Mc Lc

Li m u ...................................................................................................................... 3 Chng 1 Gii thiu chung v polymer v hp cht cao phn t .............................. 4 1.1 Polymer v hp cht cao phn t .................................................................... 4 1.2 Phn loi polymer ............................................................................................ 5 Chng 2 Polymer v c................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Lch s pht hin v nghin cu v polymer v c .............................................. 6 2.2 C ch polymer v c ........................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Trc tip ............................................................................................................. 7 2.2.2 Gin tip ............................................................................................................. 8 2.2.3 C ch polymer ha cc cht v c v c s to ra cht kt dnh polymer v c ............................................................................................................................ 9 Chng 3 Cng ngh ha nhn to .......................................................................... 10 3.1 Vt liu v c v s ha ................................................................................... 10 3.1.1 Cht kt tinh ...................................................................................... 10 3.1.2 Cht polymer ..................................................................................... 11 3.1.3 C ch polymer ha v c ................................................................ 12 3.2 C ch ca s ha nhn to.............................................................................. 13 3.3 Cng ngh sn xut gch khng nung bng phng php Polymer ha khong (t ha ) ................................................................................................................. 16
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3.3. 1 Cng ngh gch khng nung ca th gii ........................................ 16 3.3.2 Nhu cu gch xy nc ta v mt s vn xung quanh cng tc sn xut gch xy bng phng php nung ...................................................... 17 3.3.3 Gch khng nung l g?..................................................................... 18 3.3.4 Thnh phn sn xut gch khng nung ............................................. 19 3.4 ng dng cng ngh ha -phng php thay th hu hiu .............................. 19 Kt lun ........................................................................................................................... 21 Ph lc Mt s hnh nh v ng dng ca cng ngh t ha Vit Nam. Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................... 25

LI M U

Polymer v c l mt polymer hn cn mi l vi chng ta so vi cc loi polymer hu c khc. Thc ra polymer v c c Th gii bit n t thp nin by mi ca th k 20. nc ta polymer v c mi ch thc s c ch n cch y chng mi nm. l mt iu ng tic bi gi tr ca polymer v c l v cng to ln. Nh hin nay n c bit c gi tr trong ngnh xy dng, l cng ngh ha nhn to. Trong tng lai khng xa, vi cng ngh ha nhn to vng nng thn s c nhng con ng sch p m chi ph b ra so vi li ch n em li l rt nh. V thy polymer v c gi tr to ln nh vy nn nhn c hi c hc tp mn Ha hc ha l polymer ti xin tm hiu v polymer v c v ng dng ca n trong cng ngh ha nhn to. Vi hy vng mt ngy no vi cng ngh ny chng ta s lm c nhiu vic c ch cho t nc V y l mt cng ngh mi nn v s hiu bit b hn ch v gii hn. Trong tng lai polymer v c s cn tip tc pht trin mnh m. V th nn bi tiu lun cn hn ch v ni dung. Mong C v cc bn ng gp kin. Sinh vin Nguyn Lng Thin

Chng 1

GII THIU CHUNG V POLYMER V HP CHT CAO PHN T

1.1 Polymer v hp cht cao phn t. Cc hp cht hu c c khi lng phn t ln thng c gi l nhng hp cht cao phn t hay polymer, to ra thnh trong thin nhin ngay t nhng ngy u tn ti ca tri t. Chng hn xenluloz-thnh phn ch yu ca ca t bo sng-u l nhng hp cht cao phn t quan trng trong i sng loi ngi. T thi xa ngi ta bit s dng cc vt liu polymer t nhin nh si bng , t tm, si gai, si len lm qun o, da sinh vt lm giy, giy da vit. Ngi Ai Cp bit dung giy polymer vit th cho n khi tm ra phng php iu ch hp cht cao phn t mi l giy. Cng trnh ny m u cho cc qu trnh gia cng cc vt liu polymer thin nhin v bt u nghin cu v cc hp cht polymer. Polyme (ting Anh: "polymer") l khi nim c dng cho cc hp cht c khi lng phn t ln v trong cu trc ca chng c s lp i lp li nhiu ln nhng mt xch c bn. Cc phn t tng t nhng c khi lng thp hn c gi l cc oligome. Danh t hp cht cao phn t hay c khi gi l polymer cao phn t, ch chung cho nhng hp cht c khi lng phn t ln ca mch phn t, bi v nhng phn t c khi lng phn t ln, c cu trc phc tp nhng khng phi do lp i lp li nhng n v cu to monomer thng khng c gi l polymer. Monome: l nhng hp cht thp phn t cha lien kt ngn hoc l nhng hp cht vng khng bn, hoc l nhng cht cha nhng nhm chc c kh nng
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phn ng cao(khng t hn hai nhm chc). Cc hp cht ny to thnh polymer bng phn ng trng hp, trng ngng hoc nhng dng phn ng khc. 1.2 Phn loi Polymer. Polymer c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Theo ngun gc: c polymer thin nhin( nh xenluloz, cao su, tinh bt, protit) v polymer tng hp. Theo thnh phn ha hc ca mch chnh phn t polymer: nh polymer mch carbon, polymer d mch, polymer v c. Theo cu trc mch: u-ui, ui-ui, u-u.

Trong bi tiu lun ny chng ta cng tm hiu v polymer v c.

Chng 2

POLYMER V C

1.1 Lch s pht hin v nghin cu v polymer v c. Polymer v c c th gii bit n t thp nin 70 ca th k 20, khi con ngi bit c vi th khong nh pyroxen, hay vi th thin nhin nh v chai, u l cc polymer, tc cao phn t, ch khng phi phn t c bn ca tinh th khong vt. Mt plime v c nh vy gm nhng phn t di n 10.000 ln mt phn t khong vt. Plime v c cn c xng sng lm bng phn t silic, khc vi plime hu c, c lp t qung du ho, c dng t sau Th Chin Th II, c xng sng lm bng nguyn t C.

Hnh 1: polymer v c Nm 1970, th gii mi tht s lm mt polymer v c, bng cch nung bt lu hunh (S) b ri thnh si di, si polymer, bng cch un bt lu hunh ln 140 C. l cng ng gp u tin ca cc nh bc hc Hoa K, to ra mt cuc cch
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mng trong gii ho hc, m quan nim c in l khng bao gi con ngi lm c polymer v c. n thp nin 1990, GS. Plattfort ca khoa a cht i hc Bruxelles (B) sang Vit Nam gii thiu cng trnh nghin cu ca ng, l bin st cao lanh thnh v cng cng rn. Bng cch thm xt vo vi t l thch hp, ng bin cc tinh th khong kaolinit thnh nhng ht nam chm ch c b di 10A0. Ct ht nam chm ny ht nhau, thnh cc si polymer di ngon ngoo, lm cho t st cng thnh , thnh btng. Cui thp nin 90 ca th k 20, v trong cc nm u ca thp nin 1 ca th k 21, nhiu pht minh mi v polymer v c, khin cho ngi ta chia ra hai hng: hng v c trc tip, nh ta thy ni ht lu hunh (n nguyn t) hay kaolinit (n phn t) khng c cu ni no khc hn l nguyn t v phn t rng mt th; hng gin tip c mt ht b vi mt cu ni, nh ht t st kt vi ht vi v mt ht t st th hai. C ch kt ni vt liu l da trn lut m dng, vi mt lc rt mnh, gi l t lc. Mt vt liu m dnh cht vi vt liu dng nh t st (lc m) dnh vi vi (lc dng), lm ra mt polymer. Ct l vt liu tr, khng c lc m, nn khng lm ra polymer vi vi c. T lc c mt tng lai to ln, sng chi m chng ta cha s n c, v polymer v c ch c bit mi nm tr li y, mt tt hu rt ng k. 1.2 C ch polymer v c. 1.2.1 Trc tip T trc 5000 nm, ngi ta gi thy tinh, pha l l mt cht rn trong sut m con ngi ch to c. Vo th k 19 khi knh hin vi phn cc ra i, soi thy tinh ln knh, n l vt th khng kt tinh, gi l v nh hnh. Mi n khi c knh hin vi in t ri ln trn 10000 ln, mi thy thy tinh l s bn cht ca nhng si dy
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m sau c xc nh l polymer. Vy, nh nung nng, ct tr thnh thy tinh, cng, trong v l mt polymer v c cao nhit ( 1200 C 1400 C). Vo thp k 70 ca th k 20, cc nh khoa hc M bin bt lu hunh (S) thnh si nh nung nng n 1400C, thay v 14000C nh thy tinh. y l ln u tin con ngi to polymer v c nhit thng. Sau ny, cui thp k 90, nh khoa hc Plattfort to c cc ht nam chm t hon bng cch trn cao lanh vi soa. Chng ht mnh vi nhau v bin cao lanh thnh . l mt polymer trc tip. Ri cn nhiu pht minh na dng nh vy, khin cho vt liu xy dng tr nn di do hn, v nht l r hn. l ct li ca cuc cch mng ha hc th k 21 : khoa ha hc ca cc cht nano. 1.2.2 Gin tip. Trong thp nin 50 ca th k 20, cc nh khoa hc lp li s kt cng ca vi ti vi t st. H nhn thy rng di knh hin vi in t, t st ha nh bn trong t st hin ra nhng si cc mnh, an bn nhau, m h gi l entolime. V sau, vo th k 21, ta mi nhn ra l nhng si polymer t st vi -t st-vi di 10000 ln phn t t st. S ha cng l mt s polymer ha v c nhit thng. N xy ra trong sut 300 ngy nho trn v ch xut hin polymer u tin khi st b y i ht nc tm bn trong. N chm dt vi st kh g bon bon nh ngi v khng h ha nho trong nc na. Vy s polymer ha ca t st ngc li vi s kt tinh ha ca ximng CPA l : polymer ha y nc i ra ngoi, cn s kt tinh ho ht nc vo lm nc kt tinh bn trong. Vy y nc tm xy ra lm sao? Gia ht st v ht vi, c hai mng mng nc dy 0,2 micromet. Khi mng mng nc ny b vt i, ht t st v ht vi vn l t tnh m (t) v t tnh dng (vi), kt dnh li nhau thm 30% sc mnh na, lm thnh polymer (entroline). Mun y nc tm i khi ht b, cn c lc nn (cao chng no tt chng y) v c vic phi kh hay sy.
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1.2.3 C ch polymer ha cc cht v c v c s to ra cht kt dnh polymer v c. Qu trnh polyme ho v c (hay cn gi l polymer ho khong vt) l phn ng ho hc (phn ng th) din ra rt nhanh trong cc mi trng kim ca cc khong vt silic nhm. Kt qu ca phn ng l mch polymer ba chiu v cu trc chui bao gm b khung Si-O-Al-O. Thnh phn ho hc ca polyme v c tng t nh cc vt liu zeolit t nhin, nhng cu trc ca chng li dng v nh hnh. Cho n nay, c ch chnh xc ca qu trnh ninh kt v rn chc ca cht kt dnh polymer v c vn cha c lm sng t. Tuy nhin, s hnh thnh sn phm polyme v c c th c gii thch bng cng thc sau :

Nh vy, hai thnh phn ch yu ch to cht kt dnh polyme v c l cc vt liu khong giu silc (Si) v nhm (Al) v cc loi dung dch kim. Cc vt liu khong giu Si-Al c th l kaolanh, cc loi t st, thm ch cc loi cht thi nh tro bay nhit in, mui silic, x, tro tru, v.v... Cc dung dch kim c th c s dng l hydroxit ca natri hoc kali. t hiu qu polyme ho cao NaOH hoc KOH thng c kt hp s dng vi Na2SiO3 hoc K2SiO3. Trong qu trnh polyme ho v rn chc, cht kt dnh polyme v c c tnh dnh v c kh nng lin kt cc vt liu cht n ri rc thnh mt khi rn chc.

Chng 3

CNG NGH HA NHN TO

3.1 Vt liu v c v s ha . 3.1.2 Cht kt tinh: T 300 nm n nay, ngi ta kt dnh vt liu b ri thnh bng mt cht lin kt thu lc, mang tn l xi mng CPA (v d: xi mng H Tin). Cht c nung trong l n 14500C, kt hp 90% vi vi 10 % t st, thnh cc thi clinker. em nghin clinker thnh bt, trn vi ct sch, vi nc l, n khin cho bi vi nung, kt dnh vi bi t st nung, lm ho cng va h vi ct. Sau khi phi kh 28 ngy (thc t l 3 ngy), mt th ct c hnh thnh, gi l b tng. S ho ny c lm bng mt c ch, gi l s kt dnh. Tu t l pha xi mng CPA vi ct sch, ta c cng gi l mc: 1 xi mng/ 3ct l mc cng chc nht, to b tng mc 300; 1 xi mng/ 6 ct l mc mm nht, thng dng cho cng trnh cp thp, thuc mc 100. S kt dnh to ra 3 loi khong vt, thuc nhm silicat vi, gi l: alite (1 calcit), belite (2 calcit) v celite (3 calcit). Cng nhiu calcit chng no btng cng cng chng y. S kt tinh ca silicat vi ht nc rt nhiu. l mt c tnh ca s ho . vi ch tp trung min bc vit nam. l thin ng ca cc nh my xi mng CPA. Nhng ct sch li him, cng ngy cng t i. Ta phi tit kim ct sch v xi mng CPA cho xy dng th v cn tm ra mt kiu ho cho nng thn. l lp mt cng ngh nng thn, hp 4 iu kin thnh mt. - C c s khoa hc vng chc, D lm, c cht lng chp nhn c, khng va chm mi trng, C vt liu sn nng thn (t tp), V r hn xi mng CPA ( dnh cho th).
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Nu c mt cng ngh nh th h tr, nh nng s pht trin nng thn to mi trng v sinh, gip nng thn c b mt sch p v trt t. l c m ca chng ta vo cui th k 20, m n u th k 21 ta mi bt tay vo vic. 3.1.2 Cht polymer. - Loi hu c. T khi ngnh du m xut hin trn tri t, th ngnh ho du cng xut hin. Cht plastic (do) c ra i, nh bit tn dng ph liu ca cn du th. Ph liu ny to ra cc cao phn t, gi l polymer, rt ra c trong cht cn . Trc ht cc cao phn t to ra keo, ri si, l nhng phn t khng l c ni kt vi nhau. T cc vt liu th , ngi ta lm ra sn phm tinh vi hn, trn ngp th trng, thay cho kim loi, g, knh v nhiu th khc. Cng vi cc cht cng rn, chu ti, chu ma st mnh, polymer lm thnh composit gc hu c. - Loi v c. T nm 1960, ngi ta khm ph ra mt vi cht v c c thin nhin plime ho, thng qua ngun nhit cc ln. l thu tinh (obsidian) trong ni la, v ngc (kiu cm thch) ca nhm huy khong (pyroxene). T , suy ra thu tinh nhn to, gi l knh, cng l mt th thu tinh (nhn to) qua x l nhit. Xng v g ca sinh vt cng l polymer, mt ci c ngun v c (xng) v mt ci c ngun hu c (g), khng thng qua x l nhit. n nm 1970, Hoa K l nc to ra polymer lu hunh (S), bng cch nung lu hunh n 1400C. T s polymer ho v c c khoa hc khng nh. l mt cuc cch mng ca a ho hc, v cho ti ngy , s polymer ho ch dnh cho vt liu hu c m thi. S polymer ho v c ngy cng to ra sn phm a dng. T nm 1970 tr v sau, nhiu phng php iu ch cht kt dnh bng plime ho v c ra i. Nhiu phng php ch ra c plime v c, nh thu tinh, trc cn m h, nay ai cng bit l s plime ho v c cao

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nhit. vit nam cc ho cht bin t thnh cng c gii thiu, nhng gi thnh cao nn khng ph bin c. 3.1.3 C ch polymer ha v c. - c ch trc tip: l mt c ch da trn t tnh ca vt liu. Gs. Plattfort bin khong vt st kaolinite thnh ht nam chm. V kaolinite c cu trc hai l, mi l u c t tnh m (-). Nu dng mt dung dch xt v un mt cht caolanh th mt trong hai l y s c tnh dng (+). V vy, khong vt st kaolinite thnh mt nam chm t hon, vi mt u m v mt u dng. Chng kt dnh li vi nhau, v vi t trn tr chung quanh, thnh . l mt composit v c. Lng xt chim t l 4%, cn lng kaolinite trong t chim t l 25%. l mt phng php c c ch t tnh ton din v trc tip, ta gi l s polymer ha trc tip. - c ch gin tip: t mn ht v vt liu mn ht nh t st tr xung ch c in tch m trn ton ht, l cc anion thin nhin. Nu a vo cc in tch dng kim loi, gi l cation, th cation s ni cc anion li vi nhau, v t b ri ha . Cng lc, n to ra s kt dnh bng cch thu np thm cc cation th hn vo. Chui anion-cation-anion l mt polyme v c hay tng hp ( v c + hu c). Cation kim loi r nht l vi Ca2+. Ta c th thay vi bng Mg2+, hay Fe3+, Al3+ vi iu kin chu tng gi thnh. Cc ht g ca con mi, sau khi tiu ha ht cht cenluloz, cng l cc cation cc mnh, nhng c ngun hu c. Ht g v vi c xem nh cation tng hp, lm ra polymer tng hp hay composite tng hp gi rt thp.
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3.2 C ch ca s ha nhn to. Xi mng v b tng Portland. Vo u thp k 5 ca th k 17 va qua ngi Anh pht minh ra mt cht kt dnh v c l xi mng Portland bng cch nung 10% t st vi 90% vi CaCO3 to ra mt cht Chinker 14500C vi cng thc SiO3Ca. Chinker em nghin mn, cng vi ct sch xy dng, ha cng to ra b tng Portland l mt ct dng cho xy dng cho ti ngy hm nay. Ximng Portland ha cng trong mi trng bo ha nc, cng di nc, nn cn nc kt tinh. Ta gi l s kt tinh trong mi trng t. Khi n ang cng trong 1 ngy, ta bo dng n bng cch ti thm nc cho 28 ngy mi t 100% s kt tinh. Xi mng v b tng polymer. Vo cui thp k 90 ca th k 20 va qua, mt pht minh lm chn ng gii khoa hc ca vt liu mi. GS Plattfort ca i hc Bluxelles ca B to ra mt xi mng v c, nh xi mng Portland, bng t st vi st, mt cht kt dnh SiO3Na2, m khng cn nung n 14500C: ch trn ngui hai th vt liu vi nhau trong thi gian qui c l 28 ngy nh xi mng Portland. Mt iu l l ximng Polymer ny to ra cc phn t, gi l polymer trong mi trng kh ( m = 0%). Cng kh bao nhiu cng cng by nhiu, khng r trong nc na. V cng thc ca n khng cha vi Ca nn mt c im ng ghi nh l n chp nhn nc mn v lm vi vt liu mn (ct cn gi b bin, ct ging, ct ca sng, c lng rt ln nc ta), gi l bn Aulfat, m xi mng Portland khng to c. Plattfort gi l MIP (mineral polymer) v thi cha c khi nim khoa hc nano gii thch nh ngy nay, mc d ng dng vt liu nano nh t st v cc dung dch ha cht nh xt NaOH ly ra cc ion Na, btng polymer l tng ng vi Composite, mt cht keo dnh hu c, rt t cht cn ca du kh m loi ngi pht minh t nm 1920 ca th k trc v xy dng ngnh cht do v i.
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Cng nh btng polymer, composit i t ci cc nh n vic to sn phm cc ln, tri vi mt dng ch to khoa hc khc, i t ci cc ln n ci cc nh (t transister n con chip). Nguyn l ca xi mng polymer. Vi nc l chim n 70% ximng kh ta trn xt NaOH (mt v d) vi t st mn. Dng my trn ging nh vi ximng Portland l . t st y l st cao lanh (st 2 l) v phi d dt c st bentnit (st 3 l) ln vo. St cao lanh c th nh sau: ly mt mung st mn vo mt ly nc ma hay nc tinh khit ri lc mnh. Mi pht sau nc s c mt trong 2 dng; nc s trong, st s lng xung y ly, cho thy st l loi cao lanh; hoc nc s c nh sa, cho thy st l loi bentnit, phi x l. Sau khi quy xt v t cao lanh ta c mt ximng plime, sn sng pha vi ct hay mt vt th no khc, nh bi , si (ng knh di 20mm) lm ra btng. Cng thc lm ximng plime c tm tt nh sau: X=M+m Trong X l ximng plime M l xt (phn dng) v m l t xt (phn m). M kt vi m l t lc (lc nam chm) ca 2 th. Nguyn l ca b tng vi polymer. Ximng polymer, trn ngui vi nhng vt liu v c tr (v mt t tnh ca vt liu nano) nh ct, sn, dm bi, th s to ra btng polymer, nh ximng portland pha ct sch to ra btng Portland. Cng thc ca n cn i hi thm 3 tnh vt liu khc l trn, nn v phi. B = (X + Q) tnp (2) Trong B l btng polymer, X l xi mng polymer, Q l vt liu tr, t l trn u, n l nn v p l phi nng. B tng portland cng i hi mt qui trnh nh vy. Trn: Lm cho ha cht v st (hoc tng ng) nm cnh bn nhau v ht ln nhau khi ht ln nhau, cc vt liu c t tnh m dng s kt cc vt liu v c tr vo nhau, ha ra mt b tng khi mi trng tr nn kh ro.
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Nn: lm cho nc tm xut i, k c nc bao vt liu, dy 0,2 micromet, m vt liu t thng c, to mi trng kh ha cng. Sc nn i t nh nht, bng 2 u ngn tay bp li, n c ngn kilogam/cm2. Ti sao phi c lc nn nh nh vy? L v trn x nn x phi l cp s nhn vi nhau, nu mt ci trit tiu th s lm 2 ci khc cng trit tiu lun. Phi: Ln nc tm mau xut i, to iu kin cng nhanh. Nhit ti u l gia 420C v 600C, khng hn khng km, cho nc tm bc hi m khng gy cong vnh, nt n. Thi gian phi l 28 ngy, nhng dng gp ch l 7 ngy. Trong sn xut c khuynh hng dng sn phm 7 ngy; trong thc t, sn phm ch bn sau 28 ngy v khng bn nhanh do nhu cu thp. Nguyn l ca sn phm. Btng polymer l mt ci phi. N cn a vo mt ci khun khi phi cn t, mm, tc l cha thnh . Khun to hnh c 2 loi. Loi khun bng g hay nha do dng cho cch to hnh l my rung nh, gi l bn rung. l mt ci bn 1x2m b mt, rung mt ln 10 hay 20 ci khun nha c cha y phi btng plime ch cn rung 10 pht (rung l nn nh) l . Sau a khun nha i phi 7 ngy l gii phng khun. C nhiu tha thut mau cng trong 1 hay 2 ngy, gi l hybride (tng hp) s bn sau. Vi khun gii phng nhanh, nh sn xut s c nhiu li th ti chnh, v t hao khun. Loi to hnh th hai l my nn nh hay ln, my nn nh dng con i xe ti, loi 3-5 tn, to hnh sn phm t 10cm b cnh tr li. My nn ln dng con i l cu thy lc, thng thy ni xe ben. Phi c th chuyn rp cc my nn thy lc ny to cc vin gch ngi c ng cnh di n 30 x 30 x 3cm. Khi sn xut, s bn v cc loi my nn nh v ln ny. C rt nhiu dng sn phm c sn xut t cc thit b nu trn vi b tng polymer, t vt liu xy dng (gch ngi), n lng ng (btng nha) n chn sng b bin. S bn v tng loi sn phm . Chng u c gi bn cnh tranh cao, so vi btng portland.
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3.3 Cng ngh sn xut gch khng nung bng phng php Polymer ha khong(t ha ) 3.3.1 Cng ngh gch khng nung ca th gii. Cch y khong 5000 nm Cng ngh Polymer c ng dng xy dng Kim T Thp Ai Cp ni ting th gii, mt cng trnh tuyt tc trng tn vi thi gian n ngy nay. Ngy nay, cc nh khoa hc nghin cu tng hp v h thng c ch ng rn ny thnh cng ngh hin i sn xut loi sn phm gch khng nung. pht trin kinh t v nng cao mc sng, loi ngi nghin cu, sng to ra nhiu chng loi vt t, vt liu. Trong tro lu khoa hc cng ngh pht trin vo nhng nm 70 ca th k 20, cc nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu, ng dng nhiu loi sn phm trong ngnh xy dng di dng xi mng hay keo kt dnh, c gii thiu vi nhng thng hiu c quyn thuc khu vc Chu u, Chu M. Cc sn phm ny c s dng trong lnh vc nh: Gch xy dng, b tng cng cao, tm Pano cch nhit n nhng sn phm Composit chu la bn ha hc. Nm 1978 Davidovit (nh khoa hc ngi Php) gii thiu mt loi vt liu Polymer c tng hp t cc khong Aluminosilicate thnh phn ca vt liu ny ging vi zeolite, nhng v cu trc biu hin l mt cu trc v nh hnh n na kt tinh trong sut qu trnh tng hp li vi nhau to thnh mt khi cng rn nh khi t nhin. Trn cc nc ang pht trin, cng ngh Polymer c ng dng rng ri vo pht trin giao thng, thy li xy dng cc loi Gch khng nung loi b tng siu nh bng cng ngh phi bt hoc sinh kh loi gch th hai l dng vt liu t t v ..sn si, tro bay n , Php, M, c, B, Nam Phi c bit cng ngh Polymer pht trin ti tm cao dng lm mt s b phn c tnh chu lc trong cc thit b my mc (my bay ca hng Boing)

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Cho n nay sn phm Polymer di nhiu dng khc nhau c gii thiu v ng dng trong cc ngnh xy dng v cng nghip gm s nhiu nc trn khp cc chu lc. c pht minh ra cng ngh RRP, l mt hp cht ca Axits Sunfuro phi trn vo t to ra mt s lin kt gia cc ion m ca t vi cation Na+, K+,Mg2+, Fe2+. Qu trnh phi trn .t ti K95, K98 ri thnh con ng hon ho, tt p c s lin kt bn chc. M c hp cht SA44/LS 40, cng tng t nh hp cht RRP c. Hp cht SA44/SL 40 c a vo s dng ng dng lm ng. mt s nc pht trin trn th gii nh: Php,M, c, B v Nam phi s dng khong 70% - 80% nhu cu gch xy dng ca h bng cng ngh ny. 3.3.2 Nhu cu gch xy nc ta v mt s vn xung quanh cng tc sn xut gch xy bng phng php nung. Gch xy l mt b phn cu thnh quan trng ca ngi nh hoc mt cng trnh kin trc. Mt nm, vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh xy dng, c nc ta tiu th t 20-22 (t vin), nu c vi pht trin ny, n nm 2020 lng gch cn cho xy dng l hn 40 t vin, mt s lng khng l, t c mc ny, lng t st phi tiu th vo khong 600 triu m3 t st tng ng vi 30.000 ha t canh tc. Khng nhng vy, gch nung cn tiu tn rt nhiu nng lng: Than, ci, c bit l than , qu trnh ny thi vo bu kh quyn ca chng ta c bn l kh c khng ch nh hng ti mi trng sc khe ca con ngi m cn lm gim ti nng sut ca cy trng, vt nui. C th ly mt v d in hnh v mt lng ngh chuyn sn xut gch ngi nung huyn Bnh Xuyn, tnh Vnh Phc chng ta c th thy s tn ph thin nhin ca ngh nung gch ngi ny. Vi nhng vn trn, gch nung ang dn l mt im yu v cng ngh quan trng trong cng nghip xy dng nc ta v rt cn c quan tm. Chnh v vy theo Quyt nh s 115/2001/Q-TTg v vic quy hoch tng th ngnh cng nghip vt liu xy dng n nm 2020 v nh hng n 2020 c th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ngy 01/08/2001, phi pht trin gch
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khng nung thay th gch t nung t 10 n 15% vo nm 2005 v 25% n 30% vo nm 2010, xa b hon ton gch t nung th cng vo nm 2020. Ngh nh 121/2008-TTG ca Vin vt liu xy dng B xy dng trnh th tng ph duyt a ra l trnh a gch khng nung vo thay th vt liu nung quy hoch ti nm 2020. Cng vn 2383/BXD VLXD ngy 27/11/2008 ca B xy dng gi cc S xy dng cc tnh thnh ph pht trin vt liu xy, gch khng nung thay th cho gch ngi nung gim nhim mi trng. 3.3.3 Gch khng nung l g? Gch khng nung l loi gch xy sau khi c to hnh th t ng rn t cc ch s v c hc: Cng nn, un, ht nc ... m khng cn qua nhit . C nhiu loi gch khng nung hin nay ang s dng nh: Gch papanh: Gch khng nung c sn xut t ph thi cng nghip: X than, vi bt c s dng lu i nc ta. Gch c cng thp t 30-50kg/cm2 ch yu dng cho cc loi tng t chu lc. Gch Block: Gch c hnh thnh t vn, ct, xi mng c cng chu lc cao c th xy nh cao tng. Nhc im ca loi gch ny l nng, to, kh xy, cha c th trng chp nhn rng ri. Gch xi mng - ct: Gch c to thnh t ct v xi mng: Gch khng nung t nhin: T cc bin th v sn phm phong ha ca banzan. Loi gch ny ch yu s dng cc vng c ngun puzolan t nhin, hnh thc sn xut t pht, mang tnh cht a phng, quy m nh ... Nh vy, gch khng nung hin nay c nhiu chng loi, nhng vn cha a vo thc t mt cch rng ri do cc nguyn nhn. sn xut gch khng nung t t. Theo cng ngh "t ha " ngun t sn xut gch chim 50-70% phn nguyn liu, s dng a dng cc loi t t min ni, ng bng, trung du v cc vng hi o ... ng thi tn dng c cc ngun ph thi xy dng v cng nghip gp phn ci thin mi trng xanh, sch, p. Trn c s nhng vn trn Cng ty C Phn Cng ngh thng mi Hu Quang thuc Vin nghin cu h tr pht trin nng thn a ra d n:
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"ng dng cng ngh sn xut gch khng nung bng cng ngh "t ha ", t nguyn liu l cc loi t v ph thi cng nghip, xy dng c hnh thnh. 3.3.4 Thnh phn nguyn liu sn xut gch khng nung. Nguyn vt liu ch yu l tt c cc loi t (tr t mn), tn dng cc ngun t xu,t c gi tr kinht t nh t i (cc loi) ti cc vng trung du v min ni, cc loi t sen pha ven sng, t ti t c cng trnh o mng nh, hm l, ao h, cc loi t, ph phm ti cc cng trng khai thc qung ... S dng vt liu n bng cc vt liu tr t cc ngun ph thi rn (khng c) nh vt liu xy dng nh b tng, gch v, t, si, x l, cc b thi qung ... b tng ha rc thi. Nguyn liu u vo: t hn hp, ct, ph liu xy dng s dng sn xut: ph thi rn trong trong xy dng, t i trung du-min ni, tro bay. 3.4 ng dng cng ngh ha -phng php thay th hu hiu. Sn xut gch khng nung t nguyn liu t v ph liu cng nghip l mt cng ngh xanh c p dng trong lnh vc sn xut vt liu xy dng ti nc ta trong thi k hi nhp. Phng php ny gip nhng ngi sn xut tn dng c ngun t t c gi tr kinh t nh t i cn ci ti cc vng trung du, t st pha ven sng, t thi t cc cng trnh o mng nh, hm l, ao h, cc loi t, ti cc cng trng khai thc qung, Cng ngh t ha cng gip ch u t s dng cc ngun ph thi rn nh b tng, gch v, ct, si, x l, cc b qung b xt S dng cng ngh ny s tn dng trit ngun ph liu ti ch, gim thiu chi ph vn chuyn, b hon ton s nung t, khng thi kh CO2 ra mi trng. So vi phng php sn xut gch bng l nung th cng th cng ngh t ha t bc tin mi v quy m v tc phong sn xut cng nghip thay t l gch thnh nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng. u t cho mt nh my cng sut 2 vn vin/1 ca ( c th lm 2 ca t nng sut 4 vn vin/ngy), sn xut trn din tch 1ha vi s vn u t ch bng 2/3 tin u t mt l gch kiu ng lin
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tc. iu c bit, cng ca vin gch khng nung gn gp 2 ln vin gch nung, cc ch tiu v k thut v an ton vt liu u t v vt TCVN, gi thnh mi vin gch khng nung bng cng ngh t ha ch bng 2/3 vin gch nung th cng. Vin gch khng nung c p vi my thy lc trn 150 tn nn b mt vin gch nhn v ng u tuyt i, t cng xy dng gim, c th khng cn va trt tng, xy n u hon thin n nn gim mt khon chi ph ng k i vi mt cn nh. R rng, bi ton kinh t c li cho ngi tiu dng khi s dng gch khng nung bng cng ngh t ha . Theo c tnh, mi nm nc ta tiu th khong 20 t vin gch. Vi pht trin ny, n nm 2020, lng gch cn cho xy dng l hn 40 t vin. t c mc , lng t st phi tiu th tng ng vi 30.000 ha t canh tc. iu ny nh hng ln ti vn an ninh lng thc trong tng lai. Vi nhng u im ca mnh, phng php sn xut gch khng nung bng cng ngh t ha s thay th l gch th cng, l li gii cho bi ton thc hin Quyt nh s 115/2001/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph, xa b hon ton l gch th cng vo nm 2020.

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KT LUN
Qua bi tiu lun trn c th thy Polymer v c ni chung v cng ngh t ha ni ring c mt tim nng v cng to ln ti s pht trin c s h tng ca nc ta. Vi polymer v c c th tn dng cc vt liu c sn nc ta: ph thi rn trong xy dng, tro bay nhit in, cc loi t c sn lm vt liu xy dng vi cht lng cao. Vt liu polymer v c c gi tr v nhiu mt: Kinh t:gi u t v gi thnh r, nh my khng i hi ti chnh ln, v khng phi xy l nung, vt liu t ha rn m khng cn nung. Bo v mi trng: Dng ha cht d x l v t c hi, thn thin vi mi trng, bo v mi trng. Cht lng cao: C nhng tnh cht ca vt liu xy dng thng thng v thm nhiu tnh cht tt m vt liu thng khng c. Tin dng: Dng ni no cng c, s dng nguyn liu ti ch.

Cc nghin cu v cht kt dnh polymer v c v vt liu polymer v c c trin khai mt s nc trn th gii v t c nhng thnh tu kh quan. Tuy nhin polymer v c l mt ti cn kh mi m Vit Nam, c bit l trong lnh vc xy dng. V vy cn c s quan tm ng mc hon thin cng ngh sn xut v tin ti ng dng rng ri vt liu polymer v c Vit Nam trong thi gian ti.

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Ph lc Mt s hnh nh v ng dng ca cng ngh t ha Vit Nam

Hnh 2-Gch lt nn plime v c t t tp c s dng lt sn cho mt vila Th Du Mt - Bnh Dng.

Hnh 3-S dng lt nn Quan Miu (cha ng) - th trn Li Thiu, Bnh Dng
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Hnh 4-Tr tiu lm bng t c trin khai p dng mt h trng tiu thuc p Lc Ho, x Bnh Gi huyn Chu c - B Ra Vng Tu.

Hnh 5-Gch trang tr - c ch tc bng cng ngh plime v c hin i.

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Hnh 6-Mt a ch trin khai ng giao thng lm t t bng cng ngh t ha ti ch ti Khu ph 5 phng Trung M Ty, qun 12, tp. H Ch Minh.

Hnh 7-Mt ng sau khi c btng plime ha t ti ch, cht lng tng ng vi btng lm bng ximng Portland.

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Ti liu tham kho 1. PGS.TS Thi Don Tnh-Ha hc cc hp cht cao phn t, nxb Khoa hc v K thut. 2. http://www.inorganicpolymer.com 3. http://sieuthixaydung.com.vn/modules.php?name=News&opcase=detailsnews&m id=1340&mcid=204&menuid= 4. http://tuoitredonghoa.com/forum/thao-luan-chung/3443-mot-cong-nghe-nongthon-dat-hoa-da.html

5. huequang.vn
6. GS.TS. TRN KIM THCH VS Vin Hn Lm Khoa Hc NewYork (Ngun ti liu: nhantai.thv.vn). 7. o Vn ng (2009). Vt liu xanh v bn vng xu hng pht trin xy dng, Tp ch Khoa hc cng ngh Xy dng.

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