1.

MEC

ANICA DE FLUIDOS
HIDROST

ATICA
Densidad, presion, Ec. Fundamental:
=
m
V
, p =
F
A
,
dp
dz
= g p = p
o
+
p.hidrost.
..
gh
Fuerza en una pared:
F
p
= ga
1
2
H
2
Flotaci on:
F
A
= mg
l
V
s
g = mg
Fluido compresible (H
0
= 8)
p = p
o
e
z
H
0
=
0
e
z
H
0
Tensi on supercial:
= F
r
F = P S
2Rcos = mg h =
2 cos
gR
HIDRODIN

AMICA
Ec. continuidad:
v
1
S
1
= v
2
S
2
= Q
Ec. Bernoulli:
p
1
+
1
2
v
2
1
+gh
1
= p
2
+
1
2
v
2
2
+gh
2
= C
Relaciones:
v =
_
2gh; v
1
=

_
2gh
_
S
1
S
2
_
2
1
; Q =

2gh
S
2
1
S
2
2
S
1
S
2
Sif on:
v
2
2
= 2g(l +d)
Viscosidad:
F = S
v
z
; R =
8L
r
4
; N
r
=
vR

Fla. de Poiseuille:
v =
P
4
(R
2
r).
2. TERMODIN

AMICA
T
f
=

i
m
i
T
i
m
i
;
c
2
c
1
=
m
1
(t
1
t
f
)
m
2
(t
2
t
f
)
;
L = L
0
T; V = V
0
T;
Q = mc
e
T = c
c
T; W =
Q
t
TRANSPORTE DE CALOR
1. Conduccion:
Flujo:
I
T
=
Q
t
= A
T
+
T

L
; j
T
=
dT
dx
Conductividad termica de una pared:
j
T
=

T; R
f
=

; I
T
= j
T
S =
S

(T
0
T

); T = I R
T
2 Barras en Serie:
T = IR
eq
; R
eq
=

S
_
1

1
+
1

2
_
I =
T
R
eq
= (T
0
T
2
)
S

_

1

1
+
2
_
2 Barras en Paralelo:
T
1
= T
2
= T; I = I
1
+I
2
; T = I
i
R
i
T = R
eq
I
Aislamiento:
=

T; =

c
c =

2

2
=
_

2
c
2

1
c
2

1
R =
d
S
2. Conveccion:
Ley de enfriamiento de Newton:
Q
t
= qS[T
S
T

];
R
conv
=

qS
; R
eq
=

i
R
i
Flujo y Formula de Wien:
j =
T

;
m
T = A
3. Radiacion:
I
R
=
I
E
I
A
Formula de S. Boltzmann:
j
T
=
2
5
15
K
4
B
T
4
h
3
c
2
Perdida de calor:
Q
t

neta
= eS(T
4
s
T
4

)
Gases Ideales
pV = nRT; k
B
=
R
N
A
; n =
m

; = m
0
N
A
pV = Nk
B
T = nN
a
k
B
T = nRT
Procesos: Isotermicos, Isobaricos e Isocoricos:
pV = cte. V = V
0
(1 +T); p = p
0
T
Calculo cinetico de la presion:
p =
1
3
v
2
Energa cinetica media:

E =
3
2
k
B
T; v
2
=
3k
B
T
m
v
rcm
=
_
3k
B
T
m
1
Velocidad media at.:
v
at
=
(R
2
R
2
)R
2
S
Distribucion de Maxwell (Boltzman):
f(v) = 4
_
m
2k
B
T
_
3/2
v
2
e
mv2
2k
B
T
Velocidad maxima, velocidad media y v
rcm
:
v
M
=
_
2k
B
T
m
; v =
_
8k
B
T
M
; v
rcm
=
_
3k
B
T
m
Relaci on f(v) f()
f() =
2

1
(k
B
T)
3/2

k
B
T
Conclusion: Q = cnT
I Ley de la termodinamica:
Q = U +W dQ = dU +pdV
C

dT = dU

+RdT C
p
= C
v
+R
Th. de equiparticion de energa i recorrido libre:
c
1
= i
1
2
k
B
=c

= i
1
2
R; =
1

2d
2
n
3. ONDAS Ecuacion de un oscilador armonico (MAS):
x+
2
x = 0; = 2; T = 2
_
m
k
; x = Acos(t +
0
);
Energa:
E =
1
2
mv2 +
1
2
kx
2
=m x +kx = 0
E =
1
2
kA
2
Pendulo simple:
m x = mg sin ; x = L; T = 2

L
g
Tubo de U:
F = pS gSH
Suma de 2 M.A.S:
x = x
1
+x
2
= 2Acos

2
cos
_
t +

2
_
Oscilaci on periodica: y(t
0
+T) = y(T)
Oscilaci on armonica: y(t) = Acos(t +
0
)
Funcion de onda: y = f(x vt)
Relaciones:
= vt v = = kv; v =

F
T

; k =
2

a
max
= A
2
; v
max
= A
Funcion de onda armonica:
y(x, t) = Asin(kx t +
0
)
v
y
(x, t) = A sin(kx t)
a
y
(x, t) = A cos(kx t) =
2
y(x, t)
Energa, potencia e intensidad de una onda:
E
c
=
1
2

2
v
2
y
=
1
4
A
2
E = E
c
+U
p
=
1
2
A
2

2
=
1
2
v
2
max
E =
1
2
A
2

2
vt
P =
E
t
=
1
2
A
2

2
v
P =
1
2
v
2
A
2
cuerda
P =
1
2
v
2
A
2
medio volum.
I =
E
St
=
P
S
=
1
2
v
2
A
2
Ondas estacionarias, principio de superposicion:
y
T
= y
1
+y
2
= 2Acos(kx) cos(t)
A
i
+A
r
= A
t
; A
i
k
1
A
r
k
2
= A
t
k
2
=
v
2
v
1
=
k
1
k
2
; = k
1
v
1
= k
2
v
2
; =
v
2
v
1
Desfases: (1)temoral, (2) = y = t, (3) = y = t:
t =
x
v
; = t; = kx
Coecientes de transmision, reexion; potencia, coeciente de
reectividad y transmitancia:
t =
A
t
A
i
=
2
+ 1
; r =
A
r
A
i
=
1
+ 1
P =
1
2
v
2
A
2
=
1
2
F
T

2
A
2
v
; R =
P
r
P
i
=
A
2
r
A
2
i
=
( 1)
2
( + 1)
2
= r
2
T =
P
t
P
i
=
A
2
t
/v
2
A
2
i
/v
1
=
t
2

=
4
(1 +)
2
; R +T = 1
Armonicos(a) extr.jos; (b) 1 extr. libre:
(a)L = n

n
2
;
n
=
2L
n
;
n
= n
v
2L
= n
1
y
n
(x, y) = 2Asin(k
n
x) sin(
n
t)
(b)L = n

n
4
;
n
=
4L
n
;
n
= n
v
4L
= n
1
; n = 1, 3, 5...
Ondas sonoras:
S(x, t) = S
n
cos(kx t); p(x, t) = p
n
sin(kx t)
P
m
= vS
m
; v =

RT

=
_

k
B
T
m
I =
1
2
(p
m
)
2
(v)
2
; = 10 log
I
I
0
Efecto Doppler (1) OMFR, (2) ORFM, (3)OMFM:
(1)

=
_
1
v
ob
v
_
; (2)

=
_
1
1
v
f
v
_
(3,1) :

=
v v
ob
v v
f
; (3,2)

=
v v
ob
v +v
f
2