xylanh trn, tc dng nn do trc vt to ra). Trc vt
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y l thnh phn chnh ca my n, hnh dng trc vt quyt nh tnh nng ca my n. C hai dng trc vt sau y:

Vn 3 g Vn 2 g

Vn 1 g

Hnh 3.1: Trc vt phn thnh ba vng

Vt c ba vng phn bit r rt, vt ny hay gp trong my n Nylon (PA). Vng 1: Vng cp liu, rng c su nht. Mc ch vng cp liu l vn chuyn nguyn liu t phu vo cc vng sau ca vt. Cn trnh gia nhit mnh vng ny nguyn liu khng b dnh vo cc rnh vt, khi b dnh nhiu th nha khng th i vo xylanh c na. Vng 2: Vng nn c su rng gim nhanh. Ti vng ny nguyn liu b nn mnh v nng chy, ng thi cht kh s b y ngc li v thot ra khi my qua phu hoc l xylanh c l thot kh th kh s thot ra ng ny. Vng 3: Vng bm, c su rng nng nht. Ti vng ny nha tip tc c ng nht v to p lc cao y nha nng chy vo u khun.

Hnh 3.2: Trc vt c su rnh gim dn

Vt c su rnh gim dn u t u vt n cui vt. Nh vt cho PVC, PE. Vt vn c ba chc nng nh trn. Chiu di cc vng ph thuc nhiu vo loi nha gia cng, chng ta hy xt chiu di cc vng ny ca trc vt cho gia cng PE v PA: Nha PE c im nng chy thp v khong nng chy rng. Nha PA c im nng chy cao hn v khong nng chy hp hn. Nh vy: Chiu di vng 1 ca vt PE phi ngn nha PE khng b nng chy trong vng ny, tri li vng 1 ca vt PA phi di c th cung cp nhit cho nha nng chy c khi vo vng 2.
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Chiu di vng 2 ca vt PE phi di v do PE c khong nng chy rng, cn phi c thi gian cc phn c khi lng phn t cao hay thp nng chy c. Tri li chiu di vng 2 ca vt PA ngn v nha PA nng chy rt nhanh khi t nhit nng chy. Cng v l do ny vng 3 ca vt PA di hn nha c thi gian ng nht hon ton khi nng chy nhanh hn PE. Qua v d trn c th thy c nh hng ca loi nha n cu to trc vt. Chnh v vy khi gia cng cc loi nha khc nhau th phi thay i trc vt. Tuy nhin cng c nhiu loi nha c th s dng cng mt trc vt nh PE, PP, PS chng hn. Cc thng s cu to ca mt trc vt nh sau:
e t
e t

D
h
2

h2

h1

Hnh 3.3. Cc thng s ca trc vt

D: ng knh ngoi trc vt L: chiu di phn trc vt c rng t: bc vt, thng thng t = D : gc nghing ca rng vt, thng = 17,5o e : b rng rng vt h1 : su rng vt ti vng cp liu h2: su rng vt ti vng bm liu T s nn l t s gia th tch mt bc vt ti u np liu vi th tch mt bc vt ti u bm liu, h1/h2 l t s nn ca trc vt, khi trc vt c bc vt khng i. T s ny ph thuc vo loi nha (PE, PVC...) dng vt l ca nguyn liu (bt hay ht) v khi lng ca phn t nha. Trc vt cng c th c cu to c bit hn, chng hn ti vng 2 c hai ng rng tng cng qu trnh lm nng chy:

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Hnh 3.4 : Trc vt c hai ng rng

n chuyn ngnh hu c

Hoc c th trang b thm nhn t nho trn lm tng hiu qu trn v i qua b phn ny dng nha b chy hn lon:

t c cab n t n t c o r vn? n h r ( h ?? t t g h ?? ? n r nt o c n l? h d k n , t? ? h o h g ca h t iu i ? h hc d ? cn n u ? dva n no d l? ? t y g gm g n u h r v bv? t o ug n )

Phn u trc vt c trang b nhn t nho trn

Hnh 3.5 : Trc vt c trang b nhn t nho trn

Gia xylanh v nh rng vt phi c khe h bng khong 0,10mm, khe h ny tng ln khi trc vt b mn. Trc vt cn c th c li rng cho nc gii nhit vo khi cn gii nhit mnh (trong gia cng nguyn liu sinh nhit masat ln). Li lc v tm li lc Mc ch: Li lc tp cht khi khi nha nng chy, khng cho vo u khun. To ra p lc ngc lm tng hiu qu trn v nha ho ca vt. Gi cho dng nha vo u khun c n nh. Cu to: Li lc l li thp khng g c c li t th (20 40mesh) n mn (200mesh) khi s dng th s dng nhiu li kt hp vi nhau to ra hiu qu cao nht. Tm li lc l mt tm kim loi trn c khoan nhiu l nh c ng knh 3 5mm, c hai mt c vt gim bt tr lc cc b vng ngoi cc l ny phi nm st vi xylanh loi tr nhng vng cht do nguyn liu b ng v b mt pha t li lc phi lm lm. Phu cp liu Nguyn liu nha c hai dng : Dng bt : PVC bt Dng ht : ht PP, PE, PET... Vic cp liu dng ht c u im l khng gy bi, khng gy nght c phu, t khng kh b ko vo my n (gy bt cho sn phm), d sy kh khi nguyn liu cn sy trc khi n. Thng ch cn dng phu thng thng cp nguyn liu dng ht, ht
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nha s i vo xylanh my n do trng lc v do tc dng quay ca cc rng vt ca vng cp liu. i vi nguyn liu dng bt c th dng phu c ht chn khng thay cho phu thng loi tr hin tng sn phm b bt kh v bt cha nhiu khng kh bn trong. i khi vic dng phu c ht chn khng gp nhc im l c phu c th b tc do khng c khng kh lm trn gip cho vic chy d dng hn. Hin tng ny ph thuc vo c ht v cng thc sn xut. Ngoi ra i vi bt cng th dng vic cp liu cng bc nh cc hnh v sau :
Phu cp liu
Ph?u c?p li?u Vt khu?y
My m vt ?t

Vt khuy My mt vt

Phiu
Ph?u

Vt ti
Vt t?i

Trc vt my n 2 vt

Tr?c vt my dn hai tr?c vt

Hnh 4 : Cc loi phu cp liu

Trong trng hp dng phu thng cp liu cho bt khi to ht th nguyn liu phi c tnh chy tt, chng hn bt PVC sau khi trn phi ti xp. Hu ht cc phu cp liu u trang b qut ht ht nguyn liu t bn cha vo phu. Qut ny hot ng theo chu k ht nguyn liu ln tng t mt cch t ng. Phu cp liu c th ng c vai tr phu sy trong trng hp m b mt c th sc dng kh nng t di ln trn vo khi ht. Cc loi nha v mt hp th m c th chia lm hai loi : Loi khng a nc : m ch b tch t trn b mt. Loi a nc : m c mt c bn trong ht.

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m b mt c th loi bng cch cho mt lung khng kh nng vo khi nguyn liu. My dng gia nhit khng kh thng bao gm mt b lc khng kh vo, mt qut, mt b in tr iu khin bng b vi x l hoc cc thit b in khc. Vi loi nha a m nh PET, ngi ta hay dng phng php tch m l dng khng kh c im sng thp (im sng ca khng kh l nhit ti m b ngng t) sy v ti sinh khng kh (tch m) sau khi sy bng cht hp ph. Trong my sy c cht hp ph nc, cht hp ph ny c cc l li ti trn b mt. Khi khng kh m i qua cht hp ph, nc c gi li trn cc l li ti v c tch ra chu k ti sinh bng nhit m khng lm thay i tnh cht no ca cht hp ph. V vy chu k sy c th lp li c lin tc nh sau. Khng kh sy c ly t bn ngoi do mt qut, qua mt b lc, sau c gia nhit n nhit thch hp v vo ngn sy c cha ht nha cha sy. Khng kh sau khi sy tip tc i qua mt h thng cha cht hp ph m. Ti y m c tch ra v khng kh kh li c gia nhit n nhit thch hp vo ngn sy cha ht nha, qu trnh ny xy ra trong mt ngn ring, ngn cn li ng thi xy ra qu trnh ti sinh (tch m) khi cht hp ph. Ti ngn ti sinh khng kh ngoi mi trng c ko vo trong bng mt qut khc thng qua mt b lc kh (lc bi) c gia nhit v a vo h thng cha cht hp ph ti sinh cht hp ph. Sau khi sy cht hp ph, khng kh ny c ko ra ngoi mi trng. Tng thi gian cho mt my sy thng l 8 gi trong 4 gi dng sy v 4 gi ti sinh cht hp ph. L do chnh ca thi gian chu k di l cn c thi gian h thng cha cht hp ph ln xung sau khi cht hp ph c ti sinh nhit cao, sau qu trnh hp ph mi xy ra. Thi gian chu k di cng gip cho tui th my sy cao (v d b gia nhit cho khng kh ti sinh ch hot ng 25% thi gian so vi ton b chu k). Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu qu trnh sy l : nhit , im sng, lu lng ca khng kh sy, hm lng m ban u v cui cng cn t c ca nguyn liu v dng hnh hc ca ht nha, trong nh hng ca nhit l quan trng nht. Truyn ng cho my n Chc nng ca b truyn ng cho my n l lm quay trc vt (khi trc vt quay s to ra nng lng vn chuyn nguyn liu dc theo xylanh, to ra p lc y nha nng chy ra khi u khun). B truyn ng cho my n gm c : ng c, hp s, cho trc vt :

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ng c : thng dng hai loi ng c la DC v AC. ng c DC c gi thnh thp hn AC, nhng c hiu sut thp hn, vn tc c th b gim khi chu ti nng. Ngoi ra cc tnh nng khc ca hai loi ny l nh nhau. ng c DC c th thay i tc bng cch thay i in p vo, cn ng c AC thay i tc bng cch thay i tn s dng in. Thng s quan trng ca ng c l cng sut ng c, cng sut ng c s tng khi : Tng nng sut Tng ng knh xylanh (hay ng knh vt) Tng chiu di trc vt V cn ph thuc vo loi nha gia cng (v d gia cng PVC cn ng c c cng sut cao hn gia cng LDPE) v c im u khun (c th l tr lc u khun). Thng s hot ng quan trng nht ca ng c l cng dng in (n v o l Ampe). Ampe ng cho cho bit tnh trng hot ng ca my n, v d nu t nhit qu thp, hoc khi c vt l lt vo my th Ampe my c th ln cao. Nu Ampe qu cao c th gy chy ng c, v vy mt my n hin i thng c trang b h thng bo v t ngt dng khi Ampe qu cao. Hp gim tc V ng c thng c tc t 1750V/ph 2000/ph, trong khi tc trc vt ch t 15 200V/ph nn gia ng c v trc vt phi c hp s. Hp s cu to ch yu gm cc cp bnh rng n khp vi nhau v Puly gn vi nhau truyn ng t ng c vo hp gim tc. Thng s quan trng nht ca ng c l t s truyn (t s vn tc u vo/ u ra), thng t s truyn ca hp s t 6 : 1 cho n 12 : 1. Ngoi cch thay i tc trc vt bng cch thay i tc ng c, tc trc vt cn c th thay i bng cch thay i v tr cc cn gt hp s thay i, la chn cc cp bnh rng truyn ng thch hp. Tc trc vt ph thuc ch yu vo loi nha v cu to u khun, thng c cc vng vn tc sau y : 2 - 35V/ph, 10 90V/ph, 15 150V/ph. V d gia cng PVC cng tc trc vt thng thp hn gia cng LDPE hn ch nhit mast sinh ra qu mc. : ti chn trc vt c gn mt . ny phi chu c lc y t u vt (do p sut ngc) nn thng l loi a chn (bi c dng tr) khi hot ng ny lun b mi mn, v vy phi thng xuyn kim tra v c ch bi trn ng. Nu bi qu mn, c th lm cho trc vt khng quay ng tm v c th chm vo xylanh gy h hng b mt xylanh v trc vt.

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u khun u khun l b phn dng to hnh s b sn phm sao cho gn ging nht vi dng sn phm. V vy c rt nhiu dng u khun khc nhau tu theo sn phm sn xut. u khun phi p ng cc yu cu sau : Khi ra khi u khun, vn tc ca dng nha phi nh nhau ti mi v tr. R rng ti mt v tr no dng nha c vn tc cao hn cc vng ln cn th ch s dy hn v gy hin tng nhn. Cn ngc li vn tc chm hn th s b mng. Khi ra khi u khun, nhit ca dng nha cng phi nh nhau ti mi v tr. Trong qu trnh to hnh trong u khun, nha b nn li (chu lc nn p), hnh dng b thay i. Khi ra khi u khun, dng nha s c xu hng khi phc li trng thi ban u. Xu hng khi phc ny phi nh nhau ti mi v tr khi nha ra khi u khun. Hin tng dng nha c xu hng khi phc li hnh dng ban u ca n gi l hin tng trng phng. Phi n sau khi b trng phng

Chiu rng ming u khun: d

Phn li ra nha chy trong hai thnh kim loi song song c chiu di L

Hnh 5 : hin tng trng phng ca sn phm

V vi kch thc nh hnh v t s D/d c gi l trng phng. Mt v d thc t l trong khi sn xut mng, nu t ming lp c khe h l 1,0mm th chc chn dy lp nha khi ra khi u khun phi ln hn nhiu. t dy cui cng ca sn phm phi ko mng i nhiu. Nha khng c b chy trong u khun : Khng c nhng vng gy ng nha. C th l nhng vng cht (nha khng ra c khi chy vo ) hoc cht lng b mt km (b trc lp xi m chng hn) gy dnh chy. Thi gian lu ca nha trong u khun phi thch hp. nu u khun cha c qu nhiu nha th nha sau khi i vo th lu ra, tc l thi gian lu ln. Ti u khun thng c nhit cao, nu thi gian lu ln c th gy chy nha.

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bng b mt ca dng nha khi ra khi u khun phi tt: nu nh chiu di L (xem hnh v trn) cng ln th nha cng bng. Tt nhin nu lp m tt, nhit nha cao th nha cng bng trn. Ni chung bng s khng cao v nu c th cn cng on to bng thm, nh dng cc cc bng tip nhn v lm lnh phi n. Kch thc rnh chy phi ln : i khi nha c th th b ln tp cht, b dnh chy. Nu kch thc rnh chy qu nh th khi b ln tp cht dng nha c th b tc. ngn nga hin tng ny chiu rng rnh phi ln. Tr lc u khun : khng qu nh cng khng qu ln : Nu tr lc qu ln : s gy nng ti. T lm gim tui th ca my, gy r r nha ti cc ch ni, tng nhit mast, tng tc mi mn trc vt. Nu p sut qu thp s phn b dy s khng u, ng nht km, c th thy cc vt hn trn b mt sn phm. Bo tr u khun : u khun phi d tho lp, nh th u khun cng nh gn cng tt. Vt liu lm u khun thng l thp c x l tng cng, hoc thp Nitrit ho (x l trong mi trng Amoniac), hoc thp chu n mn c hm lng Crm cao (~15%), bn trong u khun thng c m mt lp Crm dy khong 0,025mm. B phn ko sn phm C hai loi chnh : Loi dng cp trc ko, thng dng mt trc ph cao su, mt trc l kim loi, loi ny dng cho mng mm.

Loi dng cp trc ko phi n

Hnh 6 : Trc cao su dng ko sn phm

Loi dng bng chuyn ng c hai mt p vo sn phm, loi ny hay dng cho cc sn phm cng. V d s dng h thng ko trong dy chuyn n ng. chiu di bng chuyn ng l mt yu t quan trng. V nu bng cng di th lc p phn b cng u
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v nh thay v phi dng lc p ln nu dng bng ngn lc p qu ln c th lm bin dng sn phm. D c cu to thuc dng no th h thng ko phi p ng cc yu cu sau : Phi gi c sn phm vn tc khng i vn tc thch hp. Vn tc ny phi vn tc nha u khun. Nu vn tc ny < vn tc nha ra khi u khun th sn phm n b trng v ri xung nn do trng lc ca n. B phn ko cn c tc dng ko mng sn phm hn ch hin tng trng phng ca sn phm khi ra khi u khun. Ko l mt trong nhng cch gim c dy ca sn phm. Lm lnh Sau khi ra khi u khun nha trng thi nng chy (lng), v vy cn phi lm lnh nh hnh sn phm. Lm lnh trc tip hay gin tip : nu cho sn phm chy thng vo trong nc (v d : ng nc ) th phng php ny l lm lnh trc tip. Cn nu nc hay du chy vo mt ng kim loi , b mt trc ny mi lm lnh sn phm th gi l lm lnh gin tip (cc sn phm dng tm, mng mng ). Ngoi ra sn phm cn dng khng kh l tc nhn lm lnh trc tip. Gi thnh : r rng nu cho sn phm chy thng vo trong nc th chi ph v thit b s thp hn phng php gin tip cn s dng cc trc lm lnh t tin. 1.1.3. Nng sut ca my n Khi trc vt quay nu nh khng b tr lc g c (tc l khng dng li lc, tm li, u khun) v nu khe h gia nh trc vt v xylanh bng 0, th dng nguyn liu vn chuyn ln pha trc l ln nht. Dng ny gi l dng dc trc. Tuy nhin trn thc t c mt khe h nh gia nh rng vt v xylanh nn c mt dng vt liu r qua khe h ny. Dng ny gi l dng r. Khi lp u khun vo, p sut trc u khun s tng ln v ln hn p sut trong xylanh. Nguyn liu s t chy ti vng c p sut cao sang vng c p sut thp, tc l c mt dng nguyn liu chy t u vt ra pha chn vt, dn n gim lu lng ca my n. Dng ny gi l dng p sut. Nng sut my n nh vy c tnh nh sau : Nng sut M = dng dc trc dng p sut dng r Ngi ta xc nh c cng thc tnh ton sau y : Dng dc trc = 1/22.D2.n.H.sin.cos Trong :
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D : ng knh trc vt n : tc quay ca trc vt (vng/pht) H : su rnh vt trong vng bm v nh lng : gc nghing ca rng vt Dng p sut = .D.H3.Psin2/12..t Trong : P : p sut trc nh vt t : khong cch gia hai nh rng vt lin tip : nht ca nha ti vng bm (khng i) Dng r thng c gi tr nh v c b qua. Nh vy : M = 1/22.D2.n.H.sin.cos .D.P.H3.sin2/12.t By gi nu t : = 1/22.D2.H.sin.cos = 1/2.D.H3.sin2/12.t Th cng thc trn c th vit gn li l : M = .n .P/ R rng v l cc hng s ch ph thuc vo cu to trc vt. Nu nh cu to ca trc vt khng i th nng sut ca my n ch ph thuc vo : n : tc quay ca trc vt, n cng ln th M cng ln. P : khi p sut trc u vt (v d khi gim nhit , dng li lc mn, dng u khun c tr lc ln) th nng sut s gim. 1.1.4. Nguyn tc hot ng ca my n Do co ngun nhit cung cp lam nong chay vt liu va nh chuyn ng cua truc vit tng kha nng trn ng u gia phu gia va nha. a vt liu vao ti gii han gia cng. Vung phi liu nhit rt phc tap, nht cua vt liu thay i tuy theo vn tc. Truc vit co thm cac canh phu thi dong chay cua nha trong xy lanh rt phc tap, nhng co kha nng trn rt cao, ngay nay a co loai may un cui truc vit co canh phu hoc kt cu rng tng kha nng lam ng u vt liu. Mc hinh thanh ap lc trong xy lanh tuy thuc vao cu truc cua truc vit: bc vit va vic tinh toan chiu su ranh vit. Ngoai ra ap lc trong xy lanh con phu thuc vao ln cua momen quay, mc cua dong chay, khe h gia truc vit va xy lanh, sc can cua dong chay.

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Trn may un truc vit thng co lp t ng h o ap sut nha nong chay trong xy lanh, t o co th theo doi c ap sut trong may un ng thi co th iu chinh ap sut kip thi. 1.1.5. Phn loi my n a. Phn loi theo tnh nng cng dng Gia cng sn phm hay dng trn nguyn liu. b. Phn loi theo s vt My n c th c mt vt hay hai hoc ba vt hoc a trc vt, cc vt c th quay cng chiu hay ngc chiu nhau do c cu truyn dng. My n nhiu trc vt thng thng khng dng nh hnh m dng trn vt liu. My n trc vt n

Hnh 7: My n trc vt n

C cu to tng i n gin, vic bo qun bn chc cng d dng, tnh sn xut cao v phm vi ng dng rng ri, nhiu c trng. V vy, y l loi my c dng ph bin. My n trc vt i

Hnh 8: My n trc vt i

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My n nha ghp nhiu trc vt gi l my n a trc, nhng ch yu c dng l my n trc i. My n trc i c nhng c trng nh lng n ra t bin ng thi gian nha trong xylanh ng u v nht nh nhng n c sc nho trn yu, thm na gi tin cao tnh a dng thiu l nhng khuyt im. c. Phn loi theo my n c bit Nu ly cc my n nha trc n, trc i lm my tiu chun th cc my n nha c bit khng thuc loi y c nhiu th, nhng phn nhiu ch l my th nghim hoc my mu, cha c s dng ph bin. Di y xin trnh by mt s cc my n nha c bit tiu biu c a vo s dng. My n trc hnh tinh

Hnh 9: My n trc trc hnh tinh

y l my n nha c bit do cng ty Ty c Batten Feld ch to bn ra, thit k ca n cn c vo loi my n nha trc n c c an ton v sc y v momen xon, c th ni l loi my n nha c thit k mi a nguyn l my cn vo c tnh to hnh, tnh ng u. Theo vi trc xon chnh xoay chiu, b phn trc hnh tinh khp rng nn n va xoay va n y cc thnh phn nha ra ngoi. N c nhng c im sau: Vic to hnh ng u Tnh t lm sch rt tt Thi gian ng bn trong my ca nha t i mu n gin T l nng lng nh cho nn c kh nng n ra tit kim nng lng Cng c th gim bt nng lng My n nha RAM
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Hnh 10: my nha RAM

Nhng cht nha nh nha florine, polyetylene siu cao phn t c tan chy rt cao, cc my n nha thng thng khng th to hnh c. n nha kiu RAM l phng php to hnh khng nh s xoay chuyn trc xon m nh s vn ng ln xung ca RAM bn trong Cylinder, lin tc bc kn bt nguyn liu, p, nung to hnh.my n nha ram nh b nn p ca ram v lng cung cp vt liu c u chnh thch hp nh s cn bng ca b phn u khin nhit. My n nha kt dnh thp Nguyn liu cn thit gia cng n nha to hnh khng phi ch c loi nha c kt dnh cao gm c loi nha a dng. Ngi ta cn mun gia cng n nha n c cc cht c kt dnh thp biu th bng Centipoise t cc hnh thi th lng, th kt cng.My n nha kt dnh thp c kh nng n ra nguyn li c kt dnh thp

1.1.6. Mt s quy trnh cng ngh sn xut c s dng my n trc vt

Quy trnh sn xut mng mng phng

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Sn phm dng mng mng:

Hnh 11: Dy chuyn sn xut mng mng phng v sn phm

Quy trnh sn xut ng

Sn phm dng ng
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Hnh 12: Dy chuyn sn xut ng v sn phm

Quy trnh sn xut si

Sn phm dng si

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Hnh 13: Dy chuyn sn xut si v sn phm

Quy trnh sn xut tm

Sn phm dng tm
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Hnh 14: Dy chuyn sn xut tm v sn phm

1.2. Nguyn liu v cc cht ph gia 1.2.1. PVC PVC c trng hp theo s sau: N CH2 = CH (- CH2 CH - ) n
Cl Cl

Phng php trng hp ny c th tin hnh theo phng php: Trng hp khi: tao ra PVC trng hp khi (phng php ny t s dng) Trng hp huyn ph: to ra PVC S c c tnh ht du tt, trong cao, gi thnh r sn xut cc sn phm bng phng php cn , n, c tim. Trng hp nh tng: to ra PVC E c cu trc cht, t ht du sn xut cc sn phm t hn hp PVC + DOP nh cc sn phm trng, c quay, lm h. PVC l mt loi nha v nh hnh (c kt tinh thp ), Tg 800C nn nhit bnh thng PVC cng nu khng ha do. Chnh v vy ngi ta cn phn bit PVC cng v PVC mm khi ni v sn phm PVC. Sau y l cch phn bit 3 loi sm phm PVC: PVC cng : hm lng ha do t 0 5 %

PVC bn cng: hm lng ha do t 5 15 %

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PVC mm

: hm lng ha do t > 15%

Nhit gia cng ca PVC t 150 220o C, tuy nhin PVC b phn hy nhit trn 140oC nn khi gia cng phi s dng cht n nh nhit. PVC cng d b nh sng lo ha, v vy trong nhiu trng hp phi s dng cht n nh quang. Sau y l mt s tnh cht quan trng ca PVC: Bng cch thm cht ha do, c th sn xut ra sn phm c cng thay i C th s dng hu ht cc phng php gia cng i vi PVC. C th sn xut sn phm trong hay c t PVC. PVC c nhiu tnh cht c hc tt nh bn ko t, gin t, tnh cch in, chu n mn cao. C th sn xut sn phm c mu sc a dng. PVC bn vi acid, kim, cht ty ra PVC l loi nha kh chy v c Clo trong phn t. Gi thnh va phi. Cc tiu chun cn lu i vi PVC: Gi tr K: ngi ta xc nh gi tr K bng cch o nht ca dung dnh PVC trong cyclohexanone, sau dng cng thc tnh ra K. Nh vy gi tr K phn nh nht ca dung dch PVC, do phn nh trng lng phn t ca n. Khi la chn PVC gi tr K l gi tr cn xt n u tin v tnh cht sn phm v gia cng ph thuc vo K,v vy cn phi la chn cn thn. V d: i vi sn phm thng thng nh tole, mng, ng nc. dng PVC c K = 65 68 i vi mng bn cng, khp ni dng PVC c K = 57 62 Khi lng ring th tch (g/cm3): l i lng phn nh mc nn cht ca PVC dng bt. Tuy nhin khng th tng i lng cao qu mc c v s nm ngoi kh nng thit k ca my (mi my n c trc vt c thit k cho mt dng nguyn liu thch hp). V d khng th dng my thit k trc vt cho my chy dng ht m chy cho dng bt v ngc li (ht c khi lng ring th tch ln hn bt nhiu). Khi trn cao tc, bt sau khi trn thng c th tch ln hn th tch trc khi trn do mc nha ha tt hn, v vy thi gian trn c nh hng n giai on to ht. hp th v tc hp th du DOP: i vi nhng sn phm c DOP cao, PVC phi c kh nng hp ph DOP tt to ra hn hp bt kh c tnh chy tt (tt
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nhin tr gip qu trnh ny cn dng thm nhit hay trn cao tc li dng nhit ma st). Nu tc hp ph DOP (phn nh bng lng hp ph trong mt n v thi gian ) v hp ph (phn nh bng lng DOP hp th trong mt 100g nha) thp th bt sau khi hp th khng c kh, thm ch DOP khng thm c vo nha, nh vy cht lng trn khng t yu cu, nng sut trn gim xung khi thi gian trn ko di. So snh v mc hp ph DOP th PVC S c hp ph tt hn PVC E nhiu. Hm lng bi bn: l nhng chm li ti trong sn phm. Bi bn c th gy ra do bi ln vo. Do cng thc bi trn khng hp l nn nha nng chy khng u, hoc do PVC c nhng khi lng phn t qu ln th cng c th to ra nhng chm li ti ny. Hm lng cht d bay hi: cht d bay hi m c th gy bt cho sn phm v vy cht d bay hi phi nh hn 0,3%. 1.2.2. Cc cht ph gia cho PVC Cht ha do Nh trn ni PVC l loi nha v nh hnh c kt tinh thp (5 10 %) c nhit chuyn thy tinh cao (Tg 80oC) v vy nhit thng PVC rt cng, khi cn lm do hn ngi ta trn thm vi cht ha do. Khi a cht ha do vo trong PVC, cc phn t ha do s len li vo mch phn t PVC lm yu lin kt gia cc mch v lm cc mch b cch ly nn mch mm hn cui cng to ra PVC mm. Theo hiu qu ha do cc cht ha do c phn lm hai loi: Cht ha do chnh: c tng hp cao vi PVC v v vy c th s dng mt mnh. V d DOP l mt cht ha do chnh in hnh. Cht ha do ph: v mt l do no ngi ta khng s sng mt mnh. V d chng c tng hp gii hn vi PVC, c gi thnh cao nn ch dng khi cn t c mt vi tnh cht c bit no .V d: dng thm DOP tng kh nng chu lnh ca sn phm, dng BBP tng kh nng nha ha. Paraffin clo ha gim gi thnh sn phm. la chn mt cht ha do thch hp cn xt n cc yu t sau y: hiu qu ha do v tng hp vi PVC: to ra mt mm do no cn dng mt lng ha do nht nh. Cc tnh cht gia cng nh: bay hi phi thp nhit gia cng, kh nng nh hng n thi gian nha ha ca hn hp (v d BBP gy nha ha nhanh), hay c nh hng tnh n nh nhit ca PVC hay khng (du Epoxy lm tng tnh n nh nhit cn prafin clo gy gim tnh n nh nhit).

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Cc tnh cht s dng ca sn phm: nh chu lnh, tnh chng chy, kh nng b trch ly bi cc dung ha cht v nc, tnh c hi, di hnh. V d nu sn phm thng xuyn tip xc vi nc th phi dng cht ha do kh b trch ly bi nc. Gi thnh: tt nhin cng thp cng tt. tuy nhin loi cht ha do cng r tin th cht lng cng thp v vy cn xt cht ha do trn c s so snh tnh nng / gi thnh. Ngi ta thng dng cht ha do DOP lm cht ha do chnh v n c tnh nng tt mc gi thnh thch hp. Ch khi no cn cc tnh cht c bit khc th ngi ta mi s dng thm cc cht ha do khc. Sau y l vi loi ha do thng dng: DOPDioctylphthalate. DOA DioctylAdipate. DINP Disonylphthalate. BBP Butylbenzylphthalate .

EBSO Du u nnh epoxy ha Trong PVC cng ngi ta ch c dng mt lng nh cht ha do v cht ha do lm gia cng d dng hn nhng nu dng nhiu s lm cho cc tnh cht c l gim mnh v nhit bin dng gim xung, sn phm d b bin dng nhit khi s dng. Cht bi trn cho PVC Cng dng ca cht bi trn Ngn chn PVC khng dnh vo b mt kim loi (nu b dnh PVC s b chy, v vy cng c th hiu cht bi trn cng l mt dng cht n nh). Tc dng bi trn ny gi l tc dng bi trn ngoi. Gim ma st ni sinh ra khi gia cng, to ra nht v tnh chy thch hp cho hn hp (lu l PVC cng c nht rt cao, nu tng nhit nht th gn im phn hy ca PVC, PVC d b phn hy, gy chy nn phi s dng cht bi trn). Tc dng bi trn ny gi l cht bi trn ni. Phn loi theo bn cht ha hc c cc loi sau: Hydro carbon: paraffin, polyethylene wax Cc x phng kim loi: Cd St, Ca St, Pb St, Zn St Acid bo: acid stearic ( A St ) Ester: butyl stearate, glycerin Stearate

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Alcohol : polyor, polygycol C ch tc dng ca cht bi trn ni, ngoi: Cht bi trn ngoi c tng hp km vi PVC nn to ra mt lp mng cht bi trn gia b mt kim loi v nha. Do ngn chn c PVC bm vo b mt kim loi. V d polyethylene wax, acid stearic Cht bi trn c tng hp tt vi PVC nn nm xen vo cc phn t PVC v lm gim ma st gia cc phn t nha PVC, nn gim c nht ca PVC nng chy. Theo c ch trn th PVC cng c xem l mt cht bi trn ni nn PVC mm t khi phi dng n cht bi trn ni. V d butyl stearate, Ca St Trong thc t nhiu cht bi trn va c tc dng bi trn ngoi va c tc dng bi trn ni. Ngoi tc dng bi trn ni hay ngoi cn ph thuc vo hm lng s dng. V d c cht bi trn c tc dng bi trn ni hm lng thp nhng khi tng hm lng th bi trn ngoi l ch yu. Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ni v ngoi: Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ni Tng tc ca nha nng chy, gim c nhit gia cng. Gim c trng phng trong cng ngh n. Hn ch xut hin cc vit ng hn do nha b tch dng khi chy trong u khun. t nh hng n bm dnh ca mc in, sn ln sn phm. To trong sn phm tt. t nh hng n kh nng to vt nt, gy khi b gp sn phm. Gim nhit bin dng nhit (sn phm b bin dng nhit nhit thp hn). i khi lm gim bn va p ca sn phm. C th gy plate-out (hin tng cc ph gia khng tng hp v tri ra b mt thit b gia cng: trc cn, trc vt, u nh hnh). Cn dng hm lng cao mi cho tc dng hiu qu. Cc u nhc im ca cht bi trn ngoi. Ngn chn PVC khng b dnh vo b mt kim loi. Sm phm d xut hin ng hn. D gy tch lp khi sn phm gm c nhiu lp PVC ghp li.
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Lm gim bm dnh ca mc in v sn ln sn phm. Lm chm thi gian nha ha. Cht n nh nh ngha: cht n nh l cht ngn chn s phn hy ca PVC bng phn ng ha hc. Bng tc dng bi trn, gim ma st hay ngn chn s dnh vo b mt kim loi (cht n nh c tc dng ny cn gi l cht bi trn). a. Phn loi cht n nh Gm c cc loi sau: Cht n nh ch Cht n nh x phng kim loai. Cht n nh thic. Cht n nh ph (n nh cha photpho, epoxy, cht hp th tia UV. Cht chng oxy ha). Cht n nh ch. V d mt s loi sau: Tribasic ch sunphat (TS): 3Pb.PbSO4.H2O. Dibasic ch stearat (DS): 2PbO.Pb(C17H35COO)2 (c tc dng bi trn). Stearat ch (Pb St ): Pb(C17H35COO)2 (c tc dng bi trn).

u im ca cht n nh ch: C tnh n nh nhit mnh. C tnh cch in tt. Vng nhit gia cng rng. Chu thi tit tt. Gi thnh va phi. Nhc im ca cht n nh ch: Nu khng x l b mt th phn tn km. Khng to ra sn phm ti sng v sn phm b c. c hi. B nhim mu (ha en) khi tip xc vi lu hunh (to ra PbS c mu en)

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Cht n nh x phng kim loai: V d: Cadmium Stearate : Cd (C17H35COO) 2 Barium Stearate : Ba (C17H35COO) 2 Calcium Stearate : Ca (C17H35COO) 2 Km Stearate : Zn (C17H35COO) 2 Cc x phng l nhng hp cht ha hc gm c cc nguyn t kim loi v gc ny c nhiu loi nhng ch yu l gc Stearate. Cc x phng kim loi l cht n nh khng dng mt mnh m hay dng kt hp vi nhau, v d Ba /Cd /Zn; Ca/Zn; Ba/Zn; nhiu loi c tc dng bi trn. Nhiu loi to ra sn phm c trong cao. Th t v trong v tnh bi nh sau: V trong : Cd > Ba > Ca > Zn > Pb. V tnh bi trn : Pb > Zn > Cd > Mg > Ca > Ba. Mt hn hp gm c Ba /Cd /Zn hay dng l BC 103, coinex 1282, CB 120 v nhiu loi tng t khc. u v nhc im ca cht n nh hn hp kim loi: Tnh n nh nhit tt ( nhng yu hn cht n nh). t gy mi nh cht n nh thic hu c. Gy plate-out b mt thit b. C tnh cht bi trn. Gi thnh va phi. Cht n nh thic hu c. u im cht n nh thic l: nhit tt. Khng c tnh bi trn. Mi kh chu, mt vi dng c hi. Cht n nh thic gc Mercaptide dng kt hp vi pigment gc ch (Pb) th lm ti mu sn phm. Cc cht tr n nh: gm c cc loi.

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n nh epoxy (v d: Du u nnh epoxy ha ) loi ny khi kp hp vi thic hay x phng kim loi th hiu qu n nh c tng cao. Cht n nh cha photpho (v d: Tri phenyl phophite) cng c tc dng n nh nh epoxy. Cht chng oxy ha: Bis phenol amine Cht hp th UV: Benzophenone, benzotriazol Cc cht tr n nh khng bao gi dng mt mnh m kt hp vi cht n nh chnh. Cht n Mc ch chnh ca vic dng cht n l gim gi thnh sn phm. C nhiu loi cht n c th dng cho PVC. Cht n CaCO3 thng s dng c th phn loi theo: Theo t trng th tch: CaCO3 loi nng v nh. Theo c tnh b mt: loi c x l b mt v loi khng x l b mt. Mc ch ca vic x l b mt l ci thin kh nng phn tn ca CaCO3 vo nha, do d tnh cht ca sn phm khng b suy gim nhiu, nn c th dng vi hm lng cao. Vic s dng cht n gy ra cc u nhc im nh sau: Gim gi thnh sm phm. Tng c cho sn phm. Tnh n nh nhit v CaCO3 c tnh baz trung ha acid sinh ra. Tng cng cho sn phm (v d: n sn xut ra gch nha). To cho hn hp nha nht cao nn gy kh khn cho qu trnh gia cng, my b nng ti hn. Gim bn c l ca sn phm nh bn x Tng kh nng mi mn thit b (trc vt, xy lanh, trc cn). Gim bng ca sn phm. la chn cht n cn cn c vo cc yu t sau: C ht: ht cng mn th c l ca sn phm cng tt, tuy nhin gi thnh cht n s tng. Kh nng phn tn: cht n phi d phn tn vo PVC, lng dng phi c gii hn v n s nh hng n tnh cht gia cng v sn phm.
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Khi lng ring trn n v th tch: s nh hng n th tch my, n i lng ny ca c hn hp PVC, CaCO3. Dng CaCO3 loi nh s lm gim nng sut my. Tp cht: khng c ln tp cht gy nh hng n ngoi quan v c l sn phm. Gi thnh: hp th du cng thp cng tt. Loi c x l b mt thng c hp th du thp. Hm lng n ti u ph thuc vo loi cht n c la chn vo tnh cht c l v v ngoi quan sn phm vo tnh cht gia cng trn my. V d: Nu cht n thuc loi d phn tn th c th a vo hm lng cao hn loi kh phn tn. Nu cht n hp th du nhiu th vi cng thc mm kh c th a vo hm lng n ln cao v n s hp th nhiu DOP trong khi PVC khng hp th ng k. Mu Cc yu cu v cht mu cho PVC l: Khng gy bi, d cn o. Kh nng phn tn mu tt. Khng b di hnh. Chu c nhit cao khi gia cng. Chu c thi tit. Khng c hi (ty tng sn phm). Cht mu thng c hai loi: Pigment: l loi khng ha tan trong dung mi, nha m ch phn tn vo di dng cc ht mu c kch thc rt nh. Nu ta ha tan pigment vo trong dung mi th rt kh tan (v d mu trng TiO2) hoc i khi c cm gic ha tan nhng khi mt thi gian th n li b tch ra (b lng). Phm mu: loi ny ha tan trong dung mi v nha. Loi ny t s dng v thng c chu nhit km, do tnh ha tan cao nn thng xy ra hin tng di hnh. Tuy nhin chng c mu sc p. Sau y l cc tnh cht ca mu cn lu : Sc mu: ta thy mu c nhiu loi nh mu , xanh, tm trong tng loi mu cn c nhiu loi khc nhau v nh vng cam, vng chanh, cam, tm, tm xanh, tm .

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Cng mu: phn nh mnh yu ca mu. Mu cng yu th cng dng vi hm lng cng cao v ngc li. ti sng: cng mt mu sc nhng c loi cho ta cm gic m, ti c loi cho ta cm gic ti sng rc r. chu nhit: phn nh nhit phn hy ca mu. bn nh sng: phn nh kh nng bn mu khi chu tc ng ca tia UV. Mc di hnh: phn nh mu d hay kh b tri ra b mt. Kh nng phn tn trong nha. Cc nh hng n tnh cht c l ca sn phm. Trong thc t ta c th gp cc dng mu sau: Mu dng bt: (ch gm mu c bn. V d mu , blue, green) gi thnh thp nhng kh nng phn tn kh, kh cn nn c hi. Mu dng bt: (l hn hp bt cc mu c bn ) mu ny c s dng khi khch hng khng c kinh nghim pha mu, mun s dng n gin. Nh sn xut pha trn sn v ch cn hng dn hm lng s dng. Mu dng ht mn hay dng bnh: phn tn sn vi nha nn phn tn cao, khng gy bi, d cn o, gi thnh cao hn dng mu bt. Mu dng paster: thng l mu phn tn trong cht ha do. Loi ny thng dng cho PVC, c gi thnh thp hn loi mu phn tn trong nha. PVC compound pha sn trc, khi gia cng khng cn pha na. v d PVC compound lm ng nc. Tt nhin s gp kh khn khi thay mu khc. Theo bn cht c th phn loi mu thnh hai dng. Mu v c: thng l cc oxit v c kim loi nh: FeO2, TiO2, Ca, Pb & MoCr2O3, Ultramarine, Mn Violet, CobanViolet, Fe blue c c im sau y: Mu c. Cng yu. Kch thc ht ln. Thng d phn tn. Khng b ha tan v khng b di hnh. Chu nhit v nh sng. Chu ha cht cao.
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Mu hu c: thng c tng hp t cc dn xut ca sn phm du m nh monoAzo, diazo, Quinacridone, perylene, phthalocyanine, bezimidazolene c tnh cht ngc li vi mu v c. Cc dng mu c bit c th s dng l: Cc loi mu nh: c sc trng hay nhiu sc khc. V d cc loi nh Peral (TiO2 ph mica), nh loi kim loi Al (nhm) sc bc, nh hp kim ng sc vng Mu hunh quang: l loi mu to ti sng cao do mu ny c kh nng hp th tia UV (c bc sng trong vng khng nhn thy c) v pht tn ra nng lng trong vng c th nhn thy c. Cht tr gia cng Cht tr gia cng l mt loi nha khi cho vo PVC th c cc kt qu sau y: Ci thin s nh ha, nh th cc tnh cht c l ca hn hp PVC mi c pht trin y sau khi gia cng v trong cng thc c th a vo hm lng n cao hn. C th to ra cc sn phm c hnh dng phc tp khi n profile (khung ca s). Tnh n nh trong qu trnh sn xut cao hn v vy nng sut s tng. Cc s c b mt sn phm v s c do nng sut khng n nh gim i hoc khng cn xut hin. S phn b cc t bo xp ng u hn, t bo xp nh hn so vi sn phm PVC xp. Kh nng chu nhit, chu thi tit, bn mu c xu hng n nh. Nu sn phm cn nh hnh nhit th khi dng cht tr gia cng cng on nh hnh c thc hin d dng hn. Thng khi s dng cht tr gia cng th nht ca hn hp tng ln v my c xu hng nng ti hn. Tuy nhin cn ch l nu do nha ha khng hon ton th my cn nng ti khi c cht tr gia cng. iu ny c th thy r khi cng thc c hm lng n cao. Cht to xp Cht to xp l mt hn hp cht ha hc b phn hy nhit cao to ra cc sn phm kh, cc cht kh sinh ra to ra cc l xp trong sn phm. Cht to xp thng dng nht l PVC l Azodicarbonamide (thng k hiu l AZ). H2N CO N = N CO NH2

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y l cht to xp dng bt c mu t cam n vng nht, nhit phn hy 205oC 215oC v hiu xut to kh l 220 ml/g. Cc sm phm phn hy ca AZ c thnh phn nh sau: N2 chim 65% th tch. CO chim 32% th tch. CO2 chim 3% th tch. Nhit phn hy ca AZ nguyn cht kh cao, v vy cn phi dng xc tc h thp nhit ca n xung. Cc hp cht c kh nng xc tc l cc hp cht ur, amine, cc hp cht kim loi c bit l cc hp cht ca ch (Pb), cadmium (Cd), km (Zn) v hn hp ca cc kim loi trn. Cc cht xc tc khc nhau v nhit xc tc v tc xc tc (tc l c cht xc tc nhit thp, c cht xc nhit cao, c cht xc tc vi tc chm, c cht xc tc vi tc cao). Cht lng to xp ca PVC khi sn xut gi da xp ph thuc vo: Gi tr K ca PVC. Loi v hm lng cht xc tc. Hm lng cht to xp AZ. Nhit hp xp. Hm lng cht n. Cc cht ph gia khc nh l cht iu chnh c cu xp. Cc yu t trn c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. 1.2.3. PE, PP a. PE: LDPE (low density polyethylene) LDPE l loi nha c trng hp p sut cao i t ethylene; c t trng t 0.9100.925 g/cm3 .

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LDPE c cu to mch phn nhnh nh sau: Nha LDPE c phn loi ch yu theo t trng v ch s chy v khi la chn ngi ta n khi yu t ny l ch yu. LDPE l loi nha c tnh cht kp hp c nhiu tnh cht nh dai, va p, chu lnh, mm do, d gia cng, chu ha cht, t thm nc, tnh cht cch in tt. LDPE chu nc tt, chu c dung dch mui, kim v acid nhng b oxy ha khi gp cc cht oxy ha mnh nh H2SO4, HNO3 Do bn cht tr nn LDPE rt kh kt dnh vi cc loi keo, mc in nu khng x l b mt (bng dng in cao tn, hay bng ozon). Di 60oC, PE khng tan trong tt c cc dung mi clo. thm hi m ca LDPE kh nh nhng khi tng t trng th thm gim xung. kh nng chy chm. Cc loi PE cn khc nhau kt tinh v s phn b khi lng phn t: Khi gim MI, nha kh chy hn, kh ko mng phi n hn (kh sn xut mng c dy thp) nhng b li tnh cht c l ca sn phm tt hn. kt tinh ca LDPE thng nm trong khong 30 40 % . khi tng kt tinh th cng, chu ha cht, chng thm kh, bn ko t, chu nhit tng ln cn bn va p v bn x gim xung. Khi cng M ( tc l cng MI), phn b rng th nha d chy hn li c c phn b hp. Phn b M cng nh hng n tnh cht s dng ca sn phm nhng khi thay i MI th tnh cht s dng ca sn phm b thay i nhiu hn. Sau y l bng tm tt cc yu t nh hng n tnh cht ca LDPE cng nh cc loi PE khc: Tnh cht T trng 0.915 0.97 kt tinh bn ko t gin t cng Mc phn nhnh Cao thp MI Cao thp Phn b M Hp rng

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bn va p chu ho cht thm kh. trong Gii thch:

:c th tng hoc gim. 0 :khng nh hng. Tng ()hay gim() theo chiu mi tn. LLDPE (Linear low density polythylene). LLAPE l nha PE c mch phn t thng c nhnh ngn. Xem hnh v sau y so snh dng mch phn t ca ba loi LDPE, LLDPE v HDPE:

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

Qua c th nhn thy gia LDPE v LLDPE c s khc nhau v s lung mch nhnh v LLDPE c mch nhnh ngn hn nhnh ca LDPE. Cn gia HDPE v LLDPE ch khc nhau v s lung mch nhnh, loi mch ny c hai loi ny mch nhnh u ngn nh nhau. Mnh nhnh trong LLDPE thng to ra bng cch a vo cc comonmer nh hexene, octene, butene. So vi LDPE, do mnh nhnh ngn hn nn kt tinh ca LLDPE cao hn, do sn phm cng hn, nhit kt tinh cao hn v nhit nng chy ca LLDPE cao hn LDPE khong 10 - 15oC . LLDPE c s phn b khi lng phn t hp hn LDPE v kt hp vi cu trc mch thng nn to ra nht nng chy cao hn LDPE ng k d hai loi c cng ch s chy.
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Do c im trn nn LLDPE c bn t, bn sng, bn xuyn thng, gin t cao hn LDPE, mng LLDPE c hn mng LDPE (do kt tinh cao hn). trong mng LLDPE c th c ci thin khi cho vo mt lng nh LDPE. Do c im nht nng chy cao v kh nng dng chy d b khng n nh nn ni chung cc my gia cng LDPE thng khng dng c gia cng LLDPE. Tuy nhin nu dng hn hp vi LDPE, vi t l LLDPE khng qu 50% th c th s dng my LDPE chy hn hp ny. Nu chy 100% LLDPE th cn phi xem xt thm. Tng khe h u khun. Thay i phng lm lnh khng kh thi khi n thi. Thay i thit k trc vt. Tng cng sut v momen ca ng c. i vi cc sn phm p phun th khng cn thay i thit b m thng ch cn ti u cc thng s hot ng. LLDPE c cc ng dng ging nh LDPE khi ngi s dng cc tnh cht ca LLDPE nh bn ko t, bn xuyn thng, bn x, bn va p cao hn LDPE. HDPE (high desity polyethylene): HDPE l mt loi nha PE trng hp nhit thp, c t trng kt tinh cao nn cng hn nha LDPE. Sau y l hnh dng mch phn t ca HDPE, xem thm cc phn trn so snh vi cc nha LDPE v LLDPE: Tnh cht ca cc loi HDPE khc nhau ch yu l do:

C t trng khc nhau: y l tnh cht quyt nh cc tnh cht HDPE. Gia t trng v kt tinh c quan h cht ch vi nhau. mun gim t trng, khi dng hp ngi ta a vo cc comonomer nh butene, hexene lm gim kt tinh xung. Khi kt tinh gim xung th t trng cng gim xung. Theo t trng ngi ta c th phn HDPE thnh cc loi c t trng cao (t 0.940 - 0.956 g/cm3) v c t trng trung bnh MDPE (t 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm3). T trng ca loi PE khng c cc
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monomer a vo (gi l homopolymer) l cao nht. Khi tng t trng bn t v cng cao ln nhng bn va p gim xung. C khi lng phn t khc nhau: iu ny cng chung cho mi polymer. Khi gim MI (tng M) bn sn phm tng ln, dai tt hn nhng gia cng kh hn. Phn b M: c th thay i t phn b rng n phn b hp ph thuc vo xc tc v cng ngh sn xut. Thng th loi phn b hp thch hp cho p phun, cn loi phn b rng n trung bnh thch hp cho n. S d c hin tng nh vy v s phn b M cng nh hng n nht ca nha nng chy v s n nh ca dng chy. Cc ph gia khc nhau cng nh hng n tnh cht ca HDPE (cng nh cc loi nha khc. V d khi a vo cht oxy ho th bn chng oxy ho cao hn (kh chy khi gia cng hn), khi a vo cht chng tnh in th sn phm kh b tnh in khi ma st do b mt sn phm kh b bm bi hn nn sch s hn. Khi a vo cht hp ph tia UV th sn phm bn vi thi tit hn. Nu s dng mu carbon black (mu en) th sn phm cng chu thi tit tt hn.nhit nng chy khong 130 140oC. HDPE c bn ko cao, nhng bn x, bn va p km hn LDPE. Kh nng chng thm kh v hi nc tt hn LDPE. HDPE bn vi ha cht hn so vi LDPE. Do bn cht tr nn kh kt tinh vi cc loi keo, mc in nu khng x l b mt. Kh nng chy chm. HDPE c th gia cng bng phng php n, p phun, p thi, n thi, c quay cho ra nhiu sn phm khc nhau nh cc loi chai, can, vn nha, ng nc, x, chu, cc loi mng. Sau y l cc thng s MI theo cc phng php gia cng ca HDPE: Phng php gia cng: p phun p thi n si n thi mng n ng b. PP (polypropylene) PPcng l mt loi nha thuc nhm polyolefine nh PE nhng do c cc nhm ethylene dc theo mch phn t nn PP c cng cao hn cc loi PE, c nhit nng
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MI (g/cm3) 1 - 20 0.03 - 0.9 0.3 -1.0 0.03 - 0.30 0.2 - 0.8

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chy cao hn PE, bn ko t cao hn PE (nht l sau khi c ko nh hng) nn thng l cc loi si, dy. C hai loi PP chnh: Homopolymer: trng hp ch t propylene. Copolymer: thng hay s dng comonomer l ethylen. Khi tng hm lng ethylene th kt tinh ca PP gim xung.PP cng mm v cui cng th to thnh cao su ethylen propylene k hiu l EPR. Trong copolymer c hai loi nh: Loi bn va p: sn phm ny to ra bng cch trng hp EPR, i khi l trng hp PE trong hn hp homopolymer PP. Loi c bn va p tt hn, c dng mch v trt t. Loi ny thng cho sn phm c trong cao v thng ch s dng loi ny khi cn sn phm tng i v c trong cao. Cc tnh cht in hnh ca PP l khng ho cht tt, bn vi cc acid, kim, du ngay nhit cao. nhit thng n khng tan trong bt k dung mi no, nhng nhit trn 80oC n tan trong hydrocacbon thm, parafin clo ho. T trng thp (0.90 0.91 g/cm3), nhit nng chy khong 160 170oC, bn ko t cao v c gi thnh va phi. PP c th b oxyho khi gia cng v s dng nn khi phi s dng thm cht chng oxy ho. Ngoi ra cng nh PE, c th s dng thm cc cht ph gia khc nh cht chng to khi ( lp mng PP khng b dnh vo nhau) cht lm trn b mt, cht chng tnh in. Cng nh PE, b mt PP rt tr nn khi in, sn, dn keo phi x l b mt. Kh nng chy chm. PP c th gia cng bng nhiu phng php to ra cc sn phm khc nhau nh mng PP lm bao b (bao gm cc loi khng nh hng v c nh hng), lm cc sn phm profile, n tm nh hnh nhit cho bao b thc phm, cc loi si dt bao,cc loi chai l, v c quy, cc b phn trong t... Vic la chn PP cho tng sn phm ph thuc vo ch s chy MI, loi homopolymer hay copolymer (ch s MI i vi PP khng nhng ph thuc vo khi lng phn t M m cn ph thuc vo s phn b khi lng phn t, trong khi vi cc nha khc ch yu MI ph thuc vo M). 1.2.4. Cht n v mu cho PP, PE trn ta cp n cc ph gia nh cht chng to khi, cht chng tnh in ... tip theo s xt thm cc ph gia khc l cht n v cht mu cho PE, PP.
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Cc cht mu khi s dng cn p ng cc tiu chun sau y: Khng b bin mu nhit gia cng. Khng b di hnh khi s dng (mu tri ra b mt sn phm v mt i). C kh nng phn tn tt vo nha. D cn o nn gim s sai lch mu. Khng gy bi khi cn v cc cng on sau. Chu c thi tit (c bn quang). i khi c hi khi sn phm tip xc vi thc phm. p ng cc yu cu trn th ngi ta hay dng phn tn trong mt loi nha mang thch hp gi l b mu masterbach. Qu trnh phn tn cao ca mu trong nha mang, iu ny to ra kh nng mu d phn tn khi trn vi nha PP, PE khi s dng. Mu ny c dng ht nn vic cn o d dng, khng gy bi. Cng v cc u im trn nn hu ht cc ph gia khc u dng masterbach. Nha mang trong masterbach thng l loi nha c cng bn cht vi nha m n cn to mu. Nha mang phi c ch s chy cao (d chy) m bo masterbach nng chy trc nha.Nh th mi m bo kh nng phn tn mu tt. Hm lng mu trong masterbach thng nm trong khong 20 80%. Cc loi masterbach mu nh Pearl thng c hm lng nh thp v cn trnh kh nng nh b v khi trn v nghin.Cc loi mu masterbach TiO2 thng c hm lng TiO2 cao. Khi s dng mu masterbach vn phi ch n cc yu t cng ngh v thit b m bo phn tn mu. Cc ch l : t nhit vng cp liu thp, trnh hin tng mu b nng chy qu sm. S dng trc vt c cu to thch hp nh c di va , cn thit c th trang b thm nhn t nho trn. S dng li lc thch hp tng p xut ngc. C th pha long mu thm mt ln na trc khi chy thnh sn phm. Cht n dng cho PE, PP, EVA cng c dng nh masterbach, ngi ta hay dng CaCO3 lm cht n. Mt cht n thng dng vi mc ch ch yu l gim gi thnh sn phm. Tuy nhin khi s dng c th to ra cc hiu qu khc nh sau : Tng c cho sn phm nn c th gim c lng TiO2 s dng. Tng cng cho sn phm.
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Gim co rt ca sn phm p phun. Tng t trng ca sn phm. Gim bng ca sn phm. Tng kh nng mi mn thit b. Cht n thng xuyn dng cho PE hoc PP phi m bo tng hp tt (nu khng tng hp rt kh phn tn v lm suy gim nhiu tnh cht c l). i khi trong cht n c th pha thm mt lng nh TiO2 tng trng ca sn phm m khng cn dng loi masterbach TiO2 chuyn dng.

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CHNG 2
THIT K MY N TRC VT N

2.1. B tr lp rp

Nhp liu

Hp s

Trc vt

u to hnh

Mng lm lnh

Trc ko sn phm

Xylanh

Nc hon lu

ng c

Gia nhit

Hnh 15: S lp rp my

2.2. Bn v thit k

Hnh 16: M hnh my n

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Trc vt

u nh hnh

in tr gia nhit

Hnh 17: Hnh ct trc vt v xylanh

e t
e t

D
h
2

h2

h1

Hnh 18: Chi tit trc vt

2.3. Cc thng s tnh ton Cc thng s c bn ng knh trc vt: 40 mm. Chiu di trc vt: 800 mm. ng knh trong xylanh: 40 mm. ng knh ngoi xylanh: 80 mm. Chiu di xylanh: 1000 mm. Tnh ton Bc rng cnh vt: A = 0.8/1.2D = 0.0266 m. B dy cnh vt: b = 0.1 D = 4.10-3 m. ng knh li vt: Do = D 2H = 22.10-3 m. Lu lng: Qlt = H.D2.N = 2.410-3 m3/s = 138 g/pht.
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Trong : D (ng knh trc vt ) = 40 mm. H (chiu su rnh vt) = 8 mm. N (s vng quay ca trc vt) = 187 vng/pht. t (bc vt) = 20 mm. (gc nghing ca rng vt) = 17.5. ( nht ca nha PE) = 7.910-3 Pas.

Ty l L/D
L = D

Chiu dai truc vit

= 800/40 = 25.

ng kinh truc vit

L/D thng t 16 36 tuy theo vt liu. Vit xon ngn cht lng trn kem, nng sut kem, nha hoa khng n inh. Noi chung truc vit dai co cht lng tt hn d ap ng c yu cu ky thut. Nhng truc vit dai thi bn cua truc vit yu hn va gia thanh cao hn. 2.4. Thc nghim 2.4.1. Bi th nghim:VN HNH MY N TRC VT A: L thuyt 1. Mc ch th nghim: Kho st nhit nng chy ca PE, PP v cc lai nha khc. Thc tp vn hnh my n trc vt. Kho st nng sut ca my n. 2. Nguyn tc: Qu trnh n nh sau: nguyn liu nha c cho vo xylanh qua phu np liu, c trc vt vn chuyn ln pha trc, trong qu trnh vn chuyn nguyn liu b p nn sinh ra nhit ma st kt hp vi nhit gia nhit t bn ngoi b nng chy v c p qua li lc, tm li lc v vo u khun c hnh dng thng l ging vi hnh dng sn phm. p lc nha trc khi vo u khun c th thay i c th iu chnh c bng cch thay i c li v s li.
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Sau khi ra khi u khun, nha nng chy c lm lnh, nh hnh cho ra kch thc cui cng v ct thnh sn phm. Khi trc vt quay nu nh khng b tr lc g c (tc l khng dng li lc, tm li, u khun) v nu khe h gia nh trc vt v xylanh bng 0, th dng nguyn liu vn chuyn ln pha trc l ln nht. Dng ny gi l dng dc trc. Tuy nhin trn thc t c mt khe h nh gia nh rng vt v xylanh nn c mt dng vt liu r qua khe h ny. Dng ny gi l dng r. Khi lp u khun vo, p sut trc u khun s tng ln v ln hn p sut trong xylanh. Nguyn liu s t chy ti vng c p sut cao sang vng c p sut thp, tc l c mt dng nguyn liu chy t u vt ra pha chn vt, dn n gim lu lng ca my n. Dng ny gi l dng p sut. Nng sut my n c tnh nh sau : Nng sut M = dng dc trc dng p sut dng r Ngi ta xc nh c cng thc tnh ton sau y : Dng dc trc = 1/22.D2.n.H.sin.cos Trong : D : ng knh trc vt = 40 mm. n : tc quay ca trc vt = 187 vng/pht. H : su rnh vt trong vng bm v nh lng = 8 mm. : gc nghing ca rng vt = 17,5o. Dng p sut = .D.H3.Psin2/12..t Trong : P : p sut trc nh vt. t : khong cch gia hai nh rng vt lin tip = 20 mm. : ( nht ca nha PE) = 7.910-3 Pas. Dng r thng c gi tr nh v c b qua. Nh vy : M = 1/22.D2.n.H.sin.cos .D.P.H3.sin2/12.t By gi nu t : = 1/22.D2.H.sin.cos
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= 1/2.D.H3.sin2/12.t Th cng thc trn c th vit gn li l : M = .n .P/ R rng v l cc hng s ch ph thuc vo cu to trc vt. Nu nh cu to ca trc vt khng i th nng sut ca my n ch ph thuc vo : n : tc quay ca trc vt, n cng ln th M cng ln. P : khi p sut trc u vt (v d khi gim nhit , dng li lc mn, dng u khun c tr lc ln) th nng sut s gim. B. Thc hnh Dng c v nguyn liu: My n, cn, dng c o nhit , ng h o thi gian, nha HDPE, LDPE, PP Cch tin hnh: Khi ng my n, gia nhit khong 120 130oC ri cho t t nha PE vo phu np liu. Khi lng nha cho vo my n mt ln khong 300g. Khi nha ra khi u nh hnh nha s trng thi chy (lng), khi ko sn phm qua mng lm lnh v tip tc n trc ko cao su. Khi sn phm di yu cu ta ct sn phm. Ghi nhn kt qu (khi lng nha) n trong mt pht. Tng trnh Tnh nng sut ca my. Tnh hiu sut. Cu hi 1. Nhit nng chy ca LDPE? 2. Nng sut thc t ca my n. 3. Cc s c thng gp ca my v cch khc phc? 4. Cc li sn phm v cch khc phc? C. Tng trnh kt qu th nghim D : ng knh trc vt = 40 mm. n : tc quay ca trc vt = 60 vng/pht. H : su rnh vt trong vng bm v nh lng = 8 mm.
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: gc nghing ca rng vt = 17,5o. P : p sut trc nh vt. t : khong cch gia hai nh rng vt lin tip = 20 mm. : ( nht ca nha LDPE) = 7.910-3 Pas. Khe h gia xy lanh v vt xon: L = 0,003.D = 0,003.40 = 0,12 mm Vn tc quay ca ng c: 60 vng/pht. Trong qu trnh chy th nghim s dng nha LDPE: Nhit nng chy ca LDPE: 110 125oC. Khi lng nha cho vo my n 1 ln khong: 250 300g. Gia nhit nhit :vng 1: khong 120 5oC. vng 2: khong 130 5oC. Nhit gia nhit thng ln hn nhit nng chy 5 10oC. Khi chy nha LDPE trung bnh cho nng sut my n khong 30 60g/pht. M nng sut l thuyt l: Qlt = H.D2.n. Nng sut ti a ca my n: M = Dng dc trc Dng p sut Dng r = 1/2.2.D2.n.H.sin.cos - .D.H3.P.sin2/12.t Hiu sut my: H = (Qlt/Qtt)x100%. D: Tr li cu hi 1. Nhit nng chy ca LDPE? Nhit nng chy ca LDPE khong 110 125oC. 2. S c thng gp ca my v cch khc phc? Nng sut khng n nh Biu hin lng nha c n ra u khun lc nhiu lc t, dy sn phm bin ng. Nguyn nhn: S dng my n nh i vi nng sut cn c hoc vng vn tc vt khng thch hp cho loi nha ang chy. B ln kt tp cht trong xylanh, v d mnh kim loi
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Cc thng s hnh hc ca vt khng ph hp vi t trng ca bt hay ht cp vo phu. V d: n ph liu khng cn nu khng cp liu cng bc th khng th n c, my n dng cho n ht th khng th s dng n bt. Cp liu khng hoc khng n nh. Nha b dnh vo trc vt ti vng cp liu, iu ny c th do t nhit vng cp liu qu cao hoc thi gian gia nhit qu lu. Khi t nhit qu thp c th lm cho nha khng nng chy b kt ti vng nng chy cng dn n nng sut khng n nh. Tc quay ca trc vt khng n nh. Dao ng in p cung cp lm cho cng sut gia nhit khng n nh. Thit b ko b trt khng kp cht phi n. p sut n qu thp (cn tng li lc mn). 3. Cc li sn phm v cch khc phc? Nha b chy Chy tng th: ton b sn phm b ng vng, bin mu. Do t nhit xylanh qu cao, cng thc thiu n nh, tc n qu cao. Chy cc b: xut hin nhng vt chy ri rc. Do nha b dnh chy ti ni no trong my, thng ti u khun v nh trc vt. Nu pht hin v tr chy cc b c th hn ch chy bng cch gim nhit ni b chy, n vi tc cao ko vt chy ra ngoi. Nu chy mnh th phi ngng my v sinh. Chy cc b cn c th do nha chy trc khng c v sinh sch v t t ko ra khi chy cho t sn xut mi. ng nht km (cc ph gia phn tn khng tt) Do nguyn liu phn tn khng tt. Cch khc phc: Gim vn tc n tng thi gian lu ca nha trong my. Tng p sut n. Dng ph gia dng phn tn trc, nu vn cn th pha long tip. Thay trc vt khc, thm vo nhn t nho trn, tng chiu di L/D ca my. Ln tp cht (bn, bi) Tp cht c th gy ra nhng chm nh, nht l khi nguyn liu b ln bi.
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Tp cht cng c th l loi nha khc khng tng hp vi loi nha ang chy. Bt trong sn phm Do nguyn liu b m, sy khng k. Bt cng c th do khng kh bn ngoi b cun vo iu ny sy ra khi s dng trc vt khng thch hp, (nu trng hp ny xy ra th c th gim vn tc n) hoc chy nhit thp ti vng cp liu hay nng chy lm cho nguyn liu b nn mun lm cho mt phn khng kh b cun vo u khun to bt trong sn phm 2.4.2. Nhn xt Trong qu trnh chy th nghim s dng nha LDPE: Nhit nng chy ca LDPE: 110 125oC. Khi lng nha cho vo my n 1 ln khong: 250 300g. Gia nhit nhit :vng 1: khong 120 5oC. vng 2: khong 130 5oC. Nhit gia nhit thng ln hn nhit nng chy 5 10oC. Khi chy nha LDPE trung bnh cho nng sut my n khong 30 60g/pht. Nhng s c thng c trong khi hot ng my. Nng sut khng n nh. Nha b chy. Bt trong sn phm. 2.5. Bng chit tnh gi thnh ch to Chi tit Mt my n (sa li) Mt ko sn phm Khung B phn trc ko Mng lm lnh B cha nc Bm nc tun hon Gi (vn) 500.000 1.500.000 900.000 600.000 100.000 25.000 70.000

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Bo n Dy in, cm Atomat 5A Bn ct Ht nha Sn Bng tn Tng cng

20.000 160.000 30.000 105.000 900.000 70.000 250.000 5.230.000

CHNG 3 KT LUN V KIN NGH

3.1. Mt s s c nguyn nhn v cch khc phc Vic nm vng nguyn nhn v cch khc phc s c l yu cu rt quan trng vn hnh my n tt. y chng em ch trnh by mt s s c thng dng. 3.1.1. Nng sut khng n nh Biu hin lng nha c n ra u khun lc nhiu lc t, dy sn phm bin ng. Nguyn nhn: S dng my n nh i vi nng sut cn c hoc vng vn tc vt khng thch hp cho loi nha ang chy. B ln kt tp cht trong xylanh, v d mnh kim loi Cc thng s hnh hc ca vt khng ph hp vi t trng ca bt hay ht cp vo phu. V d: n ph liu khng cn nu khng cp liu cng bc th khng th n c, my n dng cho n ht th khng th s dng n bt. Cp liu khng hoc khng n nh.
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Nha b dnh vo trc vt ti vng cp liu, iu ny c th do t nhit vng cp liu qu cao hoc thi gian gia nhit qu lu. Khi t nhit qu thp c th lm cho nha khng nng chy b kt ti vng nng chy cng dn n nng sut khng n nh. Tc quay ca trc vt khng n nh. Dao ng in p cung cp lm cho cng sut gia nhit khng n nh. Thit b ko b trt khng kp cht phi n. p sut n qu thp (cn tng li lc mn). 3.1.2. Nha b chy Chy tng th: ton b sn phm b ng vng, bin mu. Do t nhit xylanh qu cao, cng thc thiu n nh, tc n qu cao. Chy cc b: xut hin nhng vt chy ri rc. Do nha b dnh chy ti ni no trong my, thng ti u khun v nh trc vt. Nu pht hin v tr chy cc b c th hn ch chy bng cch gim nhit ni b chy, n vi tc cao ko vt chy ra ngoi. Nu chy mnh th phi ngng my v sinh. Chy cc b cn c th do nha chy trc khng c v sinh sch v t t ko ra khi chy cho t sn xut mi. 3.1.3. ng nht km (cc ph gia phn tn khng tt) Do nguyn liu phn tn khng tt. Cch khc phc: Gim vn tc n tng thi gian lu ca nha trong my. Tng p sut n. Dng ph gia dng phn tn trc, nu vn cn th pha long tip. Thay trc vt khc, thm vo nhn t nho trn, tng chiu di L/D ca my. 3.1.4. Ln tp cht (bn, bi) Tp cht c th gy ra nhng chm nh, nht l khi nguyn liu b ln bi. Tp cht cng c th l loi nha khc khng tng hp vi loi nha ang chy. 3.1.5. Bt trong sn phm Do nguyn liu b m, sy khng k.

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Bt cng c th do khng kh bn ngoi b cun vo iu ny sy ra khi s dng trc vt khng thch hp, (nu trng hp ny xy ra th c th gim vn tc n) hoc chy nhit thp ti vng cp liu hay nng chy lm cho nguyn liu b nn mun lm cho mt phn khng kh b cun vo u khun to bt trong sn phm. 3.2. Bo tr my n Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca qut lm mt ng c, kim tra chiu quay ca qut cng dy ai truyn ng. Nu mt c b phn lc kh th phi thng xuyn v sinh b lc ny. Kim tra du bi trn hp s v tt c ch bi trn cho cc b phn truyn ng. Kim tra ng tm ca trc vt khi quay. Kim tra du m r r. Kim tra mi mn ca trc vt, xylanh. V sinh trc vt, xylanh nu cn. Kim tra s tip xc ca cc vng nhit. Kim tra cc u d ti cc vng nhit. m bo dy dn in an ton. Kim tra s r r ca ng dn nc, du gii nhit. Kim tra s r r ca nha khi u khun. V sinh tm li lc v phng ca n. M li u khun, trc vt khi cht lng khng m bo. Kim tra n hi ca trc cao su. Kim tra kn ca b phn nh hnh chn khng. 3.3. Mt s tin b gn y ca my n nha 3.3.1. Tin b v t ng ha My n nha c cu thnh do hai b phn l trc vt v xylanh, l mt my c c cu n gin nhng li c kh nng to hnh hn hn cc loi my to hnh khc. Nhng ngc li vi cng dng ca n ln th hn ch cng nhiu v l kiu my ch to nhiu chng loi m sn lng t. So snh vi cc my c sn lng cao nh my kiu phun to hnh th vic t ng ha cn chm, lm theo kiu c, i b phn k thut to hnh phi rt kinh nghim trong nhiu nm. Thm vo na l my n nha c cc thit b ph tng p ng mc ch a chng, a dng nn rt kh t ng ha.
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Tin t ng ha l phi t ng ha cc loi my ph thuc. Nh cung cp t ng nguyn liu, iu khin b s, chu k trc v lng nha n ra , t ng ha gia nhit v lm ngui, t ng sa cha mp bn phn li, nhng gn y nhng iu thc dng ha ny tin b rt mau chng, v vy vic t ng ha cng d dng. y l sn phm ca vic t ng ha trong sn xut, c iu khin bng computer.

Hnh 19: Sn phm ca my n trong t ng ha sn xut

3.3.2. n nha phn ng Nh chnh xc ha iu khin do thc hin vic t ng ha, my n nha c th tr thnh loi my phn ng . C nng c yu cu n nha phn ng phi tinh vi ha thi gian ng trong xylanh, tan chy, nho trn, thot kh, th do chuyn thnh th rn, to hnh, tnh t lm sch. c bit l c nng u n nha to hnh th rn ca b phn u bng th lng ca b phn cp liu. Thc hin n nha phn ng c kh nng to hnh lin tc Polymer t Monomer trong qu trnh n, vic to ht lin tc t Monomer l ng nhin, vic sn xut lin tc si tng hp t nguyn liu Monomer mt nh my khng cn l mt gic m. Hin nay vic ch to vi si kiu n nha do phng php Dng chy kh, m t l pht trin ca n c ch ti, ang c c th ha nhanh nht. 3.3.3. My n nha trong tng lai T nay tr i trong vic n nha to hnh, khng nn hiu my mc l mt n th m cn phi nh gi l thit b tng hp, cn ch ba im sau y: K thut ch to my mc. K thut in p ng vic t ng ha. K thut gia cng to hnh.
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i vi k thut v my mc, khng phi ch my trc i m m cn c vic phn on ha trc n, khuynh hng chuyn thnh trc vt nghing cng rt mnh. Ngoi ra, i vi nha phc hp, k c gm Ceramics th vic ci tin cht thp v cc tnh chu mast, chu n mn cng rt quan trng. Thm na, t ng ha, vic nng cao tinh vi khi n nha l quan trng, v vy cng vi vic gia tng s dng cc bm cn phi a vo cc l thot, v k thut a cht vo ph gia. ngnh ny vic s dng bm c khuynh hng gia tng. S pht trin cch tn cc dng c in t cho n s cch tn cc loi cht do, cc nhu cu ca n l nhng loi cht do k thut cao cp, cc loi Polymer alce dn dn c khai thc, cc nguyn liu dng cng c yu cu ngy mt nhiu. thi i nh vy, vic bun bn my mc cn t chc phi hp khai thc k thut gia cng to hnh, khng nn phn bit tng ngnh sn xut nguyn liu, sn xut my mc, ngi gia cng c bit trong tng lai ca ngnh sn xut my n nha s tin ti thi i phi i hi k thut in n k thut gia cng to hnh.

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gin di

n chuyn ngnh hu c

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Ti liu bi dng tay ngh cng nhn cng ngh nh my nha I. Trung tm nghin cu cht do. Cng ty nha Rng ng. Xut bn nm 2004. [2] Thut nh hnh nha bng phng php n. Trong hi tho k thut nha PVC ln 2.Cng ty c phn: KASAMASTU KAKO KENKYUSHO. [3]. Bo co n chuyn ngnh My n Trc Vt nhm SV lp CDHC6K, GVHD ThS. Trn Thanh i. [4]. Bo co thc tp tt nghip ti cng ty c phn nha xy dng ng Nai, nhm SV lp CDHC6K, GVHD ThS. Trn Thanh i. [5]. Ti liu ging dy lu hnh ni b mn Cng Ngh Polymer, ThS. Trn Thanh i, nm 2006. [6] Internet: Googgle.com

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