98 Bai Tap So Phuc

TITU ANDREESCU
DORIN ANDRICA
Ngi dch L L (CSP NINH THUN)
BI TP S PHC
(98 V D V BI TP C LI GII)
Bi tp s phc
LI GII THIU
Nh tn sch, Complex Numbers from A to Z, ni dung nguyn bn ph hu khp cc
vn lin quan s phc: t xy dng trng s phc, s phc dng lng gic, n
hnh hc phc...
Ngi dch ch chn lc mt s vn l thuyt, bi tp c bn, nng cao ca s phc
gii thiu bng ting Vit, ng hu phc v i tng bn c l hc sinh trung hc
ph thng, sinh vin, ngi khng chuyn lm ton vi s phc.
Trong kh nng c th, ngi dch c gng dng nhng thut ng ph bin nht hin
nay. Tuy nhin khng th khng dng nhng thut ng nu thiu n th kh lng din
t cc vn v s phc.
Mi vic d mun hay khng, cng c th gy ra thiu, st (hn ch sai, lm). Mong cc
em hc sinh, sinh vin v qu v thng cm.
Ngi dch.
L L -suphamle2341@gmail.com
Page 2
Bi tp s phc
Mc lc1
Mc lc............................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Dng i s ca s phc .................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 nh ngha s phc................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Tnh cht php cng ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Tnh cht php nhn ............................................................................................................... 5
1.4 Dng i s ca s phc .......................................................................................................... 6
1.5 Ly tha ca n v o i .......................................................................................................... 8
1.6 S phc lin hp .................................................................................................................... 8
1.7 Mun ca s phc............................................................................................................... 10
1.8 Gii phng trnh bc hai ...................................................................................................... 14
1.9 Bi tp............................................................................................................................... 17
1.10 p s v hng dn ............................................................................................................. 22
2. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc ....................................................................................................... 25
2.1 Biu din hnh hc ca s phc................................................................................................ 25
2.2 Biu din hnh hc ca Mun ................................................................................................ 26
2.3 Biu din hnh hc cc php ton ............................................................................................. 26
2.4 Bi tp............................................................................................................................... 29
2.4 p s v hng dn ............................................................................................................. 30
3 Dng lng gic ca s phc .......................................................................................................... 31
3.1 Ta cc ca s phc ......................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Biu din lng gic ca s phc ............................................................................................. 33
3.2 Cc php ton trn dng lng gic s phc............................................................................... 37
3.4 Biu din hnh hc ca tch hai s phc ..................................................................................... 40
3.5 Bi tp ............................................................................................................................... 41
3.6 p s v hng dn ............................................................................................................. 44
4 Cn bc n ca n v .................................................................................................................... 45
4.1 nh ngha cn bc n ca s phc ............................................................................................ 45
4.2 Cn bc n ca n v ............................................................................................................ 47
4.3 Phng trnh nh thc ........................................................................................................... 51
4.4 Bi tp............................................................................................................................... 52
4.5 p s v hng dn .................................................................................................................. 53
C th click chut ln tiu nhy n ni dung tng ng
Page 3
Bi tp s phc
Page 4
Bi tp s phc
1. Dng i s ca s phc
1.1 nh ngha s phc
Xt R2 R R {( x, y) | x, y R} .
Hai phn t ( x1 , y1 ) v ( x2 , y2 ) bng nhau
x1
x2
y1
y2
( x1 , y1 ), ( x2 , y2 ) 2:
Tng z1 z2 ( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 ) 2.
Tch z1.z2 ( x1 , y1 ).( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 x2 y1 y2 , x1 y2 x2 y1 ) 2.
Php ton tm tng hai s phc gi l php cng.
Php ton tm tch hai s phc gi l php nhn.
V d 1.
a) z1 ( 5,6), z2 (1, 2)
z1 z2 ( 5,6) (1, 2) ( 4, 4) .
z1 z2 ( 5,6)(1, 2) ( 5 12,10 6) (7,16) .
1
1 1
b) z1 ( ,1), z2 ( , )
2
3 2
1 1
1
5 3
z1 z2 (
,1 ) ( , )
2 3
2
6 2
1 1 1 1
1 7
z1z2 (
,
) ( ,
)
6 2 4 3
3 12
nh ngha. Tp 2, cng vi php cng v nhn trn gi l tp s phc . Phn t (x,y)
gi l mt s phc.
1.2 Tnh cht php cng
(1) Giao hon: z1 z2 z2 z1, z1, z 2 C .
(2) Kt hp: ( z1 z2 ) z3 z1 ( z2 z3 ), z1 , z2 , z3 C .
(3) Tn ti phn t khng: 0 (0,0) C , z 0 0 z z , z C .
z C : z ( z) ( z) z 0 .
(4) Mi s c s i: z C ,
S z1 z2 z1 ( z2 ) : hiu ca hai s z1 , z2 . Php ton tm hiu hai s gi l php tr,
z1 z2 ( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 ) .
1.3 Tnh cht php nhn
(1) Giao hon: z1.z2 z2 .z1 , z1 , z2 C .
Page 5
Bi tp s phc
(2) Kt hp: ( z1.z2 ).z3 z1.( z2 .z3 ), z1 , z2 , z3 C .
(3) Tn ti phn t n v: 1 (0,1) C , z.1 1.z z, z C .
(4) Mi s khc 0 c s nghch o: z C* , z 1 C : z.z 1 z 1.z 1 .
Gi s z ( x, y) C* , tm z 1 ( x ', y ') ,
xx yy 1
. Gii h, cho ta
( x, y).( x ', y ') (1, 0)
yx xy 0
x
y
. Vy
x'
,
y
x2 y 2
x2 y 2
1
x
y
z1
( 2
, 2
)
2
z
x y
x y2
Thng hai s z1 ( x1 , y1 ), z ( x , y ) *l
z1
x
y
x x y y x y y1x
z1.z 1 ( x1, y1 ).( 2
, 2
) ( 1 2 12 , 12
) C.
2
2
z
x y
x y
x y
x y2
Php ton tm thng hai s phc gi l php chia.
V d 2.
a) Nu z (1,2) th
1
2
1 2
z1 ( 2
,
)
(
, ).
1 22 12 22
5 5
b) Nu z1 (1,2), z2 (3,4) th
z1
3 8 4 6
11 2
(
,
) ( , ).
z2
9 16 9 16
25 25
*
Ly tha s m nguyn ca s phc: z ,
z 0 1; z1 z; z 2 z.z; z n
z.z. z , n nguyn dng.
n
z ( z ) n , n nguyn m.
0 n 0 , mi n nguyn dng.
(5) Tnh phn phi ca php nhn vi php cng:
z1.( z2 z3 ) z1.z2 z1.z3 , z1 , z2 , z3 C
Nhng tnh cht trn ca php nhn v cng, chng t cng hai php ton cng v nhn l
mt trng.
1.4 Dng i s ca s phc
Dng i s ca s phc c nghin cu sau y:
Page 6
Bi tp s phc
Xt song nh2
f :R
R {0}, f ( x) ( x,0) .
Hn na
( x,0) ( y,0) ( x
y,0) ; ( x,0).( y ,0) ( xy ,0) .
Ta ng nht
(x,0)=x.
t i=(0,1)
z
( x, y ) ( x,0) (0, y ) ( x,0) ( y,0).(0,1)

x yi ( x,0) (0,1)( y,0) x iy .
nh l . S phc bt k z=(x,y) c biu din duy nht dng z=x+yi, x,y ,
trong i2=-1.
H thc i2=-1, c suy t nh ngha php nhn :
i 2 i.i (0,1).(0,1) ( 1,0) 1 .
Biu thc x+yi gi l dng i s ca s phc z=(x,y). Do :
C {x yi | x R, y R, i 2
1} .
x=Re(z): phn thc ca z. y=Im(z): phn o ca z. n v o l i.
(1) Tng hai s phc
z1 z2 ( x1 y1i ) ( x2 y2i ) ( x1 x2 ) ( y1 y2 )i C .
Tng hai s phc l mt s phc , m phn thc ( phn o) ca n bng tng hai phn thc
(phn o) ca hai s cho.
(2) Tch hai s phc
z1.z2 ( x1 y1i ).( x2 y2i ) ( x1 x2 y1 y2 ) ( x1 y2 x2 y1 )i C .
(3) Hiu hai s phc
z1 z2 ( x1 y1i ) ( x2 y2i ) ( x1 x2 ) ( y1 y2 )i C .
Hiu hai s phc l mt s phc , m phn thc ( phn o) ca n bng hiu hai phn
thc(phn o) ca hai s phc cho.
Khi thc hnh cng, tr , nhn s phc thc hin tng t quy tc tnh a thc ch cn lu
i2
1 l .
V d 3.
5 6i, z2 1 2i
a) z1
z1 z2 ( 5 6i ) (1 2i)
4 4i .
z1 z2 ( 5 6i )(1 2i )
5 12 (10 6)i 7 16i .
1
1 1
b) z1
i , z2
i
2
3 2
f l mt ng cu
Page 7
Bi tp s phc
z1
z2
z1z2
1
i) (
2
1
1
(
i)(
2
3
(
1.5 Ly tha ca n v o i
i 0 1; i1 i; i 2
4
1 1
i)
3 2
1
1
i)
2
6
1; i3
4
i 2 .i
6
1 1
1
5 3
(1 )i
i
2 3
2
6 2
1
1 1
1 7
(
)i
i.
2
4 3
3 12
i,
7
i i .i 1; i i .i i; i i .i
1; i i .i
i
Bng quy np c :
i 4n 1; i 4n 1 i; i 4n 2
1; i 4n 3
i, n *
Do
i n { 1,1, i, i}, n .
Nu n nguyn m , c
1
i n (i 1 ) n ( ) n ( i) n .
i
V d 4.
a) i105 i 23 i 20 i 34 i 4.26 1 i 4.5 3 i 4.5 i 4.8 2 i i 1 1 2 .
b) Gii phng trnh : z3 18 26i, z x yi, x, y Z .
Ta c
( x yi)3 ( x yi)2 ( x yi) ( x2 y 2 2xyi)( x yi)
( x3 3xy 2 ) (3x2 y y3 )i 18 26i.
S dng nh ngha hai s phc bng nhau, c:
x3 3xy 2 18
3x 2 y
y 3 26
t y=tx, 18(3x2 y y3 ) 26( x3 3xy 2 ) ( cho ta x 0 v y 0)
18(3t t 3 ) 26(1 3t 2 ) (3t 1)(3t 2 12t 13) 0.
Nghim hu t ca phng trnh l t=1/3. Do
x=3, y=1 z=3+i.
1.6 S phc lin hp
Cho z=x+yi. S phc z x yi gi l s phc lin hp ca z.
nh l.
(1) z z
z R,
(2) z z ,
(3) z.z l s thc khng m,
Page 8
Bi tp s phc
(4) z1
z2
(5) z1.z2
(7)
(8)
(1)
(2)
(3)
z2 ,
z1.z2 ,
(z ) 1 , z C* ,
(6) z
z1
z1
z2
z1
, z2 C* ,
z2
z z
z z
Re( z )
, Im(z)=
2
2i
Chng minh.
z z
x yi x yi.
Do 2yi=0 y=0 z=x .
z x yi, z x yi z.
z.z ( x yi)( x yi) x2 y 2
(4) z1
z2
( x1
(5) z1.z2
( x1
x2 ) ( y1
y1i) ( x2
( x1x2
y2i)
1
1
1 ( z. ) 1
z
z
1
tc l ( z ) ( z ) 1.
(6) z.
z1
x2 ) ( y1
y2 )i
z2 .
x2 y1 ) ( x1x2
y1 y2 ) i ( x1 y2
x2 y1 )
z1 z2 .
1
z .( ) 1,
z
1
1
1 z1
) z1.( ) z1.
.
z2
z2
z2 z2
(8) z z ( x yi ) ( x yi) 2 x.
z z ( x yi ) ( x yi ) 2 yi.
z z
z z
Do : Re( z )
, Im(z)=
2
2i
Lu .
a) Vic tnh s nghch o ca s phc khc 0, c tin hnh:
1 z
x yi
x
y
i
2
2
2
2
2
z z.z x y
x y
x y2
b) Tnh thng hai s phc:
z1 z1.z2 ( x1 y1i )( x2 y2i ) ( x1 x2 y1 y2 )
x1 y2 x2 y1
i
2
2
2
2
z2 z2 .z2
x2 y2
x2 y2
x22 y22
(7)
z1
z2
y2 )i ( x1
y1 y2 ) i( x1 y2
( x1 iy1 )( x2 iy2 )
( z1.
Page 9
Bi tp s phc
Khi thc hnh tm s nghch o, tm thng thc hin tng t quy tc tnh a thc ch cn lu
1 l .
i2
V d 5.
a) Tm s nghch o ca z 10 8i .
b) Tnh z
(10 8i)
10 8i
2
i
41
10 8i 5
164
82
5 5i
20
.
3 4i 4 3i
(5 5i)(3 4i)
z
9 16i 2
c) Cho z1 , z2
C . Chng t E
z1 z2
1(10 8i)
(10 8i)(10 8i)
z1z2
20(4 3i)
5 35i
16 9i 2
25
75 25i
3 i.
25
z1.z2 z1.z2 l mt s thc
z1z2
z1.z2
1.7 Mun ca s phc

S | z | x 2 y 2 gi l Mun ca s phc z=x+yi.
V d 6. Cho
z1 4 3i, z2
3i, z3
| z1 |
42
32
5, | z2 |
02
( 3)2
10 8i
102 82
80 60i
.
25
R.
2,
3, | z3 |
22
2.
nh l.
(1) | z | Re( z ) | z |, | z | Im( z ) | z | .
z 0.
(2) | z | 0,| z | 0
(3) | z | | z | | z | .
(4) z.z z 2 .
(5) | z1 z2 | | z1 || z2 | .
(6) | z1 | | z2 | | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | .
(7) | z 1 |
z
(8) | 1 |
z2
(9) | z1 |
| z | 1 , z C*
| z1 |
, z2 C * .
| z2 |
| z2 | | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | .
Page 10
Bi tp s phc
Chng minh
D kim tra (1)-(4) ng
(5) | z1.z2 |2 ( z1.z2 )( z1z2 ) ( z1.z1 )( z2 z2 ) | z1 |2| z2 |2
| z1 z2 | | z1 || z2 | .
(6) | z1
z2 |2 ( z1
Bi v z1 z2
z1 z2
z1 z2
z2 )( z1
z2 ) ( z1 z2 )( z1 z2 ) | z1 |2 z1 z 2
z1z 2 | z 2 |2
z1z2 , ko theo
z1z2
2 e( z1 z2 ) 2 | z1 z2 | 2 | z1 || z2 | 2 | z1 || z2 | .
Do
| z1 z2 |2 (| z1 | | z2 |)2 . Nn | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | .
Bt ng thc bn tri c c do:
| z1 | | z1 z2 z2 | | z1 z2 | | z2 | | z1 z2 | | z2 |
| z1 | | z2 | | z1 z2 |
1
1
1
1
1 | z |.
1
(7) z.
.
z
z
z |z|
Nn
| z 1 | | z | 1 , z C* .
z1
1
| z1 |
.
| z1 | | z1z2 1 | | z1 || z2 1 | | z1 || z2 | 1
z2
z2
| z2 |
(9) | z1 | | z1 z2 z2 | | z1 z2 | | z2 | Nn | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | .
Mt khc
| z1 z2 | | z1 ( z2 ) | | z1 | | z2 | | z1 | | z2 | .
(8)
Bt ng thc | z1 z2 | | z1 | | z2 | l ng thc
Re( z1 z2 ) | z1 || z2 | ,
tc l z1 tz2 , t l s thc khng m.
Bi tp 1. Chng minh
| z1 z2 |2 | z1 z2 |2 2(| z1 |2 | z2 |2 ) .
Li gii. S dng tnh cht (4),
| z1 z2 |2 | z1 z2 |2 ( z1 z2 )( z1 z2 ) ( z1 z2 )( z1 z2 )
| z1 |2 z1 z2
z2 z1 | z2 |2 | z1 |2 z1 z2 z2 z1 | z2 |2
2(| z1 |2 | z2 |2 ) .
z z
Bi tp 2. Chng minh nu | z1 | | z2 | 1, z1 z2 1 th 1 2 l s thc.
1 z1 z2
Li gii. S dng tnh cht (4),
Page 11
Bi tp s phc
1
.
z1
z1 z1 | z1 |2 1, z1
Tng t, z2
1
, t s trn l A,
z2
1
z1
1
z2
1 1
1
z1 z2
z1 z2
1 z1 z2
z1 z2
1 z1 z2
A.
Vy A l s thc.
Bi tp 3. Cho a l s thc dng v t
1
| a .
z
Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca |z| khi z M0.
Li gii.
1 2
1
1
z2 z 2
1
2
2
a |z
| (z
)( z
) |z|
2
z
z
z
|z|
| z |2
| z |4 ( z z ) 2 2 | z |2 1
.
| z |2
Do
| z |4 | z |2 (a2 2) 1 ( z z )2 0.
M0
|z|
a2
z C * ,| z
a4
2
2
a
4a 2 a 2
;
a4
4a 2
a2 4 a
a2 4
|z| [
;
].
2
2
a
a2 4
a
a2 4
max | z |
,min | z |
.
2
2
z M,z
z.
Bi tp 4. Chng minh mi s phc z,
1
, hoc | z 2 1 | 1.
| z 1|
2
Li gii. Phn chng
1
v | z 2 1 | 1.
| z 1|
2
2
2
2
t z=a+bi z a b 2abi.
Page 12
Bi tp s phc
1
,
2
b2 ) 4a 1 0.
(1 a 2 b 2 ) 2
4a 2b 2 1,(1 a) 2
b2
(a2 b2 )2 2(a2 b2 ) 0,2(a2

Cng cc bt ng thc c
(a2 b2 )2 (2a 1)2 0. Mu thun
Bi tp 5. Chng minh
7
7
|1 z | |1 z z 2 | 3 , z, |z|=1.
2
6
Li gii. t
t |1 z | [0;2] .
t2 2
t 2 (1 z )(1 z ) 2 2 Re( z ) Re( z )
.
2
Khi | 1 z z 2 | | 7 2t 2 |. Xt hm s
f :[0;2]
R, f (t ) t
| 7 2t 2 |.
c
f(
7
)
2
7
2
| 7 2t 2 |
f(
7
7
) 3 .
6
6
Bi tp 6. Xt
H {z C , z x 1 xi, x R} .
Chng minh rng tn ti duy nht s phc z H ,| z | | w |, w H .
Li gii. t
y 1 yi, y R.
L nu chng minh c ,tn ti s thc duy nht x sao cho
Page 13
Bi tp s phc
( x 1)2 x2
Ni cch khc , x l im cc tiu hm s
f :R
R, f ( y ) ( y 1) 2
( y 1)2
y2
2 y2
y 2 , y R.
2 y 1 2( y
Do im c tiu l
1 2
)
2
1
,
2
1
1 1
z
i.
2
2 2
Bi tp 7. Cho x,y,z l cc s phc phn bit sao cho
y tx (1 t ) z , t (0;1).
Chng minh rng
| z| | y| | z| | x| | y| | x|
.
|z y|
| z x|
| y x|
Li gii. T h thc y tx (1 t ) z ,
z y t ( z x).
Bt ng thc
| z| | y| | z| | x|
.
|z y|
| z x|
tr thnh
| z | | y | t (| z | | x |),
hay
| y | (1 t ) | z | t | x | .
Vn dng bt ng thc tam gic cho
y (1 t ) z tx , ta c kt qu.
Bt ng thc th hai , c chng minh tng t, bi
y tx (1 t ) z
tng ng vi
y x (1 t )( z x).
x
1.8 Gii phng trnh bc hai

Phng trnh bc hai vi h s thc
ax2 bx c 0, a 0
b 2 4ac m.
vn c nghim phc trong c trng hp bit thc
Phn tch v tri
b 2
a[( x
)
] 0
2a
4a 2
Page 14
Bi tp s phc
hay ( x
b 2 2
) i (
)2
2a
2a
0.
b i
b i
, x2
.
2a
2a
R rng hai nghim l hai s phc lin hp v phn tch nhn t c
ax2 bx c a( x x1 )( x x2 )
trong c trng hp <0.
By gi xt phng trnh bc hai vi h s phc
az 2 bz c 0, a 0
S dng phn tch nh trn , c
b 2
a[( z
)
] 0
2a
4a 2
b 2
(z
hay
)
2a
4a 2
(2az b)2
,
t y=2az+b, phng trnh tr thnh
y2
u vi, u,v
Phng trnh c nghim
r u
r u
y1,2
(
( sgnv)
i).
2
2
Do x1
y r=|| v sgnv l du ca v.Vy nghim phng trnh ban u l

1
z1,2
( b y1,2 ) .
2a
Quan h nghim v h s
b
c
z1 z2
, z1z2
,
2a
a
V lun c phn tch nhn t
az 2 bz c a( z z1 )( z z2 ) .
Bi tp 8. Gii phng trnh h s phc
z 2 8(1 i) z 63 16i 0.
Li gii.
(4 4i)2 (63 16i) 63 16i
Page 15
Bi tp s phc
r |
632 162
65 .
Phng trnh
y2
65 63
)
(1 8i) . Ko theo
2
z1,2 4 4i (1 8i).
Do z1 5 12i, z2 3 4i
Ta c th dng cch khc gii phng trnh bc hai trn.
(4 4i)2 (63 16i) 63 16i
Tm hai cn bc hai ca 63 16i , tc l tm z x yi, z 2
63 16i
x
1
x2 y 2
63
2
2
x y 2 xyi
63 16i
.
y 8
xy
8
c hai cn bc hai l 1-8i, -1+8i.
Phng trnh c hai nghim
z1 4(1 i ) (1 8i) 5 12i,
C nghim y1,2
65 63
2
63 16i
z2 4(1 i ) (1 8i ) 3 4i
Bi tp 9. Cho p, q l hai s phc , q 0. Chng minh rng nu cc nghim phng trnh bc
p
hai x2 px q 0 c Mun bng nhau, th l mt s thc
q
Li gii. gi x1, x2 l cc nghim phng trnh v r | x1 | | x2 | . Khi
p 2 ( x1 x2 ) 2
q2
x1 x2
L s thc. Hn na
x1
x2
Re( x1 x2 )
x2
x1
x1 x2
r2
| x1 x2 |
x2 x1
r2
r 2 , do
2 2
p2
q2
2
Re( x1 x2 )
r2
0.
p
l mt s thc.
q
Bi tp 10. Cho a,b,c l ba s phc khc 0 phn bit vi |a|=|b|=|c|.
a) Chng minh rng nu mt nghim phng trnh az 2 bz c 0 c Mun bng 1 th
b2=ac.
b) Nu mi phng trnh
az 2 bz c 0, bz 2 cz a 0 c mt nghim c Mun bng 1 th
|a-b|=|b-c|=|c-a|.
Vy
Page 16
Bi tp s phc
Li gii.
a) gi z1 , z2 l cc nghim phng trnh vi |z1|=1. T z2
c 1
|.
1. Bi v z1
a | z1 |
ng vi
| z2 | |
( z1
z2 )( z1
( z1
b) Theo cu a) b2
z2 )2
ac, c2
b
,| a | | b |, ta c | z1
a
z2
z2 ) 1 , tc l ( z1
z2 )(
1
z1
c 1
.
a z1
ko theo
z2 |2 1. H thc tng
1
) 1.
z2
b 2 c
b 2 ac .
)
a
a
ab . Nhn cc h thc c b2c 2 a 2bc
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca.
z1z2 , hay (
a2
bc. Do
H thc tng ng vi
(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2
0,
Tc l
(a b)2 (b c)2 2(a b)(b c) (c a)2 2(a b)(b c).

Ko theo (a c)2 (a b)(b c) . Ly gi tr tuyt i, c 2
,
2
2
| b c |,
| c a |, | a b | . Tng t c
y
. Cng
,
cc h thc, c
2
Tc l (
)2 (
)2 (
1.9 Bi tp
1. Cho cc s phc z1 1 2i, z2
a) z1 z2 z3 ,
b) z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1 ,
c) z1 z2 z3 ,
)2
0 . Do ==.
2 3i, z3 1 i . Tnh
d) z12
z
e) 1
z2
z22 z32 ,
z2 z3
,
z3 z1
z12 z22
f) 2
.
z2 z32
2. Gii phng trnh
a) z 5 7i 2 i;
Page 17
Bi tp s phc
5 i;
b) 2 3i z
c) z (2 3i) 4 5i ;
z
d)
3 2i .
1 3i
3. Trong C, gii phng trnh sau
a) z 2 z 1 0;
b) z 3 1 0.
n
z k , ty theo s nguyn dng n .
4. Cho z=i. Tnh

k 0
5. Gii phng trnh

1 3i;
a) z (1 2i)
b) (1 i) z 2
1 7i.
6. Cho z=a+bi. Tnh z 2 , z 3 , z 4 .
7. Cho z0 a bi. Tm z C sao cho z 2
8. Cho z=1-i. Tnh z n , n nguyn dng.
9. Tm cc s thc x, y sao xho
a) (1 2i) x (1 2 y)i 1 i;
x 3 y 3
b)
i;
3 i 3 i
c) (4 3i ) x 2
(3 2i ) xy
4 y2
z0 .
1 2
x
2
(3xy 2 y 2 )i.
10. Tnh
a) (2
b) (2
1
c) (
1
i )( 3 2i )(5 4i );
4i)(5 2i ) (3 4i)( 6 i);
i 16 1 i 8
)
(
);
i
1 i
1 i 3 6 1 i 7 6
d) (
) (
);
2
2
3 7i 5 8i
e)
.
2 3i 2 3i
11. Tnh
a) i 2000 i1999 i 201 i82 i 47 ;
b) En 1 i i 2 i3
i n ; n 1;
c) i1.i 2 .i3. i 2000 ;

Page 18
Bi tp s phc
d) i 5 ( i) 7 ( i)13 i
12. Gii phng trnh
a) z 2 i;
b) z 2
i;
1
2
c) z 2
i
;
2
2
13. Tm cc s phc z 0 sao cho z
14. Chng minh rng
a) E1 (2 i 5)7
19 7i
b) E2
9 i
15. Chng minh
a) | z1 z2 |2 | z2
b) |1 z1 z2 |2
| z1
100
( i)94 ;
1
z
(2 i 5)7
20 5i
7 6i
z3 |2 | z3
R;
n
R.
z1 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 | z3 |2 | z1
z3 |2 ;
z2 |2 (1 | z1 |2 )(1 | z2 |2 );
c) |1 z1 z2 |2 | z1 z2 |2 (1 | z1 |2 )(1 | z2 |2 );
d) | z1 z2 z3 |2 | z1 z2 z3 |2 | z1 z2 z3 |2 | z1
4(| z1 |2 | z2 |2 | z3 |2 )2 .
1
1
| 2. Chng minh | z
| 2.
16. Cho z C * , | z 3
3
z
z
17. Tm tt c cc s phc z sao cho
| z | 1,| z 2 z 2 | 1 .
4z 2 8 | z |2 8.
19. Tm tt c cc s phc z sao cho z 3 z .
20. Xt z , Re(z)>1. Chng minh
1 1 1
|
| .
z 2 2
1
3
21. Cho cc s thc a,b v
i
. Tnh
2
2
(a b
c 2 )(a b 2 c ) .
22. Gii phng trnh
a) | z | 2 z 3 4i;
z2
z2
z3 |2
Page 19
Bi tp s phc
b) | z | z 3 4i;
c) z3 2 11i, z x yi, x, y Z
d) iz 2 (1 2i) z 1 0;
e) z 4 6(1 i) z 2 5 6i 0;
f) (1 i)z 2 2 11i 0.
23. Tm tt c cc s thc m sao cho phng trnh
z3 (3 i) z 2 3z (m i) 0
C t nht mt nghim thc.
z ' ( z 2)( z i )
l s thc.
1
25. Tm tt c s phc z sao cho | z | | | .
z
26. Cho z1 , z2 C , sao cho | z1 z2 | 3,| z1 | | z2 | 1 . Tnh | z1 z2 | .
27. Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho
1 i 3 n
1 i 3 n
(
) (
) 2.
2
2
28. Cho s nguyn n>2. Tm s nghim phng trnh
z n 1 iz .
29. Cho z1 , z2 , z3 l ba s phc | z1 | | z2 | | z3 | R 0 .
Chng minh
| z1 z2 || z2 z3 | | z3 z1 || z1 z2 | | z2 z3 || z3 z1 | 9R2 .
v(u z )
30. Cho u,v,w l ba s phc | u | 1,| v | 1, w
. Chng minh | w | 1 | z | 1 .
u .z 1
31. Cho z1 , z2 , z3 l ba s phc sao cho
z1 z2 z3 0,| z1 | | z2 | | z3 | 1.
Chng minh
z12 z22 z32 0 .
32. Cho cc s phc z1 , z2 , , zn sao cho
| z1 | | z2 |
| zn | r 0
Chng t
( z1 z2 )( z2 z3 ) ( zn 1 zn )( zn z1 )
E
l s thc.
z1 z2 zn
33. Cho cc s phc phn bit z1 , z2 , z3 sao cho
Page 20
Bi tp s phc
| z1 | | z2 | | z3 | 0
z1 z2 l cc s thc, chng t z1 z2 z3 1 .
Nu z1 z2 z3 , z2 z3 z1 , z3
34. Cho x1 , x2 l cc nghim phng trnh x 2
x 1 0 . Tnh
a) x12000 x22000 ;
b) x11999 x12999 ;
c) x1n x2n ; n N .
35. Phn tch thnh tch cc a thc bc nht cc a thc
a) x4 16;
b) x 3 27 ;
c) x3 8 ;
d) x 4 x 2 1.
36. Tm tt c cc phng trnh bc hai h s thc c mt trong cc nghim sau
a) (2 i )(3 i) ;
5 i
b)
;
2 i
c) i 51 2i80 3i 45 4i 38 .
37. (Bt ng thc Hlawka) chng minh
| z1 z2 | | z2 z3 | | z3 z1 | | z1 | | z2 | | z3 | | z1 z2 z3 |, z1 , z2 , z3 C
Page 21
Bi tp s phc
1.10
p s v hng dn
Page 22
Bi tp s phc
8. Vi mi s nguyn k khng m, ta c
Page 23
Bi tp s phc
37.
2 | z1
z2 | .| z2 z3 | 2 | z2 ( z1 z2 z3 ) z1 z3 | 2 | z2 | .| z1 z2 z3 | 2 | z1 || z3 |
2 | z2 z3 | .| z3 z1 | 2 | z3 | .| z1 z2 z3 | 2 | z2 || z1 |
2 | z3 z1 | .| z1 z2 | 2 | z1 | .| z1 z2 z3 | 2 | z2 || z3 |
Cng cc bt ng thc vi
| z1
z2 |2
| z2
z3 |2
| z3
z1 |2 | z1 |2
| z2 |2
| z3 |2
| z1
z2
z3 |2
c iu phi chng minh.
Page 24
Bi tp s phc
2. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc

2.1 Biu din hnh hc ca s phc
nh ngha. im M(x,y) trn mt phng Oxy gi l im biu din hnh hc ca s phc
z=x+yi. S phc z=x+yi gi l ta phc ca im M(x,y). ta dng k hiu M(z) ch ta
phc ca M l z.
Mt phng ta vi vic biu din s phc nh trn gi l mt phng phc.
Cc im M,M (tng ng vi z , z ) i xng nhau qua Ox.

Cc im M,M (tng ng vi z, z ) i xng nhau qua gc ta O.

Mt khc, ta c th ng nht s phc z=x+yi vi v OM , M(x,y) .
Page 25
Bi tp s phc
2.2 Biu din hnh hc ca Mun

z x yi. OM
x 2 y 2 | z | . Khong cch t M(z) n O l Mun ca s phc z.
Lu .
a) Vi s thc dng r, tp cc s phc vi Mun r biu din trn mt phng phc l ng
trn (O;r).
b) Cc s phc z, |z|<r l cc im nm trong ng trn (O;r). Cc s phc z, |z|>r l cc
im nm ngoi ng trn (O;r).
1
3
V d 7. Cc s phc zk
i, k 1,2,3,4 c biu din trong mt phng phc
2 2
bi bn im trn ng trn n v tm O. Bi v
| z1 | | z2 | | z3 | | z4 | 1 .
2.3 Biu din hnh hc cc php ton
(1) Php ton cng v nhn. Xt s phc z1 x1 y1i, z2 x2 y2i v cc vect tng
ng v1 x1i y1 j , v2 x2i y2 j .
Tng hai s phc
z1 z2 ( x1 y1i ) ( x2 y2i ) ( x1 x2 ) ( y1 y2 )i .
Tng hai vect

v1 v2 ( x1 x2 )i ( y1 y2 ) j .

Tng z1 z2 tng ng vi vect tng v1 v2 .
Page 26
Bi tp s phc
V d 8.
a) (3 5i) (6 i) 9 6i : biu din hnh hc ca tng hnh 1.5.
b) (6 2i) ( 2 5i) 4 3i : biu din hnh hc hnh 1.6.

Tng t, hiu z1 z2 tng ng vi vect v1 v2
c) Ta c ( 3 i) (2 3i) ( 3 i) ( 2 3i)
5 2i , hnh 1.7.
d) (3 2i ) ( 2 4i ) (3 2i ) (2 4i ) 5 2i , hnh 1.8.
Page 27
Bi tp s phc
Khong cch hai im M 1 ( x1 , y1 ), M 2 ( x2 , y2 ) bng Mun ca s phc z1 z2 bng di

vect v1 v2 .

M1M 2 | z1 z2 | | v1 v2 | ( x2 x1 ) 2 ( y2 y1 ) 2 .

(2) Tch ca s phc vi s thc. Xt s phc z=x+yi v vect tng ng v xi yj . Nu
l s thc th tch z= x+yi tng ng vi vect
v
xi
yj .

Nu >0 th v , v cng hng v
| v | | v |.

Nu <0 th v , v ngc hng v
| v|
| v |.

Tt nhin , =0 th v 0 .
V d 9.
a) Ta c 3(1 2i ) 3 6i , hnh 1.10
b) 2( 3 2i) 6 4i
Page 28
Bi tp s phc
2.4 Bi tp
1. Biu din hnh hc cc s phc sau trn mt phng phc
z1 3 i, z2
4 2i, z3
5 4i, z4 5 i,
z5 1, z6
3i, z 7 2i, z8
4.
2. Biu din hnh hc cc h thc
3 i;
a) ( 5 4i) (2 3i)
b) 4 i
6 4i
2 3i ;
c) ( 3 2i) ( 5 i) 2 3i ;
d) (8 i ) (5 3i ) 3 4i ;
8 4i ;
e) 2( 4 2i)
f) 3( 1 2i) 3 6i .
3. Biu din hnh hc z
a) | z 2 | 3 ;
b) | z i | 1;
c) | z 1 2i | 3 ;
d) | z 2 | | z 2 | 2 ;
e) 0 Re( z ) 1 ;
f) 1 Im( z ) 1 ;
z 2
) 0;
g) Re(
z 1
1 z
R
h)
z
4. Tm tp cc im M(x,y) trong mt phng phc
Page 29
Bi tp s phc
| x 2 4 i y 4 | 10 .
1 i . Tm z3 sao cho cc im biu din ca z1 , z2 , z3 to
5. Cho z1 1 i, z 2
thnh tam gic u.
6. Tm cc im biu din z, z 2 , z 3 sao cho chng to thnh tam gic vung.
7. Tm cc im biu din s phc z sao cho
1
|z
| 2.
z
2.4 p s v hng dn
3.
a) ng trn tm (2,0) bn kinh 3.
b) Hnh trn tm (0,-1) bn knh 1.
c) Phn ngoi ng trn tm (-1,-2) bn knh 3.
7.Hp hai ng trn

x2
y2
2 y 1 0, x 2
y2
2y 1 0 .
Page 30
Bi tp s phc
3 Dng lng gic ca s phc

3.1 Ta cc ca s phc
Trong mt phng Oxy, cho M(x,y) khc gc to .
x 2 y 2 gi l bn knh cc ca im M. S o [0;2) ca gc lng gic
S thc r

(Ox, OM ) gi l argument ca M. Cp c th t (r,) gi l ta cc ca M, vit M(r,).
Song nh
h : R R (0,0) (0, ) [0,2 ), h(( x, y)) ( r , )
im gc O l im duy nht c r=0, khng xc nh.
Mi im M trong mt phng c P l giao im duy nht ca tia OM vi ng trn n v
tm O.
R rng
x r cos
.
y r sin
Xt argument cc ca M vi cc trng hp sau:
a) Nu x 0, t tan
y
, c
x
arctan
y
x
k ,
Page 31
Bi tp s phc
0, x 0 & y 0
k
1, x 0, y R
2, x 0, y 0
b) Nu x= 0, v y 0 c
,y 0
2
.
3
,y 0
2
V d 10. Tm cc ta cc ca
M1 (2, 2), M 2 ( 1,0), M 3 ( 2 3, 2), M 4 ( 3,1), M 5 (3,0), M 6 ( 2,2), M 7 (0,1), M 8 (0, 4)
D thy
7
7
r1
22 ( 2) 2 2 2; 1 arctan( 1) 2
2
, M 1 (2 2, ) .
4
4
4
r2 1; 2 arctan 0
, M 2 (1, )
r3
r4
r5
r6
3
7
7
, M 3 (4, )
3
6
6
3
2; 4 arctan
, M 4 (2, )
3
6
6
3; 2 arctan 0 0 0, M 5 (3,0)
3
3
2 2; 6 arctan( 1)
, M 6 (2 2, )
4
4
4
4;
r7 1;
arctan
, M 7 (1, )
2
2
3
3
r8 4; 8
, M 8 (1, ) .
2
2
V d 11.Tm ta vung gc ca cc im cho bi ta cc
2
7
M1 (2, ), M 2 (3, ), M 3 (1,1) .
3
4
2
1
2
3
x1 2cos
2( )
1, y1 2sin
2
3, M1 ( 1, 3) .
3
2
3
2
7
3 2
7
3 2
3 2 3 2
x2 3cos
, y2 3sin
, M2(
,
).
4
2
4
2
2
2
Tng t x3 cos1, y3 sin1, M 3 (cos1,sin1) .
7
Page 32
Bi tp s phc
3.2 Biu din lng gic ca s phc
Cho s phc z=x+yi ta c th vit z dng cc:
z r (cos
i sin ) ,
[0;2 ) .
r=|z| [0,), l mt argument ca z v
Vi z 0, r v xc nh duy nht.
i sin ) , t
2k , k Z th
Xt z r (cos
z r[cos(
2k ) i sin(
2k )] r (cos
i sin )
Tc l , vi s phc bt k z c th vit z r (cos t i sin t ), r 0, t R . Khi ta ni z
c biu din dng lng gic.
2k , k Z } gi l argument m rng ca z.
Tp Argz {t , t
Do hai s phc z1 , z2 0 biu din dng lng gic
r1 r2
z1 r1 (cos t1 i sin t1 ), z2 r2 (cos t2 i sin t2 ) bng nhau
, k
t1 t2 2k
V d 12. Vit cc s sau di dng cc v xc nh tp Argz
1 i,
a) z1
b) z2 2 2i ,
c) z3
1 i 3,
d) z4 1 i 3
a) P1 ( 1, 1) nm gc phn t th ba.
r1
( 1)2 ( 1)2
2,
arctan
z1
2(cos
y
x
5
4
arctan1
i sin
5
4
5
)
4
Page 33
Bi tp s phc
Argz1 {
b) P2 (2, 2) nm gc phn t th nht

r2
z2
5
4
2k , k
2 2,
2 2(cos
Argz2 {
Z} .
4
i sin )
4
2k , k
Z}
c) P3 ( 1, 3) thuc gc phn t th hai
r3
z3
2,
2(cos
2
3
2
3
3) thuc gc phn t th t
Argz3 {
d) P4 (1,
2
3
r4
2,
i sin
2k , k
2
)
3
Z}.
5
3
Page 34
Bi tp s phc
z4
2(cos
5
3
i sin
5
)
3
5
2k , k
3
V d 13. Vit cc s phc sau di dng cc
a) z1 2i ,
1,
b) z2
c) z3 2 ,
3i .
d) z4
V xc nh Arg ca chng.
a) im P1 (0, 2) thuc phn dng trc tung, nn
Argz4 {
r1
2,
, z1
Z} .
2(cos
i sin )
2
Argz1 {
2k , k Z }
2
b) im P2 ( 1,0) thuc phn m trc honh, nn
r2 1, 2
, z2 cos
i sin
Argz2 {
2k }
c) im P3 (2,0) thuc phn dng trc honh, nn
r3 2, 3 0, z3 2(cos0 i sin 0)
Argz3 {2k , k Z }
d) im P4 (0, 3) thuc phn m trc tung, nn
Page 35
Bi tp s phc
r4
3,
Argz4 {
3
, z4
2
3
2
2(cos
2k , k
3
2
i sin
3
)
2
Z}
R rng
1 cos 0 i sin 0; i
cos
i sin ;
2
2
3
3
1 cos
i sin ; i cos
i sin
.
2
2
Bi tp 11. Vit s phc sau di dng cc
z 1 cos a i sin a, a (0,2 ) .
Li gii.
a
a
| z | (1 cos a)2 sin 2 a
2(1 cos a)
4cos 2
2 | cos | .
2
2
a
(0, ) , P nm gc phn t th nht . Do
a) Nu a (0, )
2
2
sin a
a
a
arctan
arctan(tan )
,
1 cos a
2
2
.
a
a
a
z 2cos (cos
i sin )
2
2
2
a
( , ) , P nm gc phn t th t . Do
b) Nu a ( ,2 )
2
2
a
a
a
a rctan(tan ) 2
2
,
2
2
2
a
a
a
z
2cos [cos(
) i sin(
)]
2
2
2
c) Nu a
, th z=0.
Bi tp 12. Tm cc s phc z sao cho
z z
| z | 1,|
| 1.
z z
Li gii. t z cos x i sin x, x [0,2 ).
z z | z2 z 2 |
|
z z
| z |2
| cos 2 x i sin 2 x cos 2 x i sin 2 x |
2 | cos 2 x |
1 |
Page 36
Bi tp s phc
Do
1
hoc cos 2 x
2
1
.
2
, x2
5
, x3
6
7
, x4
6
11
6
, x6
2
, x7
3
4
, x8
3
5
3
cos 2 x
Nu cos 2 x
1
th
2
x1
Nu cos 2 x
1
th
2
x5
Do c 8 nghim
zk
cos xk
i sin xk k 1,2,3,
,8.
3.2 Cc php ton trn dng lng gic s phc

(1) Php nhn
nh l. z1 r1 (cos t1 i sin t1 ), z2 r2 (cos t2 i sin t2 )
Khi
z1.z2 r1r2 [cos(t1 t2 ) i sin(t1 t2 )] .
Chng minh.
z1.z2 r1r2 (cos t1 i sin t1 )(cos t2 i sin t2 )
r1r2 [(cos t1 cos t2 sin t1 sin t2 ) i (sin t1 cos t2 sin t2 cos t1 )]
r1r2 [cos(t1 t2 ) i sin(t1 t2 )]
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lu
Mt ln na ta li | z1 z2 | | z1 || z2 | .
arg( z1 z2 ) argz1 argz2 2k ,
0, argz1 argz2 2
.
k
1, argz1 argz2 2
C th vit A rg( z1 z2 ) {argz1 argz2 2k , k Z }
M rng vi n 2 s phc . Nu zk rk (cos tk i sin tk ), k 1,2, , n
z1 z2 zn r1r2 rn [cos(t1 t2
tn ) i sin(t1 t2
Cng thc trn c th vit
n
zk
k 1
rk (cos
k 1
tk
k 1
tn )]
i sin
tk ) .
k 1
Page 37
Bi tp s phc
V d 14. Cho z1 1 i, z2
3 i.
7
7
z1
2(cos
i sin ), z2 2(cos
i sin )
4
4
6
6
7
7
z1 z2 2 2[cos(
) i sin(
)]
4 6
4 6
23
23
2 2(cos
i sin
)
12
12
(2) Ly tha ca mt s phc
nh l. (De Moivre3) Cho z r (cos t i sin t ) v n , ta c
z n r n (cos nt i sin nt ) .
zn c
Chng minh. Dng cng thc nhn vi z z1 z2
n
z r
.r. .r [cos(t t
t ) i sin(t t
t )]
= r (cos nt i sin nt )
Lu .
a) Chng ta tm li c | z n | | z |n .
b) Nu r=1, th (cos t i sin t )n cos nt i sin nt .
c) Ta c th vit Argz n {n.arg z 2k , k Z}.
V d 15. Tnh (1 i)1000 .
1 i
(1 i)1000
1000
2(cos
i sin ) .
4
(cos1000
i sin1000 )
4
4
500
i sin 250 ) 2
2500 (cos 250

Bi tp 13. Chng minh
sin 5t 16sin 5 t 20sin 3 t 5sin t ;
.
cos5t 16cos5 t 20cos3 t 5cos t
Li gii. Dng cng thc Moivre v khai trin nh thc (cos t i sin t )5 ,
cos5t i sin 5t
cos5 t 5i cos 4 t sin t 10i 2 cos3 t sin 2 t
10i 3 cos 2 t sin 3 t 5i 4 cos t sin 4 t i 5 sin 5 t
Do
Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754), nh ton hc Php.
Page 38
Bi tp s phc
cos5 t 10cos3 t (1 cos 2 t ) 5cos t (1 cos 2 t ) 2
cos5t i sin5t
i[sin t (1 sin 2 t )2 sin t 10(1 sin 2 t )sin 3 t sin 5 t ]

ng nht hai v cho iu phi chng minh.
(3) Php chia.
nh l. Gi s z1 r1 (cos t1 i sin t1 ), z2 r2 (cos t2 i sin t2 ) 0
z1 r1 (cos t1 i sin t1 )
z2 r2 (cos t2 i sin t2 )
r1 (cos t1 i sin t1 )(cos t2 i sin t2 )
r2 (cos 2 t2 sin 2 t2 )
r1
[(cos t1 cos t2
r2
sin t1 sin t2 ) i (sin t1 cos t2 sin t2 cos t1 )]
r1
[cos(t1 t2 ) i sin(t1 t2 )]
r2
Lu .
a)Ta c li kt qu |
z1 | z1 |
;
|
z2 | z2 |
z1
) {argz1 argz2 2k , k Z } ;
z2
1
1
z1
[cos( t ) i sin( t )] ;
c)Vi z1 1, z2 z ,
z
r
d)Cng thc De Moivre cn ng cho ly tha nguyn m, tc l vi n nguyn m, ta c
z n r n (cos nt i sin nt ) .
Bi tp 14. Tnh
(1 i )10 ( 3 i )5
z
.
( 1 i 3)10
Li gii.
b) Arg (
Page 39
Bi tp s phc
7 10 5
) .2 (cos
i sin )5
4
6
6
z
4
4
210 (cos
i sin )10
3
3
35
35
5
5
210 (cos
i sin
)(cos
i sin )
2
2
6
6
.
40
40
10
2 (cos
i sin
)
3
3
55
55
cos
i sin
3
3
cos5
i sin 5
1
40
40
cos
i s in
3
3
10
2 (cos
7
4
i sin
3.4 Biu din hnh hc ca tch hai s phc

Xt s phc z1 r1 (cos 1 i sin 1 ), z2 r2 (cos 2 i sin 2 ) . Gi P1 , P2 l giao im
ca ng trn (0,1) vi tia OM 1 , OM 2 .
Dng P3 thuc ng trn v c argument cc 1 2 , chn M 3 thuc tia
OP3 , OM 3 OM 1.OM 2 .
Gi z3 l ta phc ca M3. im M 3 (r1r2 , 1 2 ) biu din tch z1 z2 .
Gi A l im biu din ca z=1.
OM 3 OM 2
OM 3 OM 2
v M 2OM 3 AOM1 . Suy ra hai tam gic
OM1
1
OM 2
OA
OAM 1 ,OM 2 M 3 ng dng.
xy dng biu din hnh hc ca thng, lu im tng ng ca

z3
l M1.
z2
Page 40
Bi tp s phc
3.5 Bi tp
1. Da vo ta vung gc ,tm ta cc ca cc im
a) M 1 ( 3,3)
b) M 2 ( 4 3, 4)
c) M 3 (0, 5)
d) M 4 ( 2, 1)
e) M 5 (4, 2)
2. Da vo ta cc ,tm ta vung gc cc im
a) P1 (2, )
3
3
arcsin )
5
b) P2 (4,2
c) P3 (2, )
d) P4 (3, )
e) P5 (1, )
2
3
f) P6 (4, )
2
arg(
z ) v arg( z ) qua arg(z).
3. Biu din
4. Biu din hnh hc cc s phc z:
a) | z | 2 ;
b) | z i | 2 ;
c) | z i | 3 ;
5
argz
d)
;
4
3
e) arg z
;
2
f) arg z
g) arg( z ) ( , )
6 3
|z 1 i| 3
h)
0 argz
6
5. Vit cc s sau di dng cc
Page 41
Bi tp s phc
a) z1 6 6i 3;
1
3
i
;
4
4
1
3
c) z3
i
;
2
2
d) z4 9 9i 3;
e) z5 3 2i;
4i
f) z6
6. Vit cc s sau di dng cc
a) z1 cos a i sin a, a [0, 2 ) ,
b) z2 sin a i (1 cos a), a [0,2 ) ,
c) z3 cos a sin a i (sin a cos a), a [0,2 ) ,
d) z4 1 cos a i sin a, a [0,2 ) .
7. S dng dng cc ca s phc tnh tch sau y
1
3
a) (
i )( 3 3i)(2 3 2i);
2
2
b) (1 i )( 2 2i)i ;
b) z2
c) 2i( 4 4 3i)(3 3i) ;

d) 3(1 i )( 5 5i)
M t cc kt qu dng i s
8. Tm | z |,arg z, Argz, arg z ,arg( z )
a) z (1 i)(6 6i ) ;
b) z (7 7 3i)( 1 i) .
9. Tm |z| v argument cc ca z:
(2 3 2i )8
(1 i) 6
a) z
,
(1 i )6
(2 3 2i )8
( 1 i)4
1
b) z
,
( 3 i)10 (2 3 2i) 4
c) z (1 i 3)n (1 i 3)n .
10. Chng t cng thc Moivre ng vi s nguyn m
11. Tnh
a) (1 cos a i sin a)n , a [0,2 ), n N ,
Page 42
Bi tp s phc
b) z n
1
, nu z
zn
1
z
3.
Page 43
Bi tp s phc
3.6 p s v hng dn
Page 44
Bi tp s phc
4 Cn bc n ca n v
4.1 nh ngha cn bc n ca s phc
Xt s nguyn n 2 v s phc w 0 . Nh trong trng s thc , phng trnh
zn w 0
c dng nh ngha cn bc n ca s w. Ta gi nghim z ca phng trnh l mt cn bc n
ca w.
i sin ) l s phc vi r>0 v [0,2).
nh l. Cho w r (cos
Cn bc n ca w gm n s phn bit, cho bi
2k
2k
zk n r (cos
i sin
), k 0,1, , n 1 .
n
n
Chng minh. Biu din s phc z dng lng gic, tc l
z
(cos
i sin ).
n
Theo nh ngha, ta c z w , nn
n
(cos n i sin n ) r (cos
i sin )
Do
n
r, n
2k , k
r,
2
.
n
Vy nghim phng trnh c dng

zk n r (cos k i sin k ), k Z
2 . Do k , k {0,1, , n 1} l argument cc .
Lu rng 0 0
1
n 1
Bi tnh duy nht ca ta cc, Ta c n nghim phn bit ca phng trnh l
z0 , z1 , , zn 1 .
n y ta chng minh phng trnh c ng n nghim phn bit.
Vi s nguyn k bt k, ly k chia cho n c thng q v s d r, tc l k=nq+r, q Z,
r{0,1,2,,n-1}
2
2
(nq r )
r
2q
2q .
k
r
n
n n
n
R rng zk zr . Do
{zk , k Z } {z0 , z1 , , zn 1} .
Ni cch khc phng trnh c ng n nghim phn bit.
Biu din hnh hc cc cn bc n ca w 0 (n 3) l nh ca mt n gic u ni tip ng trn
tm O bn knh n r , r=|w|.
Page 45
Bi tp s phc
chng minh iu ny, k hiu M 0 ( z0 ), M 1 ( z1 ), , M n 1 ( zn 1 ) . Bi v
OM k | zk | n r , k {0,1, , n 1}
M
M bng
k
Mk
C(0, n r ) . Mt khc , s o cung
k 1
2
, k {0,1, , n 2} .
n
n
2
2
M
.
(n 1)
n 1M 0 bng 2
n
n
,M
M n 1 u.
Bi v cc cung M
0 M1 , M1M 2 ,
n 1M 0 bng nhau nn a gic M 0 M 1
V d 16. Tm cc cn bc ba ca z=1+i v biu din chng ln mt phng phc.
Dng lng gic ca z l
arg zk
argzk
2(k 1)
2(cos
Cc cn bc ba ca z
zk
2k )
i sin ) .
4
2
2
2[cos(
k ) i sin(
k )], k
12
3
12
3
z0
),
12
3
3
z1 6 2 (cos
i sin ),
4
4
17
17
z2 6 2(cos
i sin
),
12
12
Dng ta cc, cc im biu din z0 , z1 , z2 ln lt l
3
17
M 0 ( 6 2, ) , M 1 ( 6 2, ) , M 2 ( 6 2,
)
12
4
12
Tam gic u biu din kt qu hnh 2.6
2(cos
0,1,2
12
i sin
Page 46
Bi tp s phc
4.2 Cn bc n ca n v
Mt nghim phng trnh z n 1 0 gi l mt cn bc n ca n v.
Biu din 1 di dng lng gic , 1 cos0 i sin 0, t cng thc tm cn bc n ca s
phc, ta c cn bc n ca n v l
2k
2k
, k {0,1, , n 1} .
cos
i sin
k
n
n
0 cos0 i sin 0 1 ,
2
2
2
2
. (t
)
cos
i sin
cos
i sin
1
n
n
n
n
4
4
2
,
cos
i sin
2
n
n
...
2(n 1)
2(n 1)
n 1
.
cos
i sin
n 1
n
n
2
2
K hiu Un {1, , 2 , , n 1} ,cng cn nhc li
.
cos
i sin
n
n
Nh phn trc cp, Biu din hnh hc cc cn bc n ca n v (n 3) l cc im to
thnh mt n gic u ni tip ng trn tm O bn knh 1.
Chng hn
i) Vi n=2, hai cn bc hai ca 1(nghim phng trnh z 2 1 0 ) l -1,1.
ii) Vi n=3, cn bc ba ca 1( nghim phng trnh z 3 1 0 )cho bi
2k
2k
, k {0,1,2},
cos
i sin
k
n
n
0 1,
2
2
1
3
,
i sin
i
3
3
2
2
4
4
1
3
2
cos
i sin
i
2
3
3
2
2
Biu din ln mt phng phc c tam gic u ni tip ng trn (O,1).
1
cos
Page 47
Bi tp s phc
iii) Vi n=4, cc cn bc bn ca 1 l
2k
cos
k
4
Ta c
0
i sin
2k
, k {0,1, 2, 3} .
4
cos0 i sin 0 1 ,
cos
i sin
i,
cos
i sin
1,
3
3
cos
i
sin
i.
3
2
2
Tc l U4 {1, i, i 2 , i3} {1, i, 1, i}. Biu din hnh hc ca chng l hnh vung ni tip
ng trn (O,1).
2
S
m
k
U n gi l cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v , nu mi s nguyn dng m<n ta c
1.
Page 48
Bi tp s phc
nh l.
a) Nu n|q th nghim bt k ca z n 1 0 cng l nghim z q 1 0 .
b)Cc nghim chung ca phng trnh z m 1 0 v z n 1 0 l cc nghim ca
z d 1 0 , d=UCLN(m,n), tc l U m U n U d .
c)Cc nghim nguyn thy ca z m 1 0 l
2k
2k
cos
i sin
, 0 k m,UCLN (k , m) 1 .
k
m
m
Chng minh.
a)Nu q=pn th z q 1 ( z n ) p 1 ( z n 1)( z (q 1)
z n 1) . Do iu phi chng
minh l h qu trc tip suy t h thc trn.
2p
2p
b)Xt p cos
l mt nghim ca z m 1 0 v
i sin
m
m
2q
2q
l mt nghim ca z n 1 0 . Bi v
cos
i sin
q'
m
m
2p
2q
,
| p | | q ' | 1, ta c p
2r , r Z .
q
m
n
p q
Cho ta
r
pn qm rmn .
m n
Mt khc, m m ' d , n n ' d , UCLN (m ', n ') 1.
pn qm rmn n p m q rm n d .
m'| n' p m | p
p p m , p ' Z v
2p
2 p 'm'
2 p'
v pd 1 .
arg p
m
m'd
d
d
Ngc li , d | m, d | n , bt k nghim ca z 1 0 l nghim ca z m 1 0 v
z n 1 0 (tnh cht a).
c)Trc ht ta tm s nguyn dng nh nht p sao cho kp 1. T h thc kp 1. Suy ra
2kp
kp
2k , k . Tc l
k ' Z . Xt d=UCLN(k,m) v k=kd, m=md, y
m
m
k pd k p
UCLN(k,m)=1. Ta c
Z . Bi v k v m nguyn t cng nhau , ta c m|p.
md m
Do s nguyn dng nh nht p tha mn kp 1l p=m. Kt hp vi h thc m=md suy
m
ra p
, d UCLN (k , m) .
d
Page 49
Bi tp s phc
Nu
l cn nguyn thy bc m ca n v, th t h thc
p
k
1, p
m
suy
UCLN (k , m)
ra p=m, tc l UCLN(k,m)=1.
Lu .
T b) ta thu c phng trnh z m 1 0 v phng trnh z n 1 0 c nghim chung duy
nht l 1 nu v ch nu UCLN(m,n)=1.
U n l mt cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v th cc nghim ca phng trnh
nh l. Nu
z n 1 0 l
r
, r 1 , r n 1 , r l mt s nguyn dng cho trc.
Chng minh. Cho r l mt s nguyn dng v h {0,1, , n 1} . Khi
( r h )n ( n )r h 1, tc l r h l mt nghim ca z n 1 0 .
Ch cn chng minh r , r 1, , r n 1 phn bit. Gi s khng phn bit, tc tn ti
r h2
r h1 r h2 , h1 h2 m r h1
. Khi r h2 ( h1 h2 1) 0 . Nhng
r h2
h1 h2
0
1. i chiu vi 0 h1 h2 n v l mt cn nguyn thy bc n
ca n v, ta c mu thun.
Bi tp 15. Tm s cp th t (a,b) cc s thc sao cho (a bi)2002 a bi .
Li gii. t z=a+bi z a bi,| z | a 2 b2 . H thc cho tr thnh z 2002 z .
| z |2002 | z 2002 | | z | | z | | z | (| z |2001 1) 0.
Do |z|=0, tc l (a,b)=(0,0) hoc |z|=1. Trong trng hp |z|=1, ta c
z 2002 z
z 2003 z .z | z |2 1.
Do phng trnh z 2003 1 c 2003 nghim phn bit c 2004 cp th t theo yu cu.
Bi tp 16. Hai a gic u cng ni tip trong mt ng trn. a gic th nht c 1982 cnh,
a gic th hai c 2973 cnh. Tm s nh chung ca hai a gic .
Li gii. S nh chung bng s nghim chung ca hai phng trnh
z1982 1 0, z 2973 1 0 . ng dng nh l trn, s nghim chung l
d UCLN (1982,2973) 991.
U n l mt cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v v z l s phc sao cho
Bi tp 17. Cho
k
|z
| 1, k 0,1, , n 1. Chng minh z 0 .
Li gii. T gi thit , c
k
k
(z
)( z
) 1 | z |2 z k z k , k 0,1, , n 1 . Ly tng cc h thc trn,
n 1
2
n| z|
z(
k 0
Do z=0.
Bi tp 18. Cho P0 P1
n 1
k
) z.
0.
k 0
Pn 1 l a gic u ni tip ng trn bn knh 1. Chng minh
Page 50
Bi tp s phc
a) P0 P1.P0 P2
P0 Pn
n
2
(n 1)
n
b) sin sin
sin
n
n
n
2n 1
3
(2n 1)
1
c) sin sin
sin
2n
2n
2n
2n 1
Li gii.
a)Khng mt tng qut, gi s cc nh a gic l cc im biu din hnh hc cc cn bc n ca
n v, P0 1 . Xt a thc
2
2
n 1
.
cos
i sin
f z n 1 ( z 1)( z
) (z
),
n
n
R rng
2
n 1
n f '(1) (1 )(1
) (1
).
Ly Mun hai v c kt qu.
b)Ta c
2k
2k
k
k
k
k
1
1 cos
i sin
2sin 2
2i sin
cos
n
n
n
n
n
k
k
k
2sin
(sin
i cos )
n
n
n
k
k
Do | 1
| 2sin , k 1, 2, , n 1 . S dng a) ta c iu phi chng minh.
n
c)Xt a gic u Q0Q1 Q2 n 1 ni tip trong ng trn , cc nh ca n l im biu din
hnh hc ca cn bc 2n ca n v. Theo a)
Q0Q1.Q0Q2 Q0Q2 n 1 2n
By gi xt a gic u Q0Q2 Qn 2 , ta c Q0Q2 .Q0Q4 Q0Q2 n 2 n
Do Q0Q1.Q0Q3 Q0Q2 n 1 2 . Tnh ton tng t phn b) ta c
(2k 1)
Q0Q2 k 1 2sin
, k 1,2 n v ta c iu phi chng minh
2n
1
4.3 Phng trnh nh thc

Phng trnh nh thc l mt phng trnh c dng z n a 0 , n v n 2. Gii phng
trnh l tm cn bc n ca s phc a. y l mt dng n gin ca phng trnh bc n h s
phc. Theo nh l c bn, phng trnh c ng n nghim. V cng d thy trong trng hp
ny phng trnh c n nghim phn bit.
V d 17.
a) Gii phng trnh z 3 8 0 .
8 8(cos
i sin ) , cc nghim l
Page 51
Bi tp s phc
2k
2k
i sin
), k 0,1,2 .
3
3
b) Gii phng trnh z 6 z3 (1 i) i 0 .
Phng trnh tng ng vi
( z 3 1)( z 3 i) 0 .
Gii phng trnh nh thc z3 1 0, z3 i 0 c cc nghim
2k
2k
k cos
i sin
, k 0,1,2 v
3
3
zk
2(cos
zk
cos 2
2k
3
i sin 2
2k
3
,k
0,1,2 .
4.4 Bi tp
1. Tm cc cn bc hai ca z
a) z 1 i ;
b) z i ;
1
i
c) z
;
2
2
d) z
2(1 i 3) ;
e) z 7 24i .
2. Tm cc cn bc ba ca z
a) z
i;
b) z
27 ;
c) z 2 2i ;
1
3
d) z
;
i
2
2
e) z 18 26i .
3. Tm cc cn bc bn ca z
a) z 2 i 12 ;
b) z
3 i;
c) z i ;
d) z
2i ;
e) z
7 24i .
4. Tm cn bc 5,6,7,8, 12 cc s trn.
5. Cho U n { 0 , 1 , , n 1} 4 l cc cn bc n ca n v. Chng minh
4
Un cng vi php nhn l mt nhm Abel. N cn l nhm xyclic sinh bi cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v.
Page 52
Bi tp s phc
a)
Un , j, k {0,1, , n 1};
b) j 1 U n , j {0,1, , n 1} .
6. Gii phng trnh
a) z 3 125 0 ;
b) z 4 16 0 ;
c) z 3 64i 0 ;
d) z 3 27i 0 .
7. Gii phng trnh
a) z 7 2iz 4 iz 3 2 0 ;
b) z 6 iz 3 i 1 0 ;
c) (2 3i) z 6 1 5i 0 ;
d) z10 ( 2 i) z5 2i 0 .
8. Gii phng trnh
z 4 5( z 1)( z 2
z 1) .
4.5 p s v hng dn
Page 53
Bi tp s phc
Page 54

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TITU ANDREESCU

Ngi dch L L (CSP NINH THUN)

C th click chut ln tiu nhy n ni dung tng ng

y,0) ; ( x,0).( y ,0) ( xy ,0) .

( x, y ) ( x,0) (0, y ) ( x,0) ( y,0).(0,1)

1.7 Mun ca s phc

(a2 b2 )2 2(a2 b2 ) 0,2(a2

1.8 Gii phng trnh bc hai

y r=|| v sgnv l du ca v.Vy nghim phng trnh ban u l

(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2

(a b)2 (b c)2 2(a b)(b c) (c a)2 2(a b)(b c).

z k , ty theo s nguyn dng n .

4. Cho z=i. Tnh

5. Gii phng trnh

c) i1.i 2 .i3. i 2000 ;

c iu phi chng minh.

2. Biu din hnh hc ca s phc

Cc im M,M (tng ng vi z , z ) i xng nhau qua Ox.

2.2 Biu din hnh hc ca Mun

7.Hp hai ng trn

3 Dng lng gic ca s phc

b) P2 (2, 2) nm gc phn t th nht

c) P3 ( 1, 3) thuc gc phn t th hai

3.2 Cc php ton trn dng lng gic s phc

2500 (cos 250

cos5 t 5i cos 4 t sin t 10i 2 cos3 t sin 2 t

10i 3 cos 2 t sin 3 t 5i 4 cos t sin 4 t i 5 sin 5 t

Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754), nh ton hc Php.

cos5 t 10cos3 t (1 cos 2 t ) 5cos t (1 cos 2 t ) 2

i[sin t (1 sin 2 t )2 sin t 10(1 sin 2 t )sin 3 t sin 5 t ]

sin t1 sin t2 ) i (sin t1 cos t2 sin t2 cos t1 )]

3.4 Biu din hnh hc ca tch hai s phc

xy dng biu din hnh hc ca thng, lu im tng ng ca

c) 2i( 4 4 3i)(3 3i) ;

Vy nghim phng trnh c dng

C(0, n r ) . Mt khc , s o cung

U n gi l cn nguyn thy bc n ca n v , nu mi s nguyn dng m<n ta c

l cn nguyn thy bc m ca n v, th t h thc

Pn 1 l a gic u ni tip ng trn bn knh 1. Chng minh

4.3 Phng trnh nh thc

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