Latinh: Gredittum - t theo ngn ng Vi vay m n.

n. Trong th ng hoa ng nhng dang n hi 2 t c ban: - Ngi s h n giao cho ng dung trong 1 th nh. i han do 2 bn thoa thun, ngi s du i cho ngi s hu n h c go t

Ni n gin tn dng l tui cho bn m n 1 ng trong khong thi gian no , khi n hn th bn phi tr li cho ti 1 ng cng vi tin li pht sinh trn 1 ng bn m n vi mc li sut c tui v bn chp thun. C 2 dng tn dng: - Tn dng en: cho vay nng, cho vay o n - Tn dng trng (gi tm l th) l hot ng kinh doanh ca ngn hng, cc n v cho thu ti chnh, cc nh ch ti chnh Khi gn hot ng ny vo hnh thc ny th ty theo s tin bn vay v thi gian th c 2 iu kin sau y: + iu kin cn: ngun thu tr n ( tnh hiu qu ca phng n, cng vic mang li thu nhp tr n) + iu kin : Ti sn m bo (l nhng g c gi nh nh ca, xe c, my mc, vng, s tit kim,... ni chung l nhng g c gi) Ngoi ra cn c nhng h s php l v h s tham kho theo qui nh i vi tng sn phm ca ngn hng. Hin ti cc ngn hng ang trin khai rng ri hnh thc cho vay tiu dng tn chp th ch cn c iu kin cn v cc h s theo qui nh l bn c th vay c tin m khng cn c ti sn m bo.

tn dng d hiu nht l cho vay(khc cho m n), vi cc iu kin sau: - s tin vay - thi hn vay

- li sut vay VD: ti cho bn vay 500.000, thi hn 1 thng , li sut 1%/thng. cho vay c th gia c nhn vi c nhn, c nhn vi t chc, ngn hng vi c nhn v t chc. thc t ta hay thy ngn hng cho vay.

1.1 Tn dng: Khi nim: Tn dng lkhi nim th hin mi quan h gia ngi cho vay v ngi vay. Trong quan h ny, ngi cho vay c nhim v chuyn giao quyn s dng tin hoc hng ho cho vay cho ngi i vay trong mt thi gian nht nh. Ngi i vay c ngha v tr s tin hoc gi tr hng ho vay khi n hn tr n c km hoc khng km theo mt khon li. TD c v tr quan trng i vi vic tch t, tn dng cc ngun vn tm thi nhn ri pht trin kinh doanh. TD c phn loi theo cc tiu thc: thi hn TD (TD ngn hn, trung hn, di hn); i t ng TD (TD vn c nh, TD vn lu ng); mc ch s dng vn (TD sn xut v lu thng hng ho, TD trong tiu dng); ch th trong quan h TD (TD hng ho, TD thng mi, TD nh nc). theo Bch Khoa ton th PGS. TS Phm Hng Vit. C th din gii khi nim ny mt cch n gin hn nh sau: D a vo ngha ca 02 t Tn v Dng trong cm t ta thy rng Tn l ch tn, Dng hiu nm na l s dng, ghp 2 t li ta c 1 khi nim d hiu Tn dng l vic s dng vn, ti sn ca ngi khc bng uy tn, tn nhim ca ngi s dng. R rng, trong khi nim ny t nht phi c 02 ch th: Ngi c vn (Ngi cho vay) mun cho vay v Ngi c ch tn (hoc ti sn th chp) mun i vay (Ngi i vay). Ngi cho vay c quyn s hu vn nhng cha/khng c nhu cu s dng vn nn chuyn giao Quyn s dng cho Ngi i vay. Ngi i vay ch c quyn s dng, khng c quyn s hu i vi mn vay. V c bn, trong cc NHTM hin nay tn dng c chia thnh 02 mng chnh:

Tn dng c nhn: Phc v cc khch hng c nhn, nhu cu phc v i sng nh: vay mua nh, mua t, du hc, kinh doanh, phc v i sng c nhn .. Tn dng doanhh nghip: Phc v cc khch hng doanh nghip, nhu cu vn cho sn xut kinh doanh nh: cho vay b sung vn lu ng, mua sm ti sn, thanh ton cng n khc (tr trng h p vay tr n ngn hng khc).

Tng trng tn dng l g?

Tng trng tn dng l s tng ln ca cc khon cho vay cho khi t nhn, c nhn, tp th hoc t chc cng cng. Cng thc tnh Khi lng cho vay k N
_________________________________

-1 Khi lng cho vay k N-1 Khi lng cho vay (tn dng) c lin h mt thit vi M2 money supply. Mc tng ca credit growth v money supply cng xp x nhau. Tng trng tn dng c Ngn hng trung ng thng k; tuy nhin, Vit Nam tip cn nhng thng tin nh vy hi kh, hoc khng kp thi, khng u n. Nhng d liu lch s d tm thy trang web ca Asian Development Bank v International Monetary Fund.

Tn dng l g? Cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau: 1. T chc tn dng l doanh nghip thc hin mt, mt s hoc tt c cc hot ng ngn hng. T chc tn dng bao gm ngn hng, t chc tn dng phi ngn hng, t chc ti chnh vi m v qu tn dng nhn dn. 2. Ngn hngl loi hnh t chc tn dng c th c thc hin tt c cc hot ng ngn hng theo quy nh ca Lut ny. Theo tnh cht v mc tiu hot ng, cc loi hnh ngn hng bao gm ngn hng thng mi, ngn hng chnh sch, ngn hng hp tc x. 3. Ngn hng thng mil loi hnh ngn hng c thc hin tt c cc hot ng ngn hng v cc hot ng kinh doanh khc theo quy nh ca lut nhm mc tiu li nhun. 4. T chc tn dng phi ngn hng l loi hnh t chc tn dng c thc hin mt hoc mt s hot ng ngn hng theo quy nh ca Lut ny, tr cc hot ng nhn tin gi ca c nhn v cung ng cc dch v thanh ton qua ti khon ca khch hng. T chc tn dng phi ngn hng bao gm cng ty ti chnh, cng ty cho thu ti chnh v cc t chc tn dng phi ngn hng khc. Cng ty cho thu ti chnh l loi hnh cng ty ti chnh c hot ng chnh l cho thu ti chnh theo quy nh ca Lut 5. T chc ti chnh vi m l loi hnh t chc tn dng ch yu thc hin mt s hot ng ngn hng nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc c nhn, h gia nh c thu nhp thp v doanh nghip siu nh. 6. Qu tn dng nhn dn l t chc tn dng do cc php nhn, c nhn v h gia nh t nguyn thnh lp di hnh thc hp tc x thc hin mt s hot ng ngn hng theo quy nh ca Lut nhm mc tiu ch yu l tng tr nhau pht trin sn xut, kinh doanh v i sng. 7. Ngn hng hp tc x l ngn hng ca tt c cc qu tn dng nhn dn do cc qu tn dng nhn dn v mt s php nhn gp vn thnh lp theo quy nh ca Lut ny nhm mc tiu ch yu l lin kt h thng, h tr ti chnh, iu ha vn trong h thng cc qu tn dng nhn dn. 8. T chc tn dng nc ngoi l t chc tn dng c thnh lp nc ngoi theo quy nh ca php lut nc ngoi. T chc tn dng nc ngoi c hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam di hnh thc vn phng i din, ngn hng lin doanh, ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi, chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi, cng ty ti chnh lin doanh, cng ty ti chnh 100% vn nc ngoi, cng ty cho thu ti chnh lin doanh, cng ty cho thu ti chnh 100% vn nc ngoi. Ngn hng lin doanh, ngn hng 100% vn nc ngoi l loi hnh ngn hng thng mi; cng ty ti chnh lin doanh, cng ty ti chnh 100% vn nc ngoi l loi hnh cng ty ti chnh;

cng ty cho thu ti chnh lin doanh, cng ty cho thu ti chnh 100% vn nc ngoi l loi hnh cng ty cho thu ti chnh theo quy nh ca Lut. 9. Chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi l n v ph thuc ca ngn hng nc ngoi, khng c t cch php nhn, c ngn hng nc ngoi bo m chu trch nhim v mi ngha v, cam kt ca chi nhnh ti Vit Nam. 10. Vn t cgm gi tr thc ca vn iu l ca t chc tn dng hoc vn c cp ca chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi v cc qu d tr, mt s ti sn n khc theo quy nh ca Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam (sau y gi l Ngn hng Nh nc). 11. Giy php bao gm Giy php thnh lp v hot ng ca t chc tn dng, Giy php thnh lp chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi, Giy php thnh lp vn phng i din ca t chc tn dng nc ngoi, t chc nc ngoi khc c hot ng ngn hng do Ngn hng Nh nc cp. Vn bn ca Ngn hng Nh nc v sa i, b sung Giy php l mt b phn khng tch ri ca Giy php. 12. Hot ng ngn hng l vic kinh doanh, cung ng thng xuyn mt hoc mt s cc nghip v sau y: a) Nhn tin gi; b) Cp tn dng; c) Cung ng dch v thanh ton qua ti khon. 13. Nhn tin gi l hot ng nhn tin ca t chc, c nhn di hnh thc tin gi khng k hn, tin gi c k hn, tin gi tit kim, pht hnh chng ch tin gi, k phiu, tn phiu v cc hnh thc nhn tin gi khc theo nguyn tc c hon tr y tin gc, li cho ngi gi tin theo tha thun. 14. Cp tn dng l vic tha thun t chc, c nhn s dng mt khon tin hoc cam kt cho php s dng mt khon tin theo nguyn tc c hon tr bng nghip v cho vay, chit khu, cho thu ti chnh, bao thanh ton, bo lnh ngn hng v cc nghip v cp tn dng khc. 15. Cung ng dch v thanh ton qua ti khon l vic cung ng phng tin thanh ton; thc hin dch v thanh ton sc, lnh chi, y nhim chi, nh thu, y nhim thu, th ngn hng, th tn dng v cc dch v thanh ton khc cho khch hng thng qua ti khon ca khch hng. 16. Cho vayl hnh thc cp tn dng, theo bn cho vay giao hoc cam kt giao cho khch hng mt khon tin s dng vo mc ch xc nh trong mt thi gian nht nh theo tha thun vi nguyn tc c hon tr c gc v li. 17. Bao thanh ton l hnh thc cp tn dng cho bn bn hng hoc bn mua hng thng qua vic mua li c bo lu quyn truy i cc khon phi thu hoc cc khon phi tr pht sinh t vic mua, bn hng ho, cung ng dch v theo hp ng mua, bn hng ho, cung ng dch v.

18. Bo lnh ngn hngl hnh thc cp tn dng, theo t chc tn dng cam kt vi bn nhn bo lnh v vic t chc tn dng s thc hin ngha v ti chnh thay cho khch hng khi khch hng khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng y ngha v cam kt; khch hng phi nhn n v hon tr cho t chc tn dng theo tha thun. 19. Chit khul vic mua c k hn hoc mua c bo lu quyn truy i cc cng c chuyn nhng, giy t c gi khc ca ngi th hng trc khi n hn thanh ton. 20. Ti chit khul vic chit khu cc cng c chuyn nhng, giy t c gi khc c chit khu trc khi n hn thanh ton. 21. Mi gii tin tl vic lm trung gian c thu ph mi gii thu xp thc hin cc hot ng ngn hng v cc hot ng kinh doanh khc gia cc t chc tn dng, t chc ti chnh khc. 22. Ti khon thanh ton l ti khon tin gi khng k hn ca khch hng m ti ngn hng s dng cc dch v thanh ton do ngn hng cung ng. 23. Sn phm phi sinhl cng c ti chnh c nh gi theo bin ng d kin v gi tr ca mt ti sn ti chnh gc nh t gi, li sut, ngoi hi, tin t hoc ti sn ti chnh khc. 24. Gp vn, mua c phn ca t chc tn dng l vic t chc tn dng gp vn cu thnh vn iu l, mua c phn ca cc doanh nghip, t chc tn dng khc, bao gm c vic cp vn, gp vn vo cng ty con, cng ty lin kt ca t chc tn dng; gp vn vo qu u t v y thc vn cho cc t chc khc gp vn, mua c phn theo cc hnh thc nu trn. 25. Khon u t di hnh thc gp vn, mua c phn nhm nm quyn kim sot doanh nghip bao gm khon u t chim trn 50% vn iu l hoc vn c phn c quyn biu quyt ca mt doanh nghip hoc khon u t khc chi phi quyt nh ca i hi ng c ng hoc Hi ng thnh vin. 26. C ng ln ca t chc tn dng c phn l c ng s hu trc tip, gin tip t 5% vn c phn c quyn biu quyt tr ln ca t chc tn dng c phn . 27. S hu gin tipl vic t chc, c nhn s hu vn iu l, vn c phn ca t chc tn dng thng qua ngi c lin quan hoc thng qua y thc u t. 28. Ngi c lin quanl t chc, c nhn c quan h trc tip hoc gin tip vi t chc, c nhn khc thuc mt trong cc trng hp sau y: a) Cng ty m vi cng ty con v ngc li; t chc tn dng vi cng ty con ca t chc tn dng v ngc li; cc cng ty con ca cng mt cng ty m hoc ca cng mt t chc tn dng vi nhau; ngi qun l, thnh vin Ban kim sot ca cng ty m hoc ca t chc tn dng, c nhn hoc t chc c thm quyn b nhim nhng ngi ny vi cng ty con v ngc li; b) Cng ty hoc t chc tn dng vi ngi qun l, thnh vin Ban kim sot ca cng ty hoc

t chc tn dng hoc vi cng ty, t chc c thm quyn b nhim nhng ngi v ngc li; c) Cng ty hoc t chc tn dng vi t chc, c nhn s hu t 5% vn iu l hoc vn c phn c quyn biu quyt tr ln ti cng ty hoc t chc tn dng v ngc li; d) C nhn vi v, chng, cha, m, con, anh, ch, em ca ngi ny; ) Cng ty hoc t chc tn dng vi c nhn theo quy nh ti im d khon ny ca ngi qun l, thnh vin Ban kim sot, thnh vin gp vn hoc c ng s hu t 5% vn iu l hoc vn c phn c quyn biu quyt tr ln ca cng ty hoc t chc tn dng v ngc li; e) C nhn c y quyn i din cho t chc, c nhn quy nh ti cc im a, b, c, d v khon ny vi t chc, c nhn y quyn; cc c nhn c y quyn i din phn vn gp ca cng mt t chc vi nhau. 29. Cng ty lin kt ca t chc tn dng l cng ty trong t chc tn dng hoc t chc tn dng v ngi c lin quan ca t chc tn dng s hu trn 11% vn iu l hoc trn 11% vn c phn c quyn biu quyt, nhng khng phi l cng ty con ca t chc tn dng . 30. Cng ty con ca t chc tn dng l cng ty thuc mt trong cc trng hp sau y: a) T chc tn dng hoc t chc tn dng v ngi c lin quan ca t chc tn dng s hu trn 50% vn iu l hoc trn 50% vn c phn c quyn biu quyt; b) T chc tn dng c quyn trc tip hoc gin tip b nhim a s hoc tt c thnh vin Hi ng qun tr, Hi ng thnh vin hoc Tng gim c (Gim c) ca cng ty con; c) T chc tn dng c quyn sa i, b sung iu l ca cng ty con; d) T chc tn dng v ngi c lin quan ca t chc tn dng trc tip hay gin tip kim sot vic thng qua ngh quyt, quyt nh ca i hi ng c ng, Hi ng qun tr, Hi ng thnh vin ca cng ty con. 31. Ngi qun l t chc tn dng bao gm Ch tch, thnh vin Hi ng qun tr; Ch tch, thnh vin Hi ng thnh vin; Tng gim c (Gim c) v cc chc danh qun l khc theo quy nh ti iu l ca t chc tn dng. 32. Ngi iu hnh t chc tn dng bao gm Tng gim c (Gim c), Ph Tng gim c (Ph gim c), K ton trng, Gim c chi nhnh v cc chc danh tng ng theo quy nh ti iu l ca t chc tn dng. http://www.cfoviet.com/2011/07/credit-risk-rui-ro-tin-dung-la-gi.html http://songthan.info/module/tailieu.php?tmp0=793720 http://www.saga.vn/view.aspx?id=8002

Ngi bt ca tri thc Tnh thn ca tui tr

nh gi tin dng l g? TCPT s 37

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LTS: Thi gian va qua cc cng ty tn dng lin tc h thp mc tn dng ca Vit Nam. Nm 2008, t chc nh gi tn nhim quc t Standard & Poors nh gi li tm nhn ca mnh v ch s tn dng quc gia (sovereign credit rating) ca Vit Nam t n nh (stable) xung tiu cc (negative), mt du hiu ln u tin v s lo ngi quc t i vi kh nng chnh quyn H Ni lm ngui nn kinh t qu nng ca mnh. Trong bi bo ng trn t Financial Time vo thng 5/2008, S&P cnh bo v kh nng xy ra nhng hnh ng sai lm trong chnh sch v tnh cnh khn qun ca h thng ngn hng s c th y ti mt hnh ng cu tr ti chnh t gi ca chnh ph. V thng 7/2010 va qua, mc tn nhim n ca Vit Nam b Fitch Rating h t BB- xung cn B+ do yu km ca h thng ti chnh v ngn hng, nn kinh t b la ha v chnh sch kinh t v m bt nht. Cc hng nh gi mc tn nhim khc khng thay i quan im ca h i

vi Vit Nam. Moodys xc nh mt trin vng sng sa, v a ra mc Ba3 trong khon n di hn ca Vit Nam cho c ngoi t v ni t.

tm hiu thm nh gi tn dng l g v cc yu t trong vic nh gi tn dng ln ri ro tn dng, PHA TRC gi n qu c gi mt s ti liu lin quan n vn ny trn Wikipedia. nh gi tn dng thng d a trn mc tin cy c tnh ca tng c nhn, cng ty, hoc thm ch mt quc gia. y l mt nh gi ca vn phng tn dng d a trn lch s tn dng tng th ca ngi vay. nh gi tn dng cng c bit n nh s nh gi kh nng tr n , c chun b bi c quan tn dng theo yu cu ca ngi cho vay (theo T in Black ca Lut). Xp hng tn dng c tnh t lch s ti chnh, ti sn hin hnh v cc khon n . Thng thng, cc cng ty nh gi tn dng cho ngi cho vay hoc ch u t bit xc sut ca cc i t ng c kh nng tr li khon vay hay khng. Tuy nhin trong nhng nm gn y, xp hng tn dng cng c s dng iu chnh ph bo him, xc nh iu kin vic lm, v thit lp s tin t cc thu mn. Mt nh gi tn dng xu cho thy nguy c cao ngi vay khng tr n ng k (hoc khng c kh nng tr n ), v do dn n li sut cao, hoc t chi cc khon vay ca ch n . Xp hng tn dng c nhn im tn dng ca mt c nhn, cng vi bo co tn dng ca mnh c th nh hng n kh nng vay tin thng qua cc t chc ti chnh nh ngn hng. Cc yu t c th nh hng n xp hng tn dng c nhn bao gm kh nng chi tr mt khon vay, li xut, lng tn dng c s dng, cc m hnh tit kim, cc mu chi tiu, v n. Cc h thng xp hng tn dng c nhn s khc nhau ty thuc vo mi quc gia. Bc M

Ti Hoa K, lch s tn dng ca mi c nhn c bin dch v duy tr bi cc cng ty gi l vn phng tn dng. Mc tin cy tn dng thng c xc nh thng qua mt phn tch thng k ca cc d liu tn dng c sn. Mt dng ph bin ca phn tch ny l im tn dng 3-ch s c cung cp bi cc cng ty dch v ti chnh c lp nh im tn dng FICO. FICO l thng hiu c ng k, vit tt cho Fair Isaac Corporation, trong cng ty ny c nhng bc i tin phong trong khi nim nh gi tn dng vo cui thp nin 1950. H s Beacon v im ECRID l cc h thng nh gia tn dng mi hn, c thnh lp trong nhng nm gn y. [Xem www.investopedia.com] Phng Tn dng v Bo co Cc cng ty H s Tn dng bao gm Transunion, Experian, ECRID, v Equifax. Ti Canada, cc xp hng ph bin nht l North America Standard Account Rating, cn c gi l Xp hng R, trong c c s im t R0 n R9. R0 cp n mt ti khon mi; R1 cp n cc khon thanh ton v thi gian; R9 cp n khon n xu. Rt t ngi duy tr tnh trng R0 trong mt thi gian di, nhng c c ch tng t din ra Canada cho php c nhn cp nht mc xp hng tn dng hng thng ca mnh thng qua cc cng ty trn. Chu c (c i Li v Tn Ty Lan) Ti c, Vn Phng y Vin Bo mt thuc Chnh ph c cung cp thng tin v cch c c mt bn bo co tn dng ca bn. Bo co tn dng c nhn ti c c cung cp min ph. C hai c quan bo co tn dng chnh l Veda Advantage v Dun & Bradstreet. Ngi dn sng Tasmania c th lin h vi Tasmanian Collection Service. Xp hn tn dng cc cng ty v tp on Cc nh gi tn dng cng ty/tp on l ch s ti chnh cho nh u t ca cc chng khon n nh tri phiu. y l nhng phn cng ca c quan nh gi tn dng nh AM Best, Dun & Bradstreet, Standard & Poor, Moody hay Fitch v c tn gi nh A, B, C. Theo Standard & Poor, t tuyt vi n xu nht: AAA, AA +, AA, AA-, A +, A, A-, BBB +, BBB, BBB-, BB +, BB, BB-, B +, B, B-, CCC +, CCC, CCC-, CC, C, D. Bt c ch s no thp hn BBB- c xem mt s u c hoc tri phiu ph thi. H thng nh gi ca Moody cng tng t nhng tn t c vi nt khc nhau, t tuyt vi n xu nht: AAA, Aa1, Aa2, AA3, A1, A2, A3, Baa1, Baa2,

Baa3, BA1, Ba2, Ba3, B1, B2, B3, Caa1, Caa2, Caa3, Ca, C. Hng tn dng A.M. Best c mc nh gi t tuyt vi n ti t nht theo cch thc sau: A + +, A +, A, A-, B + +, B +, B, B-, C + +, C +, C, C-, D, E, F, v S. Ch s tn dng cc quc gia nh gi tn dng cc quc gia l nh gi tn dng ca mt th c th c ch quyn, tc l mt chnh ph quc gia. Vic xp hng tn dng quc gia ch ra mc ri ro ca mi trng u t ca mt t nc v c s dng bi cc nh u t nhm tm kim mi trng trong vic u t nc ngoi. nh gi ny bao gm nhng ri ro chnh tr. S nh gi c tip tc chia thnh cc thnh phn bao gm c ri ro chnh tr v ri ro kinh t. Euromoney hng nm nh gi nguy c ca tng quc gia qua Country Risk Survey, theo di s n nh chnh tr v kinh t ca 185 quc gia c ch quyn. Kt qu tp trung ht v kinh t, c bit l ri ro quc gia v/hoc cc ri ro thanh ton cho nh xut khu mc nh (ri ro thng mi tn dng). c thm nh gi tn dng cc quc gia trn bo The Guardian. Cng ty tn dng A.M. Best nh ngha ri ro quc gia nh nguy c c th ca tng quc gia lin quan n cc yu t bt l i c th nh hng n kh nng ca cc hng bo him trong vic p ng cc ngha v ti chnh. Cc quc gia t ri ro nht (Thng 3/2010) im cao nht l 100 Ngun: Euromoney Country risk March 2010 Overall score 94.05 92.35 90.65 88.55 87.81 86.81 86.50

Rank Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 6 5 7

Country Norway Luxembourg Switzerland Denmark Finland Sweden Austria

11

Canada

86.09

Netherlands

84.86

10

Australia

84.16

Vn phng tn dng v cc c quan xp hng tn dng im tn dng cho cc c nhn c phn cng bi cc vn phng tn dng (M; Anh: cc c quan tn dng tham chiu). Xp hng tn dng cho cc tp on v quc gia c giao ph bi cc c quan nh gi tn dng. Ti Hoa K, cc vn phng tn dng chnh l Experian, Equifax, Transunion, ECRID. Mt c quan tn dng khc tng i mi M l Innovis. Anh, cc c quan tn dng chnh cho cc c nhn l Experian, Equifax, v Callcredit. Ti y khng c xp hng tn dng ph qut nh Hoa K, thay v im tn dng ca mi c nhn d a trn danh sch ca ring mnh vi s mong mun ca mt khch hng hon ho. Ti Canada, cc vn phng tn dng chnh cho cc c nhn l Equifax, Transunion v North Credit Bureaus/Experian. Ti n , c quan nh gi tn dng thng mi bao gm CRISIL, CARE, ICRA v Brickwork Rating. Cc vn phng tn dng cho cc c nhn n bao gm Cc Thng tin tn dng (n ) Limited (CIBIL) v Phng ng k tn dng (CRO). Cc c quan nh gi tn dng thng mi ln nht (trong c xu hng hot ng trn ton th gii) l Dun & Bradstreet, Moodys, Standard v Poors v Fitch Ratings. Ngy 14 thng 7, 2010, Dagong International Credit Rating Company t Trung Quc pht hnh cc nh gi tn dng trong mt n l c nhm cnh tranh vi cc c quan xp hng tn dng phng Ty.

Ri ro tn dng Ri ro tn dng l ngn t thng c s dng trong hot ng cho vay ca ngn hng hoc trn th trng ti chnh. l kh nng khng chi tr c n ca ngi i vay i vi ngi cho vay khi n hn phi thanh ton. Lun l ngi cho vay phi chu

ri ro khi chp nhn mt h p ng cho vay tn dng. Bt k mt h p ng cho vay no cng c ri ro tn dng. nh gi ri ro tn dng nh gi ri ro tn dng l cng vic thuc v cc chuyn vin phn tch, chuyn vin k ton v chuyn vin kim ton. Mc ri ro cao hay thp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan ca mc ch vay vn cng nh hot ng ca ngi vay vn. Cc yu t khch quan Cc yu t khch quan thng l nhng nhn nhn ban u v tng qut v trin vng ca d n cn vay vn. Nu d n c trin vng thnh cng cao th ri ro tn dng thp v ng c li. Cc yu t ny bao gm: - Mi trng kinh t: th trng, i th cnh tranh, kh nng tiu th - S pht trin ca ngnh lin quan: nu ngnh lin quan n d n ang giai on pht trin th d n c nhiu kh nng thnh cng. Ng c li; nu ngnh lin quan n d n ang giai on suy thoi v c nhiu cng ty trong ngnh lm n thua l th kh nng thnh cng ca d n l thp. - Mi trng php l: Lut bo him, lut lao ng, lut cnh tranh l nhng iu khon cn c quan tm khi nh gi mt d n. Cc yu t ch quan Cc yu t ch quan c th c hiu l tnh tin cy ca doanh nghip i vay hay kh nng tr n ca doanh nghip khi n hn. Nhn t ny c phn tch ch yu d a vo cc d liu k ton ca doanh nghip. - Hiu qu hot ng hin ti ca doanh nghip: kt qu kinh doanh hng qu v hng nm ca doanh nghip. - Cc khon tn dng hin ti v lch s ca cc khon tn dng qu kh ca doanh nghip: Nu hin ti doanh nghip ang c cc khon vay khc v c cc khon vay tn dng qu hn cha c thanh ton hay doanh nghip c cc khon vay tn dng c thanh ton nhng thng qu hn phi chi tr th tn tin cy ca doanh nghip l thp, v vic cho doanh nghip vay tn dng s c ri ro cao.

- Kh nng ti chnh ca doanh nghip: c cn c d a vo vn t c, cc khon cho vay, ti sn th chp, ngi bo lnhCc ngn hng c th nh gi mc ri ro tn dng trn c s xc nh t l tng vn cn vay ca doanh nghip/vn t c ca doanh nghip. Nu t l ny l cao th ri ro tn dng cao, v ng c li. - Tnh thanh khon cng l mt nhn t nh hng n ri ro tn dng. D doanh nghip c tnh trng kinh t tt nhng nu tnh thanh khon hay kh nng huy ng tin mt khng cao th doanh nghip c nhiu kh nng phi thanh ton n qu hn quy nh. iu ny ng ngha vi vic doanh nghip c ri ro tn dng cao. Ri ro tn dng i vi cc ngn hng thng mi Mt trong nhng hot ng chnh ca ngn hng thng mi l hot ng cho vay nn ri ro tn dng l mt nhn t ht sc quan trng, i hi cc ngn hng phi c kh nng phn tch, nh gi v qun l ri ro hiu qu v nu ngn hng chp nhn nhiu khon cho vay c ri ro tn dng cao th ngn hng c kh nng phi i mt vi tnh trng thiu vn hay tnh thanh khon thp. iu ny c th lm gim hot ng kinh doanh thu l i nhun ca ngn hng, thm ch ph sn. V th b phn qun l tn dng v qun tr ri ro l hai b phn khng th thiu trong c cu t chc ca bt k ngn hng thng mi no. Tn dng h p tc l g? 15/12/2011 17:18 | 80 lt xem NHN DIN NHNG YU T GP PHN BO M AN TON CHO LOI HNH T CHC TN DNG HP TC VT QUA CUC KHNG HONG V BI HC I VI VIT NAM ThS. Don Hu Tu n nay, cn bo khng hong ti chnh ton cu gy ra khng bit bao h ly cho nn kinh t th gii ni chung v khu vc ti chnh - ngn hng ni ring. Trong lch s kinh t th gii hin i, cha bao gi hng hot i gia hng u trong lnh vc ti chnh phi gnh chu nhng tn tht nng n khin Chnh ph cc nc c nn kinh t hng mnh nh M, Nht, c, Anh, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, phi b ra nhng khon tin khng l gii cu nn kinh t.

Tuy nhin, c mt iu t c l trong khi hng lot nhng tp on ti chnh vn c xem nh nhng chin hm khng l b chao o, thm ch bin mt trong cn bo khng hong th cc t chc tn dng (TCTD) hp tc - vn c v nh nhng chic thuyn nan mong manh li c th vt qua sng gi mt cc bnh an v s. Tht vy, cho n nay, khi cuc khng hong qua nh im, cha c mt h thng TCTD hp tc no trn th gii b v. Ngay trong lng nc M - ni c xem l tm bo v cc quc gia ln cn nh Canaa hay Mhic, cc TCTD hp tc vn tr vng, d nhng kh khn l khng th trnh khi. Thc t ny t ra mt cu hi: Ti sao cc TCTD hp tc vi tim lc ti chnh, nng lc qun l v trnh cng ngh hn ch hn nhiu so vi cc loi hnh nh ch ti chnh khc li c th vt qua khng hong mt cch ngon mc nh vy? Trong khun kh bi vit ny, tc gi khng c tham vng l gii mt cch thu o vn t ra m ch xin tp trung phn tch mt s kha cnh lin quan; qua , rt ra nhng bi hc hu ch i vi h thng qu tn dng nhn dn (QTDND) Vit Nam trong bi cnh hin nay. I- Nhng yu t c trng c bn gp phn m bo an ton cho loi hnh TCTD hp tc - Cc TCTD hp tc thng khng chu p lc phi t c li nhun cao nht bng mi gi V mt khi nim, TCTD hp tc c hiu l mt loi hnh trung gian ti chnh c thnh lp, qun l v kim sot bi cc thnh vin l nhng ngi c cng nhu cu th hng cc dch v ti chnh (nh gi tit kim, tn dng, bo him, thanh ton,) v c nhng c im tng ng v ni c tr hay ngh nghip. Trn th gii, mi loi hnh TCTD hp tc u xc nh mc tiu hot ng cao c nht l pht huy sc mnh on kt, tng tr gia cc thnh vin nhm nng cao nng lc sn xut, kinh doanh ca tng thnh vin v gp phn pht trin kinh t - x hi cho cng ng dn c trn a bn. Do khng chu p lc phi t c mc tiu li nhun bng mi gi nn cc TCTD hp tc lun u t theo nguyn tc thn trng, tc l khng mo him. Nh vy, c th ni y chnh l mt trong nhng yu t u tin m bo s an ton cho hot ng ca cc TCTD hp tc. - Cc nguyn tc t chc v hot ng to nn s gn b bn cht gia thnh vin (ch s hu ng thi l khch hng) vi TCTD hp tc Mc du mi mt nc c cch din t khc nhau v nguyn tc t chc v hot ng ca loi hnh TCTD hp tc nhng v c bn, ni hm ca cc nguyn tc ny l kh thng nht: + Nguyn tc t nguyn: Mi cng dn, cc h gia nh v cc i tng khc c iu kin theo quy nh u c th gia nhp TCTD hp tc. Khi khng cn nhu cu, thnh vin c quyn ra khi TCTD hp tc. Ni cch khc, vic gia nhp hay ra khi TCTD hp tc l hon ton t nguyn v khng chu bt k s cng p no. ng nhin, s t nguyn ny phi nm trong khun kh ca nhng quy nh c th, va nhm m bo quyn t do la chn ca thnh vin nhng li va m bo tnh n nh trong t chc v hot ng ca TCTD hp tc. + Nguyn tc qun l dn ch v bnh ng: Sau khi gia nhp, mi thnh vin u c quyn tham gia qun l TCTD hp tc thng qua cc quyn c bn ca thnh vin, l: c d i

hi thnh vin tho lun v biu quyt cc vn quan trng ca TCTD hp tc; c ng c, bu c vo b my qun tr, kim sot v iu hnh ca TCTD hp tc; c cung cp cc thng tin cn thit lin quan n hot ng ca TCTD hp tc; cc thnh vin c quyn ngang nhau trong biu quyt (mi thnh vin bng mt phiu bu, khng phn bit s vn gp). y chnh l mt trong nhng im khc bit c bn ca loi hnh TCTD hp tc so vi cc loi hnh TCTD c phn khc. + Nguyn tc t chu trch nhim v cng c li: Vi t cch l mt doanh nghip, TCTD hp tc t chu trch nhim v kt qu hot ng ca mnh, t quyt nh v phn phi thu nhp; ng thi, m bo rng TCTD hp tc v cc thnh vin cng c li. + Nguyn tc chia li m bo kt hp li ch ca thnh vin v s pht trin ca TCTD hp tc: Theo nguyn tc truyn thng, li nhun ca TCTD hp tc khng c chia theo vn gp, v iu ny c th lm xi mn tinh thn hp tc, cao t tng li nhun, nhng nu khng chia th khng th thu ht c ng o thnh vin tham gia. Tuy nhin, nu chia ton b li nhun theo vn gp th rt d quay tr v m hnh doanh nghip thng mi, theo li nhun c bn chia theo vn gp v nh vy th TCTD hp tc khng cn c li th trong vic khuyn khch tinh thn tng tr cng ng. V vy, qua qu trnh pht trin lu di ca cc TCTD hp tc, nguyn tc ny mi c vn dng nhm m bo s hi ha gia li ch ca thnh vin vi s pht trin ca TCTD hp tc. Nhn chung, li nhun ca TCTD hp tc c th c s dng vo nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh: Tr li vn gp; tr thng theo mc s dng sn phm, dch v; trch lp qu pht trin, qu d phng ri ro,.. Ngoi ra, TCTD hp tc cn c th s dng li nhun cn li p ng nhu cu gio dc, tp hun, cung cp thng tin cho thnh vin; p ng nhu cu sinh hot vn ha - x hi chung ca cng ng; ng gp vo cc hot ng t thin v tham gia vo cc loi qu pht trin cng ng dn c a phng,... + Nguyn tc hp tc v pht trin cng ng: Khi gia nhp TCTD hp tc, thnh vin c trch nhim pht huy ti a tinh thn tp th, nng cao thc on kt, hp tc v tng tr ln nhau trong ni b tng TCTD hp tc cng nh trong cng ng x hi; ng thi, gp phn thc y pht trin mi quan h hp tc gia cc TCTD hp tc trong v ngoi nc. + Nguyn tc s dng dch v thng xuyn: gp phn to iu kin cho TCTD hp tc hot ng bn vng, cc thnh vin phi s dng sn phm, dch v ca TCTD hp tc mt cch u n. Ni cch khc, cc thnh vin c trch nhim gp phn tng doanh s hot ng ca TCTD hp tc thng qua vic s dng cc sn phm, dch v do TCTD hp tc cung cp. V thc cht, y khng phi l nguyn tc truyn thng nn cc TCTD hp tc c th p dng hoc khng p dng. Chnh cc nguyn tc hp tc x ny to nn s gn b t nguyn nhng ht sc cht ch gia TCTD hp tc vi cc thnh vin ca n. Mi mt thnh vin khi gia nhp vo TCTD hp tc u xc nh s gn b lu di, khng ch v li ch ca ring mnh m cn v li ch ca cng ng. Mt khc, vic s dng cc sn phm, dch v ca TCTD hp tc khng ch l nhu cu m cn l trch nhim, l ngha v ca thnh vin. iu ny hon ton khc bit vi cc c ng ca cc TCTD thng mi.

- Cc thnh vin (ng thi l khch hng v l ch s hu) lun hiu r tnh hnh hot ng ca TCTD hp tc Ni chung, cc TCTD hp tc thng hot ng trong mt a bn dn c nht nh, ni m cc thnh vin ch s dng cc sn phm, dch v ca TCTD hp tc, tr nhng sn phm, dch v m TCTD hp tc khng p ng c. Mt khc, b my kim sot, gim st hot ng ca TCTD hp tc do chnh cc thnh vin bu ra lun sn sng cung cp cc thng tin v tnh hnh t chc v hot ng ca TCTD hp tc. Ngoi ra, cc thnh vin cn c quyn tip cn vi mi thng tin v TCTD hp tc khi cn thit. V vy, nhng bn khon, nghi ng ca cc thnh vin i vi s an ton ca TCTD hp tc lun c gii ta mt cch nhanh chng. Trong cn khng hong, yu t nim tin ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi s tn ti ca mt nh ch ti chnh. Khch hng c th d dng mt nim tin i vi mt TCTD thng mi v nhng l do khng r rng (tc ng tm l, tin n,), nhng cc thnh vin thng ch mt nim tin TCTD hp tc khi nguy c mt an ton tr nn r rng. - Cc TCTD hp tc gn gi v hiu r cc khch hng ca mnh hn so vi cc loi hnh TCTD thng mi khc Hu ht khch hng ca TCTD hp tc l cc i tng c tr hoc sn xut, kinh doanh ti a phng v c quan h cht ch vi TCTD hp tc. V vy, mi bin ng v tnh hnh sn xut, kinh doanh ca khch hng lun c TCTD hp tc nm r v c bin php h tr hoc ng ph kp thi. Ngay c trong giai on khng hong, t l n qu hn ca cc TCTD hp tc vn lun nm trong tm kim sot. - Cc khon u t ca TCTD hp tc thng c an ton cao So vi cc TCTD thng mi, cc khon u t ca TCTD hp tc thng c quy m nh v t khi tp trung vo nhng lnh vc kinh doanh nhy cm c ri ro cao (nh kinh doanh chng khon, bt ng sn,). V vy, trong cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu hin nay, cc TCTD hp tc hu nh khng phi chu nhng tn tht do s st gim ca th trng bt ng sn v th trng chng khon. - Cc TCTD hp tc c kh nng h tr ln nhau thng qua cc hnh thc lin kt h thng y chnh l mt trong nhng yu t ht sc quan trng gip cc TCTD hp tc vt qua cn bo khng hong ti chnh, c bit l nhng nc c cu trc h thng TCTD hp tc hon chnh nh Canada hay CHLB c. Kh nng lin kt h thng ca cc TCTD hp tc c biu hin thng qua hai hnh thc sau: Mt l, lin kt thng qua hot ng, ch yu gm: (i) iu ho vn kh dng trong ton h thng theo nguyn tc bnh thng nhau, trong TCTD u mi ( Vit Nam l QTDND Trung ng) ng vai tr trung gian iu tit; (ii) Trch lp v qun l chung cc loi qu nhm h tr cc TCTD hp tc khi gp kh khn tm thi (qu d phng kh nng chi tr, qu tin gi,), nng cao hiu qu u t i vi nhng d n ln m tng TCTD hp tc cp c s ring l kh thc hin c (qu u t, c ch ng ti tr,..); (iii) Xy dng, p dng cc

chun mc, quy tc v u t an ton, thn trng thng nht cho c h thng; (iv) T vn v cc vn php l v hot ng nghip v; (v) Thit lp h thng thanh ton, thng tin ni b; (vi) Phi hp thc hin cc chng trnh hnh ng chung trong h thng; (vii) Lp bng cn i tng hp chung c th phn tch tnh hnh hot ng ca ton h thng. Hai l, lin kt thng qua c cu t chc: Mc d mi TCTD hp tc l mt php nhn c lp nhng li c lin kt ht sc cht ch thng qua c cu t chc ca h thng. Cc TCTD hp tc cng nhau thnh lp nn t chc i din, bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca mnh. Vi vai tr iu phi hot ng chung ca ton h thng, t chc ny chu trch nhim thit lp v qun l cc t chc h tr lin kt, pht trin h thng nh: T chc kim ton ng vai tr pht hin, ng thi a ra nhng t vn, khuyn ngh gip cc TCTD hp tc kp thi khc phc nhng yu km, bt cp v t chc v hot ng; Qu An ton ng vai tr h tr nhm gip cc TCTD hp tc vt qua kh khn v ti chnh.(Xem bng 1)

Qua phn tch nhng yu t nu trn, tc gi cho rng chnh nhng c trng c bn ca loi hnh TCTD hp tc gp phn gip chng vt qua cn bo khng hong ti chnh ton cu. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l cc h thng TCTD hp tc min dch vi khng hong. Trn thc t, vic hng lot TCTD hp tc v cc nc khng phi l chuyn him nhng ni chung nguyn nhn ch yu u xut pht t nhng yu km v kh nng thch ng vi cc thay i chnh sch v iu ng lu l hu ht cc TCTD hp tc b v u thuc loi m hnh phn tn, tc l s khng c s lin kt cht ch gia cc t chc cu thnh h thng; v d nh s sp ca hng lot Qu tn dng M (nm 1999), Anbani (nhng nm cui thp k 90 ca th k trc) v Vit Nam (1989- 1990). y cng chnh l l do khin hu ht cc TCTD hp tc (trong c h thng QTDND Vit Nam) nh hng pht trin theo m hnh lin kt. II- Mt s bi hc kinh nghim T nhng phn tch trn, c th rt ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim cho h thng QTDND Vit Nam trong giai on hin nay, l: Th nht, cc QTDND cn phi qun trit nhn thc v kin nh vi mc tiu hot ng cao nht l nhm tng tr cng ng ch khng phi li nhun. Khi chy theo mc tiu li nhun, cc QTDND thng c xu hng m rng hot ng cho vay, bt chp nhng quy nh an ton nn rt d dn n nhng ri ro ngoi tm kim sot ca QTDND. Th hai, cn tun th nghim chnh cc nguyn tc v t chc v hot ng ca loi hnh TCTD hp tc; ng thi nu cao tnh t ch, t chu trch nhim v pht huy tinh thn on kt tng tr gia cc n v cu thnh h thng. Bn cnh , vic a ra cc quyt nh quan trng ca h thng cn c thc hin mt cch dn ch v minh bch. lm c vic ny, Hip hi QTDND Vit Nam, vi t cch l t chc i din h thng, cn phi ch ng pht huy vai tr iu phi i vi ton b cc hot ng chung ca h thng QTDND. Th ba, cn y mnh tin hon thin m hnh lin kt h thng QTDND, trc mt cn khn trng nghin cu thnh lp T chc kim ton v Qu An ton h thng cp quc gia. y

chnh l nhn t ng vai tr ht sc quan trng, gp phn m bo cho cc QTDND hot ng an ton v vt qua c nhng tc ng ca cuc khng hong. Th t, cn y mnh cng tc o to ngun nhn lc cho h thng QTDND. Ngoi vic nng cao nng lc qun l, iu hnh v trnh nghip v chuyn mn thng thng, i ng cn b, nhn vin ca cc QTDND cn c trang b nhng kin thc c bn v cp nht nhng thng tin lin quan n cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu. Th nm, cc QTDND cn c bit ch trng n vai tr ca cc thnh vin v thnh vin chnh l nn tng, l nhn t c bn xy dng nn h thng QTDND vng mnh. nng cao vai tr, trch nhim ca thnh vin, cc QTDND cn phi th hin c tnh u vit ca mnh v c bit ch trng n cng tc gio dc, tuyn truyn cho cc thnh vin v li ch v ngha v mt kinh t - x hi trong hot ng ca QTDND. Khi nhn thc y v v tr, vai tr ca mnh, cc thnh vin s c trch nhim v gn b hn vi QTDND. Nh vy, qua vic phn tch, nhn din mt s yu t gp phn gip loi hnh TCTD hp tc vt qua cuc khng hong ti chnh ton cu ang din ra, c th thy rng, nu pht huy c cc u th ca loi hnh TCTD hp tc, h thng QTDND Vit Nam khng ch vt qua c nhng kh khn, thch thc trc mt m cn vng bc trn con ng pht trin bn vng v ng gp ngy cng nhiu cho s nghip pht trin kinh t - x hi trn a bn nng nghip, nng thn. i chnh vi m Ngy 25/8/2010, ti H Ni, trong khun kh D n H tr k thut Chun b khon vay pht trin ngnh ti chnh vi m, Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam (NHNN) phi hp vi Ngn hng Pht trin chu (ADB) t chc Ta m nh gi hot ng ti chnh vi m (TCVM) v nhng im mu cht ca chin lc pht trin ngnh TCVM Vit Nam. Tham d Hi tho c ng Ayumi Konishi - Gim c quc gia ca ADB ti Vit Nam, ng Nguyn Vnh Hng - Ph V trng V Hp tc quc t cng i din mt s B, ngnh, Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi, Qu Tn dng nhn dn trung ng v cc t chc c hot ng TCVM, t chc phi Chnh ph trong nc, quc t. Pht biu khai mc bui Ta m, ng Nguyn Vnh Hng - Ph V trng V Hp tc quc t NHNN, Trng ban Qun l d n Pht trin ngnh TCVM khng nh: Hin nay, TCVM c xem l cng c hu hiu trong chin lc xa i, gim ngho cc quc gia, c bit l nhng nc ang pht trin. Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca hot ng TCVM, NHNN v ADB v ang tch cc h tr cho vic pht trin ngnh TCVM Vit Nam, thng qua vic to dng mt mi trng kinh doanh v php l thun li i i vi gim st hiu qu nhm m bo hot ng TCVM an ton, hiu qu v bn vng. Bui Ta m tp trung vo nhng ni dung chnh gm: Nhng vn c bn v TCVM; Tng quan v thc trng ca th trng TCVM, Xu hng php l nh hng n ngnh TCVM, Phn tch cc im mnh, im yu, cc c hi v thch thc ca ngnh TCVM, Nhng im mu cht trong vic hoch nh chin lc pht trin TCVM Vit Nam...

Thuyt trnh v nhng vn c bn ca TCVM, cc chuyn gia t vn ca ADB nu r: Ngnh TCVM cung cp dch v ti chnh cho ngi ngho, ngi c thu nhp thp, cc doanh nghip vi m v doanh nghip nh; y l cng c hu hiu trong cng cuc xo i gim ngho. H thng ti chnh vi m cn c phn b ti cc lng, x, vi cc dch v ti chnh a dng bn cnh dch v tn dng v cc th tc thun li nhm to iu kin cho ngi ngho, ngi c thu nhp thp c tip cn d dng hn vi t chc TCVM. Cc quc gia cn xy dng ngnh TCVM mt cch c h thng, c kh nng t thu chi m bo hot ng ca mnh v c iu kin gip mt s lng ln nhng ngi ngho. c bit, Chnh ph c vai tr quan trng trong vic to mi trng hot ng cng bng cng vi cc qui nh php l ph hp gip cho cc t chc TCVM hot ng mt cch sng to, c cht lng v bn vng. Vit Nam, tham gia mng li TCVM hin c mt s t chc ln c a bn rng khp cc huyn, x nh Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi, Qu Tn dng nhn dn, Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn cng vi s tham gia ca cc t chc c uy tn nh Hi Ph n Vit Nam, Hi Nng dn Vit Nam, ... . Mt khc, sng kin t chc cng vic theo cch thc Vit Nam ca cc t chc TCVM thng qua vic thit lp cc t tit kim, t vay vn khin cho hot ng TCVM rt hiu qu, thu ht mt s lng ln khch hng tham gia cc a bn vng su, vng xa, vng nng thn. Vit Nam c rt nhiu tim nng ph cp cc dch v TCVM do xu hng tit kim ca ngi ngho ngy cng cao hn do thu nhp tng ln; S tin b ca cng ngh thng tin cho php t chc TCVM hot ng linh hot, hiu qu v c cht lng vi chi ph thp; vic hc hi cc kinh nghim v TCVM t cc nc trn th gii cho php m rng s tip cn nhanh chng v bn vng. Bn cnh , vic Quc hi kha XII mi thng qua Lut cc t chc tn dng sa i to iu kin ngnh TCVM ha nhp vi h thng ti chnh. Trn c s , cc chuyn gia a ra nhn nh: Vic tn dng cc t chc hng u ang tham gia hot ng TCVM hiu qu v c s h tng hin c s gip Vit Nam xy dng c mt ngnh TCVM c kh nng p ng nhu cu v pht trin bn vng. V nhng im mu cht ca chin lc ngnh TCVM Vit Nam, chuyn gia t vn nhn mnh pht trin ngnh TCVM a dng, theo c ch th trng v t bn vng, cc t chc TCVM cn cung cp danh mc cc sn phm v dch v ti chnh ph hp, a dng vi chi ph hp l, bao gm: tit kim, tn dng ngn v di hn, cho thu ti chnh v bao thanh ton, cho vay mua nh, bo him, hu tr, thanh ton, chuyn tin, kiu hi. Cc sn phm dch v cn c cung cp theo c ch th trng v to ra c s khc bit. S khc bit ny khng phi do gi c m da trn cht lng, s a dng sn phm v s hiu qu hot ng. to sn chi cng bng, c th m rng ngun vn hot ng, cc t chc cung cp dch v TCVM cn phi c mt mi trng php l ph hp, phi m bo s minh bch, ng tin cy. Cn phi p dng thng nht cc tiu chun hot ng v m bo an ton i vi tt c cc t chc ny, s dng khung qun tr ri ro qun tr ri ro tn dng, ri ro th trng v ri ro tc nghip da trn cc tiu chun trong nc v quc t i vi cc t chc TCVM Cc i biu tham d bui Ta m t ra nhiu cu hi v c cc chuyn gia t vn ca ADB chia s nhiu kinh nghim quc t qi bu v hot ng ca lnh vc TCVM. Theo VinaCorp NI DUNG, HNH THC SINH HOT CA VI TN DNG TIT KIM

Vi tn dng Tit kim l hnh thc dch v cung cp cho ngi ngho c iu kin tip cn ngun ti chnh sn xut v gii quyt nhng vn kh khn trong cuc sng. Khng nhng th chng trnh cn hng n to v nng cao thc tit kim, cch s dng ti chnh hiu qu cho ngi ngho. Vi tn dng Tit kim hng n gip ngi ngho tit kim hng ngy hng thng to ra ngun vn ng k ca chnh h v phc v sn xut, nhng bn cnh trong thi gian u s lng ti chnh tit kim cn hn ch nn h c th nhn c s h tr ca nhng nh ho tm. Tuy s lng khng nhiu v khng c nh, nhng chnh l ng lc h tr tch cc thc y hot ng tit kim c thc hin trong thi gian u cha n nh. Sau mt thi gian ngun ti chnh tit kim tng i ln c th p ng mt phn no nhu cu ca chnh h, khi h s dng ngun ti chnh tit kim phc v cho hot ng sn xut ca h m khng cn ph thuc vo ngun h tr t bn ngoi. Vi tn dng Tit kim khng hot ng ring l tng c nhn nhng l hot ng da trn nhm hay t, mi nhm c khong t 7 n 15 ngi tham gia. Nhm hot ng da trn hnh thc t qun, t quyt v dn ch, mi ngi u c quyn v ngha v i vi nhm m h l thnh vin. Ban u nhng ngi c cng hon cnh, cng chung nguyn vng mun ci thin i sng v cng chung sng trong mt a bn, t nguyn tp hp nhau trong mt nhm. H tin hnh chn cho mnh mt ngi ng u, l trng nhm ngi ny c trch nhim trong vic iu hnh nhm trong cc sinh hot nh hp nhm nh k hng thng, qun l nhm, thu nhn tin gi tit kim ca cc thnh vin, nhn cc kin ca cc thnh vin trong nhm v 1 ngi ph nhm c trch nhin lm th k ca nhm trong cc bui hp nhm, th qu ca nhm hay thay th trng nhm khi ngi ny khng c mt. C khong 2 n 3 nhm nh th li c tp hp li thnh mt lin t. Mi lin t lp ra mt ban c gi l Ban iu Hnh, gm c 2 hoc 3 ngi trong ban ny lm nhim v iu hnh cc hot ng ca lin t, k c vic thu nhn tin gi tit kim ln quyt nh cho mt thnh vin lin t vay vn tit kim, v chi cho cc hot ng ca lin t m h ph trch. V ph trch chung cc lin t trong cng mt a bn c mt ngi l trng cm, ngi ny c vai tr qun l cao hn Ban iu Hnh, mi khi c nhng vn nm ngoi kh nng gii quyt ca Ban iu Hnh hay ph trch qun l mc bao qut chung th s thuc trch nhim ca ngi trng cm. to tnh lin i tng quan gia cc thnh vin trong nhm, ngoi vic thu nhn gi tit kim, hng thng mi nhm t t chc hp theo nh k trao i vi nhau nhng thng tin v nhiu mt ca i sng, ca sn xut, chia s nhng thun li hay kh khn cho cc thnh vin khc trong nhm cng gip nhau thng tin.

Ngoi ra cc nhm cng c c nhng bui tp hun nhm nng cao nhn thc trong hot ng tit kim, nhng bui sinh hot chung gia cc lin t vi nhau, nhng bui tham quan thc t hc tp kinh nghim nhm nng cao nhn thc bn thn, s t tin, tinh thn cng tc lm vic nhm, ph b ro cn ca s t ti l ngi ngho, ngi dn tc thiu s Thi gian T thng 1/2007 n thng 12/2010 1. n cui nm 2010, quyn s hu ca chng trnh c xc nh v tnh bn vng ti chnh ca chng trnh c m bo. Tt nht c th lin kt chng trnh ny vi Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi hoc chuyn chng trnh thnh mt Qu tn dng Nhn dn vi iu kin nhng ph n ngho v rt ngho c 13 thn c tip cn ngun vn ny; Hoc thnh lp mt t chc ti chnh vi m. 2. n cui nm 2009, 50% s ph n ngho v 50% s ph n ngho nht 13 thn hoc c khong 800 ngi vay vn c li nhun thng xuyn t ngun vn tit kim tn dng. C quan iu phi i tc An Ph Trung tm Ti chnh Vi m v Pht trin (M&D) Ban u l Hi ph n x An Ph, sau c th l mt t chc ti chnh vi m c lp ca a phng. Chng trnh Tit kim & Tn dng mang li li ch cho nhm ph n v cung cp vn ti chnh quan trng cho cc h ngho 5 thn t nm 2001 n 2005. Cn b v nhn dn a phng mong mun m rng chng trnh ny ra 13 thn trong x. Ngh nh v Ti chnh vi m (Ngh nh 28) ca Chnh ph ban hnh nm 2005 nhm chuyn cc d n ti chnh vi m ang hot ng thnh nhng t chc tn dng c lp hp php. Tuy nhin n u nm 2007, Ngh nh ny c v khng cn ph hp na. Gn y Chnh ph c k hoch ch p dng Ngh nh ny cho cc d n tn dng ln (ngun vn trn 300.000 la M). Cn cc d n tn dng nh hn s khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Ngh nh ny bi r rng vic qun l qu nhiu t chc tn dng nh l khng thc t i vi h thng nh nc. Nu khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Ngh nh ny, v m bo tnh bn vng ca chng trnh sau khi kt thc d n th hp phn ny c th chuyn thnh Qu Tn dng Nhn dn (vi nhng quy nh khc) hoc lin kt vi Ngn hng Chnh sch x hi. Phng n chuyn i s c quyt nh sau khi quy nh ca chnh ph r rng hn - n thng 1/2007 vn cha chc chn v khi cc bn lin

Kt qu

Tng quan

quan v Caritas cn nhc k cc phng n cn li. Tuy nhin, hin vic qun l v hot ng ca chng trnh khng c g thay i. 5 thn thc hin chng trnh t An Ph 1, chng trnh s c gng tip cn nhiu h ngho nht hn, cn 8 thn mi trin khai, vic vay vn c u tin cho cc h ngho nht. Cc Quy ch ca chng trnh Tit kim & Tn dng vn gi nguyn nh trong giai on 2000-2005 cng vi hot ng ca cc nhm v cm tn dng, li sut c dng trang tri cc chi ph qun l v hnh chnh ca chng trnh. D n s b sung khong 30.000 la M vo qu vn, nng mc h tr ca d n ln ti khong 56.000 la M (t nm 2000 n 2010). Trong khi n 2010, hy vng ngun t a phng (tit kim bt buc v li) ng gp vo qu vn s t 36.000 la M. B sung qu: 30.000 la M; Chuyn giao/thnh lp t chc ti chnh vi m: 8.000 la M. Tp hun: 2.000 la M. Tng: 40.000 la M.

Ngn sch

Tn Dng nh l g ? Muhammad Yunus Thng 1, 2003 --------------------------------------------------------------------------T microcredit (ting vit l cm t tn dng nh ) cha tn ti giai on trc nm 70s. n nay n tr thnh thi thng trong cc nh hot ng pht trin. Trong tin trnh, t ny b li mang th ngha cho tt c mi ngi. Chng ai git mnh nu mt ngi no s dng cm t tn dng nh ch cho tn dng nng nghip, hay tn dng nng thn, hay hp tc x tn dng, hay tn dng tiu dng, cho vay tn dng ca cc t chc tit kim tn dng, hay ca cc hip hi tn dng, hay t cc ch n t nhn . Khi mt ai khiu ni rng tn dng nh c hng ngn nm lch s, hay mt trm nm, th cng chng ai cho rng l mt mu tin lch s th v. Ti cho rng iu ny to ra rt nhiu s nhm ln v sai lch trong tho lun v tn dng nh. Chng ta khng tht s bit c ai ang ni v vn g? Ti xin ngh chng ta gi cc tn cho cc loi tn dng khc nhau. Qua chng ta c th lm r ngay t ban u cuc tho lun ca mnh loi tn dng nh no chng ta ang bn lun. iu ny rt quan trng i n c mt kt lun c th, thit lp ng cc chnh sch, thnh lp cc t chc v phng thc thch hp. Thay v ch ni tn dng nh chung chung, chng ta nn c th ha loi hnh tn dng nh. Ti xin ngh mt cch xp hng m rng cho tn dng nh:

A) Tn dng nh phi chnh quy truyn thng (chng hn: tn dng ca ch n t nhn, hiu cm , tn dng t bn b v ngi thn, tn dng tieu dng ca th trng phi chinh quy v.v) B) Tn dng nh da trn cc nhm phi chnh quy truyn thng (chng hn, nhm quay vng vn v tit kim, nhm hi v.v) C) Tn dng nh da trn cc hot ng thng qua cc ngn hng chuyn ngnh hay ngn hng c truyn (chng hn, tn dng nng nghip, tn dng chn nui, tn dng nui bt c v.v) D) Tn dng nng thn thng qua cc ngn hng chuyn ngnh. E) Hp tc x tn dng (HTX tn dng; hip hi tn dng, cc t chc tit kim tn dng, ngn hng tit kim v.v) F) Tn dng tiu dng G) Tn dng da trn s hp tc Ngn Hng t chc phi chnh ph (NGOs) H) Tn dng theo m hnh Grameen I) Cc hnh thc tn dng khc ca t chc phi chnh ph J) Cc hnh thc khc v tn dng khng th chp -khng phi ca NGO, y ch l mt xut c gng th phn loi cc m hnh tn dng nh nhm gy s quan tm ch . iu quan trng l mi khi chng ta s dng t tn dng nh chng ta nn lm r m hnh (hay thuc phn nhm) no ca tn dng nh ang c cp n. Nu khng chng ta s tip tc to ra s nhm ln dai dng trong cc cuc tranh lun ca mnh. Cng cn nhn mnh l vic phn loi m ti xut ch l mt th nghim. Chng ta c th ci tin n to iu kin cho s hiu bit tt hn, cng nh vic quyt nh cc chnhsch ng n hn. Vic phn loi cng c th c thc hin trong bi cnh c th ca ch tho lun. Ti ang bin lun rng chng ta cn phi chm dt vic s dng t tn dng nh hay ti chnh nh m khng m xa g n loi hnh ch thc ca n. Cc s liu thng tin v tn dng nh c tng hp v pht hnh bi nhiu t chc khc nhau. Chng ta thy rng iu ny rt hu ch. Ti ngh rng trong khi pht hnh cc s liu ny chng ta nn lm r loi hnh ca tn dng nh m mi t chc cung cp. Nh vy chng ta c th chun b cc tp hp thng tin quan trng khc? S lng ngi vay vn, v thnh phn gii tnh, s vn pht ra, vn lu hnh, cn i tit kim, v.vcho mi loi hnh tn dng, trong phm vi quc gia, vng v ton th gii. Cc tp hp thng tin ny s cho chng ta bit loi hnh tn dng nh no ang cung cp bao nhiu ngi ngho vay vn, thnh phn gii tnh ca h, s pht trin ca h trong thi hn 1 nm hay mt thi k , s vn vay pht ra, vn vay lu hnh, tit kim v.vNhng m hnh ang hot ng hiu qu tt hn cn h tr thm c th tip tc xu hng ca h. Loi hnh khng hiu qu cn c gip ci tin hot ng ca n. iu ny rt hu ch lin quan n nhng vn v chnhsch. i vi mc tiu nghin cu, n cng s to ra s thay i v cng to ln. Ti thc y Ban Th K cuc Vn ng Hi Ngh Thng nh Tn Dng Nh trnh by cc thng tin m h thu thp c v s lng ngi vay, trong s lng ngi ngho nht, s lng ph n trong s ngi vay ngho nht, s lng ngi vay thot khi ngng ngho i v chia ra theo mi loi hnh tn dng nh. iu ny gip cho cc nh ti tr la chn nhng m hnh m h mun h tr. Vic phn loi ny rt quan trng cho cc t chc ti tr cng nh cc nh ra chnh sch.

Tn dng m hnh Grameen Bt k khi no ti s dng t tn dng nh ti lun ngh n loi hnh tn dng theo m hnh Grameen. Tuy nhin, nu ngi i din li hiu n tng t cc loi hnh tn dng nh khc , th nhng tranh lun ca ti s chng cn ngha g na. Ti xin c lit k y mt s cc c im khc bit ca tn dng m hnh Grameen. y cha phi l danh mc tht hon thin. Khng phi tt c cc chng trnh Grameen u mang tt c cc c im ny. Mt s chng trnh mnh v c im ny, s khc th li mnh v c im khc. Tuy vy mt cch tng th tt c u cng tu chung v mt s c im c bn. Qua chng t gii thiu nh cc chng trnh ng dng m hnh Grameen hay chng trnh theo m hnh Grameen. Mt s c im chung ca m hnh tn dng Grameen: a) Khuyn khch tn dng nh mt ch ca nhn quyn b) Vai tr nhm h tr cc h gia nh ngho t thot khi ngho i. i tng l ngi ngho v c bit l ph n ngho. c) Mt c im khc bit nht ca tn dng Grameen l hon ton khng th chp, hay bt k mt hp ng bt buc chnh thc. N c da vo tn chp, khng phi l cc th tc v h thng chnh quy. d) H tr cc hot ng to vic lm, tng thu nhp v nh cho ngi ngho, khng chp thun cho vay tiu dung. e) N c to ra nhm thch thc cc hnh thc ngn hng c truyn y ngi ngho ra ngoi bi xp h vo loi khng kh nng vay tr . Do , n t b phng thc c bn ca ngn hng c truyn v to ra phng thc ring ca chnh mnh . f) N cung cp dch v tn ca ca ngi ngho da trn nguyn tc ch o l ngi dn khng cn tm n ngn hng, m ngn hng nn tm n ngi dn. g) nhn c vn vay, ngi vay phi tham gia nhm. h) Cc mn vay c th c cung cp lin tc. Mn vay mi c cung cp mt khi ngi vay hon tt vic tr vn vay trc. i) Tt c cc mn vay c tr gp dn (theo tun, hay 2 tun) j) Mt ngi c th ng thi nhn c hn mt mn vay. k) Ngi vay vn tham gia chng trnh tit kim k c t nguyn v bt buc. l) Nhn chung, cc mn vay c cung cp thng qua cc t chc phi chnh ph hoc thng qua cc t chc ca chnh nhng ngi vay vn. Nu n do cc t chc c li nhun thc hin, cc c gng s nhm lm cho t l li sut mc thch hp to ra s bn vng ca chng trnh ch khng nhm em n li nhun hp dn cho nh u t. Nguyn tc ni bt ca tn dng Grameen l gi cho t l li sut gn vi li sut th trng, ph bin rng ri trong thnh phn ngn hng thng mi, ch trng tnh bn vng. Bng vic c nh t l li, li sut th trng xem nh t l tham chiu hn l t l ca ngi vay li t nhn. n c vi ngi ngho l mt nhim v khng cn tranh ci . To ra s bn vng cng l mt mc tiu chin lc. Cn nhanh chng c c s bn vng c th m rng kt qu m khng gp cn ngi v ngun vn. m) Tn dng m hnh Grameen t u tin cao trong vic xy dng vn x hi. N c khuyn khch thng qua hot ng hun luyn ca nhm v trung tm, pht trin cht lng lnh o thng qua vic bu chn lnh o nhm v trung tm hng nm; bu chn thnh vin ca ban qun tr mt khi t chc do ngi vay vn lm ch. Nhm h tr lch trnh hot ng x hi do chnh ngi vay vn to ra, tng t 16 iu quy nh c thc hin trong tin trnh tho lun gia nhng ngi vay vn, v khuyn khch h t ra quyt nh v thc hin chng. Nhn

mnh cc hot ng hun luyn tng nng lc, vn nhn lc cng nh cc hot ng lin quan n bo v mi trng. N h tr gim st vic gio dc tr em, cung cp hc bng v vn vay sinh vin. Trong vic hun luyn cho ngun nhn lc c gng em k thut vo p dng, chng hn in thoi di ng, nng lng mt tri v khuyn khch nng lc c kh thay th nng lc tay chn M hnh tn dng Grameen da trn s thng nht rng ngi ngho c nhiu k nng cha c s dng hoc cha s dng ht. R rang khng phi v do thiu k nng nn h ngho ! Grameen tin tng rng ngho i to ra khng phi do ngi ngho m do bi cc t chc v chnh sch ang tn ti xung quanh h . Nhm gim ngho iu chng ta cn lm l to ra nhng thay i thch hp chnh trong cc t chc v chnh sch v /hoc to ra nhng ci mi. Grameen tin rng t thin khng phi l cu tr li cho vic gim ngho. N ch gip s tip tc ngho ! N to s ph thuc v tc mt cc sng kin c nhn c th vt qua khi bc tng ngho i. Gii phng nng lng v s sang to trong mi con ngi chnh l cu tr li cho vic xa b i ngho. Grameen em tn dng cho ngi ngho, cho ph n, cho ngi m ch, cho ngi dn nhng ai cu xin rng h khng bit cch no u t ng vn c c thu nhp. Grameen thit lp mt phng php v mt t chc phc v nhu cu ti chnh ca ngi ngho, v to ra kh nng tip cn tn dng theo cch thc hp l nhm to iu kin cho ngi ngho pht trin da trn cc k nng c sn ca chnh h c c ngun thu nhp cao hn cho mi vng vay. Nu cc nh ti tr c th a ra mt khun kh cc loi hnh v chnh sch tn dng nh h s c th vt qua mt s tr ngi. Chnh sch chung cho tn dng nh hiu theo mt ngha rng thng thiu s tp trung v khng sc bn. H p ng tn dng (Quy nh v th c tin) Hp ng tn dng chnh l hp ng cho vay, theo ngn hng l bn cho vay giao cho bn vay mt khon tin s dng vo mc ch xc nh trong mt thi hn nht nh theo tho thun vi nguyn tc c hon tr c gc v li. Cn nhng hot ng cp tn dng khc nh bo lnh, cm c, chit khu giy t c gi c gi chung l hp ng cp tn dng.

1. 1.1.

c im ca hp ng tn dng Khi nim

Hp ng tn dng v bn cht l nhng hp ng cho vay ti sn theo quy nh ca B lut Dn s 2005 (BLDS). Tuy nhin, ch gi l hp ng tn dng trong trng hp bn cho vay l cc t chc tn dng (TCTD), trong ch yu l cc ngn hng (sau y gi chung l ngn hng). Hp ng tn dng chnh l hp ng cho vay, theo ngn hng l bn cho vay giao cho bn vay mt khon tin s dng vo mc ch xc nh trong mt thi hn nht nh theo tho

thun vi nguyn tc c hon tr c gc v li. Cn nhng hot ng cp tn dng khc nh bo lnh, cm c, chit khu giy t c gi c gi chung l hp ng cp tn dng. Nu bn vay l doanh nghip v h kinh doanh, th hp ng tn dng s l hp ng thng mi. Nu bn vay l c nhn, th hp ng tn dng s l hp ng dn s ( 29.1, B lut t tng dn s). Cho vay vn c v nh vic bn chu mt loi hng ha c bit, l tin t. V vy, trong quan h tn dng, trc khi gii ngn, th th mnh hon ton thuc v ngn hng v ngn hng l ngi quyt nh c hay khng cho vay. Du n vn ang hin hu trong Lut cc TCTD nm 1997 ch qu trnh chun b giao kt hp ng, l nhng cm t cp tn dng v xt duyt cho vay hay l yu cu khch hng cung cp ti liu chng minh tnh kh thi ca phng n vay vn v kh nng tr n. Tuy nhin, ngay sau khi thc hin hp ng, tc l sau khi ngn hng gii ngn, th xu th li hon ton o ngc. Khi y, bn vay l ngi nm vai tr ch ng trong vic tr n. Mc d ngn hng c kh nhiu quyn chi phi theo quy nh ca php lut v hp ng tn dng, nhng vn tr thnh bn th ng. Nhn chung php lut lin quan l BLDS, Lut cc TCTD v Quy ch Cho vay ca TCTD i vi khch hng do Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) ban hnh (hin nay l Quyt nh s 1627/2001/Q-NHNN ngy 31-12-2001), quy nh kh c th, chi tit cc iu kin, iu khon c trong mt hp ng tn dng. V vy ch cn lu n mt s im c bit trong hp ng tn dng. 1.2. So snh tn dng ngn hng vi tn dng thng mi

Vay mn trong nn kinh t l mt hot ng ph bin v tt yu. C nhiu knh vay mn vn, trong ph bin nht l tn dng thng mi v tn dng ngn hng. Thc t, mt phn rt ln vn sn xut kinh doanh c vay t cc ngn hng. Xu th gn y cn tng mnh c vic vay vn ngn hng phc v nhu cu i sng tiu dng. Bng so snh gia vn tn dng thng mi v tn dng ngn hng: TT 1 2 3 4 5 Yu t Ch th Loi vn Quy m Thi hn Phm vi Tn dng thng mi Doanh nghip vi doanh nghip Hng ha Nh Ngn hn Hp Tn dng ngn hng Doanh nghip vi ngn hng Tin t Ln Di hn Rng

1.3.

Mc ch s dng vn vay

V nguyn tc, bn vay vn c s dng vn vay vo bt k mc ch no, nu khng b php lut cm. Tuy nhin, c nhng trng hp khng b php lut cm, nh vic vay vn tr n ngn hng khc hoc tr n chnh ngn hng vay, nhng li rt kh c chp nhn, v n c

coi nh mt hot ng o n. Trc y, vic o n b cm, sau c quy nh trong Lut cc TCTD l Vic o n c thc hin theo quy nh ca Chnh ph ( 54.4). Tuy nhin t nm 1997 n nay, vn khng c vn bn no ca Chnh ph hay NHNN gii thch v ni dung ny. i vi vay vn dn s hoc thng mi thng thng, th hu nh bn cho vay khng quan tm n mc ch s dng vn vay, trong khi i vi hp ng tn dng th li l mt trong iu kin quan trng nht. Trong c thi hn vay vn, nu bn vay s dng vn vay khng ng mc ch tha thun, th ngn hng lp tc c quyn chm dt hp ng, pht vi phm v thu hi n trc hn. lun l quy nh ca php lut, cng ng thi l iu quan tm hng u ca cc ngn hng trong nghip v xt duyt v qun l cc khon vay. bo m c vic s dng vn vay ng mc ch v vic tr n ng hn, ngn hng c quyn kim tra, gim st qu trnh s dng vn vay v tr n. y cng l iu hu nh khng xut hin trong cc hp ng vay vn trong cc quan h gia c nhn v cc doanh nghip. bo m vic s dng vn vay ng mc ch v kh nng tr n ca bn vay, Lut cc TCTD quy nh, ngn hng c trch nhim v c quyn kim tra, gim st qu trnh vay vn, s dng vn vay v tr n ca bn vay ( 53.3). 2. Hnh thc ca hp ng tn dng

Hp ng tn dng phi c lp thnh vn bn, trong c ni dung v iu kin vay, mc ch s dng tin vay, hnh thc vay, s tin vay, li sut, thi hn vay, hnh thc bo m, gi tr ti sn bo m, phng thc tr n v nhng cam kt khc c cc bn tho thun ( 51 Lut cc TCTD). Mu hp ng m cc ngn hng a ra khng phi l hp ng mu theo quy nh ca BLDS ( 407), m ch l bn tho thun tin trong qu trnh m phn k kt hp ng. Bn vay hon ton c th tho thun vi ngn hng thay i bt k ni dung no. Tuy nhin, trn thc t th bn vay thng phi chp nhn nhng iu khon thin v rng buc cht ch i vi bn vay v c li hn cho ngn hng. So vi hp ng thng mi, hp ng tn dng thng c im khc l thng rt nhiu vn bn c cc yu t nh mt hp ng, nh n ngh vay vn, hp ng tn dng, kh c nhn n (giy nhn n),... Chng hn trong n ngh vay vn c nhiu ni dung c bn ca hp ng tn dng nh s tin vay, mc ch vay, thi hn vay, li sut vay v cam kt ca bn vay. Trng hp ngn hng k chp thun nhng ni dung , th hon ton c th thay th cho mt bn hp ng tn dng. Tng t, kh c nhn n cng thng lit k li mt cch y nhng im ch yu ca hp ng tn dng, nn trong nhiu trng hp cng ng ngha vi mt hp ng tn dng. Do hp ng tn dng c lm k nh vy, nn rt t khi xy ra tranh chp v chnh hp ng tn dng, m thng l tranh chp lin quan n vic x l ti sn bo m tr n.

Theo quy nh ca php lut, th ch c hp ng tn dng. Nhng trn thc t, va do truyn thng, va do yu cu thc t, nn bn cnh hp ng tn dng, cc ngn hng thng a ra thm mt loi vn bn na l kh c nhn n, l mt loi giy nhn n. Kh c nhn n thng cng cc yu t ch yu ca hp ng tn dng. 3. Hp ng tn dng nguyn tc v hp ng tn dng hn mc

Trong thc t, nhiu ngn hng k hp ng tn dng nguyn tc vi bn vay, trong xc nh cc nguyn tc chung v cc ni dung tho thun s b v vic cho vay mt s vn nht nh khi hai bn vay p ng c y nhng iu kin vay vn theo quy nh ca php lut cng nh ca ngn hng cho vay. Hp ng tn dng nguyn tc l cn c ngn hng v bn vay tip tc k cc hp ng tn dng c th. Khi y, hp ng tn dng c th c th khng cn nhc li nhng tho thun chung nh quyn, ngha v ca cc bn chng hn. Cc bn thng s dng hp ng tn dng nguyn tc trong trng hp bn vay c nhiu ti sn bo m a vo ngn hng vay vn nhiu ln v din ra trong mt thi gian di. Khi hp ng bo m tin vay c thit lp bo m cho hp ng tn dng nguyn tc, thay v c mi hp ng tn dng li phi k mt hp ng bo m tin vay, va mt ch ng trong giao dch vay vn, va tn km chi ph nh gi, cng chng, ng k th chp li. Hp ng tn dng hn mc l hp ng tn dng c th nhng c thm iu khon cho php bn vay rt vn v tr n nhiu ln, min l bo m d n vay trong mi thi im khng qu mc tin vay cao nht m hai bn tho thun. Mi ln vay vn, bn vay ch cn k kh c nhn n thay v phi k nhiu hp ng tn dng vi nhng iu kin tng t nhau. 4. Thi hn cho vay

Thi hn cho vay trong hp ng tn dng c phn thnh hai loi c bn l ngn hn v trung, di hn, trong : Khon vay vay ngn hn l khng qu 12 thng (1 nm); Khon vay trung hn l t trn 12 thng n 60 thng (1 - 5 nm); Khon vay di hn l trn 60 thng (5 nm).

Gia cc khon vay ngn hn v khon vay trung, di hn, thng c nhng i hi khc bit, c xem xt thm nh theo nhng quy trnh, th tc khc nhau v p dng li sut khc nhau theo nguyn tc: thi hn cng lu th cng tim tng ri ro, v s nguy him s tng theo li sut. i vi hp ng kinh doanh thng mi, thi hn c tnh theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thng l t ngy k hp ng. Cn i vi hp ng tn dng, th thi hn hp ng thng cng chnh l thi hn cho vay, cho nn lun c tnh theo mc t thi im bt u nhn khon tin vay u tin (ngy rt vn hay ngy gii ngn) cho n khi tr ht khon n cui cng theo tho thun ban u..

5. 5.1.

Li sut cho vay trong hp ng tn dng Li sut v gii hn li sut

Li sut trong hp ng tn dng chnh l gi c mua bn tin vn. Tnh theo thi im tr li, th c ba cch l tr li theo nh k, tr li trc v tr li cui k. BLDS quy nh li sut vay do cc bn tho thun nhng khng c vt qu 150% ca li sut c bn do NHNN cng b i vi loi cho vay tng ng ( 476.1). Trng hp ngn hng cho vay t trn 150% li sut c bn cho n di 1.500% li sut c bn l vi phm iu cm ca php lut. Nu tranh chp a ra To n xt x, th phn li sut vt qu 150% li sut c bn s khng c cng nhn. Ngoi ra, th cha c ch ti x l i vi loi vi phm ny. Ngh nh s 202/2004/N-CP ngy 10-12-2004 ca Chnh ph v X pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc tin t v hot ng ngn hng khng c quy nh v vic x pht i vi vic cho vay vt qu trn li sut. B lut hnh s nm 1999 quy nh trng hp cho vay vi mc li sut cao hn mc li sut cao nht m php lut quy nh t 10 ln tr ln (tc l t 1.500% li sut c bn tr ln) c tnh cht chuyn bc lt th s phm ti cho vay li nng ( 163). Tuy nhin, nu nh ngn hng cho vay vi mc li sut ny th cng khng x l c, v th nht l kh chng minh l vic cho vay c tnh cht chuyn bc lt v th hai, y l vi phm ca php nhn, trong khi B lut hnh s ch x pht hnh s i vi c nhn. c bit, t nm 2002 n nm 2010 NHNN c nhiu vn bn cho php cc ngn hng c cho vay vt trn 150% li sut c bn ni trn 5.2. Thi hn v phng thc tnh li

Thi hn tnh li tin vay trong hp ng tn dng c th l ngy, thng hoc nm. Thi gian chun tnh li c quy c l mt nm c 360 ngy, mt thng c 30 ngy, khng phn bit thng c 28, 29, 30 hay 31 ngy (Q 652/2001/Q-NHNN ngy 17-5-2001 ca Thng c NHNN). Li sut c p dng trong hp ng tn dng theo hai phng thc c bn l li sut c nh v li sut thay i (hay cn c gi l li sut th ni). Nu cc bn tho thun p dng li sut c nh, th li sut s khng thay i trong sut thi hn vay, bt k li sut th trng c tng ln hay gim xung. Nu cc bn tho thun p dng li sut thay i th s iu chnh li sut ln, xung da vo li sut th trng. Cn c ny phi c tho thun mt cch c th th mi trnh vng mc. V d 1 v cch ghi li sut thay i trong hp ng tn dng: Li sut trong Hp ng ny c iu chnh theo nh k 3 thng/ln, k t ngy gii ngn u tin. Li sut mi ln iu chnh c tnh bng li sut tit kim loi 12 thng thng thng ca Ngn hng A cng vi 5%/nm nhng bo m khng thp hn 10%/nm.

Cn lu trng hp cho vay tnh li trn s n gc vay ban u (add-on), th li sut thc t cao hn nhiu so vi con s cng b. V d 2 v cch tnh li: Cng ty A k hp ng tn dng vay 10 t ng, vi li sut 12%/nm, trong thi hn 20 thng, tr n gc v li hng thng. Nu theo cch tnh li sut thng thng theo d n thc t, tc l ly s tin n gc cn li (gim dn) nhn vi li sut, th tng s tin li phi tr s l 1,05 t ng. Nu theo cch tnh li sut t ph bin v thng c p dng trong cho vay tiu dng, l tnh li trn s n gc vay ban u (khng i), th tng s tin li phi tr s l: 10 t ng x 20 (thng) x 1%/thng = 2 t ng. Nh vy, nu cch tnh li ny quy i theo cch tnh li th nht, th tuy cng b l li sut 12%/nm, nhng thc cht mc li sut s ln n trn 21,63%/nm. 5.3. Li sut qu hn

Hu ht cc ngn hng vn tho thun trong hp ng tn dng v li sut qu hn bng 150% li sut cho vay trong hn i vi chnh hp ng tn dng . Mc li sut qu hn khng qu 150% ny l do NHNN quy nh da trn c s BLDS nm 1995 giao cho NHNN quy nh mc li sut qu hn. Nhng t nm 2006 tr i, nu vn p dng mc li sut qu hn ny l khng ng php lut, v BLDS nm 2005 quy nh mc li sut qu hn c tnh theo li sut c bn do NHNN cng b tng ng vi thi hn vay ti thi im tr n ( 474.5). Hai quy nh ny c s chnh lch rt ng k, nht l trong thi k li sut c s bin ng ln. V d 3 v cch tnh li sut qu hn. Ngn hng B cho Cng ty C vay tin, vi mc li sut l 14%/nm. Theo quy nh ca BLDS nm 1995, nu khon n b chuyn sang qu hn, th mc li sut p dng ti a l 21% (14% + 7%), khng ph thuc vo li sut c bn ti thi im qu hn l bao nhiu. Cn theo quy nh ca BLDS nm 2005, nu li sut c bn ti thi im qu hn l 7%/nm th mc li sut qu hn s vn l 21%/nm (14% + 7%). Nhng nu li sut c bn ti thi im ch c 5%/nm th li sut qu hn ch cn 19%/nm (14% + 5%). Ngc li, nu li sut c bn li l 10%/nm, th li sut qu hn s l 24%/nm (14% + 10%). Nh vy, theo cch tnh th nht th phn li sut qu hn s rt khc nhau ph thuc vo mc li sut cho vay, cn theo cch tnh th hai, d li sut cho vay bao nhiu, th phn li sut qu hn ti a vn ch l mt mc li sut c bn. 5.4. Ph tn dng

Ph tn dng ni chung, ph cho vay ni ring l khon ph m bn vay phi tr cho ngn hng ngoi li sut cho vay. C nhiu loi ph cho vay nh: Ph t vn cc d n u t; Ph cam kt cho vay c iu kin; Ph cp hn mc tn dng; Ph cam kt s dng hn mc; Ph thm nh cho vay; Ph nh gi ti sn bo m; Ph ph duyt khon vay; Ph gii ngn bng tin mt; Ph gia hn n; Ph iu chnh k hn tr n; Ph tr n trc hn; Ph chm tr n li; Ph mn h s ti sn bo m; Ph thay i ti sn bo m v cc loi ph dch v tn dng khc.

Ngoi ra, bn vay cn phi thanh ton cc loi ph phi tr cho ngi th ba nh: Ph cng chng hp ng bo m, ph ng k th chp, ph trng gi ti sn bo m, Trong iu kin bnh thng, th li sut v ph cao hay thp s do cung cu v vn v s cnh tranh trong th trng tin t quyt nh. Do vy, cha c vn bn quy phm php lut no cm vic thu ph ca cc ngn hng, m ch c cc cng vn nhc nh ca NHNN trong nhng thi k phi thc hin ng trn li sut cho vay. D c gi l ph, nhng l chi ph lin quan n khon vay lm gia tng gi (li sut). V nu cng thm qu nhiu ph th s v hiu ho trn li sut. 6. Cho vay ngoi t

Vic vay bng loi tin no th s tr n bng loi tin , tr trng hp c tho thun khc. Ring vic cho vay bng ngoi t th ch c php trong cc trng hp phc v nhu cu thanh ton, tr n, u t, xut khu ra nc ngoi. Mt s trng hp c cho vay bng ngoi t

s dng trong nc, th khch hng phi bn s ngoi t vay cho ngn hng cho vay (Quyt nh s 09/2008/Q-NHNN ngy 10-4-2008 ca Thng c NHNN, v Cho vay bng ngoi t ca TCTD i vi khch hng vay l ngi c tr, c sa i, b sung theo Thng t s 25/2009/TT-NHNN ngy 15-12-2009). 7. 7.1. Ngha v tr n trong hp ng tn dng Tho thun v n n hn

Mt trong nhng vn vng mc trong hp ng tn dng l vic thu hi n trc hn. Lut cc TCTD cho php cc ngn hng c php thu hi n trc hn nu bn vay vi phm hp ng tn dng. y l mt trong nhng i hi c bn, l quyn rt quan trng ca cc ngn hng bo m an ton vn cho vay. Tuy nhin c lung quan im khng ng tnh v cn c vo quy nh ca BLDS th bn cho vay Khng c yu cu bn vay tr li ti sn trc thi hn, tr trng hp c bn vay ng ( 473.3). Nu theo quan im ny, th tri ngc hon ton vi quy nh ca php lut ngn hng, v cng bt li i vi bn cho vay. Theo , khi bn vay chm tr mt k hn n hoc c nhng vi phm khc, th ngn hng s khng c php chuyn ton b s n sang n qu hn, thu hi ton b n vay v x l ti sn bo m thu hi n. Thc t tng xy ra v vic di y: V d 4 v thu hi n n hn. Thng 7-2007, b Phng Th Tuyt Ng. k hp ng tn dng vay ca Ngn hng V. 800 triu ng, thi hn vay l 60 thng, tr n gc, li cho theo nh k hng thng. Ti sn th chp l quyn s dng t ca ngi th ba. B Ng ch tr n c 2 k, sau khng tr n tip. Sau Ngn hng V. khi kin ra TAND qun Hon Kim i n v ngh pht mi ti sn th chp thu n. To n tuyn bc yu cu khi kin ca Ngn hng V. Ngn hng V. th cho rng: Vic chm tr ca b Ng. l vi phm ngha v tr n, do vy vic i n da trn c s ngha v n hn ch khng phi l i li n trc hn. Cn c php l l Lut cc TCTD cho php ngn hng c quyn chm dt vic cho vay, thu hi n trc hn khi pht hin khch hng cung cp thng tin sai s tht, vi phm hp ng tn dng ( 54.1). V Quy ch cho vay ca TCTD i vi khch hng, ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 1627/2010/Q-NHNN ca Thng c NHNN cng quy nh r: i vi khon n vay khng tr n ng hn, c TCTD nh gi l khng c kh nng tr n ng hn v khng chp thun cho c cu li thi hn tr n, th s d n gc ca hp ng tn dng l n qu hn v TCTD thc hin cc bin php thu hi n; vic pht chm tr i vi n qu hn v n li vn vay do hai bn tho thun trn c s quy nh ca php lut." ( 13.2). Cn To n th lp lun rng: Hp ng tn dng c thi hn vay l 5 nm, n nay mi l 3 nm, cha n hn. Do , cn c vo quy nh ca BLDS th Ngn hng V. cha c quyn yu cu bn vay tr n, theo cng khng c quyn i bn th chp ti sn phi thc hin ngha v ( 366 v 473.3).

 hn ch ri ro trn, cc bn nn c tho thun trong hp ng tn dng ni dung sau: Trng hp bn vay vi phm ngha v tr n mt k hn tr n th cc k hn khc cha n hn cng c coi l n hn tr n v ngn hng c quyn thu hi n trc hn. 7.2. Li sut v ph tr n trc hn

Trng hp bn vay tr n trc hn, th thng phi tr ph tr n trc hn theo tho thun trong hp ng tn dng. Gi l ph tr n trc hn nhng thc cht l mt loi li sut pht trn c s quy nh bn vay c quyn tr tin vay trc hn, nhng phi tr ton b li theo k hn, nu khng c tha thun khc ( 478 BLDS). Trn thc t, nhiu ngn hng khng thu ph tr n trc hn, hoc ch thu vi t l t vi n vi chc phn trm so vi s tin li ca thi hn vay cn li. V d 5 v thu ph tr n trc hn. Ngn hng T. cho vay 20 t ng, li sut 12%/nm, vi thi hn vay 13 thng. Ch 5 thng sau, bn vay tr n ton b s tin 15 t ng. Theo quy nh ca BLDS th Ngn hng T. c th c php thu s ph tr n trc hn ti a n 1 t ng (20 t ng x 5 thng x 1%/thng). 7.3. C cu li thi hn tr n

Trng hp bn vay khng c kh nng tr n theo ng tho thun ban u, nu iu kin th c th c ngn hng xem xt cho c cu li thi hn tr n, bao gm hai cch l gia hn n v iu chnh k hn tr n. C mt thi k NHNN quy nh khon vay ngn hn ch c gia hn ti a bng thi hn cho vay; khon vay trung, di hn ti a bng thi hn cho vay. Nh vy, khon vay 12 thng th c php gia hn thm 12 thng na, nhng nu l khon vay 13 thng, th ch c php gia hn thm 6,5 thng. n nay, cc khon n c gia hn nhiu ln, vi thi hn khng b hn ch. Tuy nhin, khi khon n s b nh gi v kh nng ri ro v phi phn loi vo nhm n thch hp trch lp d phng. 8. Hiu lc ca hp ng tn dng

Cc ngn hng thng a vo hp ng tn dng cu: Hp ng ny c hiu lc cho n khi bn vay tr ht n gc, li v cc chi ph c lin quan. Nu tho thun ny c cng nhn, th dn n tnh trng khng hp l l hiu lc ca hp ng tn dng s lun lun l v thi hn, khng bao gi chm dt, nu cha tr ht n. Tuy nhin trn thc t, To n tng tha nhn thi hiu khi kin khng tnh t ngy ht hn tr n theo tho thun, m tnh n khi bn vay tr ht n trong trng hp hp ng tn dng c tho thun: Hp ng ny c hiu lc cho n khi bn vay tr ht n (gc v li) cho bn cho vay (xem Bn n gim c thm s 08/2003/HTP-KT ngy 29-5-2003 ca Hi ng Thm

phn TAND TC v v n tranh chp hp ng tn dng gia Ngn hng Cng thng Vit Nam v Cng ty TNHH Thng mi Lam Hng Sn). Sau khi thc hin xong, ng nhin hp ng c thanh l. Cc bn khng cn thit phi lp bin bn thanh l hp ng, tr trng hp cn bng chng cung cp cho bn th ba. 9. Thm quyn k hp ng tn dng

Mi bn ch cn mt ngi i din k hp ng tn dng v kh c nhn n. Tuy nhin trn thc t, nhiu trng hp bn ngn hng c hai ch k (gim c v trng phng tn dng), ng thi yu cu bn vay cng c hai ch k (gim c v k ton trng i vi doanh nghip hoc hai v chng i vi c nhn). i vi ngn hng, t khi ngi i din theo php lut k hp ng tn dng, m thng do ngi c u quyn k, trong khng t trng hp u quyn cho ngi th ba mt cch thng xuyn, lin tc. Ph bin l trng hp, ngi i din php lut ca ngn hng u quyn cho gim c chi nhnh, sau gim c chi nhnh u quyn li cho ph gim c hoc trng phng. Ngc li, ngn hng thng ch chp chp nhn cho bn vay l doanh nghip u quyn mt cp cho ngi th hai v thng l c v tr ngay di ngi u quyn k hp ng tn dng. Vic i hi nh trn ca ngn hng l cht hn i hi ca php lut, nhng n c ngha quan trng trn thc t, nhm hn ch ri ro v ch th k hp ng tn dng ca bn vay, gip cho hp ng tn dng an ton v d dng hn trong vic thu hi n. Lut cc TCTD cng quy nh r, khng mt t chc c nhn no c can thip tri php lut vo quyn t ch trong qu trnh cho vay v thu hi n ca cc ngn hng ( 15). Ngoi ra, i vi c ngn hng v bn vay l doanh nghip, th di hi phi c s thng qua ca cp c thm quyn i vi cc trng hp khon tn dng t n mt mc nht nh nh: Bn vay l doanh nghip phi thng qua Hi ng Thnh vin hoc Ch s hu cng ty hoc HQT trong trng hp gi tr khon vay hay gi tr ti sn cm c, th chp bng hoc ln hn 50% tng gi tr ti sn c ghi trong bo co ti chnh ti thi im cng b gn nht ca cng ty hoc mt t l khc nh hn quy nh ti iu l cng ty ( 47, 64 v 108 LDN). i vi ngn hng, nu cc khon cho vay c gi tr t 10% tng ti sn ca ngn hng tr ln, th cng phi thng qua HQT hoc c HQT phn cp, u quyn. i vi cc khon vay trn 15% vn t c ca ngn hng, th phi c Th tng Chnh ph hoc Thng c NHNN cho php. 10. Quyn v ngha v ca bn cho vay 10.1. Bn vay vn c cc quyn sau:

T chi cc yu cu ca ngn hng khng ng vi cc tho thun trong hp ng tn dng; Khiu ni, khi kin vic vi phm hp ng tn dng ca ngn hng theo quy nh ca php lut. 10.2. Bn vay vn c cc ngha v sau: Cung cp y , trung thc cc thng tin, ti liu lin quan n vic vay vn ng thi chu trch nhim v tnh chnh xc v hp php ca cc thng tin, ti liu cung cp cho ngn hng; S dng tin vay ng mc ch, thc hin ng cc ni dung tho thun trong hp ng tn dng v cc cam kt khc vi ngn hng; Tr n gc v li vn vay theo tho thun trong hp ng tn dng;

Chu trch nhim trc php lut khi khng thc hin ng nhng tho thun v vic tr n v thc hin cc ngha v bo m n vay cam kt trong hp ng tn dng. Trong s cc ngha v ca bn vay, th ngha v tr n l quan trng nht. Ngha v ny ch c min tr nu bn cho vay ng , cn li th s khng bao gi c min tr, k c xy ra tnh trng bt kh khng. 11. Quyn v ngha v ca bn cho vay 11.1. Bn ngn hng cho vay c cc quyn sau: Yu cu khch hng cung cp ti liu chng minh d n, phng n vay vn kh thi, kh nng ti chnh ca mnh v ngi bo lnh trc khi quyt nh cho vay; T chi yu cu vay vn ca khch hng nu thy khng iu kin vay vn; d n, phng n vay vn khng c hiu qu, khng ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut hoc ngn hng khng c ngun vn cho vay; Kim tra, gim st qu trnh vay vn, s dng vn vay v tr n ca khch hng;

Chm dt vic cho vay, thu hi n trc hn, chuyn n qu hn khi pht hin khch hng cung cp thng tin sai s tht, vi phm hp ng tn dng; Khi kin khch hng vi phm hp ng tn dng hoc khi kin bn th ba cm c, th chp, bo lnh theo quy nh ca php lut; Khi n hn tr n m khch hng khng tr n, nu cc bn khng c tho thun khc th ngn hng c quyn bn ti sn bo m tin vay theo s tho thun trong hp ng tn dng v

hp ng bo m tin vay thu n theo quy nh ca php lut hoc yu cu ngi th ba thc hin ngha v cm c, th chp, bo lnh cho khch hng vay vn; Min, gim li tin vay theo quy nh ca ngn hng; gia hn n, iu chnh k hn n theo quy nh; Mua bn n, o n, khoanh n, xo n v c cu li n theo quy nh ca Chnh ph v hng dn ca NHNN Vit Nam . 11.2. Bn ngn hng cho vay c cc ngha v sau: Gii ngn cho bn vay theo ng tho thun trong hp ng tn dng; Thc hin ng cc tho thun trong hp ng tn dng; Lu gi h s tn dng ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut.

Trong s cc ngha v ca bn cho vay, th ngha v gii ngn l quan trng nht. Nu ngha v ny khng c thc hin, th s khng pht sinh quyn v ngha v khc ca hai bn. 12. Nhng hn ch tn dng 12.1. Nhng trng hp cm cho vay Theo Lut cc TCTD th ngn hng khng c cho vay nhng trng hp sau y (khng p dng i vi cc TCTD l hp tc) ( 77): Thnh vin HQT, Ban kim sot ca ngn hng; Tng gim c hoc Gim c v Ph tng gim c hoc Ph tim c ca ngn hng; B, m, v, chng, con ca cc i tng trn; Ngi thm nh, xt duyt cho vay.

Thnh vin HQT, Ban kim sot lun lun l cc c nhn c th, ch khng c thnh vin l mt php nhn. Tuy nhin trn thc t, ngoi vic cm cho vay i vi cc c nhn thnh vin HQT, Ban kim sot, li cn b hiu l cm cho vay i vi c cc php nhn c ngi tham gia HQT, Ban kim sot ca ngn hng. V i tng cm cho vay l ngi thm nh, xt duyt cho vay cng nm trong tnh trng t m, v c nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v ngi thm nh v xt duyt cho vay nh: L chnh ngi thm nh, xt duyt cho vay khon vay ; L tt c nhng ngi thm nh, xt duyt cho vay trong mi chi nhnh ca ngn hng;

L tt c nhng ngi lm cng vic thm nh, xt duyt cho vay trong mi ngn hng; L tt c nhng ngi lm cng vic thm nh, xt duyt cho vay ca mi ngn hng.

Trn thc t, cc ngn hng phi trnh cho vay i vi tt c nhng ngi lm cng vic thm nh, xt duyt cho vay trong ngn hng mnh, mc d hu ht trong s khng c vai tr nh hng g n vic xem xt, quyt nh cho vay. 12.2. Nhng trng hp khng c nhn bo m tin vay Lut cc TCTD cm cc ngn hng chp nhn bo lnh ca cc i tng b cm cho vay ni trn lm c s cho vic cp tn dng i vi khch hng. Cu ch y ch l cm nhn bo lnh, nhng thc cht li phi hiu l bao gm cm c vic cm c, th chp, ca nhng i tng trn. V nu ch hiu l cm nhn bo lnh l s bo m bng cam kt m khng gn lin vi cc ti sn cm c, th chp c th theo khi nim ca BLDS hin hnh, th li loi tr quan h cm c, th chp ca ngi th ba m BLDS nm 1995 trc y nh ngha l mt hnh thc bo lnh. 12.3. Hn ch cp tn dng Ngn hng khng c cp tn dng khng c bo m, cp tn dng vi nhng iu kin u i cho nhng i tng sau y ( 78.1 Lut cc TCTD): T chc kim ton, Kim ton vin ang kim ton ti ngn hng; K ton trng, Thanh tra vin; Cc c ng ln ca ngn hng;

Doanh nghip c mt trong nhng i tng b cm cho vay ni trn s hu trn 10% vn iu l ca doanh nghip . Quy nh trn cng c mt s bt cp. V d vic xc nh li sut cho vay l theo tho thun vi rt nhiu mc khc nhau ch khng ch c mt mc li sut cng nhc nh trc y. Do vy, nu cho vay cc i tng ni trn vi mc li sut thuc loi thp th kh c th kt lun l u i hay khng u i v li sut. Lut khng ch r k ton trng l ngi ca ngn hng hay ca doanh nghip vay vn. ng thi cng khng ni r thanh tra vin l ca ngn hng hay ca c quan no. Trn thc t, ang c hiu l hn ch cp tn dng i vi k ton trng ca chnh ngn hng cho vay. Cn thanh tra vin th li phi hiu l ngi ca cc c quan nh nc ang thanh tra ti ngn hng (tng t nh i vi kim ton vin). C ng ln ca ngn hng theo Lut cc TCTD l c ng s hu hoc c quyn biu quyt trn 10% vn iu l hoc nm gi trn 10% vn c phn c quyn b phiu ca ngn hng (

20.6). Nhng Lut chng khon th li quy nh c ng ln l c ng s hu trc tip hoc gin tip t 5% tr ln s c phiu c quyn biu quyt ca t chc pht hnh ( 6.9). 12.4. Gii hn tn dng Tng d n cho vay i vi tt c cc i tng b hn ch cp tn dng ni trn khng c vt qu 5% vn t c ca ngn hng ( 78.2, Lut cc TCTD). Vn t c bao gm vn iu l, cc qu d tr, d phng v mt s khon vn khc. Tng d n cho vay i vi mt khch hng khng c vt qu 15% vn t c ca ngn hng, tr trng hp i vi nhng khon cho vay t cc ngun vn u thc ca Chnh ph, ca cc t chc, c nhn hoc trng hp khch hng vay l ngn hng khc hoc c Th tng hay Thng c NHNN cho php ( 79.1 v 79.2, Lut cc TCTD); Bng tng hp mt s gii hn cho vay, bo lnh ca ngn hng: TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tng d n cho vay v bo lnh Cho vay i vi cc i tng b cm cho vay Cho vay i vi cc i tng b hn ch cho vay Cho vay i vi 1 khch hng Cho vay + Bo lnh i vi 1 khch hng Cho vay i vi 1 nhm khch hng lin quan Cho vay + Bo lnh i vi 1 nhm khch hng Cho vay u t v kinh doanh chng khon Gii hn 0% < 05% vn t c < 15% vn t c < 25% vn t c < 50% vn t c < 60% vn t c < 20% vn iu l

Nu bn vay c nhu cu vay vt qu gii hn ni trn, th cc ngn hng cho vay theo hnh thc hp vn (u thc hoc ng ti tr). 13. Bo lnh ngn hng 13.1. Khi nim Bo lnh ngn hng l mt hnh thc cp tn dng, theo ngn hng cam kt vi bn nhn bo lnh v vic thc hin ngha v ti chnh thay cho bn c bo lnh khi h khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng ngha v cam kt vi bn nhn bo lnh. Do vy, vic bo lnh ca ngn hng thng c xem xt nh i vi mt khon cho vay thng qua cc hnh thc php l l hp ng cp bo lnh, hp ng bo lnh v th bo lnh. Bo lnh ngn hng bao gm nhiu loi: Bo lnh vay vn, bo lnh thanh ton, bo lnh d thu, bo lnh thc hin hp ng, bo lnh bo m cht lng sn phm, bo lnh hon tr tin ng trc, bo lnh i ng, xc nhn bo lnh v cc loi bo lnh khc. Khi ngn hng phi thc hin ngha v tr n thay cho bn c bo lnh, th bn c bo lnh s c t cch nh mt khch hng vay vn, thng qua vic phi nhn n v hon tr cho ngn hng s tin c tr thay. trnh trnh trng nhiu khch hng sau khi c ngn hng tr n thay, nhng li khng k vn bn nhn n, Quy ch Bo lnh ngn hng, ban hnh km

theo Quyt nh s 26/2006/Q-NHNN ngy 26-6-2006 ca Thng c NHNN quy nh, ngn hng c php ch ng hch ton ghi n ( 23.1.e). Khi ngha v hon tr tin theo hp ng bo lnh c coi nh ngha v tr n theo hp ng tn dng. 13.2. Bo lnh np thu Bo lnh ngn hng n chung bao gi cng c xc nh r thi hn hiu lc. Theo , qu thi hn bo lnh m bn nhn bo lnh khng yu cu ngn hng thc hin ngha v bo lnh th th bo lnh ca ngn hng s khng cn gi tr. Tuy nhin, nu l bo lnh np thu ca ngn hng, th phi thc hin theo quy nh ca Lut Qun l thu nm 2006: Ht thi hn bo lnh hoc ht thi hn np thu m ngi np thu vn cha np th ngn hng khng c gii phng ngha v bo lnh, m phi c trch nhim np s tin thu v tin pht chm np thay cho ngi np thu ( 42). 14. Bo m tin vay 14.1 Khi nim Ngn hng c ton quyn quyt nh vic cho vay c hay khng c ti sn bo m. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, hp ng bo m c ngha rt quan trng, thm ch l hn c hp ng tn dng. V nu hp ng tn dng b v hiu th hu qu xu nht ch l ngn hng khng c thu tin li. Nhng nu hp ng bo m tin vay v hiu, th nguy c ln hn nhiu, ngn hng c th khng thu hi c c gc ln li. Nhng vng mc, tranh chp ny sinh trn thc t cng ch yu lin quan n hp ng bo m. V d 6 v quan h gia hp ng tn dng v hp ng bo m tin vay. Nm 1997, Ngn hng H. cho ng V Trung . vay 600 triu ng. Ti sn th chp l cn nh 3 tng ph ng Tc, qun ng a, H Ni ca ng V Th K. v b Nguyn Th Thu H.. Sau khi ngi vay khng cn kh nng tr n, Ngn hng khi kin yu cu pht mi ti sn th chp thu hi n. To s thm cng nhn hp ng tn dng v hp ng th chp l hp php. Tuy nhin ngy 05-7-2006, To phc thm TAND TC ti H Ni cho rng hp ng th chp khng hp php. Do vy, khng pht mi x l c ti sn th chp. Hu qu l Ngn hng H. khng thu c khon n c gc v li gn 1,2 t ng. Cc ngn hng thng s dng nm trong s by bin php bo m ngha v hp ng tn dng theo quy nh ca BLDS l: Cm c, th chp, bo lnh, k qu v tn chp (hai bin php bo m cn l t cc th gn nh l khng c s dng trn thc t, cn k cc th ch c dng ring cho giao dch thu ti sn). Ngn hng cng c th quyt nh vic cho vay c bo m bng ti sn hnh thnh t vn vay ( 52.3 Lut cc TCTD). Quy nh ny khc v t ng, nhng c th hiu l mt dng ca bin php bo m bng ti sn hnh thnh trong tng lai theo quy nh ca BLDS.

Cc ngn hng c ton quyn quyt nh vic cho vay trn c s c bo m hoc khng c bo m bng ti sn cm c, th chp hay bo lnh ( 52.2 Lut cc TCTD). Nh vy, Lut cc TCTD ch nhc n ba bin php bo m l cm c, th chp v bo lnh m khng cp n bin php k qu v tn chp. Nu doanh nghip ny vay tin ca doanh nghip khc c bo m bng bin php cm c, th vic cm c y hon ton c th gi l k qu khi ti sn c a vo ngn hng cho vay qun l. 14.2. Bin php cm c, th chp Tuy BLDS nh ngha chung, cm c l giao dch bo m c s chuyn giao ti sn t bn cm c sang bn nhn cm c, cn th chp th khng c s chuyn giao ti sn. Nhng theo cc quy nh c th ca php lut, th giao dch bo m i vi mt s loi ti sn li lun lun c xc nh r l bin php cm c. Chng hn nh i vi th tit kim, hi phiu, giy t c gi, vn n (vn n theo lnh v vn n v danh). Ngc li, giao dch bo m i vi mt s loi ti sn li lun lun c xc nh r l bin php th chp. Chng hn nh i vi quyn s dng t, nh , tu bin, tu c (theo Lut t ai 2003, Nh 2005, B lut Hng hi 2005 v Lut Thu sn 2003). i vi ti sn bo m l vt c hnh thnh trong tng lai, bt k l ng sn hay bt ng sn ( 320.1, BLDS) th cng s l bin php th chp trong thi im k hp ng, v khng th c chuyn chuyn giao ti sn cha hin hu. 14.3.Hn ch cm c, th chp Theo Lut cc TCTD, cc ngn hng khng c php nhn cm c bng c phiu ca chnh ngn hng mnh cho vay ( 52.2). Quyn s dng t ca t chc kinh t ch c th chp ti cc ngn hng vay vn ( 110.2 Lut ). Quyn s dng t ca h gia nh v c nhn ch c th chp vay vn sn xut, kinh doanh ( iu 113.7 Lut ). Nu c ng nh cu ch quy nh trong Lut , th vic th chp quyn s dng t phc v cc nhu cu khc nh bo m ngha v cho cc hp ng mua bn, u t, xy dng hay phc v nhu cu i sng, k c vay vn hc tp, xy nh hay tr bnh cu ngi u l tri lut. Tuy nhin, iu trn ch xy ra i vi quyn s dng t trng, cn nu t c nh , c cc ti sn khc gn lin vi t th vn c php th chp cng vi bt ng sn khc. Cng cn lu n mt s loi ti sn khng c th chp nh: t thu ca Nh nc tr tin hng nm ( 109.2; 111.2; 114.1 Lut ). Tuy nhin nu l ngi thu li t ny m tr tin cho c thi gian thu li t, i vi t c u t xy dng xong kt cu h tng ca t chc kinh t c Nh nc cho thu t, u t xy dng kinh doanh kt cu h tng ti khu cng nghip, khu kinh t, khu cng ngh cao th li c php th chp quyn s dng t;

t ca t chc c Nh nc giao t khng thu tin s dng t ( 109.2 Lut );

t ca t chc kinh t c Nh nc giao t c thu tin s dng t, nhn chuyn nhng quyn s dng t, m tin s dng t tr c ngun gc t Ngn sch Nh nc ( 110.2 Lut ). 14.4. Bin php bo lnh Nu bo lnh trc kia gm nhiu loi giao dch: Cm c ti sn, th chp ti sn ca bn th ba v bo lnh khng bng ti sn ca bn th ba, th theo quy nh ca BLDS hin hnh, bo lnh ch cn li mt hnh thc duy nht l bo m ca bn th ba khng c ti sn c th a vo cm c, th chp. Cn nu bn th ba c ti sn bo m chuyn giao cho ngn hng th c gi l bin php cm c v c ti sn bo m khng chuyn giao cho ngn hng th c gi l bin php th chp. iu c ngha l khng c hp ng bo lnh bng nh ca bn th ba, m l chnh xc phi l hp ng cm c hoc th chp nh ca bn th ba. Mt loi giao dch d b nhm ln vi bin php bo lnh, l cam kt tr n ca cng ty cho chi nhnh hoc mt x nghip, n v ph thuc. y khng phi l quan h bo lnh, v ch c mt php nhn duy nht l cng ty phi gnh chu ngha v tr n cui cng. i vi trng hp bo lnh ca cng ty con cho cng ty m m cng ty con li thuc s hu vn 100% ca cng ty m th vn l giao dch bo lnh, v y l hai php nhn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, v gi tr kinh t th rt t ngha, v ton b ti sn ca cng ty con cng chnh l mt phn ti sn ca cng ty m. 14.5.Bin php tn chp Bin php tn chp theo BLDS nm 1995 th thuc v bin php bo lnh. Cn theo BLDS nm 2005, th tn chp l mt bin php bo m c lp dng ring cho trng hp bo m ca cc t chc chnh tr - x hi cho c nhn ngho, h gia nh ngho vay vn sn xut, kinh doanh, lm dch v theo quy nh ca Chnh ph ( 372, BLDS). Vic cho vay c bo m bng tn chp thc cht l hon ton khng c s bo m no v ti sn. V vy, mc d lut cho php, nhng trn thc t th ch c Ngn hng chnh sch x hi hoc cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc mi cho vay tn chp. Bin php tn chp cn c phn bit khc vi vic cho vay khng c ti sn cm c, th chp, bo lnh. Trng hp ny c gi chnh xc l cho vay khng c ti sn bo m, ch khng th gi l cho vay tn chp nh cc ngn hng vn thng s dng nhm ln lu nay. Tt nhin, d l cho vay khng c ti sn bo m i chng na th cc ngn hng cng phi da trn mt s bo m nht nh no v kh nng ti chnh thu hi vn. 14.6. Hnh thc ca hp ng bo m Hp ng bo m phi c lp thnh vn bn. c nhng thi k khng bt buc cng chng, chng thc hp ng bo m. Hin nay, cc hp ng th chp nh, t u phi cng chng, chng thc. Th chp t, tu bin, tu bay khng bt buc phi cng chng.

Trn thc t, tuy ch l hp ng ph, l mt bin php bo m thc hin hp ng tn dng, nhng hp ng bo m li c son tho k lng, cht ch, y hn. Tuy nhin, cng nh hp ng tn dng, kinh nghim cho thy, khng nht thit phi son tho mt hp ng bo m qu di dng, chi tit, v hu ht mi kha cnh c cc quy phm php lut iu chnh. Chng hn nu cc bn khng c tho thun trong hp ng rng ti sn bo m l bo m cho mt phn hay ton b ngha v tr n, th coi nh c bo m cho ton b ngha v tr n, k c ngha v tr li v bi thng thit hi. ( 319.1 BLDS). Hoc d cho cc bn khng c tho thun g v vic th chp vt ph ca bt ng sn hay ng sn th vt ph cng ng nhin thuc ti sn th chp ( 342.1, BLDS). Hn mc tn dng l s tin m ngn hng cam kt s ng trc cho cc giao dch ca bn. - Th tn dng l mt hnh thc thay th cho vic thanh ton trc tip. Hnh thc thanh ton ny c thc hin da trn uy tn. Ch th khng cn phi tr tin mt ngay khi mua hng. Thay vo , Ngn hng s ng trc tin cho ngi bn v Ch th s thanh ton li sau cho ngn hng khon giao dch. - Ch th cng c th rt tin mt t ti khon th tn dng (tin mt ng trc) nu mun. - Ch th c rt v dng tin mt trc trong hn mc tn dng c quy nh cho mi th. - Th tn dng cho php khch hng tr dn s tin thanh ton trong ti khon. Ch th khng phi thanh ton ton b s d trn bng sao k giao dch hng thng. Tuy nhin, Ch th phi tr khon thanh ton ti thiu trc ngy o hn ghi r trn bng sao k. - Th tn dng khc vi th ghi n v tin khng b tr trc tip vo ti khon tin gi ca Ch th ngay sau mi ln mua hng hoc rt tin mt. Hn mc tn dng l s tin bn c tiu xi trong 1 thng khi s dng th tn dng (ch th tn dng thi nh, k phi th ghi n ). i vi cc NH VN, hn mc tn dng thng t khong 1 - 3 ln thu nhp ca khch hng, tr trng hp c bit khng cn chng minh thu nhp nh bc s, ging vin, nh kinh doanh mt tin hoc c s dng thu bao tr sau. Bn c th thanh ton tin hng = th tn dng, hoc rt tin mt. Vic rt tin mt c NH xem nh s tin NH ng trc cho bn, v bn phi tr li sut ngay khi rt tin mt (khong 3-6% cho 45 ngy, ng thi chu ph pht (khong 4% - 6% i vi th tn dng quc t). Xem thm ph cc dch v th tn dng. Ti my ATM, bn c php rt 50% hn mc th tn dng, tuy nhin nu nh mt dch v trung gian ng ra gip th bn c th rt ti 99% hn mc v k phi tr li sut trong 45 ngy.