GVHD: Ths.

Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn

TO Page 1

MC LC
L ...4
......6
I: L THUYT ......6
1.1. Cc khi nim c bn....6
1.2. Phn loi ma st... 7
1.3. Cc nh lut c bn v ma st.... 9
1.4. Bn cht ca ma st ngoi...13
1.5. Tnh ton h s ma st....18
1.6. Ma st ln....21
C II: L THUYT V MN......24
2.1. Cc khi nim v nh ngha c bn...25
2.2. Mt s c ch hnh thnh phn t mn...35
2.3. Phn loi dng mn.....39
2.4. Cc nh lut c bn v mn.......59
2.5. Bn cht ca qu trnh mn....65
2.6. Mt s phng php tnh cng mn ca cp ma st...75
2.7. Tnh mn cp ma st theo thuyt phn t...84
III: ..91
3.1. Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh bi trn...91
3.2. Phn loi cc dng bi trn ....94
3.3. Bi trn thy ng......96
3.3.1. Khi nim v phn loi....96
3.3.2. Nguyn l ma st bi trn thy ng trn gi ...97
3.3.3.Bi trn thy ng tip xc..98
GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn

TO Page 2

3.4. Du bi trn..105
IV:
....110
1. Cng ngh c truyn thng110
2. Cng ngh cn dnh cc lp lim loi....111
3. Cng ngh hn n to bng hai lp kim loi....112
4. Cng ngh luyn hp kim bt......113
5. Qui trnh cng ngh ch to bc bimetal ti nh my c kh Ng Gia
T...115

BIMETAL BK 2012.122

NAM..122
1.1. Cc dng bc c trn th trng Vit Nam......122
1.2. Bc Bimetal ch to ti nh my c kh Ng Gia T......126
1.3. Phm vi cc loi bc cn th mn...127
II: T
BIMETAL.128
2.1 . Nhu cu v tnh cp thit ca vic thit k ch to my th mn bc
Bimetal.128
2.2 .Cc phng n v s th mn ...131
2.3. Tnh ton kh nng ti v cch t ti cho bc ..136
2.4. Nguyn l lm vic ....140
2.5. Cc thng s lm vic ca my o mn.....140
2.6. S t ti....141
2.7.Tnh ton s b cc cm chi tit chnh143
2.8.Bn v thit k cc chi tit chnh ca my..154
GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn

TO Page 3

: 166
IV: TH NGHIM MY185
..191
TI LIU THAM KHO...193
PH LC..194






















GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn

TO Page 4


Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca khoa hc k thut, ca ngnh
cng ngh ch to my ni chung, ngnh ma st hc Tribology ni ring v ngha
ln lao ca n i vi s pht trin ca nn kinh t t nc. Yu cu bc thit t
ra i vi mi cn b, sinh vin c kh l phi tp trung nghin cu, ng dng
nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut vo thc tin sn xut gip cho nn khoa hc
k thut v kinh t ca t nc ngy cng pht trin theo kp cc nc tin tin
trn th gii, p ng mc tiu n nm 2020 a Vit Nam c bn tr thnh mt
nc cng nghip pht trin. Vi yu cu chng em nhng sinh vin nm cui -
B Mn My& Ma st hc - Vin C Kh - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
chn ti Nghin cu, thit k, ch to m mn metal BK2012,
ng dng kim tra bc xe Hyundai vi mong mun c nghin cu v tm hiu
thm v nhng c s v l thuyt chung ca ma st hc c p dng vo thc t.
Cc nghin cu thc tin cho thy phn ln cc my mc, thit b c kh b
hng khng phi do gy m do mn v h hng b mt ma st trong cc mi lin
kt ng. phc hi my mc, thit b phi tn ph nhiu tin ca, vt t, cng
sc ca nhiu b phn sn xut. V vy nghin cu ma st v mn a ra cc
phng n ti u gim ma st, mn ang ngy cng l mt yu cu bc thit i
vi mi phn xng, mi nh my, mi k s cng ngh ch to my.
Mi loi h chi tit cn kim tra cng mn u cn thit phi thit k
mt my o mn ring vi yu cu g, h thng ng lc ring. My o mn
c nghin cu, thit k l my o mn dng cho h chi tit dng bc trt tay
bin - trc khuu ng c t trong. Bc bin l loi bc ch to bng bacbit gm
hai na thun tin khi lp ghp trn trc khuu v u to thanh truyn ng c
t trong. Vi iu kin lm vic khc nghit ti trng ln, nhit cao bc bin
mn rt nhanh. V th ta tin hnh kim tra bc trc khi lp hoc sau mt thi gian
GVHD: Ths. Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn

TO Page 5

chy a ra la chn ti u ci tin bc, cng nh chn ch bi trn hp l
gim mn. Ngoi ra c th o h s ma st ca bc th bng cch o gc ma st.
Trong ni dung n tt nghip ca sinh vin ngnh ch to my, vi s
hng dn tn tnh ca cc thy c hng dn Thc c Bo v Thc
Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn B Mn My & Ma St hc, i hc Bch Khoa H
Ni. Chng em chn ti Nghin cu, thit k, ch to m mn
Bimetal BK2012 , ng dng kim tra bc xe hyundai ph hp vi kh nng
cng nh thi gian thc hin.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c B Mn My & Ma St hc,
i hc Bch Khoa H Ni gip chng em trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
c bit l hai thy c hng dn nhit tnh hng dn chng em hon thnh tt
nht ti.
Do phm vi kin thc v kinh nghim cn hn ch nn khng th trnh khi
nhng sai st trong qu trnh thc hin ti, nhm nghin cu chng em knh
mong cc thy nhn xt v b xung cho ti chng em them hon thin.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!
H ni, thng 06 nm 2012
Nhm SV thc hin n:
Trn n u
Tn
Tn
Tn Trun
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 6

PHN I : C S L THUYT CHUNG
1
L THUYT MA ST
1.1. Cc khi nim c bn
1.1.1 Ma st ngoi
Ma st ngoi l qu trnh tiu hao nng lng khi hai vt th rn c chuyn
ng tng i vng tip xc thc di tc ng ca ti trng ngoi.
Ma st l qu trnh rt phc tp v ph thuc vo:
- Bin i ca cc qu trnh din ra trn din tch tip xc thc v lp b
mt mng trong qu trnh chuyn ng tng i ca mt vt th trn b
mt vt th khc.
- Cht lng b mt khi tham gia ma st.
- iu kin v mi trng ma st.
- Cht lng ma st c nh gi bng lc ma st.
Lc ma st l lc c xu hng cn tr chuyn ng tng i ca cc vt
rn, xut hin ti cc im tip xc thc, khi vt th ny chuyn ng tng i
trn b mt vt th khc.
Lc ma st khi ng l lc ma st xut hin trong cc dch chuyn ban u,
cn gi l lc bm dnh, xut hin trong cc khp ma st trt chuyn ng khng
lin tc.
Lc ma st tnh l ton b lc ma st ti thi im chuyn t trng thi dch
chuyn ban u sang trng thi trt hon ton.
Lc ma st ng l lc ma st xut hin trong qu trnh chuyn ng tng
i vng tip xc.
Lc ma st trt c xu hng cn tr chuyn ng theo phng tip tuyn
vi b mt tip xc.
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 7


Hnh I. 1.1. S ph thuc ca lc ma st vo gi tr dch chuyn L sau trng
thi dch chuyn bn u l trn t trt n nh vi F
ms
= Const
1.1.2. ln trn a ma st :
Trong k thut s dng 3 i lng c trng:
- H s ma st: t s gia lc ma st v ti trng php tuyn :
f = F
ms
/N (1.1)
- H s ma st khi va p: t s ca s thay i v mt ng lng ca vt
th theo hai hng tip tuyn v php tuyn.
f
vd
=

(1.2)
- H s mt mt nng lng do ma st:
Fw = Wms/Wtng (1.3)
1.2. Phn loi ma st
1.2.1. Cn vo dng chuyn ng
Ma st trt: ma st xy ra gia hai b mt c chuyn ng trt tng i.
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 8

Ma st ln: ma st xy ra gia hai b mt c chuyn ng ln tng i
Ma st xoay: ma st gia hai b mt c chuyn ng xoay tng i
Ma st hn hp:

Hnh I.1.2. Cc dng ma st theo chuyn ng
1.2.2. Cn vo u kin b mt
Ma st khng c cht bi trn: l ma st ca hai vt rn trn b mt khng c
iu kin khng nh r rng cht bi trn hay bt k cht no,i khi cn c gi
l ma st kh.
Ma st gii hn: l ma st ca hai vt rn c tn ti gia lin kt ca chng
mt lp bi trn c phn t dn 0,0001mm, n c tnh cht hon ton khc vi tnh
cht ca ton khi cht bi trn
Ma st t: l ma st gia hai b mt c phn tch bi cc lp cht lng c
chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, trong ng sut tip to thnh lc ma st.
Ma st na t: l ma st ng thi c c ma st t v ma st gii hn.



SV: c Thanh
TO Page 9

1.2.3. Cn vo u kin lm vic
Ma st bnh thng: l ma st xut hin ch lm vic bnh thng (n
nh) . c trng bi s cn bng ng gia ph hy v phc hi lp mng oxit c
tnh bo v trn b mt ma st
Ma st khng bnh thng: l ma st xut hin ch lm vic khng bnh
thng. N thng c th hin nhit ca cp ma st, Cn bang ng gia
ph hy v phc hi b ph v.
1.2.4. Cn teo ng lc hc tip xc
Ma st tnh xut hin trong qu trnh dch chuyn ban u, lc ma st ngn
cn bin dng lp b mt
Ma st ng xut hin trong qu trnh chuyn ng tng i lc ma st
ng s thc y qu trnh bin dng trn lp b mt tng A
r

1.3. c nh lut c bn v ma st
Cc nh lut v bo ton nng lng, chuyn ng v cc nguyn l cc tiu
c p dng trong iu kin ma st v mn bnh thng, ngha l quan h gia
cc dng tng tc khc nhau trong qu trnh ma st mang tnh cht hong ton xc
nh.
1.3.1. nh lut th nht
Cng ca lc ma st ngoi bng tng nhit sinh ra v cc nng lng c
hp th (ch yu do kim loi).
A = Q + E (1.4)
- A Cng ca lc ma st
- Q nhit sinh ra
- E nng lng hp th ca kim loi
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 10

Cng ca lc ma st khng bao gi bin hon ton thnh nhit: A > Q
Nng lng hp th khng bao gi bng khng: E 0
E/A = f(p,v,c). hm nng lng hp th tng i ca b mt ma st ph thuc
vo tnh cht ca vt liu v iu kin ma st
V vy: C kh nng iu khin qu trnh ma st bng cch iu chnh cn bng
nng lng c t s E/A nh nht v n nh.
1.3.2. nh lut th hai
Lc ma st l tng ca cc lc thnh phn c dng lm tin trin cc
qu trnh c l ha tt yu, ng vi iu kin tip xc nht nh ca cc vt th ma
st.
F
ms
= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
+ F
4
+ .+ F
8
+ F
9kbt
+ F
9bt
+ F
10
(1.5)
- F
1
: Lc ma st trong cc lp thy kh ng,
- F
2
: Lc ma st ta thy ng bn trt (cc lp bin)
- F
3
: Lc cn trt trong cc lp gii hn
- F
4
: Lc to di tip xc trong lp b mt rt mng
- F
5
: Lc to ra dao ng n hi trong cc lp di b mt
- F
6
: Lc lm bin dng cc th tch b mt v m
- F
7
: Lc ph hy cc lin kt bm dnh, khuych tn
- F
8
: Lc tng tc trng phn t, trng Vandecvan, trng b mt vi
cc khuyt tt ca cu trc phn t
- F
9kbt
: Lc ph hy th tch v m ca kim loi
- F
9bt
: Lc ph hy khuyt tt tch ly v cc cu trc th cp
- F
10
: Nng lng b khuch tn ra ngoi (pht x, dao ng m)
F
1
v F
2
xy ra khi bi trn thy kh ng
F
3
n F
9bt
, F
10
xy ra trong qu trnh ma st bnh thng
F
6
n F
9kbt
, F
10
xy ra trong qu trnh ma st khng bnh thng
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 11

Qu trnh ma st bnh thng v khng bnh thng tng ng vi cc dng
lin kt khc nhau.
Qu trnh ma st bnh thng c c trng bi h s ma st n nh v n
c gi tr nh nht.
1.3.3. nh lut th ba
Ba trng thi bin dng - ng sut: ng vi mt t hp cc thng s (vt liu,
mi trng) nht nh c mt vng ca thng s c hc (p,v), trong tch phn
ca hm nng lng hp th tng i trn b mt ma st ly trong ton th tch b
bin dng c gi tr cc tiu:

= min (1.6)
Kt lun: Ba nh lut trn cho php phn tch qu trnh ma st phc tp v
ch ra min bnh thng trong gn nh ton b cng ma st bin thnh nhit .

Hnh I.1.3. S v tr cc vng ma st bnh
tn v kn bn tng

1.3.4. Quy lut mn thc nghim:
ng cong Stribech: Ph thuc ca h s ma st vo vn tc v p lc.
Ba trng thi bin
dng,ng sut
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 12


Hnh I.1.4. Ph thuc ca h s ma st vo p lc.

Hnh I.1.5. Ph thuc ca h s ma st vo vn t trt.



I Ma st kh
II Ma st gii hn
III Ma st t
IV Ma st khi bi trn ri
I Vng n nh mn
oxyhoa
II Vng chuyn tip
III Vng bin dng v
ph hy Mn khng
bnh thng (trc, co
trc)
I Vng n nh Mn
oxyhoa
II Vng chuyn tip
Khng bnh thng ng vi
trc loi I (V < V
th
)
III vng khng bnh
thng khng bnh thng
ng vi trc loi II
(V>V
th
)
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 13

1.4. Bn cht ca ma st ngoi.
Bn cht ma st ngoi rt phc tp, l tng hp ca cc qu trnh c, l, ha
din ra ng thi.
Ma st ngoi din ra trong din tch tip xc rt nh khng quan st c
trc tip.
1.4.1. Bin dn k m st (n i hoc do).
Bin dng l phn ng chng li tc dng ngoi lc ca cc vt th vt l
Bin dng l qu trnh ch yu nh hng n ma st ngoi.
{




nh hng Fms , l nguyn nhn hnh thnh vng ma st c hc (s cn
tr trt ca cc lp v bin dng trong ma st trt)
1.4.2. Bm dnh v khuych tn khi ma st
Tng tc vt l ca cc b mt ma st c th hin bi hin tng bm
dnh v khuych tn. Xut hin cc lin kt gia cc b mt ca cc vt th ti vng
tip xc thc
- Bm dnh tnh: Sc cn chng tch ly ban u
- Bm dnh ng: sc cn chng tch ly cc giai on khc nhau
- Lc bm dnh l lc cn chuyn ng tng i ca hai vt th theo
phng vung gc vi b mt ma st. Lc phn t v lc bm dnh khng
sinh cng
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 14

- Khuch tn l qu trnh thm nhp v phn tn cc nguyn t, phn t
gia cc b mt tip xc ma st. Hin tng ny c p dng trong
phng php chuyn dch chn lc.
1.4.3. Ph hy khi ma st.
Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh ma st l s ph hy b mt ma st bi s
bong tch hoc co xc to ra cc phn t mn.
- Do bin dng c lp i lp li nhiu ln
- Do kt dnh v khuych tn c lp i lp li lm tng th tch cc phn
t chuyn di.
Lc ma st l tng lc cn tr gy bin dng b mt ma st v lc lin kt
gia cc phn t trong lin kt bm dnh, khuych tn, bong tch,
F
ms
= F
ch
+ F
pt
f = f
pt
+ f
ch
(1.7)
- Thnh phn bin dng thng nh.
- Thnh phn phn t c tnh cht quyt nh
iu ny th hin r trong ma st khng cht bi trn:
- Thng c trt theo kiu bc nhy: rung khi khi ng, rt khi phanh,
rung khi dao tin ct,
- Mng oxit v bi co nh hng rt nhiu n lc ma st: lc ma st phn
t, din tch tip xc.
1.4.4. M st k b trn i hn.
Bi trn gii hn xy ra khi b mt ma st b phn tch bi mt cht bi trn
rt mng c chiu dy c phn t n 0,1m, c tnh cht hon ton khc ton khi
cht bi trn.
- Bi trn bng mng du
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 15

Do sc bn nn cao, sc bn tip tuyn v sc bn lin kt vi b mt ma st
rt nh
Gim lc ma st t 2 10 ln so vi ma st kh
Gim mn 100 ln
C ch: Di tc dng ca ti bin dng tn ti mng du v c th c
s thm nhp ca b mt nhng khng ph hy mng.
Lc ma st l tng ca sc cn trt lp gii hn v sc cn cy xi bi
phn din tch thm nhp.
Din tch tip xc nh bin dng do nhit tng ph hy mng
cc b bm dnh tng lc ma st
Do tnh linh ng v kh nng hp th nn c kh nng t phc hi mng
du.
nh hng ca sng din tch tip xc gim tip xc do
nh hng ca oxy lm oxy ha cc cht trong du to thnh cc hp cht
lin kt bn vng vi kim loi. V vy pha thm ph gia vo mng du.

Hnh I.1.6. S trt ca vt rn k b trn i hn
A on truyn ti trng B on tip xc
- Bi trn gii hn vi cht rn
Graphit, disunfit molipden MoS2, sulfit bc, ch xp, to mng gii hn
c bn nn rt cao, bn ct rt nh.
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 16



MoS2: tng t nh Graphit dng nhit thp v trong chn khng.
Khi c m h s ma st tng do s c mt ca lu hunh nhit 583oC
to thnh cc ht rn kim loi mm (khng b bin cng, khng to thnh dung dch
rn) Babit, ng, Ch, hp kim ng mng kim loi mm c bn nn tt.
Khi c chuyn ng s dn n s ct trong kim loi mm, din tch tip xc
khng ln (nn cng)lc ma st gim.
1.4.5. M st k b trn t
B mt ma st b phn tch hon ton bi lp bi trn lng .
p sut du cn bng vi ngoi lc .
Cc lp du c khong cch > 0,5 m vi b mt chuyn ng t do vi
nhau .
Lc ma st ph thuc vo:
- nht ca du .
- Gi tr bng tng lc cn ca cc lp du theo chiu dy ca mng
du.
- Theo chiu dy ca mng du gm c cc phn t hot tnh hp th
vo b mt kim loi :

+ Lp gii hn
Cu trc tinh th Graphit:
Graphit: c cng vng phng vung gc
vi mt phng ca lp trong mng tinh th xp
x bng kim cng, bn cc phng song
song vi lp rt nh. H s ma st f = 0,03
0,04
Khi c m v mng oxit kim loi s tng
cng bm dnh vo kim loi


SV: c Thanh
TO Page 17

+ Ri vi m
+ Dng chy tng

Hnh I.1.7. S mt ct ca b mt kim loi v lp vt liu b trn lng
1.4.6. M st k b trn n t
Bi trn na t l ng thi c c bi trn t v bi trn gii hn
- Ti cn bng vi lc php tuyn ca cc phn b mt tip xc v p sut
thy ng ca du bi trn.
- Lc ma st bng tng lc b mt theo phng tip tuyn v sc cn nht.
- Gm c hai dng:
+ B mt ma st thu hp thnh cc khe hp to ra dng chy v lc nng
nhng khng tip nhn ton b ti
+ nhp nh to thnh cc nm du vi m,hnh thnh ngay c khi vn
tc nh
I Cu trc kim loi ban u
II Tinh th b bin dng c hng
III Tinh th b ph hng, b oxyhoa
v lp hp th b mt
IV Lp phn t mn
V Lp gii hn
VI Vng chuyn ng vi vi m
VII Dng du chy tng.
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 18


Hnh I.1.8. S nm du thy ng do cc nhp nh b mt khi chuyn
n tn i to nn
h
o
- khe h nh nht a chiu di nm du
1.5. Tnh ton h s ma st
F
ms
= F
pt
+ F
ch
f = f
pt
+ f
ch
(1.8)
Cng thc tnh h s ma st theo thc nghim
F
ms
= f.N (1.9 )
f h s ma st
N ti trng php tuyn
Theo Leonardevinci f = 0,25
o Coulomb
F
ms
= A + B.N (1.10)
Hay f = (A/N) + B (1.11)
A c trng cho mi trng tng tc gia hai vt th
ma st.
o Tabor v Bowden
Thnh phn bin dng l khng ng k so vi thnh phn ma st
phn t
F
pt
= /p
t
(1.12)
bn ct ca vt liu mm hn
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 19

p
t
p lc chy
f = 0,17 0,2
o Cng thc R.kinh v Tabor:
f = f
0
+ K.

(1.13)
Trong :
K l h s thc nghim
Khi f
0
= 0 v K = 1 cng thc Taybor v Bowden
o Cng thc R.T.Spurr v T.P.Navcomb c mi quan h
f =

(1.14)
Trong :
D ng knh mu th
d l chiu rng vt ng trt
o Cng thc Ranbinowic tnh h s ma st cho tip xc do:
f =

(1 +

) (1.15)
Trong :
v

sc bn ct v gii hn chy

nng lng bm dnh

gc nghing
bn knh vng bm dnh
1.5.1 i vi tip xc cc b (duy nht)
Khi tip xc do: Vi gi thit mt vt th rn tuyt i, cn vt th kia do
l tng. Khi < 0,5.
T
th h/r c th biu din qua ti, cng v h s ma st s
l:
f =

+ +

(P
2
= c.

) (1.16)
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 20

Khi tip xc n hi: H s ma st c th hin bng phng trnh
f =

+ + 0,44.

.P
r
. (1.17)
F
ms
khi

= 1,5.

(1.18)
Trong :

v thng s ma st ca thnh phn phn t

r bn knh cong ca nhp nh
h s n hi ca vt liu

h s mt mt do tr trt
N ti trng php tuyn tc dng ln nhp nh

gii hn chy ca vt liu

h chiu su thm nhp
1.5.2. i vi tip xc phn tn
Khi tip xc do:
f =

+ + 0,55.

= c.
T
) (1.19)
i vi cc b mt c gia cng ln cui, b=2 v v=2, khi h s ma
st s l:
f =

+ + 0,52.

(1.20)
Khi tip xc n hi:
f =

+ 0,19.

Khi v = 2: f =

+ + 0,23.

(1.22)

B mt sau chy r: v = 2: f =

+ (1.23)
(1.21)
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 21

B mt c sng : f =

+ (1.24)
B qua thnh phn c hc
Trong : thng s t hp b mt
V thng s ca ng cong phn b
H
b
chiu cao ca sng
R
b
bn knh cong ca sng
P
c
p lc vng

(1.25)
1.6. a st ln
Mt bnh xe ln trn mt nn phng c nh
- Khi n quay mt gc
- Trc ca bnh xe dch chuyn tng i vi mt nn mt lng l R

- Chuyn ng ca a trn c gi l ln thun ty. Trong trng hp ln
thun ty, im bnh xe tip xc vi nn s khng c chuyn ng tng
i.

Hnh I.1.9a. S ln a bnh xe trn nn c nh.
- Cc im ca bnh xe so vi tm quay tc thi O
1
c vn tc gc l =

SV: c Thanh
TO Page 22

- Trc i qua im O
1
v vung gc vi mt phng ln ca bnh xe gi l
trc quay tc thi
- Trn thc t do bin dng ca cc vt th tip xc,im tip xc ln
khng nm trn ng trc quay tc thi m nm trn mt b mt nht
nh
- Nu bnh xe chu tc dng ca ngoi lc N vi phng ca lc l OO
1

m bo bnh xe ln vi vn tc khng i,cn phi t lc F
0
ln, c
im t lc trn trc quay tc thi nh hnh v. Momen ca lc ny so
vi im O
1
s cn bng vi Momen cn ln.
- H s ma st ln k c xc nh theo t s ca momen chuyn ng M
vi ti php tuyn N
k =

(1.26)
- Nh vy h s ma st ln khc vi h s ma st trt, n c th nguyn l
n v o chiu di.
- H s cn ln f vi c trng khng th nguyn c xc nh bng t s
gia cng ca lc chuyn ng F
0
trn mt dn v chiu di ng ln v
ti php tuyn
f =

(1.27)
- Khi mt tr ln u (trng thi cn bng) th momen tc dng M = F
0
.R
cn bng vi momen phn lc xut hin,tc dng ca phn lc N

= N
b dich chuyn mt khong cch e so vi phng ca ti tip tuyn,theo
chiu ca chuyn ng ln:
f =

hay f =

(1.28)
Trong : A

cng ca lc chuyn ng A

= M.

N ti php tuyn
l qung ng chuyn ng l = R.

Suy ra : F
0
.R = N

.e e =

(1.29)
Hay v mt gi tr :
SV: c Thanh
TO Page 23

e =

= k (1.30)
Tnh h s cn ln:
f=

} (1.31)

Hnh I.1.9b. S ln ca bnh xe trn nn c nh.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 24

2
L THUYT V MN
2.1. c khi nim v nh ngha c bn
Mn l qu trnh ph hy lp b mt ca vt th rn trong tip xc ma st,
gi tr mn c nh gi theo s suy gim kch thc ca vt th ma st theo
hng vung gc vi b mt ma st (ng ma st). Tc mn ca cp ma st
trt ph thuc c tnh vt liu, hnh dng, kch thc v cht lng ca b mt
cng nh iu kin lm vic nh: ti, vn tc, nhit , bi trn
Cc qu trnh thay i phc tp xy ra trn lp mng mng tip xc ma st
quyt nh dng mn. Dng mn chnh xc khng th xc nh bi cc gii hn
n gin, n ph thuc vo rt nhiu c tnh, ng thi cng cho thy c ch ca
qu trnh mn b mt l khc nhau trong nhng iu kin c th.
Ph thuc vo c trng ca vt th th ba hnh thnh khi ma st phn
bit 3 qu trnh mn: mn khng cht bi trn, mn bi trn gii hn v mn trong
qu trnh tip xc n hi, n do do v ct t vi. V vy c ba c trng ny
phi c s dng xc nh chnh xc mn, hin tng mn mi trong lp gii
hn khi ma st tip xc n hi.
V mt nguyn tc th qu trnh mn ph thuc vo thi gian c ba giai on
c bn: giai on chy r, giai on mn n nh v giai on mn khc lit.
2.1.1. Mn p m st.
Mn ca cp m st l qu trnh mn ti lp b mt lp ghp ca chi tit my
tip xc c chuyn ng tng i trong iu kin s dng. Qu trnh ny c th
c biu din bng s thay i v hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng ca b mt
chi tit hoc lm bin dng mt chi tit, bong tch, chy do, ion hon hnh thnh
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 25

vt liu mi hoc lm xy ra qu trnh bin i vt l lp b mt tip xc ma st:
bm dnh, khuych tn hp th, hp kim ha, n mn, xm thc
Cc kt cu my cha cc cp ma st gi l cc kt cu ma st, chng c vai
tr r rt trong phn b p sut lm vic trn b mt cp ma st. Kt cu ma st ti
u phi l kt cu c p sut phn b u trn b mt tip xc ma st v l nh
nht, phi c iu kin ta nhit, bi trn v chng bi bn tt.
Mt trong nhng i lng quan trng nh gi mn theo thi gian
hoc theo qung ng ma st l lng mn U. N l gi tr mn ca cp ma st
trong mt khong thi gian hay trn mt qung ng ma st no . Lng mn
U c th nh gi theo chiu cao ca lp mn trn b mt ma st (theo phng
vung gc vi b mt ma st hay vung gc vi ng trt), hay theo khi lng
mt i ca cp ma st trong qu trnh lm vic hoc theo th tch mn ca b mt
khi hot ng.
Tc mn theo thi gian c s dng nh gi qu trnh mn v so
snh vi mn tiu chun, n l o hm ca lng mn theo thi gian hoc theo
qung ng ma st. Trong giai on mn n nh, tc mn l tg ca gc hp
bi th lng mn theo thi gian vi trc thi gian v c gi tr khng i.
Cng mn ca cp ma st I l i lng nh gi mn trn mt n v
chiu di qung ng ma st thng qua th tch mn, khi lng mn hoc chiu
cao lp mn. Ty theo tng trng hp c th s c cng mn th tch, cng
mn khi lng
Cng mn khng th nguyn I
h
ca cp ma st l i lng mn m ti
xy ra h hng hoc khng c hiu qu kinh t nu s dng tip. Lng mn
gii hn ca cp ma st l tiu chun c bn xc nh tui th lm vic ca cp
ma st. Lng mn gii hn cng ln th tui th ca cp ma st cng di. Tuy
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 26

nhin lng mn gii hn c quan h cht ch vi ch lp ghp m bo iu
kin lm vic bnh thng ca cp ma st nn khng th tng t do c.
2.1.2. trn qu trnh mn
S ph thuc ca mn vo thi gian hoc qung ng ca ma st.
Khi cp ma st bt u lm vic chu k u tin s din ra qu trnh chuyn
ha t trng thi b mt ban u cn gi l b mt cng ngh sang trng thi b mt
lm vic hay trng thi s dng. Qu trnh chuyn ha i vi tt c cc cp ma
st gi l chy r hay thi k mn ban u. Qu trnh chy l c bit quan trng
trong vic m bo chuyn b mt ma st sang trng thi lm vic mt cch nhanh
chng, n nh v d dng, ng thi n nh hng n ton b hot ng sau ny
ca cp ma st nh: ch lp ghp khi lm vic, bin dng b mt ti u, tnh
cht c l ca lp b mt tip xc ma st.
Trong iu kin ma st mn bnh thng c th phn chia s ph thuc ca
mn (hay l lng mn) theo thi gian thnh ba giai on c bn:
Giai on chy r, giai on mn n nh v giai on mn khc lit.

Hnh I.2.1. Biu din s ph thuc ca mn vo th n: I l on
chy r, II l on mn bn tng, III l giai on mn khc lit.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 27

Giai on chy r I l mt qu trnh c l ha rt phc tp vi du hiu bn
ngoi l s thay i trng thi hnh hc mc vi m v siu vi m. c trng ca
qu trnh chy r l s thay i tn gc cc tnh cht lp b mt mng ca tip xc
ma st, do xut hin cc cu trc th cp c bit, l vt th th ba c tc dng
phn tch hai b mt ma st khng b tip xc trc tip, m bo cho qu trnh bin
dng n hi trong khp ma st din ra mt cch t pht.
Trong giai on ny tc mn thay i theo thi gian, gim dn v cui
cng t n 1 gi tr n nh (
dt
dU
) y l giai on khng cn bng ca qu trnh
mn v nm trong tui th chung ca thi gian lm vic. Trong giai on ban u
ny, din tch tip xc thc l nh, do vy p sut thc ln v gy bin dng do.
C nhng nhp nh b mt b ph hy, ng thi cng c nhng nhp nh b mt
b nn p, dn dn s to thnh nhng nhp nh b mt th cp. Tr s din tch tip
xc thc tng ln, p sut ring trung bnh v nhit trung bnh trn din tch tip
xc c gim i. Vic to thnh cc nhp nh th cp cn c vai tr ca cc phn
t thm nhp lm cy xc b mt, to ra nhng nhp nh c hng theo vt
chuyn ng. Trong iu kin chy r, sau mt khong thi gian xc nh, p sut
ring trung bnh s ph hp vi p sut ring cho php, m bo s vn hnh bnh
thng ca cp ma st cng nh ca my mc v thit b. Khi , trn b mt ma
st, trng thi hnh hc t n trng thi ti u v cu trc lp b mt ma st c c
tnh n nh, chng ph thuc vo iu kin chy r v khng ph thuc vo trng
thi ban u.
Thc nghim cho thy nhp nh ca b mt sau chy r s t ti gi tr
n nh, n ph thuc vo iu kin ma st p v v, khng ph thuc vo trng thi
cng ngh ca cp ma st trt.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 28

Trong trng hp chy r, tha nhn thng s ca ng cong phn b nhp
nh b mt theo cao: b = 2, v = 2.
L thuyt ma st c phn t cho thy s ph thuc ca cc phn s c trng
cho tng tc ma st v thng s hnh hc vi m ca b mt ma st, n nh ca
nhp nh b mt trn vt rn tip xc ma st ph thuc vo bn lien kt, tng
tc phn t trn im tip xc, tnh cht n hi ca vt liu v ti trng php
tuyn. Kh nng tnh ton v d kin nhp nh th cp ti u khi thit k cc
chi tit v cc kt cu ma st cho php s dng cc bin php cng ngh gia cng
b mt ph hp vi nhp nh xc nh, m bo mn ca cc b mt tip xc
ma st l nh nht khi chy r. Sau qu trnh chy r, cht lng b mt ca cp ma
st thay i hon ton v c l ha cng nh trng thi hnh hc b mt.
Giai on mn n nh II l giai on di nht v mt thi gian v c c
trng bi s n nh ca tc mn theo thi gian const
dt
dU
= . Trong giai on ny
c s cn bng ng gia hnh thnh bin dng v s ph hy lp cu trc th cp
trn b mt tip xc ma st. Trong s t hp ca nhp nh b mt t ti gi tr
ti u v khng thay i trong iu kin ma st nht nh. Do h s ma st ny
nh nht v n nh trong giai on ny, tc mn c quan h tuyn tnh vi thi
gian hoc qung ng ma st. Vi gi tr mn gii hn c xc nh trc c th
d bo c tui th lm vic ca cc ma st.
Biu hin bn ngoi r rng nht ca qu trnh mn n nh l s n nh
nhit ca cc ma st khi lm vic, n c trng c bn cho qu trnh mn bnh
thng trong tip xc ma st.
Giai on mn khc lit III l giai on c trng ca s tng vt nhanh ca
tc mn theo thi gian
dt
dU
hay theo qung ng ma st
dL
dU
.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 29

Trong qu trnh lm vic bnh thng ca cp ma st, khi lng mn U t
ti 1 gi tr nht nh th n lm thay i r rng ch lp ghp ca ma st. Trong
iu kin c bi trn vic tng khe h ny lm hiu ng thy ng ca , a v
bi trn na t v bi trn gii hn, lm tng nhanh mn b mt . Vi iu kin
bi trn c gii hn hoc kh, tng khe b mt c c tnh cao c to thnh trong
qu trnh nhit luyn hoc ha nhit luyn v lm gim bn cc b mt. Mt khc,
vi lng mn U nht nh km theo vic sai lch hnh dng hnh hc ca b mt
tip xc dn n va p cc b mt ma st v n b chuyn dn sang qu trnh mn
khng bnh thng, trng thi hnh hc t vi b mt xu i, nhp nh b mt tng
ln. y l nhng nguyn nhn chnh lm cho tc mn ca cp ma st tng ln.
Tuy nhin trong thc t th mn khng phi l ng u n. M n c
s dao ng nht nh xung quanh k vng ton hc ca lng mn U vi tung
l lng mn U khng gim.
Trong giai on mn n nh, tha nhn quy lut mn l tuyn tnh. xc
nh c quy lut ca giai on ny th cn t nht gi tr lng mn ti 2 thi
im khc nhau. T c th xc nh c tc mn ca giai on mn bnh
thng ny.

Hnh I.2.2. n ng ca cc qu trnh chy r k nu n mn b mt
lp ghp ca cc chi tit my.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 30

ng cong 1 c trng cho qu trnh mn trong nhng iu kin chy r
khng tt. Khi trong qu trnh chy r b mt ma st b trc mnh v khng tn
ti mng bo v, khng c bi trn y , dn ti vic hnh thnh cc vt xc
v cc cp h hng khc. Cp ma st b lm vic trong iu kin khng bnh
thng.

Hnh I.2.3. S ty i nhp nh b mt trc khuu ph thuc vo thi gian
chy r; 1,2,3 tn ng vi t 100, 800, 1700 vg/ph
ng cong 2 c c trng tng qut cho qu trnh mn bnh thng theo
thi gian.
ng cong 3 c trng cho qu trnh mn trong iu kin chy r c ci
thin cht lng. Mn ca qu trnh chy r khng ln, cng mn v lc ma
st trong giai on chy r gim nhanh v t n gi tr n nh trong thi gian
ngn. Hin tng trc khng pht trin, trn b mt ma st hnh thnh bin dng vi
m ti u v cc cu trc th cp chng mn.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 31

2.1.3. C ln trn qu trn mn
Qu trnh mn vi tc dng ph hy, xy ra trong th tch nh ca vt liu
cc lin kt ma st, ni din ra cc tc ng tng h mnh, hnh thnh din tch
tip xc thc ca b mt ma st v to cc phn t mn tch ra khi vng ma st.
Thng thng gi tr mn c nh gi theo s gim kch thc ca b mt ma
st theo hng vung gc vi b mt.
Trong ch tip xc ma st tnh din tch tip xc thc A
r
khng thay i,
(A
r
= const) theo thi gian. Khi chuyn ng trt tng i cc lin kt ma st
ang tn ti b ph hy lm pht sinh cc lin kt mi vi gi tr ng knh trung
bnh ca vt tip xc tng ng. S lng cc lin kt ma st ph thuc vo chu k
ti trng.
Th tch vt liu V tch ra t b mt dng phn t mn t l vi din tch
tip xc thc :
A
r
: V ~ A
r
.
S ph hy trn vt tip xc thc c th xem l tp hp ca cc s kin c
lp ng xc sut, v t l trong mi quan h ny c th nguyn l n v o chiu
di.
Khi trt trn ng knh trung bnh ca vt tip xc, ph hy ch xy ra
trong 1 phn ca din tch tip xc thc A
r
, v c th gi thit tch ra 1 lp c chiu
dy h t mi vt tip xc thc:
V = h.A
r
(2.1)
Trong mi quan h gi tr h khng phi l gi tr mn thc s trong 1 vt
tip xc thc trn lp b mt vt liu. Vi quan nim cc ph hy trn tng vt
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 32

tip xc thc ca b mt tip xc ma st s tp hp a n gi tr mn tng ng
cui cng l H.
Ti mi thi im mn xut hin v b ph hy, qu trnh ny c din ra
vi Z lin kt ma st:
Z =
h
H
A
A
(2.2)
Chia b mt mn thnh cc di nh dc theo hng trt vi chiu rng l d
1

(kch thc trung bnh ca vt tip xc theo phng vung gc vi hng trt).
Chiu di ca mi di phi m bo trn xut hin Z lin kt lc ma st.
Tng s lin kt ma st xut hin khi ma st cho c b mt ma st l :
h
H
d
a
N
A
A
=
1
0
(2.3)
Trong a l kch thc ca vt th mn theo phng vung gc vi hng
trt.
Gi mt vt tip xc l:
a
r
A
n
= (2.4)
Trong :
r
r
r
A
A
n
A
= (2.5)
Tng s lin kt ma st xut hin trn din tch ma st:

1
1

A
A
=
h
H
d
a
n (2.6)
Qung ng ma st c xc nh bng cng thc:
.
1
1
d h
H
L
A
A
= (2.7)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 33

V
a
r
r
A
A
d
h
A
d d
L
H

A
=
A
2
2 1
.
(2.8)
Trong : A
r
- din tch trung bnh ca vt tip xc n v.
d
2
- ng knh trung bnh ca vt tip xc theo hng trt.
c trng v m ca qu trnh mn l I
h
:
L
H
I
h
A
= (2.9)
c trng v m ca qu trnh mn l cng mn n i
n
:

2 2
.d A
V
d
H
i
r
n
A

A
=
(2.10)
Thng thng c th chp nhn nhp nh b mt c cc d
1
= d
2
= d, do :
a
r
h
a
r
h h
A
A
i
A
A
i I ~ =
t
4
(2.11)
Ngoi 2 c trng c bn ni trn cn c cc i lng sau:
Cng mn theo khi lng:
L
G
I
g
A
= (2.12)
Cng mn theo th tch:
L
V
I
v
A
= (2.13)
Trong V v G l th tch v khi lng mn tng ng trn qung
ng ma st.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 34

Cng mn n v th tch:

L N
V
w
.
A
= (2.14)
Trong : N - ti trng php tuyn
L - qung ng ma st
Quan h gia cng mn khng th nguyn v mn n v th tch:
a
h
p
I
w =
(2.15)
Trong : P
a
- p lc danh ngha trn vt tip xc.
Cng mn khng th nguyn ca cp ma st c th xc nh theo kch
thc thay i ca n hay theo khi lng vi cc tnh ton hnh hc ca ma st
theo cng thc:
Theo th tch:
L A
V
I
t
h
.
A
=
(2.16)
Theo kch thc:
L
H
I
h
A
= (2.17)
Theo khi lng:
L A
G
I
a
h
.
A
=

(2.18)
Trong :
A
t
- din tch b mt ma st ca chi tit
- t s din tch danh ngha v din tch b mt ma st,
t
a
A
A
=

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 35

- khi lng ring ca vt liu mn.
Cng mn ca cc vt liu ni chung nm trong khong:
13 3
10 10

=
h
I (2.19)
2.2. Mt s c ch hnh thnh phn t mn
2.2.1. Vai tr ca phn t mn
Qu trnh hnh thnh cc phn t mn khi ma st l mt qu trnh phc tp
v rt quan trng. Hiu c qu trnh ny s cho php lm sang t c ch ph hy
b mt vt liu khi ma st v xy dng phng php tnh.
Vic nghin cu thc nghim rt phc tp do tnh c th ca qu trnh mn.
Xc nh chnh xc i tng ph hy, loi b tc dng ph hy ch l hin tng
n l, cn nhng ni xut hin ph hy th khng th d bo c.
Cc phn t ht mn l ngun thng tin quan trng. Nghin cu hnh dng,
kch thc, thnh phn, dng b mt, tnh cht c l cho php xc nh qu trnh
dao ng to thnh chng.
Vic tch cc phn t mn ra khi b mt ma st l kt qu ca mt ln hay
nhiu tng tc. Nu phn t mn tch ra l kt qu ca mt ln hay nhiu ln
tng tc th cng mn trong trng hp ny l v cng ln.
2.2.2. Mt s yu n tn pn t mn.
2.2.2.1. C bm dn.
Tc gi J.Archard a ra c ch mn bm dnh, a h s k vo cng thc
mn l s ln tng tc n cn thit to thnh phn t mn ( n = k
-1
), nu cc tc
dng tip theo vn thc hin trn cng mt vt liu th r rng s ph hy bt u
do kt qu tc dng ln th hai ch khng phi ln th nht.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 36

2.2.2.2. C mn do tr
Tc gi N.P Suh a ra l thuyt mn do trc. Theo tc gi chiu dy ca lp
mn c xc nh theo suy gim chiu dy ca vng bin dng tp trung:

f
b G
h
o ) 1 ( 4
.

= (2.20)
Trong : G m un trt.
b tenx Burgers.
- h s Poatxong.

f
o - ng sut ma st.
R rng t s G/
f
o cng nh th chiu dy lp mn cng nh. Vt nt xut
hin trn b mt phn b song song vi b mt ma st. Tc xut hin vt nt
trong vt liu cng chm l do bn dnh ca vt liu cao. Mn ca vt liu c
cng cao, nh hn ca vt th mm.
2.2.2.3. C uyn r vt lu.
Phn t tch ra t b mt khng bin ngay thnh phn t mn. Phn t mn
ch ra khi vng ma st khi bm dnh nhiu ln vo v mt ma st.
M.Kerridge v J.K Lancaster s dng mt mu nhim x khi trt trn vnh
dn hng bng thp dng c thy rng, on xut hin phn t mn xut hin
trc on chng tch t trn b mt vt th i. S lng cc phn t chuyn ri
tng dn cho n khi t ti gii hn chuyn ri. Cc th nghim pht hin trung
bnh mi ln phn t mn to thnh t 50 phn t ri.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 37

2.2.2.4. C mn m
D.Scott, W. W. Seifert v Westcott a ra c ch khc v s hnh thnh phn
t mn. Khi ma st kim loi trn b mt xut hin lp b mt c tnh nng thay i.
Lp b mt ny c cc vt nt t vi v cc khuyt tt khc lan truyn vo trong lng
khi vt liu. Tc dng lp li khi ma st dn ti mi ca lp ny, v tch cc ht
mn. Cc ht mn gp phn lm nhn bng b mt.
2.2.2.5. C N. So
Gi thit cc phn t mn c tch ra c th nh hn kch thc vt tip
xc. Tc gi nh gi, cc tip xc khng bnh thng ni c th din ra ph
hy l 10
-3
v nh hn vt tip xc n v. Da vo kch thc ca phn t mn
c tm ra l 10
-5
mm. Tuy vy gi thit ny khng hon ton ng v khng th
xem thng vic nghin cu phn t mn khi chng ta i ra khi vng tip xc.
2.2.2.6. C Erbnowz
Bng cc th nghim xc nh gii hn ca kch thc phn t chuyn ri
v phn t mn. Cc tnh ton ny nhm xc nh cng chi ph cho vic tch cc
phn t vt liu do tng nng lng b mt. Cng ny c th tnh theo nng lng
n hi tch ly vi th tch khi ma st. Khi tnh ton kch thc phn t chuyn
ri, tc gi a ra gi thuyt rng: chng b gii hn bng cc chm cu bn knh
d/2 (d l ng knh vt tip xc).
Nng lng n hi d tr trong th tch ny l:
12
.
.
2
3 2
max
d
E
c
t c
= (2.21)
Trong :
max
c - bin dng n hi ban u.
4E
c
- m un n hi.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 38

Nng lng b mt cn thit cc phn t b tch ra khi vt tip xc l:
2
.
. . 2
2
d
E
a s
t
= A (2.22)
Trong :
a
- nng lng lin kt bm dnh.
iu kin chuyn ri b phn:
s c
E E A >
Dn ti:
2
max
.
. 24
c

E
d
a
p
> (2.23)
Trong : d
p
- ng knh phn t bc tch.
Trong trng hp phn t nm khe h gia cc mt lm vic v khng th
bm vo b mt ta c:
2
max
2
.
. 6
c E
W
d
ab
h
>
(2.24)
Trong : d
h
- ng knh phn t mn.
W
ab
- nng lng lin kt dnh.
- h s Poatxng.
i chiu gi tr min ca kch thc phn t t phng trnh (2.23) v (2.23)
c:

5
1
~
h
p
d
d
(2.25)
T phng trnh (2.25) thy rng th tch phn t mn ln hn 125 ln th
tch bong tch. Kt qu thc nghim v tnh theo cc cng thc (2.23), (2.24) c gi
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 39

tr gn ging nhau v vy cc c trng k ra l gn ng khi cc tc gi b qua
nhn t bin dng trt khi ma st trt.
2.2.2.7. C Ssd v ndo
Qua nghin cu s tch t ca cc phn tch ra trn vt tip xc khi trt cho
thy, phn ca b mt vt liu c tch ra c kch thc nh hn ng knh vt
tip xc ca phn tch ra, dn n vic hnh thnh cc mng kt tinh, n gn cht
vo vt th i, sau c th chuyn ri mt ln na ti b mt ca n hoc l
chuyn ri ti v tr mi trn vt th i. Trong trng hp ny kch thc ca phn
bong tch ln ln cng s bong tch ca b mt i. Cc phn t dnh tip tc pht
trin n thi k lc bm dnh c kh nng gi cc phn t chung ny. S hp
th kh trn b mt ca phn t bong tch hnh thnh mng bo v lm gim lc
bm dnh.
C ch trn cho php xc lp mi quan h gia kch thc ca phn t mn
vi cc thng s nh: vn tc trt, p lc kh quyn. Kh nng dnh kt ca cc
phn t bong tch cng cao th phn t kh c hp th trn b mt ca chng
cng nh. Kh nng ny tng ln vi s gim ca p lc kh quyn xung quanh v
tng gc trt.
2.2.2.8. C T.Ssd v S.Norose
Th nghim i vi cp ma st Ni Ni cho thy, khng ch c s tch t
ca cc thnh phn b ph hy m cn c s tng tc chuyn i gia b mt ny
vi b mt khc.
2.3. hn loi dng mn
2.3.1 Pn lo dn mn
S to thnh b mt mn l kt qu tng hp ca nhiu tc nhn c bn,
nhng khc nhau v cng v hnh thc ca cc bin i v tnh nng c l ha
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 40

ca vt liu di tc ng ca yu t bn ngoi (mi trng, p sut, nhit , dng
ma st, tc dch chuyn tng i v.v). Trong qu trnh ma st, tp hp cc
hin tng ni trn s xc nh dng mn, s a dng ca vt liu v iu kin lm
vic quyt nh tnh a dng ca qu trnh mn cp ma st.
Nguyn l do B.I. Costetxki a ra, v qu trnh ch yu v qu trnh km
theo ca hin tng mn, c ngha quyt nh trong cch phn loi. Theo nguyn
l , dng mn ch yu l qu trnh p o (biu hin c v cht v lng) trong
tng th cc qu trnh xy ra. Dng mn c th xc nh gn ng bng du hiu
bn ngoi nh dng b mt ma st. c nhn nh y , cn c s phn tch
thnh phn v tnh cht c l ca b mt mng.
Nhng dng h hng b mt ma st khng thuc khi nim mn theo ngha
thng thng trong thc t cng nn xem xt nhng dng h hng ny cng vi
mn.
Mi mn l mt qu trnh mn khi c mi trng ht mi trong vng ma st.
C 2 dng mn l mi mn c ha v mi mn c hc.
Mi mn c ha xy ra khi
6 , 0 >
m
k
H
H

Mi mn c hc xy ra khi
6 , 0 s
m
k
H
H
(h hng khng cho php)
Trong : H
k
- cng ca kim loi
H
m
- cng ca ht mi.
Mn ht mi rt hay xy ra i vi cc thit b v my mc hot ng trong
ngnh nng nghip, xy dng v giao thng. Chng cn xut hin trong nhng cp
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 41

lp ghp chu ma st ca nhiu loi thit b c kh, ng lc, thy lc, kh nn, do
c cc ht mi cng lt vo vng ma st theo khng kh, du bi trn, nhin liu
hoc khi gia cng tinh ln cui bng dng c mi. Trong nhiu trng hp mi
mn cn do chnh cc phn t mn cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ma st.
Nhng cu trc cng ca cc b mt ma st phc hp cng c tc dng gy mn
ht mi.
Dng v c ch ph hy c xc nh do tng tc ca b mt ma st i
vi mi trng c ht mi, v thc cht l trt ca cc ht mi cng gy bin dng
do kim loi, thm nhp vo nhau nhng ch tip xc, ph hy th tch b mt
khng tch phn t mn hoc to phoi t vi.
C 2 dng biu hin r rt ca qu trnh mi mn da trn c tnh tng tc
gia ht mi vi b mt kim loi.
Dng th nht ph hy c ha l ch yu: bin dng do ca th tch b
mt, s xi ha ca chng v s ph hy lp mng va hnh thnh.
Dng th hai ph hy c hc cc lp kim loi b mt chim u th, thm
nhp ca cc ht mi, ph hy cc th tch kim loi b mt khng tch ht kim loi
gc hoc c th to phoi t vi. Dng ny thuc cc qu trnh h hng khng cho
php xy ra khi c ma st.
Trng thi b mt v cc lp kim loi b mt b h hng do tc dng ca ht
mi c cho trong bng di y:




SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 42


Cc tiu chun nh gi qu trnh Dng ph hy do mi mn
I II
Cp nhn b mt
su ca cc lp ph hy
Nhit lp hot tnh b mt
Thay i thnh phn ha hc v
pha ca lp b mt
Thay i tng i cng cc
lp b mt (H
s
/h
bd
)
H s tng th tch ca lp b mt
ng sut trong lp b mt
Dng ph hy b mt
Tc qu trnh ph hy
Cc qu trnh ph km theo
712
n 2000
n 50C
To dung dch
rn cng tinh
xit
23
sadsfsdfsggffgas
f
1,51,08
Nn v ko hn
ch
Dn do
Di 0,5m/h


510
n 0,20
mm

n 50C
Khng
sdasdasdasdas
1,5
sdfasfasdfasdasd
1
Nn
Do
0,550 m/h
xy ha nhit
thp

Bng 2.1. c tnh trng thi b mt v cc lp b mt tp k mn v
hng do tc dng ca mn ht mi.
Mi mn b mt ma st gn lin vi s c mt ca cc ht mi trong vng
ma st, n c th xut hin trong khong rt rng ca cc tc ng bn ngoi. S
xut hin dng mi mn c ha hay c hc ph thuc vo cc tnh cht c hc ca
ht mi, cng nh hnh dng hnh hc ca n vi cc lp b mt ca kim loi b
mi mn.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 43

Mn xi ha l qu trnh ph hy dn b mt ca chi tit khi ma st, do
tng tc gia cc lp b mt hot tnh b bin dng do vi xi khng kh hay ca
du bi trn hp th trn b mt. Mn xi ha th hin s hnh thnh cc lp
mng hp th ha hc, ca cc hp cht ha hc gia kim loi vi xi v s bong
tch ca lp mng y ra khi b mt ma st. Mn xi ha l qu trnh n nh tnh
cn bng ng gia ph hy v phc hi cc lp. mng xi, c trng cho iu kin
s dng bnh thng ca cc cp ma st. dng mn ny, tc xi ha (V) ln
hn tc ca cc qu trnh cng xy ra trn b mt ma st, ngha l hin tng xi
ha chim u th. bn ca cc lp mng c to thnh bo m cho s tin
trin n nh ca dng mn ny: tc ph hy ca lp mng V khng vt qu
tc xy ha (V
ox
> V
ph
).
Mn xy ha c mt s dng biu hin, c tnh v cng ca qu trnh
xi ha ph thuc vo iu kin, dng ma st, tc dch chuyn tng i, p
sut, mc dao ng ca ti trng, nhit , thnh phn ca mi trng kh v
lng, tnh cht c l ha ca vt liu. C 2 dng mn xi ha bnh thng.
Dng th nht c trng bi s to thnh cc dung dch ca xi v cc cng
tinh mng ca cc hp cht gia xi vi kim loi trn b mt ma st.
Dng th hai c trng bi s to thnh cc hp cht ha hc ca xi v kim
loi i vi thp l cc xit FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
.
Trong mi trng ht mi, qu trnh xi ha v ph hy b mt pht trin
nhanh hn do c tp trung ng sut trong cc th tch hn ch ca kim loi.
Mn xi ha bnh thng xy ra trong qu trnh ma st trt v ln kh hoc
bi trn gii hn. Gii hn vn tc trt ln nht i vi thp tn ti mn xi
ha l t 4m/s n 7m/s ty thuc vo tng loi thp. Khi bi trn gii hn tc
ln nht l 25m/s. Mn xi ha in hnh nht l mn ca cp chi tit c ch to
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 44

bng nhng kim loi v hp kim khc nhau trn gc dung dich rn, c tnh khng
thun nht v cu trc hoc c cng v gii hn chy cao. Mn xi ha l dng
mn quan trng nht ca mn c ha. c trng chung ca mn c ha l qu trnh
bin dng c hc ca lp b mt mng cng vi s tng tc ng thi ca lp
hot tnh b bin dng v nhng thnh phn ha hc ca mi trng

Hnh I.2.5. M hnh cu trc ca cc lp b mt tron trng hp chu mi
mn dng I (a) & dng II (b)
Trc l qu trnh ph hy khng cho php b mt ma st do kt qu hnh
thnh mi lin kt kim loi cc b, bin dng v ph hy cc lin kt y, km theo
s bong tch cc ht kim loi hay bm dnh cc ht y ln b mt tip xc.
Trc xut hin khi ma st trt vi vn tc dch chuyn tng i nh v p
sut vt qu gii hn chy trn nhng on tip xc thc, c bit khi khng c
lp du bi trn, lp mng xit bo v v trong chn khng (vi c trng hp ma
st ln). C 2 loi trc sau:
a, Trc loi I
Cc lin kt kim loi to ra trong trc loi I khi cc th tch kim loi b mt
b bin dng mnh l do tnh do khng nhit ca vt liu. Khi bin dng do
gy nn thay i trng thi b mt, ph hy cc mng xit v cc lp mng du bi
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 45

trn hp th, lm cho trn b mt tip xc ma st l ra nhng on b mt kim loi
thun khit.
Bn cht ca trc loi I l s dch gn ca cc on thun khit n khong
cch tng tc ca cc lc lin kt nguyn t, xy ra qu trnh khuych tn gia cc
kim loi tip xc nhau v to thnh mi lin kt kim loi, cn tr chuyn ng
tng i ca b mt ma st, nn cui cng n b ph hy bo ton chuyn
ng.
Trc loi I ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh cht c hc v vt l ca vt liu,
vo gii hn bn, gii hn chy, kiu mng tinh th, kh nng ha tan v cu trc
in t, v.v
Trc loi I l mt trong nhng dng hng nguy him nht, khng c php
xy ra i vi mt cp ma st lm vic bnh thng, hnh I.2.6.

Hnh I.2.6. M hnh cu trc lp b mt khi trc loi I
b) Trc loi II (trc nhit)
L qu trnh h hng khng c php ca b mt ma st vi s xut hin
cc lin kt kim loi cc b do b nung nng, lm mm, bin dng v tip xc ca
b mt sch to nn. Trc nhit ph thuc vo tnh n nh nhit, cng nhit,
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 46

nhit dung, tnh dn nhit ca vt liu ma st. Trc nhit l hin tng nguy him
v kh ph bin.
Tc hnh thnh cc mi lin kt kim loi vt qu tc ca cc qu
trnh khc v chim u th. Do xut hin mt nhit lng ln hn gi tr cho php
i vi loi vt liu cho, gy nn bin dng vt liu, lm l ra cc on b mt
kim loi thun khit cng vi s dch st ca 2 b mt tip xc ma st n khong
cch v khong bn knh gia cc nguyn t. M hnh cu trc ca trc loi II c
trnh by trn hnh I.2.7.

Hnh I.2.7. M hnh cu trc lp b mt khi trc loi II
Trc loi II thng xut hin khi ma st trt vi vn tc dch chuyn tng
i ln v p sut ring ln, to ra gradian ln, tng nhit cao trong cc lp kim
loi chu ma st v trng thi do nhit ca n. Trng thi ny kh bn kim loi,
lm mm lp b mt. Trc loi II c th xut hin trong qu trnh ma st kh hoc
bi trn gii hn, gia cc kim loi c c tnh khc nhau. i vi thp, loi trc
ny c trng cho cc vt liu ti vi s chuyn r rt sang tnh do nhit.
Trn thc t s dng th trc loi II thng xut hin nhiu nht nhng cp
ma st lm vic trong iu kin bi trn gii hn n nh. iu kin ny b ph hy
khi ngng cung cp bi tri thch hp.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 47

Mn do mi l qu trnh h hng do mi xut hin nhng chi tit chu ma
st ln v kt qu ca s ph hoi mnh lit cc lp kim loi b mt trong iu kin
c bit ca trng thi ng xut.
c tnh ch yu v s pht trin ca h hng mi c xc nh bi cc qu
trnh bin dng do lp i lp li, bi s tng bn v gim bn cc lp b mt kim
loi, bi s pht sinh cc ng xut d v bi hin tng mi c bit. S ph hy
c bit khi h hng mi c c trng bi s xut hin vt nt t vi, vt lm.
dng ph hy ny, tc ca cc qu trnh c trng cho hin tng mi ca
kim loi vt qu tc ca qu trnh khc cng din ra trn b mt ma st, do
n chim u th.
Mn do mi tn ti trong qu trnh ma st ca cc kim loi rn v cc kim
loi mm c do cao c c im ring bit. Mn do mi thng thy cc
ln, cc bnh rng, c cu phn phi, cp con ln a m, cp ma st ln trt.
M hnh cu trc ca cc lp b mt ma st b ph hy do mi c biu
din trn hnh I. 2.8.




Hnh I.2.8. M hnh cu trc ca cc
lp b mt ma st b ph hy do mi

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 48

Mn fretting: c trng cho ph hy b mt ma st, xut hin khi c oxi ha
vi cng cao hoc trc vi chuyn v nh ca b mt lp ghp. Qua trnh
fretting xut hin khi c ma st trt vi nhng chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi rt
nh v khi c tc dng ca ti trng ng.
C th xc nh vn tc nh nht, m di gi tr khng ny sinh qu
trnh fretting. Qa trnh trc c th xut hin rt mnh ngay c vi p xut php nh
khi tip xc ca nhiu loi vt liu. Qua trnh tng cng oxi ha v trc trn b
mt tip xc ma st l do c tnh ng ca ti trng gy ln v vng tip xc
gradian ca bin dng v nhit rt ln.
Dng ph hy b mt do mn fretting xut hin trn nhiu loi vt liu khc
nhau, n c th xut hin c khi ma st kh v ngay c trong iu kin c bi trn.
Mn fretting l mt trong nhng dng hng nguy him hay xut hin cc
chi tit my chu ti trng ng,rung ng hnh I. 2.9.

a) Trc b) x ng
Hnh I.2.9. M hnh cu trc ca cc lp b mt khi mn fretting.
Qu trnh fretting xut hin nhng b phn v nhng cp lp ghp rt khc
nhau, ngay c trong nhng b phn v cp lp ghp khng lm vic.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 49

Mn p ln l bin dng th tch v m ca kim loi gn lin vi s thay i
hnh dng cc b vi cc ti trng ln hn gii hn chy.
Bin dng p ln c th lan trn ton b hoc mt phn ln th tch ca chi
tit my.
Khi p ln kch thc ca chi tit my b thay i nhng khi lng vn gi
nguyn.
Hin tng p ln c th xut hin trong qu trnh ma st v cng c th xut
hin do s truyn cc ng lc khng lin quan n trt hay ln ca cc b mt.
Bin dng cc th tch v m ca kim loi thng xy ra trong trng hp
cc cp ma st c ch to t kim loi mu - ng thanh, ng thau, babt, hp
kim nhm. Nhng hp kim ny c gii hn chy tng i thp, do cc chi tit
c ch to t vt liu ny s c bin dng d khi b qu ti tuy nh. Cn phn
bit hin tng p ln v bin dng do trong cc lp mng ca b mt ma st.
Bo mn kim loi. S bo mn c hc ca kim loi l qu trnh ph hy ca
cc chi tit my v c cu di tc ng lp i lp li nhiu ln ca nhng dng tia
cht khong v t , di tc dng ca sc gi v sc nc. cng l s ph
hy cc lp b mt kim loi do nhng tc dng in - nhit ca s phng in
khng c nh dng xung gy ra, cng vi nhng tc ng c th ca cc lc ng.
Bo mn c hc v bo mn in trn b mt kim loi khng lin quan trc
tip n ma st v mn ca chi tit my. Trong mt s trng hp hai hin tng
ny cng xy ra ng thi vi cc qu trnh ma st, n lm phc tp qu trnh ma
st v mn.
Xi mn l qu trnh ph hy b mt ca cc chi tit my tip xc vi cht
lng chuyn ng vi vn tc thay i .S ph hy do xi mn gy ra c tnh cht
cc b v th hin vic hnh thnh nhng vt lm v nhng l hng v.v.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 50

Ty theo iu kin xut hin .xi mn c chia thnh nhng loi nh sau:
1. Xi mn bin dng: xut hin khi c s tch ri dng chy ra khi b mt
bin dng chy.
2. Xi mn khe h: xut hin khi tc dng chy ln chy qua nhng khe
h m cht lng c th xuyn qua.
3. Xi mn gin on: xut hin khi dng chy gp nhng ch cn tr mp
m phi chy vng qua n.
Ph hy do xi mn thng hay gp cc cnh bm tuabin thy, cc loi
bm chn vt, mt ngoi ng lt xylanh ng c vv
Mn hydro biu hin trong tt c cc dng mn, ch khc mc t hay
nhiu. Tc dng ca hydro c th biu hin ca s tng khng nhiu tc mn
ca dng ny hay dng khc, hoc s ph hy khc lit.
Mn hydro l kt qu ca s xut hin hydro trn b mt kim loi v lm dn
b mt trong qu trnh ma st. N ph thuc vo cc qu trnh din ra trong vng
ma st, vo cng tch hydro khi hp cht ca n khi ma st v vo kh nng
hp th vo b mt ma st. Dng ph hy b mt l s pht trin hng lot cc vt
nt t vi trong vng b bin dng v tch t hydro. N nhanh chng to ra cc phn
t c dng bt mn ca vt liu.
Trn hnh 2.10 l s cc dng ph hy cc b mt chi tit my.


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 51


Hnh 2.10. S cc dng ph hy b mt chi tit my
2.3.2 Cn mn p m st k tp x n
Trong qu trnh ma st th tch vt liu lp b mt chu tc ng ca ng
xut bin thin theo chu k,mi chu k tc ng khng mt i trong vt liu m
lm tch ly cc h hng v cui cng xy ra ph hy vt liu trn lp b mt ma
st. c trng c bn ca mn khi tip xc n hi l gi tr ng sut c bin
khng vt qu gii hn n hi ca vt liu. Tuy nhin s chu k ma st dn n
ph hy vt liu hay bc ca ng cong mi phi xc nh bng thc nghim, s
m ca thng s t
f
trn thc t dc trng cho tt c qu trnh l ha khi ma st. Tr
s ny cho n nay khng tnh ton c, phi xc nh qua thc nghim:
Th nht th nghim mn
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 52

S dng cc kt qu th nghim mn hin trng v trong phng th
nghim tng hp hoc kim im li cc d kin. Nhc im ch yu ca
phng php ny l s mu th nghim t, c kt qu chnh xc cao phi c thi
gian v chi ph.
Chi tit b mn I
n
Ch thch
1 2 3
+ S mi xylanh
-ng c kiu M3 236

-t

1,8.10
-12

2,5.10
-12

(1,1 5,6).10
-21

Xecmng
-M thic
-M crm
-Gang
+Xec mng
-M thic ca ng c
M3 236
-M crm ca ng c
M3 236
-ng c - 48T


2,5.10
-11


2,5.10
-12


4.10
-11

S mi ca cc xylanh
bng gang
Trc khuu ca ng c t
+Ngng c bin
+Ngng c chnh

4.10
-11
5.10
-12

1,6.10
-11
1,8.10
-12
Thp bc hp kim
Ngng trc cam ng c t
ZIN 130
1,8.10
-9

1,6.10
-9

-Bi trn
-M b mt,bi trn
Cc chi tit ca my xc
302: 305; 65t v cc my
khc
+Then hoa trn a quay
+Then hoa trn trc quay
+Rng ca bnh rng o chiu
-Trc
-Cn


8,6.10
-20

5,3.10
-11


1,5.10
-11

6,3.10
-12

7,3.10
-12

Cc vt liu ca chi tit
my
Thp 50T WX15
Thp 40X - 35

Thp 40x 45
Thp 40 40x
Thp 45 45
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 53

C cu xch a
Rng ca li hp vu
Rng gu trc
6,3.10
-10

10
-4
10
-3
Thp 45 45
Thp 45 - 45
1 2 3
ng dn hng ca my cng c
C cu c dng trt
2.10
-9
4.10
-11

2.10
-11

Gang Gang
Gang Gang
Cc dng c ct gt lm t T15K6
Khng c dung dch trn ngui
T15K6 trong khng kh
-Trn mt sau
-Trn mt trc
(1,5 6).10
-8



1,1.10
-8
2,2.10
-8

Vt liu gia cng

Thp 40X
V= 150 230 m/ph
Thp 40,v- 180m/ph
T15K6 trong chn khng
5.10
-6
mmHg
-Trn mt sau
-Trn mt trc
Cng nh trn nhng chn khng
5.10
-6
mmHg
-Trn mt sau
-Trn mt trc


5,8.10
-8

4,1.10
-8



5,5.10
-9

5,5.10
-9



Thp 40, v=180m/ph
Thp XH35BT I-O
V= 4m/ph
nt
nt
nt
Cc calip, compa o l, l khun cn
bng hp kim cng
Cc calip lm bng hp kim M 332
v thp Y10A
10
-10


(1,3 2,9).10
-9


Cc b phn phanh ma st
- a
- Trng phanh
- Guc phanh

8.10
-3
4.10
-1

(2 - 8).10
-7

2,6.10
-6
10
-3



Bng 2.2 Gi tr n mn khng th nguyn ca mt s chi tit my:

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 54

Th hai: th nghim trn cc thit b o tip xc cc b cho vt liu khng
tng tc c ha vi mi trng xung quanh.Thng s ta c th rt ra t th nghim
v mi th tch. i vi iu kin ma st thng thng, thng s ma st mi tf
c cho trong bng gi tr thng s tip xc ma st mi khi trt trn thp khng
cht bi trn trong mi trng khng kh.
Sau khi bin i phng trnh mn c bn cho trng hp tip xc n hi
,cng mn c dng:

1 1 2 1
1
2 2 2 2
.
. .2 . . . . . .
f
f
t
t
p
v v v
h a c r
b
k f
I K P P P o
o
| |
= A
|
\ .
(2.26)
Trong p sut tip xc p sut thc c tnh theo cng thc;

2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
0, 5. . . .
v v
v v v
r c
p E P
+ + +
= A (2.27)

p xut cc b khi khng k n nh hng ca nhm n sng c tnh
theo cng thc:

0,4
0,8
0,2
0, 2. .
b
b
H
R
c a
p E P
| |
|
\ .
= (2.28)
Trong : Hb - cao ca song
Rb - bn knh song
E - m un n hi
Ga tr ca p lc vng ca Pc thay i ty theo dng tip xc ca nhp nh
b mt:
- Tip xc ca cc b mt nhp nh,khng chy r, khng c song Pa=Pb
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 55

Cc b mt ny bao gm ca cc c cu ng h ,chi tit ca cc dng
dng c o,cc dng mi ghp ren,cht then ,thanh dn hng,dng c ct v.v.
Cc tip xc to thnh cc cp ng hc cao cp, b chuyn bnh rng ,cam
,bnh xe v ng ray,v.v.
Cng mn trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng thc :

2 .
.
1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2
.
. . . . . . .
f f
f f
v t t
t v t
v p
v v
h tv
b
k f
I K K P E o
o
(
( +
+
+ +
| |
= A
|
\ .
(2.29)

1
1
1
2
2
2 1
0, 5 .2 .
f
t
v
v
K K
| |

|
\ .
= (2.30)
Vi cc b mt gia cng ln cui thng dng (v=2)

4.
2.
1
5
5 5
2
.
. . . . . . .
f f
f f
t t
t t
p
h tv
b
k f
I K K P E o
o
(
( +

| |
= A
|
\ .
(2.31)
- Tip xc ca cc b mt nhp nh c sng v khng chy r, Pa khc Pc:
Dng tip xc ny bao gm: ng hng my cng c, phanh a, ly hp
vv
Cng d mn c tnh theo cng thc:

2
2 (5 2)
.
5(2 1) 1
5(2 1) 5(2 1)
2 1
3
. . . . . . . .
f
f f f
f
t
t v t t
v t
v
v p p v
v
h tv
b b
H kf
I K K P E
R
o
o
+ (
+ + (
+ + +
| | | |
= A
| |
\ . \ .
(2.32)

..

.p.

(2.33)
nhp nh ti u c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chy r.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 56

Trong trng hp tnh cng mn ca b mt chy r, ta c p lc tip
xc ti im thc:

0.7.

(2.34)
Nu khng tnh n cc thnh phn c hc th h s ma st s l :
F 1.4.

+ (2.35)
Nh vy h s ma st ca cc b mt c chy r thc t l khng ph
thuc vo ti trng v hnh hc t vi ca b mt ma st.
Nhp nh th cp dc hnh thnh khi kt thc qu trnh chy r,khi
thng s t hp ca b mt trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng thc:

(2.36)
Trong trng hp chy r cng mn c tnh theo cng thc :

..

.p.

(2.37)
Trong cc trng hp tnh ton khc,khi tnh nng n hi ca vt liu hai
chi tit trong cp ma st l tng t th s dng modul n hi l tng ng:

(2.38)
C th t chnh xc cao hn nu s dng h s modul n hi sau:
=

(2.39)
nhp nh ca b mt gy mn:
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 57

(2.40)

=2

(2.41)

H s

ph thuc vo

.
Trong trng hp khi b mt u c gia cng ln cui th gi tr t hp ca
nhp nh b mt c tnh:

= 1.6.

(2.42)
Nu cc b mt c nhp nh khc nhau hn 2 cp th nhp nh ca b
mt phng hn c th b qua.
Cc cng thc tnh cng mn trn y da vo gi thuyt vt rn tuyt
i trn vt th mm hn v mn xy ra trn vt th mm.
Cng mn ca vt th gy mn c tnh theo cng thc:

(2.43)
Trong :

, =

, c =

(2.44)

hng s modul ca vt liu c tnh mn.

Khi C0 th 1.nu modul n hi khng khc nhau nhiu th =1.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 58

2.3.3. Cn mn p m st k tp x do
i vi tip xc do(s chu k mn nh),s chu k ph hy n ph thuc vo
gi tr bin bin dng :
n =

(2.45)
Trong : t s m ng cong ma st do mi,gi tr ca t dao ng trong
phm vi hp t 2 n 3

- c gi tr xp x dn di tng i khi t

.

Quan h gia n v bin dng ti vng tip xc,tnh nng c l,nhp nh b
mt v c trng ma st c xc nh theo cng thc :
n =

(2.46)
trong : r- bn knh cong ca cc nh nhp nh.
d- ng knh trung bnh vt tip xc.
f- h s ma st, f <

- gii hn chy
K- h s,

Thay th gi tr n vo phng trnh mn c bn ca cp ma st ta c:

.c.

.(

).

(2.47)
Trong :

, =

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 59

Nh vy cng mn t l vi p sut v thng s b mt t hp vi s m
ln hn 1,khi h s ma st cng cao th cng mn cng ln,tnh nng c l ca
vt liu th hin trong cng thc trn bng tha s:

Khi cng v gin di tng i ti thi im ph hy cng cao th
cong mn cng nh.
2. 4. c nh lut c bn v mn
2.4.1. C n lut bn v mn
Ty theo nhng thng s lm vic p,v,tc ng l ha ca mi trng,tnh
nng ca cc vt liu ma st c th l tp hp ca cc qu trnh c,l,ha khc
nhau.thng thng mt trong nhng qu trnh ny s chim u th,cn nhng qu
trnh cn li l th yu c nh hng khng ln.
2.4.1.1 n lut v mn t nt
Cc hin tng ma st v mn kim loi do cc qu trnh khc nhau gy
ra.nhng qu trnh ny din ra trn b mt kim loi v trong cc lp b mt c k
hiu l:P1,P2,P3 .,Pn vi vn tc ng l Vp1,Vp2,Vp3, ,Vpn.
Trong bt k qu trnh ma st no cng u c mt qu trnh din ra vi tc
ln nht Vpj.Qu trnh Pj ln t cc qu trnh khc v chim u th.
- n lut mn t nt:
Dng mn c quyt nh bi qu trnh Pj din ra trn b mt ma st vi tc
ln nht

(n=1,2,n)
y l iu kin cn nhng cha ,cn c thm iu kin th 2 dng
mn tn ti n nh l:
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 60

Khi mn l n nh,tc ph hy

cc b mt lm vic (hay tc
mn)khng th ln hn tc ca qu trnh quyt nh dng mn

<

tng tnh chng mn cho cp ma st cn phi gim thiu ph hy khng
mong mun nh trc I, trc II, h hng do mi mn,do mi v m bo iu kin
duy tr n nh mn oxy ha,l dng mn c tc nh nht.do tc oxy
ha phi ln hn tc ca cc qu trnh c hi khc v bn lp mng oxit phi
m bo tc mn nh hn tc oxy ha.
- qu rt r t n lut t nt.
iu kin m bo tn ti ca mn oxy ha c biu din nh sau:

>

,

,

]
C th thc hin iu kin trn bng hai phng hng nh sau:
T nt: gim tc ca cc qu trnh gy h hng trong khi gi cho tc ca
qu trnh oxy ha khng i.
T : tng tc ca qu trnh oxy ha.
Trn thc t cch th nht thng c p dng nhm gim tc ca cc qu
trnh gy mn.
2.4.1.2 n lut v mn t
Trong qu trnh ma st th khc phc nhng dng h hng khng c
php(trc loi I,trc loi II).Ph hy do mi mn,do mi v chuyn sang dng mn
oxy ha vn cha m bo c tnh chng mn cn thit.i vi mi trng hp
khi mn oxy ha,cn phi gim mn n gi tr nh nht.c bit khi mn oxy
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 61

ha c tc ln nh:ma st ca cc thp khng nhit luyn,ca cc kim loi mu
v mt s hp kim.
n lut t :
Tnh chng mn khi oxy ha c quyt nh bi tc hnh thnh v tnh
cht ca cu trc th cp xut hin trong qu trnh ma st.cu trc th cp khng
ch l lp mng bo v c thnh phn,cu trc v tnh cht khc m cn khng cho
cc kim loi tip xc trc tip, chnh l vt th th ba hnh thnh khi ma st.
qu n lut t :
Khi mn oxy ha cn c gng m bo iu kin:

min
iu kin ny c th thc hin nh gim thiu bin dng do v s ph
hy.khi c mn oxy ha,bin dng do tn ti trong nhng lp mng mng gii hn
di dng to di,tc l sp xp nh hng cc phn t cu trc theo hng
chuyn ng khi ma st.v nng lng l s cc tiu tr s nng lng b hp
th ha E.
Bn cht ca mn oxy ha bao gm ng thi bin dng do v cc qu trnh
oxy ha b mt ma st.tuy nhin c

min cos hai phng php:

T nt:nng cao tnh chng mi mn bng cch thay i tnh do ca kim
loi ma st theo hng c li,cc tnh cht ny c th nh hng n tc hnh
thnh cu trc th cp.
T : thay i bn cht ha hc ca cc cu trc th cp c hnh thnh
do kt qu ca hp th, khuch tn, v cc phn ng ha hc trn b mt v trong
cc b mt ma st ca kim loi.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 62

Kim loi ma st cng do,th trong cc iu kin ma st nh nhau,mn oxy ha
din ra cng mnh m.khi hnh thnh cu trc th cp ng nht tc oxy ha l
hm ca gii hn chy ca vt liu:

f(

)
Ph thuc vo c tnh ca cc cu trc th cp trong qu trnh mn c th
phn chia tt c cc kim loi v hp kim thnh 2 nhm sau:
Nm t nt: Gm cc kim loi v hp kim m lp mng ca n c
cng c tng ln, mn nh v tnh lin kt vi kim loi gc ln.
Nm t : Gm cc kim loi v hp kim m lp mng ca chng c
cng v bn nh, dn cao v lin kt vi kim loi gc yu.
V vy c th iu khin c qu trnh ma st v mn bng cch thay i
tnh cht ca tc dng c hc bn ngoi,thnh phn ca mi trng v chn cc vt
liu,t hp vt liu ph hp( cng v gii hn chy ca vt liu).
2.4.2. Quy lut mn t nm
Hai yu t chnh quyt nh qu trnh bin i ma st v mn ca tc dng c
hc bn ngoi l:p sut php tuyn v tc trt.chng xc nh mc v
Gradian ca bin dng do,n hi ca nhit trong vng ma st,mc hot ha
kim loi v cc hin tng dn xut khc.ni cch khc l chng quyt nh dng
qu trnh ph hy hay mn chim u th.
Trong trng hp tng qut l hm ca cc qu trnh c xc nh bi t
hp khc nhau ca (P,v) v vc t cc thng s ma st(thng s ca vt liu v mi
trng).
- S p tu mn vo t trt
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 63

Tnh cht v tc ca qu trnh mn c quyt nh trc ht do gi tr
tc trt, quan h I = f(v) l quan h c bn trong mi quan h vi cc thng s
c hc.
Mi quan h c tnh nguyn tc gia cng mn I v tc trt v c
trnh by trn hnh 4.1 cho thy rng trong trng hp tng qut c 3 giai on in
hnh:
I giai on mn n nh cng vi mn oxy ha trong ch ma st bnh
thng

.
II giai on mn khng bnh thng vi loi I, 0 < v <

.
III- giai on mn khng bnh thng do trc loi II v s qu ti nhit trong
vng tip xc v >

.
Ty thuc vo iu kin ma st,cc tr s tc ti hn

c th thay
i lm cho gii hn ca min n nh v cng mn b thay i i
- S p tu mn vo p sut pp:
Quan h c tnh nguyn tc gia cng mn v p sut php tuyn l = f(p)
c hai giai on c trng
I-giai on mn c ha (oxy ha) bnh thng n nh.
0 < p <

II-giai on mn vi cc qu trnh h hng khng bnh thng vi trc loi
I,II,p ln,cy xc: p

.
Giai on mn n nh c c trng bi dao ng ca nhp nh b mt
nh hn qu trnh khng bnh thng v h s ma st l nh nht v n nh.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 64

Thay i ca p sut php tuyn v cc thng s ma st lm dch chuyn
min mn bnh thng.
- S p tu mn vo tn s m st
Trong trng hp tng qut mn c quyt nh bi gi tr ca p sut
php,ca tc dch chuyn v cc iu kin ma st.
Cc thng s ma st quyt nh v tr ch yu ca hm I=f(v) v I=f(p).
I- vng chuyn dch ca mn n nh
II- vng cc qu trnh khng bnh thng
Quy lut mn v h hng khi ma st ln :
Yu t chnh l p sut php tuyn v cc ng sut tip xc ca n,tc
dch chuyn tng i v nhit trong vng tip xc do n sinh ra,tc dng ca
mi mn c hc v l ha ca mi trng trong vng tip xc.
Tc dch chuyn tng i cng quyt nh qu trnh ph hy khi ma st
ln.ph thuc vo gi tr ca tc c th phn bit hai dng mn ch yu l
mn oxy ha bnh thng v qu trnh ph hy c bit do nhit(qu nhit).khi
nhit trong vng ma st vt qu nhit cho php du bi trn hot ng
bnh thng s gy nn hin tng do nng kim loi,khi kim loi b mm
i,lm gim tnh cht c hc ca thp c nhit luyn(ti).cc thay i v cu
trc,c tnh ca kim loi tip xc ma st lm cho qu trnh mn oxy ha bnh
thng chuyn sang qu trnh xc nng rt mnh m.s pht trin ca cc dng
mn v h hng khc khi thay i tc dch chuyn tng i.
nh hng ca mi trng kh khi ma st ln l do cc thnh phn hot tnh
ca n c kh nng tng tc vi kim loi to thnh cc mng c cu trc th
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 65

cp.ty thuc c tnh ca lp mng y c th xut hin mn c ha hoc trc b
mt.
S c mt ca ht mi trong vng tip xc lm tng ng sut tp trung v ti
trng thc t s ln hn nhiu so vi ti ho php,qu trnh ph hy b mt s tng
ln rt nhanh.
2.5. n cht ca qu trnh mn
Trong qu trnh mn,chi tit ma st b thay i hnh dng,khi lng cng
nh kch thc v v tr tng i so vi chi tit phi hp.trong vng tip xc ma
st b mt b bin dng,chy do,ion ha to thnh hn hp vt liu gi chung l
vt th th ba.
Khi chy r th cc b mt cng ngh ca chi tit ma st s chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau,lm bin dng,gy ct v b gy cc nhp nh.hnh thnh cc
nhp nh th cp c chiu cao v bn knh cong ca nh nhp nh cng nh mt
ca cc nhp nh ph thuc vo iu kin chy r.nhn chung tip xc ca b
mt ma st s dn c ci thin mt cch t pht qua qu trnh chy r,tip xc
n hi tr thnh ph bin, chnh l iu kin quan trng m bo s hot
ng ca chi tit ma st trong min bnh thng.
Trong qu trnh mn cn xy ra hin tng nn p cc nh nhp nh to ra
b mt c nhp nh c bin dng do hnh thnh cc di tip xc.nh vy c th
cho rng qu trnh mn l s kt hp ng thi ca hin tng bong tch cc phn
t non trn b mt tip xc v hin tng nn p cc nhp nh b mt nhng v
mt tng quan c th quan nim qu trnh mn l s t hp ca ba hin tng c
bn sau
T nt: l hin tng tng tc gia cc b mt tip xc ma st.
T : l hin tng thay i xy ra trn b mt tip xc ma st kim loi.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 66

T b: l hin tng ph hy lp b mt ma st.
Ba hin tng trn khng ngng bin i v tc dng ln nhau.
2.5.1. Tn t b mt tp x m st
Tng tc ca cc b mt tip xc ma st c th hin tng tc c hc
v tng tc phn t.
Tng tc c hc ca cc b mt ma st c biu hin bng s xm nhp v
mc ni ca cc nhp nh b mt. Di tc dng ca cc thng s c hc p v v,
cc nhp nh b mt ny s b bin dng, cc bin dng c th xy ra l bin dng
do v bin dng n hi. c im ca trng thi ng sut khi ma st ngoi l s
tc dng ng thi ca cc lc php tuyn v tip tuyn, vi p sut tnh ca cc
lc th tch trong lng kim loi. Bin dng c to thnh bi cc c ch chuyn
dch ca cc lp c xu hng dn n vic hnh thnh cc di th tch t vi ca b
mt kim loi tip xc ma st. Kt qu l hin tng khng ng nht v cc tnh
cht c l ha theo cc hng khc nhau. Chiu su ca cc lp di trong iu kin
ma st bnh thng khng vt qu vi trm .
Tng tc c hc ca b mt tip xc ma st dn n s cn tr chuyn ng
ca vt th ma st v l nguyn nhn hnh thnh lc ma st c hc

hay ni cch
khc l h s ma st c hc

.
Tng tc gia cc b mt tip xc ma st th hin hin tng bm dnh
khuych tn ti cc im tip xc thc. Biu hin mnh nht l s hn dnh cc
nh nhp nh khi tip xc ma st, km theo n l hin tng chuyn di vt liu
gia cc b mt khi tip xc ma st. Tng tc phn t khi tip xc ma st l
nguyn nhn hnh thnh lc ma st phn t

hay l h s ma st phn t

.
Trong iu kin gia cng tinh nh hin nay th thnh phn phn t s ng vai tr
quan trng trong lc ma st ni chung.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 67

2.5.2. Thy xy r tron lp b mt do bn dn.
2.5.2.1 n dn n k m st.
Trong nhng iu kin tip xc ma st nht nh, do nguyn nhn khng
hon thin ca cu trc kim loi chu ma st ln, bin dng n hi lp i lp li c
th dn n hin tng trc mi cc b mt ma st ln. Trong trng hp tip xc
ma st trt,b mt tip xc b ri rc cu trc do bin dng n hi lp i lp li.
Nhn chung bin dng lp li trong bin dng ma st l nguyn nhn dn n
hin tng ma st mi.
2.5.2.2 n dn do k m st
Bin dng do khi ma st ch c th c php xy ra trong qu trnh chy
r.cn trong iu kin ma st bnh thng y l hin tng khng c php xy
ra,do cng mn ln.
Bin dng do lm thay i cu trc vt liu lp b mt theo bn qu trnh
quan trng nht: Trt theo cc mt phng tinh th, song tinh th,lch nguyn t
khi v tr ban u trong mng cng vi chuyn ng nhit ca n v ph hy cu
trc.
Bin dng do nhit thp hn nhit kt tinh li ca kim loi lm bin
cng, lm bn lp b mt. cng vi m ngay trn b mt cu trc gim xung
sau t cc i su nht nh v gim dn theo chiu su cho n gi tr
ban u.
cng ca cc thnh phn cu trc l khng nh nhau v do tc dng lp
li ca ti trng nn dn n mn ch yu trn nn mm. Do mn trn nn mm
nn p sut tp trung ln phn cng b ph v v dch chuyn do tc dng ca lc
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 68

ma st. Do lm tng cng cc thnh phn cu trc cng trn b mt iu ny
c biu hin r khi mn babit.
2.5.3 Ty xy r do tn nt
Trong qu trnh ma st nhit ca cc lp b mt cao hn nhit kt tinh
li ca kim loi,lp b mt khng b bin cng m b ha mm dn n qu trnh
lm phng,lm nhn b mt.hin tng mm ha lp b mt khi ma st c th xy
ra trn ton b kim loi hoc ch mt phn hp kim.
Nhit cao ca lp b mt tip xc ma st kt hp vi bin dng do,to
iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh khuch tn. c bit trong trng hp khi ma
st gia kim loi do thun khit.
Tnh ng ca khuch tn tng ln khi tng mc bin dng, ng thi qu
trnh khuyech tn khi ma st tnh v ma st ng cng khc nhau.
Trong iu kin ma st xc nh, nhit tng cc b ti cc vng tip xc
ng thi li b ngui nhanh b mt do truyn nhit vo khi kim loi xung
quanh,c th to thnh cc cu trc trn b mt nh khi ti, v km theo cc vt nt
t vi. Bin dng do xy ra khi ma st kt hp vi Gradian nhit tng cao lm
thay i cu trc ca tng phn hoc ton b lp b mt tip xc ma st, s gy ra
ng sut trong lp b mt vt liu ma st. Trong mt s trng hp nht nh ng
sut ny c th lm ph v cc cu trc.
Trong iu kin tip xc ma st vi m ca cc cp ma st chu ti cao,nhit
ln khng nh kh nng to ra cu trc plasma.
Tng tc ca cc tip xc vi m xy ra trong thi gian rt ngn (t

s)vi mt nng lng rt ln. Cc nh lut nhit ng lc c in khng

p dng c. Vt liu trn lp b mt tip xc ma st mng, b bin i trong
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 69

vng ma st,va p to thnh macmaplasma. Qu trnh ny c th km theo s pht
x cc in t.
2.5.4. Ty xy r do t dn m trn xun qun
Mi trng khng kh hnh thnh trn lp b mt kim loi c lm sch khi
ma st cc mng mng oxit. Oxy ha b mt kim loi khi ma st l qu trnh ph
thuc vo trng thi b mt, cu trc v tnh cht ca cc b mt. Mng oxit bo v
b mt trnh b xm thc, khng ch trong ma st kh, ma st gii hn m c trong
ma st na t. N cn gp phn c bn lm gim cng mn ca cp ma st.
Kim loi nn v oxit c tc dng c hc ln nhau: Trong oxit thng xut
hin ng sut nn khc nhau l s xut hin kh nng bong tch mng oxit khi kim
loi dc b mt phn cch. Khi trn b mt phn cch c lc tc dng (lc ma st
tip tuyn), ty thuc vo bn mng oxit v gi tr bm dnh ca mng vo lp
kim loi, c th xy ra bong tch lp mng oxit theo ranh gii vi kim loi hoc
ph hoi mng ny theo phng tip tuyn,trn b mt cc nhp nh.
B mt kim loi ca cc cp ma st khi tc ng vi cc hot ng pha trong
du(ph gia), to thnh cc mng hp cht ha hc c vai tr tng t nh mng
oxit. Cc mng s bo v b mt chng mn khi tc hnh thnh chng ln hn
tc mn. nhit cao, cht bi trn b phn hy, khi c kh nng xy ra bn
ha b mt bng nguyn t cacbon.
Cc cht lng v kh c tnh hot ng cao c xu hng lm tng mn.
2.5.5 P y b mt m st
Cc dn bn ca s ph hy cc b mt m st n su:
1. S ct v m
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 70

Nhng phn t cng ca ht mi hay sn phm ca s mi mn, khi xm
nhp vo mt su nht nh s gy nn s ct vi m, thng th chiu su xm
nhp khng ct nn s ct vi m t xy ra.
2. S to vt xc
Khi trt, phn t thm nhp b p s y vt liu v pha trc, sang hai bn
v p xung pha di to thnh vt xc. Vt xc mt i, khi phn t thm nhp
v thot ra khi vng tip xc thc t, b p v hoc b y ra khi vng ma st.
Cc vt xc xut hin trn b mt ma st gn nh song song vi qung ng
trt.
3. Chuyn S bong tch
Trong s chy do, vt liu c th b y v mt pha ca b mt ma st, trn
ln cc mng oxit v mt mi lin h vi kim loi gc nn d b tch ra khi khng
cn kh nng tip tc chy.
Trong tip xc im hoc ng, nu ng xut theo chiu su ca lp ln
hn bn mi ca vt liu s xut hin cc vt nt dn n s bong tch vt liu
di dng vy.
4. S trc
l dng h hng ph bin ca b mt chi tit khi ma st ln, cc phn t
b trc ra c th l cc thnh phn cu trc cng ca hp kim sau khi b mn ht
nn mm: Cc phn t ca lp trng, cc ht nh ca gang xm, cc phn t ca
lp kim loi chng ma st khi b mi Nguyn nhn ca s trc l s to thnh
ng sut d v ng sut nhit v vy s pht trin ca vt nt do hai loi ng sut
trn l du hiu ca ph phm.

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 71

5. S bt su:
S bt su xut hin trong chuyn ng tng i ca cc vt th khi m
mi lin kt ca cc vt th khi m mi lin kt to thnh tng tc phn t bn
vng hn mt hoc cc vt th. S ph hy xy ra trong chiu su ca mt trong
cc vt th, s ph hy b mt khi mi mn c th xay ra quy m t vi khi m
cng vi cht bi trn hay khng kh c mnh ca mng tinh th b cun i. Sn
phm ca s mn c th nh nh ht bi hoc ln n vi mm s b p ra, dnh kt
vi nhau hay bm dnh vo cc b mt lp ghp v tham gia vo qu trnh mi mn
nh mi trng trung gian gia cc b mt ma st.
2.5.6.n uyn vt lu b mt m st
S vn chuyn vt liu t b mt ny sang b mt khc c tt c cc dng ma
st tr dng ma st bi trn na t, c trong c cc nguyn cng ct, tn v lp
ghp bung bulng. S vn chuyn vt liu xy ra vi cc phn t ring bit c
kch thc trung bnh ph thuc vo iu kin ma st. Ma st khng bi trn so vi
ma st bi trn gii hn c th gim s vn chuyn vt liu xung 20000 ln, ch
yu do gim kch thc trung bnh ca cc phn t. S vn chuyn vt liu khng
c trng cho b mt ma st v c th chuyn t b mt ny sang b mt kia nhiu
ln. mn ch xy ra khi cc phn t dch chuyn ra khi vng ma st. S dch
chuyn kim loi l mt trong cc iu kin cn thit ca phng php dch chuyn
chn lc.
C ch nu phn nh cc qu trnh mi mn khng ph thuc vo dng ma
st v ch bi trn.
Trong nhng nm gn y, th gii ang pht trin quan im nng lng v
ma st v mn. Ngi ta ch xem xt c h thng v phc hp cc qu trnh ma
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 72

st xem nh nguyn nhn dn n cc qu trnh vt l tribo, ha hc tribo v dn
n mn.
Cch xem xt ny cho php tnh n mt lng ln cc yu t nh hng ln
nhau v nh hng n mn (cc qu trnh l ha, cc hin tng in hc, s
khuch tn nguyn t .v.v). Do mt s tc gi ngh rng, khng th s
dng cc quan im l thuyt xc nh chnh xc thi hn ca cc kt cu trn
c s cc iu kin v ti trng.
2.5.7. M k y r mn km lo
Ln u tin tc gi D.V.CNVIXAROV ch r nguyn nhn ca s mi
ca cc lp b mt chi tit l chuyn ng lp li ca my mc hoc i du ca
ng sut. ng cho rng s mi mn vt rn khi ma st ging vi s ph hy chung
do mi. S khc nhau ca hai qu trnh ph hy ny l: Qu trnh mn c th quan
st d dng cn qu trnh mi gn nh bao gi cng biu hin bng s c bt ng.
Trong 20 nm gn y tc gi I.V.Kragelski tin hnh nghin cu pht
trin cc quan im v tnh cht mi ca s mi mn da trn c s cho rng s
tip xc b mt ma st mang tnh ri rc.
2.5.8. n n m st o u n s m mn.
Nhng kt qu nghin cu ca tc gi D.V.CNVIXAROV chng t
rng s thay i phng chuyn ng s lm gim bn mn trong ma st trt
cng nh ma st ln. iu ny ng vi c kim loi v polyme. Khi thm cc cht
hot ng b mt vo du bi trn, lc ma st v bin dng b mt cng gim
i.S khc nhau gia ma st mt chiu v o chiu cng gim.
Hiu ng RBINE trong ma st o chiu biu hin s suy gim cu trc
vi m ca kim loi. Trong trng hp ma st o chiu s bin cng lp b mt ln
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 73

hn so vi ma st mt chiu giai on u. S bin dng i du lm suy gim
cu trc vi m v dn n s tng cng cc qu trnh mi. S gim bn ca cc
lp b mt khng ch trong ma st o chiu m c trong ma st mt chiu vi ti
trng cao.
Tc gi O.N.Kualov c chng t rng trong ma st o chiu, ch dch
chuyn chn lc d xy ra trong ma st mt chiu.
2.5.9. C mn polyme v o su.
Tng tc ca polyme v cao su vi bn kim loi c th l c hc vi phn t.
Tng tc phn t di dng bm dnh. S mc ni cc phn t nhp nh ca b
mt gi mt vai tr ln. Bin dng do ca lp b mt polyme, di tc ng ca
cc phn t nhp nh b mt kim loi, s lm tng s lng cc mc ni v kch
thch li s bin dng do. Kt qu l lc ma st tng ln nhiu. Trong nhng iu
kin nh nhau, vi vt liu n hi nh cao su, nhm b mt kim loi khng c
nh hng ln v khng c bin dng do, cng tiu ph cho s dch chuyn nh
hn.
Nu bm dnh ln ,ph hy mi lin kt c th xy ra hoc trn polyme hoc
trn kim loi. Kt qu c s dch chuyn vt liu t polyme sang kim loi, t kim
loi sang polyme hay ng thi t b mt ny sang b mt khc.
Vt liu polyme thng c hiu qu nh cht ph v cht p trong kt cu
ma st, m thng phi dung vt liu rt cng. Trc khi tch phn t khi b
mt, mt s polyme c th thu nhn mt nng lng ln.Tnh cht ny c s
dng lm tng bn mn ca roto v stato trong cc thit b tuyn qung, thit b
bm bn v trong cng nghip ha cht. Polyme cng c mt u im khc l
khng b g.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 74

gim ma st v mn ca vt liu polyme, ngi ta a vo cc cht
hot ng khc. Trong qu trnh ma st,chng s tc ng vi cc b mt lm vic.
Chng hn xyt ng 1, Cu20 c s dng lm cht n ca cc caprn v
plytetrafloylen (PTFE). trong glyxerin, Cu20 c th c kh thnh ng nguyn
cht v to trn b mt ma st mt lp hot ng lm gim mn (v m bo
hiu ng chn lc). Ngoi ra Cu20 cn ng vai tr nhng mm nhn to,to ra cu
trc ng nht theo ton b tit din mu.
bn mn v h s ma st ca polyme khi lm vic vi thp, ph thuc
vo vt liu khun thp (khun t PTFE s to ra cu trc hnh tr trong
polypropyle (p) lm tng bn mn t 3 n 3,5 ln ) c th cho rng vt liu
khun c nh hng n iu kin nhit ca s kt tinh polyme.
Do s khc nhau ca qu trnh ha l xy ra trong vng tip xc m cc cht
bi trn c nh hng n h s ma st

Hnh I.2.11. Ph thuc ca h s ma st vo p sut to thnh v phn
b thnh bt ng vi vt liu b trn k nu
(1- glyxerin; 2- du MC-30; 3- du ha)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 75

Tia nh hng n h s ma st v cng mn. Khi tng liu lng chiu
tia len p lyetylen (PE) th h s ma st v cng mn u gim. Nu tip tc
tng th cc c tnh ca polyme s gim.
Nhit cng nh hng n qu trnh ma st gia kim loi v polyme. Khi
nhit tng,tnh n hi v do ca vt liu gim. Ty theo nhit c th xy
ra cac qu trnh l ha ca s phn hy cht lin kt hu c hay bn thn vt liu.
Ngoi ra, khi nhit tng,s tng ca lc ma st s ph thuc vo bm dnh
ca cht do vi kim loi.
Khi ma st nhng vt liu n hi cao b h hng, v s ph hy mi ca
cc lp b mt di tc dng ca ng sut php v lc ma st, bng con ng bc
ra. Nhng vt liu t n hi hn b h hng bi s ct vi m, trc v tch.
Trong qu trnh mi mn ,nhng yu t ha hc biu hin rt c o, khi
b mt polyme b h hng xy ra s ph hy nhng chui phn t ring bit gii
phng cc gc ha tr t do v cc nguyn t trng thi nguyn t. Do , kim
loi va polyme s tc dng ha hc vi nhau. Hp cht to thnh b ph hy v li
xut hin .v.v
Ni chung, c ch mn ca vt liu phi kim loi khng khc c ch mn ca
kim loi. Nhng qui lut ring l do c im cc tnh cht c l ha v s bin i
trong qu trnh ma st.
2.6. t s phng php tnh cng mn ca cp ma st
Cng mn ca ma st ph thuc vo vt liu ca n, tnh cht ca lp
b mt tham gia ma st, cng nh iu kin ma st nh: ti, nhit , cht bi trn.
v.vCn c qu trnh xy ra trong tip xc ma st th thy rng qu trnh mn
khng phi l mt hin tng n gin, n l tng hp ca nhiu hin tng. Cc
hin tng ny nh hng qua li ln nhau, c th h tr nhau hoc khng ch
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 76

nhau trong nhng iu kin ma st nht nh. V vy c ch ph hy lp b mt do
mn l rt phc tp v khng n nh.
Tnh cht ca vt th th 3 hnh thnh trong tip xc ma st l c s phn
loi mn khng cht bi trn, mn bi trn gii hn v mn bm dnh. Ph thuc
vo bin dng ca lp b mt tip xc ma st th mn c th xy ra trong qu trnh
tip xc ma st n hi, tip xc do, ct t vi v cc qu trnh khc. Tuy nhin
cng cn phi khng nh rng ,trong iu kin tip xc n hi xy ra trn b mt
ma st, ti trng lp i lp li dn n s mn do s mt mi ca lp b mt.
Khi trt m hnh chm cu trn b mt n hi, ti vng tip xc s xut
hin ng sut i du qua mi ln tip xc ma st. Thc nghim vi mt mu chm
cu cng trt trn mt b mt a ma st(m hnh a cht)cho thy rng b mt
ca mu th nghim khng b ph hy ngay m phi sau mt s ln tng tc ma
st nht nh. Cn lu qu trnh ph hy mn ny c km theo hin tng tch t
phn t mn trc khi chng b tch ra khi b mt mu th(hnh 2.12)





Hnh I.2.12. n tng tch t phn t mn
trc khi chng b tch ra khi b mt
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 77

2.6.1. Tn mn p m st teo t nm
Bng thc nghim quan h gia cng mn v p sut danh ngha
c xc inh qua cng thc :

(2.48)
Trong :

-p sut danh ngha.

H- cng.
m-ch s mn(khi mn c ha thng m=1).
k-h s t l c xc nh thc nghim.
Cng thc (6.1) thng p dng cho bin dng n hi vi ti ln v cng
ln. Th tch mn ca cp ma st c th c xc nh thng qua ti v cng khi
tm c h s t l thc nghim (R.Home).
W=Z.N/HB (2.49)
Trong : W th tch vt liu mn.
N-ti trng php tuyn .
HB- cng Brinen.
Z-h s t l c ly t thc nghim ,kh nng tch cc phn
t khi b mt ma st khi gp b mt i tc.
Nu gi thit phn t mn tch ra c dng cu vi bn knh bng bn knh
ca vt tip xc th th tch c th c tnh theo cng thc (J.Farchard)
W=

(2.50)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 78

Trong k l h s k n kh nng tch cc phn t ra khi b mt tip xc
:k=10
-2
10
-7
.
2.6.2. Tn mn p m st teo nn ln.
Trong qu trnh tip xc ma st ,phn t mn s tch ra khi b mt ma st l
lp b mt ca vt liu tip xc ma st tch ly ni nng d tr. Phn ln
cng ma st c khuch tn di dng in nng, ch cn mt phn nh t 9 n
16% tch ly trong vt liu di dng ni nng. y chnh l nguyn nhn dn ti
ph hy b mt tip xc ma st (Et.Fleisder).
Nng lng ma st b mt c xc nh theo cng thc:

(2.51)
Trong : V
d
- th tch vt liu mn.
W
T
- cng ma st, W
T
=f.N.L
F - h s ma st.
N - ti trng php tuyn.
L - chiu di qung ng ma st.
Nng lng b mt ma st c th c xc nh theo cng mn :

T
h
e
I
t
=
(2.52)

Trong :t

- lc ma st ring,t =f.Pa.
I
h
cng mn.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 79

Nng lng b mt c bn e
t
c xc nh bng t s gia cng ca lc ma
st v th tch vt liu b bin dng :
e
T
= W/V
bd
. (2.53)
Trong V
bd
l th tch vt liu b bin dng, ni tch ly ni nng.
Mt ln tng tc ma st khng nng lng tch phn t mn. Nu
gi thit phn t mn c tch ra khi b mt ma st, khi s ln ma st tin ti
gii hn n
k
th c mi quan h:
.
k tc
T
n e
e
v
=
(2.54)

Trong : v =V
d
/V
bd
(2.55)
Nh vy cng mn c tnh theo cng thc:

.
.
h
tc k
I
v n
t v
=

(2.56)
Trn thc t khng phi cng ma st tch ly di dng ni nng trong vt
liu kim loi.
Vng vt liu tch ly nng lng c gi l th tch tch ly nng lng.
Khi nng lng t ti gi tr gii hn th lm chy do hoc tch phn t mn. H
s _ c trng cho mc tch ly xc nh bng t s gia th tch tch ly v th
tch cht do (ph hy).
Khi chu k ng t hn n
k
s xy ra qu trnh tch phn t mn, nng lng
trung bnh ca b mt ma st e
ak
tng ng vi gi tr n
k-1
chu k, khi t n n
k

chu k th ton b nng lng s c dng tch phn t mn. Nh vt nng
lng ph hy trung bnh ca b mt khi ma st c tnh theo cng thc
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 80


| | . .( 1) 1
tb Te T k
e e n c = + (2.57)
Ti min b ph hy, nng lng b mt e
b
ln hn nng lng b ph hy _
ln, ta c :
.
b btb
e e _ =
(2.58)

Tng t c mi quan h:

_ (2.59)
Vy nng lng o ca b mt ma st :

( )
1
.
. 1 1
k
th
T k
n
e e
n _
=
+ (

(2.60)
2.6.3. Tn mn p m st teo bn nt
Qu trnh ph hy b mt ca vt rn trong tip xc ma st nh l mt qu
trnh nhit ng (Zurkov). Tui bn ma st v bn c mi quan h biu th qua
biu thc :

0
0
.
. .
9
U
e
R
o
t t

= (2.61)
Trong :
0
t -tui bn (thi gian ma st cn thit ph hy vt liu)
o - ng sut chy.
- nhy cm cu trc ca vng tip xc.
9 - nhit

0
t -Nng lng hot ha ca qu trnh ph hy ,
0
t =10
-2
s
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 81

Biu thc (2.61) ph hp vi vt liu khng ng nht ,a tinh th cng nh
n tinh th.
Phng trnh cng mn c dng:
I =exp
0
.9
U
k
o (

(

(2.62)

2.6.4. Tn mn p m st teo l tuyt m st m (krelsky)
Cn xc nh mi quan h gia lc ma st ring v bin dng ca th tch vt
liu trong vng tip xc thc nhp nh ca b mt vt rn to ra cc tc ng tng
h phn tn tip xc ma st, cc tip xc xy ra trn cc nh nhp nh gi l din
tich tip xc thc, b mt nhp nh di tc ng ca ti trng php tuyn s thm
nhp vo nhn hoc b bp.
Trong qu trnh ma st th tch vt liu cc b nm di lp b mt phi chu
tc ng tng h lp i lp li nhiu ln.

Hnh I.2.13. S m st trt m u
a k uyn n tn ;
b - k uyn n tn mt n m u u t.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 82

Trnh by s ma st vi m hnh chm cu cng trt trn b mt bin
dng ni xut hin thnh phn ng sut phc tp. Kt qu l s xut hin bin thin
ng sut theo chu k trong th tch vt liu b mt, mi chu k tng tc ma st
s hnh thnh h hng tch ly mn do ma sat mi l dng ph hy c bit do ng
sut ma st thay i theo chu k, gi tr bin khng vt qu gii hn n hi
ca vt liu.
S chu k dn n ph hy ph thuc vo bin ca ng sut tc dng:

ons
tf
c t
n
t
=
(2.63)

Trong :t

- lc ma st ring.
T
f
- s m ca ng cong mi c xc nh t thc nghim.
S chu k dn n ph hy n c trng cho qu trnh mi ca vt liu lp b
mt. Theo ng cong mi Veler, s chu k dn n ph hy s gim khi tng bin
ca ng sut tc dng .
Bng thc nghim xc nh c s ng dng gia ph thuc ca s chu
k ph hy v ng sut tc dng ca ton khi ca vt liu ph thuc s chu k ph
hy vo ng sut ma st ca b mt. Hai ng mi trn th Logarit lun song
song v cch nhau mt khong nht nh.
S chu k ph hy ca ton khi vt liu c xc nht theo cng thc :

b
toankhoi
n
o
o
| |
=
|
\ .
t
(2.64)
Nh vy hng s const trong cng thc pahir c dng : const=
b
o
o
| |
|
\ .


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 83

S chu k ph hy do ng sut ma st c th hin bng cng thc :

.
f
t
b
ms
n
k
o
t
| |
=
|
\ .
(2.65)

Trong :t - lc ma st ring .
K - H s ph thuc trng thi ng sut v bn cht ca vt liu :
i vi vt liu gin k=5; i vi vt liu do k=3
t
f
Thng s ma st tip xc ma st mi.


B mt tip xc ma st c nhp nh thay i theo cao. Do ng sut ma
st xut hin trn nh nhp nh bin thin ngu nhin ph thuc vo cao khc
nhau ca nhp nh. Tha nhn quy lut phn b xc xut ca ti khng n nh trn
vt tip xc v p dng gii thuyt cng tuyn tnh cc tng tc mi a n vic
Hnh I.2.14. Ton x n
TV


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 84

iu chnh h s chu k dn n tch phn t mn bng h s K. H s ny c
xc nh bng th qua cc gi tr ca v v f.
2.7. nh mn cp ma st theo thuyt phn t
Pn trn mn bn :
Mn v m thng c c trng bi cng mn tuyn tnh I (khng th
nguyn):

.
h
a
V U
I
A L L
E
= = (2.66)
Trong : V
E

- th tch mn ca vt liu trn qung ng ma st .
L - chiu di qung ng ma st.
A
a
- din tch danh ngha.
U - lng mn theo chiu cao lp mn.
Qu trnh mn thng xuyn xy ra trn cc vt tip xc thc, khi mn ti
im tip xc vi m c c trng bng cng mn ring l:

.
h
r
V
i
A d
A
= (2.67)
Kt qu ca mt tng tc ma st.
Trong : d - ng knh trung bnh .

V A - th tch phn vt liu c tch ra trn din tch A,t rong
qung ng ma st d.
Phi hp hai phng trnh (7.1) v (7.2) ta c:

. . /
. .
/ . .
h r r r
h r a a
I A d V A d A U L U
i V A d V L V A L A
E
= = = =
A A A
(2.68)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 85

Tnh cng mn ca cp ma st l xc nh mi quan h cng mn
ring i vi tnh cht c l ca vt liu, iu kin lm vic ca cp ma st (ti trng,
vn tc, nhit , cht bi trn, mi trng v.v.) c tnh nhp nh t vi ca b
mt, c im kt cu,
Thc cht, c ch ph hy b mt ma st quyt nh mi quan h ni trn.
iu kin cng mn l khng i l nh sau:

1
1
.....
i n
i n
V V V
V
n n n
A A A
A = = = = (2.69)
Trong :
i
V A

- th tch phn t mn b tch ra.
N
i
- s chu k tc ng tch th tch vt liu.
V A - th tch phn t mn tng ng vi mi trng tng tc ma
st.
Kho st trng hp n gin nht ca tip xc ma st gia hai vt rn vi
gi thit nh sau:
Th tch phn t mn
i
V A bng th tch vt th nh nht V
b
tham gia vo
bin dng n hi ti im tip xc ma st.
Tip xc ma st ca hai vt rn ,mt b mt l tuyt i phng v bin dng
n hi, cn vt kia l nhp nh b mt v tuyt i rn.
B mt c m hnh ha bi cc chm cu n l c bn knh nh nhau,
phn b theo cng cao c cng cong theo phn b v mt thc.
Trn thc t cc tip xc phng l rt him, khng phng ca b mt tip
xc c th nh gi gn ng bng b mt tip xc, xp x bng t s gia p sut
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 86

danh ngha v cng ca vt liu mm hn trong ma st. Vi gi thit th nht
:ch c th tch b mn tham gia vo cc tip xc ma st nhp nh.Th tch vt liu
V
b
c tnh thng qua vic s dng ng cong mt phn b nhp nh b mt.

Hnh I.2.15. M n tp x vt rn np n b mt v mt pn
vt lu bn dn n .
t
b
=b.
b
c (2.70)
trong :c

- dch cn tng i,c =h/R
max

h - Khong cch t mt phng n nh nhp nh cao nht.
b, v Thng s c trng cho ng cong nhp nh.
R
max
Chiu cao ln nht ca profil b mt.

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 87

Th tch V
b
c tnh qua cng thc :
1
ax ax
ax
0 0
. . . . .
. . . . .
1 1
h
c m r m
b r c m
A R b A R
V A dh A R b d
c u
u
c c
c c
u u
+
= = = =
+ +
} }
(2.71)
( )
. 1
.
. . . 1 . . 1 . .
b r
h h
r r r
V A h V h
i i
A d A d n A d n d n u u
A
= = = =
+ +
(2.72)
Vi m hnh nh nhp nh l chm cu : d do

gi
tr ca h/r trn cc b mt gia cng ln cui nm trong phm vi t 10
-3
n 10
-4
.
Phng trnh mn c bn ca cp ma st c biu din bng cng thc :

1
1
. . . . . .
a r
h h
a r
p A h
I i K
A r p n
o o = = (2.73)
Trong : K
1
- h s c xc nh do hnh dng hnh hc v s phn b
theo cao ca cc nhp nh trn b mt vt th rn K 0,2.
o -h s trng kht ;o = 0,5 khi tip xc n hi; o =1 khi tip xc do.
n - s chu k dn n tch phn t mn
i
V A .
Trong phng trnh c bn, cng mn I
h
thay i trong phm vi 10
-3
n
10
-12
. Qua thc nghim mi quan h gia cc bin dng v cp cng mn c
th hin trong bng sau:
Cp 0 I II III IV V VI VI VIII IX
lgI
min
-13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
lgI
max
-12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3

n 2.3. Qun p n mn v nm bn dn.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 88

Cc cp mn c qui nh bng 2.3 ph hp vi cc dng ch yu ca
mi tng tc ma st, tha nhn trong c hc vt l rn.
Cp I n cp V : nhm bin dng n hi .
Cp VI n cp VII: nhm n do.
Cp VIII n cp IX : nhm ct t vi.
Cng mn ph thuc vo dng tip xc ca cp ma st. V vt trong mi
trng hp cn m bo tip xc n hi ca mt cp ma st. iu ny din ra mt
cch t pht khi chy r, lm bin i hnh hc v tnh nng ca cc nhp nh tip
xc cng nh phn b ca chng theo chiu cao qu trnh chy r l qu trnh bin
i dn dn tip xc n do ca b mt cng ngh sang tip xc n hi ca b
mt lm vic.
Thng s ca ng cong mt phn b nhp nh theo cao c tnh
theo cng thc:
v = 2t
m
.R
p
/R
a
- 1; b = t
m
(R
max
/R
p
)
v
Vt liu
b
o (kG/cm
2
)
T
f

Thp 45 7000 7,9
Gang 4HMX 6,600 4,1
Graphit
AR-1500 200 2,0
AO-1500 250 2,6
Graphit in 2,750 6,7
NIGRAN 250 2,0
Cao su vi mdun n hi
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 89

E(kG/cm
2
)
22 2,110 3,0
28 1,460 3,4
32,5 8,500 3,6
Cao su lm vng bt 1,600 3,4
Polyformaldehyle 1,470 1,3
Polycacbonate 8,400 2,9
Nha epoxy 1,800 4,6
K82 14,200 3,1
Cht do florua cp 4 630 5,0
Retinax CK-240 11,840
Retinax CA-3AM 27,300 2,9
Caprolon 6,300 2,6

n 2.4. G tr tn s tp x m st m t
f
k trt trn tp kng t b
trn tron m trn kn k.
Trong phng trnh mn c bn () tha s th nht th hin su thm
nhp tng i ca nhp nh b mt, su thm nhp ny quyt nh dng bin
dng trong tip xc ma st. i vi vt liu n hi n nh hn 10
-2
i vi kim
loi en. V nh hn 10
-4
i vi kim loi mu. Cn phi lu rng vi t s
h/r>0,5 th khp ma st ngoi khng hot ng. Trong trng hp thm nhp cng
vo b mt vt th bin dnh n hi (vt th b mn), nhp nh b mt c c
trng bi thng s t hp A v thng s ca ng cong phn b nhp nh b mt.
Gi tr ca h/r c tnh theo cng thc:

1
1
2
2
2
.
c
r
p h
r p
v
| |
= A
|
\ .
(2.74)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 90

Tha s th 2 ca (2.73) xc nh t s din tch tip xc thc trn din tch
tip xc danh ngha. Do b mt thc lun tn ti nhp nh b mt v song song nn
t s ny nh hn n v: n nm khong t 10
-4
n 10
-2
i vi kim loi v 10
-2

n 10
-1
vi vt liu n hi (polyme,caosu,.). T s p
a
/p
r
c th xc nh theo
cng thc :

2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
0, 5. . .
r c
p E p
v v v
v v v + + +
= A (2.75)
y c p
a
=p
c
.
Tha s th 3 trong phng trnh mn c bn (7.8) c trng cho tnh
chng mi ca vt liu ma st, n ph thuc vo c tnh ca vt liu, ln ca
ng sut tc dng ln vt tip xc,cc c trng ca qu trnh c l ha xy ra trn
vt tip xc thc v s tn ti ca cht bi trn hoc kh ga ca mi trng. N
thay i trong khong rt rng t 10
-2
n 10
-10
v tc ng ln n tc mn.
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 91

hng III

3.1. Lch s pht trin ca cng ngh bi trn
Trc th k 20 :
Hin tng ma st c con ngi bit n v s dng t lu i. Sng
ch u tin l vo khong nm 4000 trc cng nguyn l cc thanh ln v xe y
dng chuyn ch cc vt nng. Tri qua nhiu thin nin k ngi ta ci tin v
b sung cc cng c tuy th s m tin dng v gim nh sc lao ng cho
con ngi.
V mt l thuyt, pht minh u tin thuc v Leonard de Vinci (1452 -
1519) trn cc hiu ng ma st v khi nim v h s ma st. Nhng s v
nguyn l nhm gim h s ma st ca ng vn mang tnh thc tin cho n ngy
nay. Cuc cch mng khoa hc ln th nht (1500 - 1750) ghi nhn s pht trin
quan trng ca ngnh ma st hc trong c kh, p ng yu cu ch to trang thit
b ngy cng phc tp. Tiu biu trong thi k ny l cc cng trnh ca Berlidor
(1697 - 1761) v k thut dn hng v nng, ca Euler (1707 - 1783) v tnh ton
h s gc ma st, v hiu ng nhp nh b mt.
Cng nghip pht trin vi tc ngy cng cao y nhanh tc nghin
cu v ng dng v ma st v bi trn. Vn c t ra y hn trong cng
trnh ca Charles Augustin Coulomb (1736 - 1806) : ma st hc k n tnh cht
vt liu v hiu ng bi trn, mi quan h ti trng v c tnh tnh v ng cc
cp ma st. T ma st hc ngy cng c nghin cu rng v su hn; c th
k n cc cng trnh ca G.A Hirn (1815 - 1890) ... Trong lnh vc bi trn v c
hc giai on ny ni bt l cc cng trnh v m hnh ha cc dng chy cht
lng n gin ca Stokes, hnh thnh phng trnh tng qut chuyn ng ca cht
lng ca L.H Navie (1785 - 1836), lut chy ca J.M. Poiseuille (1799 1869). V
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 92

c bit l phng trnh tng qut ni ting trong bi trn thy ng c cng b
nm 1886 bi Osborn Reynolds (1842 1912)
Phng trnh Reynolds nh du bc pht trin nhy vt v n l nn mng
trong mi nghin cu v bi trn cho n hin nay. Xut pht t phng trnh
Navie Stockes v vi cc gi thit v dng chy ca mng du bi trn, dng
quen bit ca n l:

L thuyt ca Reynolds c s dng rng ri bt u t th k 20 trong
vic nghin cu cc c h bi trn: cc h thng thy ng, bi trn thy ng
n hi, bi trn vi cc dng chy v vt liu khc nhau. Hn na n cn thc y
cc lnh vc nghin cu lin quan n k thut bi trn nh ha hc, gia cng c
kh, phng php tnh ton ..
u t pt trn v tn tu t th k 20 n nay:
Nghin cu v ma st hc (Tribology) l khoa hc nhm li ng thi cc
yu t ca ba lnh vc khoa hc: Bi trn, ma st v mi mn. Thc cht n l ni
dung nghin cu v cc thnh phn sng, tc l cc b phn tip xc c th
chuyn ng trong cc my mc v thit b cng nghip.
K thut bi trn nh mt ngnh u tin c nghin cu rt mnh trong
khoa hc v ma st hc. Trc ht l cc cng trnh v phng php gii phng
trnh Reynolds. Nm 1905, A.G. Michell (1870 1959) ch ra c s gim p
sut phn bin ca mng du bi trn gia hai tm phng kch thc hu hn.
Vo nm 1904 J.W. Sommerfield (1868 1951) a ra phng php gii bng
gii tch cho di v hn vi iu kin bin mang tn ng. Tuy nhin do cha tnh
n s gin on ca mng du nn p sut ca vng ra mng du khng thc t (
p sut m). Nm 1914 L.F. Gumbel (1847 1923) ngh b qua min p sut
m trn khi tnh . Sau nm 1923 H.B. Swift (1894 1960) xc nh c
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 93

vng p sut bo ha ca mng du v nh ra iu kin bin ca Reynolds.
chnh l c s cho thut ton gii s ca Chrirstopherson c t nm 1941.
Bng phng php tng t in, nm 1931, A. Kingsbury 91863 1943)
trnh by phng php gii gn ng phng trnh Reynolds. i vi c chiu
di nh so vi ng knh, gii php b qua gradien p sut theo chu vi ca F.W.
Ocvirk (1913 1967) c ra nm 1953. Cui cng, gii tng qut v trn
vn phng trnh Reynolds dng vi phn o hm ring ngi ta s dng phng
php s; cc phng php u tin c trnh by bi Cameron v Wood nm
1949 ri n Pincus, Raimondi v Boyd nm 1958. n nay, nh vo s pht trin
phi thng cc cng c tnh ton nn cc li gii cho kt cu bi trn c gii
quyt nhanh chng.
Cc hiu ng khc trong bi trn cng c nghin cu c th. Mc d hiu
ng nhit c Kingsburry cp t nm 1933, nhng phi n nm 1962 phng
trnh tng qut nhit thy ng mi c vit ra ln u bi D.Dowson. Tuy nhin
tnh nhit cho tt c cc trng hp cho n nay vn cn ni dung cn gii
quyt.
Vic s dng cht bi trn c nht thp hay tng tc trt trong bi
trn thy ng sinh ra hiu ng lm thay i ch chy ca mng du. Cc phn
tch u tin v bi trn vi dng chy xon v ri thuc v nghin cu ca G.I
Taylor nm 1923. Cng thc tnh n lc qun tnh ca mng du y c trnh
by bi Slezkin v Targ nm 1946 v ca D. Wilcook nm 1950. Trong bi trn
lu bin ng , tnh cht chy ca loi vt liu ny dc c trng bi lut ca
Bingham t u th k, nhng ng dng trong bi trn c ghi nhn trong cc
cng trnh ca R. Powell v H. Eyring nm 1944 v A. Sisko nm 1958. C rt
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v hiu ng trn ch chy ca mng du trong bi
trn; nhng do phng trnh m t dng phi thuyn, nn vic xem xt c h bi
trn y vn lun l vn thi s.
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 94

Mt dng bi trn vi cc tnh nng c bit l bi trn thy tnh v kh tnh,
cc b mt ma st hon ton b tch ri, ngay trng thi tnh, bi mng cht lng
c p sut cao. N cho php tng chnh xc v tin cy ca thit b. Nm 1917, L.
Rayleigh gii thiu cc tnh ton u tin v kh nng ti v m men ma st ca
mt trc bi trn thy tnh. Tuy dng bi trn ny yu cu mt phc hp thit b
thy lc km theo, nhng n ngy cng ng dng ph bin, c bit vi cc trc
chu ti ln v i hi chnh xc cao.
Trong trng hp mng du bi trn c p sut ln gy ra s bin dng
cc b mt ma st, ngi ta c dng bi trn thy ng n hi. V d trong bi
trn ln, chu ti ln hay cp bnh rng. C s nghin cu trong trng hp ny
l l thuyt ca H.R. Hertz (1857 1894) vi tip xc cha c cht bi trn v m
hnh ha dng chy trong tip xc hp ca Martin nm 1916. N c b xung
bng tnh ton ca Gatcombe v Grubin nm 1946. Cng nh vo phng tin tnh
ton s, song y l dng bi trn phc tp, nn hin nay cn tn ti s sai khc
gia l thuyt v thc t; v c s ca dng bi trn ny vn l mc ch ca hng
lot nghin cu.
Nhm tng qut ha cc ni dung nghin cu v bi trn, mi y nm
1970, cc kt qu nghin cu ca M. Godet v cng s ti INSA Lyon (Php) vi
m hnh ba vt th ( trois corps) c trng cho hai b mt ma st, vic xc nh cc
c tnh ca lp vt liu cho php xc nh y hn cc thng s ca ton b
vng tip xc.
3.2. ai tr v phn loi cc dng bi trn
3.2.1. tr b trn
Bi trn l bin php lm gim ma st n mc thp nht,bng cch to ra
gia b mt ma st mt lp cht (cht bi trn). Tt c cc my mc, thit b cc
dng v cc kch c khc nhau s khng th thc hin c chc nng ca mnh
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 95

hiu qu nu khng c cc loi du bi trn thch hp,v vy vic bi trn tt s
lun m bo cho my mc, thit b hot ng n nh, gim chi ph bo dng,
nng cao tui th s dng v tin cy ca chng trong nn kinh t.
Nhn chung cc chc nng ca bi trn l:
- Lm gim ma st, gim cng mi mn, n mn ca cc b mt
ma st nhm m bo cho ng c, my mc t cng sut ti a.
- Lm sch, chng tt c cc loi mi mn m bo tui th s dng
ca ng c.
- Lm mt.
- Lm kn.
3.2.2. Pn lo dn b trn
Cc phn loi c bn v bi trn.
Theo dng ma st, ngoi ma st kh c cp phn mn ma st chng
ta c bi trn na t (thng gn vi vic cung cp du m nh k) v bi trn
t.
Theo vt liu bi trn c cht bi trn rn ( graphit hay bisunfure molybene),
cht bi trn lng ( nc, du, m) v cht bi trn kh.
Vi bi trn ma st t c nghin cu nhiu nht c hai dng ch yu l bi
trn thy ng v bi trn thy tnh.
Trong bi trn thy ng ty theo s Reynolds c bi trn tuyn tnh, bi trn
lu bin ng phi tuyn (thng i vi cht bi trn mi c R nh hay nhi
cao) v bi trn ri (i vi cht bi trn l nc hay kh)
Bi trn p lc cao sinh ra bin dng ca cc b mt ma st c bi trn thy
ng n hi ( bi trn ln, chu ti ln hay cp bnh rng)
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 96

Ngoi ra nng cao mt s c tnh ca kt cu bi trn, c th k ra cc
hng nghin cu quan trng nh bi trn dng bc t la, bi trn vi b mt bi
trn khng cng tuyt i, trng hp ti trng thay i, nh hng ca nhit
Qua cch phn loi tng i nh trn c th thy rng: ni chung mt kt cu
bi trn thng l t hp ca cc kiu phn loi trn. Do vy, tnh ton mt kt
cu bi trn cn gii quyt nhiu bi ton lin quan.
3.3. i trn thy ng
3.3.1. Khi nim v phn loi.
Trn c s thc nghim v s dng trong thc t, c th phn trt ra
thnh 2 nhm chnh sau:
Nhm th nht (I) bao gm cc bi trn cc b, hoc khng c bi trn.
Nhm th hai (II) bao gm cc loi lm vic ch bi trn t hoc
na t.
Cc nhm th nht thng c dng b mt phc tp, du bi trn c
cp di hnh thc rnh du hoc ti du.Vic bi trn c thc hin theo chu
k hoc lin tc t cc ngun du hay ti du.Trong trng hp c bit, du bi
trn c cp do mt ngun tp trung c p lc.
Cc nhm th hai, thng c nhn b mt cao. gi kh nng ti ca
mng du, kt cu n gin, nhng kt cu h bi trn li phc tp hn. Theo ch
p lc, chng phi m bo bi trn t v kh nng truyn nhit tt. Da vo
ch lm vic ngi ta cn phn mi nhm thnh cc nhm nh hoc cm nh.
Cc lm vic ch khng c bi trn hoc bi trn theo chu k vi khi
lng nh hoc cm nh.Cc lm vic ch khng c bi trn hoc bi trn
theo chu k vi khi lng nh ( tc l ch ma st kh hoc hn ch) thuc
vo nhm (I-1). Phn ln loi ny thuc vo dng lin hoc ging nh ng .
Vt liu cho nhm ny ging nh l gang hoc ng thanh. Chng c s dng
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 97

khi vn tc nh hoc p lc ring khng ln. Th d: trc tay quay, trc my cng
tc cng sut nh. Cc thuc nhm (I-2) l nhng c bi trn lin tc bng
m, bng pht du, m du. Chng l loi d tho c. Ngi ta thng s
dng trong cc thit b rn, rp, c , cn, .
Cc thuc nhm (I-3) l nhng lm vic ch bi trn thy ng.
Chng chu ti trng nng, va vi trc c vn tc nh, thay i. Ngi ta thng
s dng chng trong ng c v hp tc .
Nhng nhm (I-1) l thy ng, chu ti nh v vn tc trt ln,
chng thng c dng trong cc turbin hi nc, kh v bm li tm.
Cc thuc nhm (II-2) l nhng lm vic ch bi trn thy ng,
chng chu ti trng nng, va vi trc c vn tc nh ngi ta thng s dng cho
my nng.
3.3.2. Nguyn l v m st b trn ty ng trn g .
Cht bi trn l mt loi vt liu c kh nng lm gim ma st, mi mn,
tng cng kh nng hot ng n nh v bo v chi tit my. Chng ta cn phi
hiu r s nh hng ca l tnh v ha tnh gia du vi b mt bi trn, c nh
th mi lm vic n nh v tng cng tui th ca chng.
Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my mc thit b c cc ch bi trn: ma st
kh, ma st t, ma st thy tnh, ma st thy ng v ma st n hi thy ng lc
hc.
nh hng ca ma st bi trn thy ng ln
L thuyt v bi trn thy ng:


SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 98


Hnh I.3.1: u t trn n kn.
Trong bi trn thy ng, cc b mt khi chuyn ng tng i th
khng tip xc trc tip vi nhau m c ngn cch bi lp du bi trn.
Bi trn thy ng da trn nguyn l hnh thnh chm du trong khe hp,
dng du trong khe hp b p v hnh thnh p sut thy ng. p sut cc i
trong chm du hnh thnh ti v tr khe h no . p sut sinh ra trong c
bi trn thy ng do kt cu b mt hnh hc , vn tc tng i gia cc b
mt v nht ca du bi trn. S tn ti ca p sut m ch c mt ti trng tc
ng. ln ca p sut sinh ra (thng nh hn 5Mpa) khng ln lm bin
dng n hi cc b mt. Ngi ta chng minh c rng b dy ti thiu ca mt
lp du trong mt c bi trn bng ch thy ng lc hc l mt hm
ca ti trng tc ng, vn tc b mt ngng trc, nht du bi trn phi ln
hn b dy ca mng du ti thiu

= 0.00025D, vi D l ng knh ngng trc.

y, ch xt nh hng ca bi trn thy ng ln (joural bearing) m
cc b mt ca song song vi trc quay. c s dng trc v chu ti
trng hng knh vi s tn tht nng lng v s mi mn l t nht. c
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 99

c trng bi mt ng lt hnh tr bao quanh ngng trc. Du bi trn c cung
cp bi bn ua vo qua mt l tm ca mt bn.
ph thuc vo chuyn ng ca trc to thnh p sut do ti trng tc
dng ln du bi trn. Dng hnh hc ca c cho hnh 1.1 trc thng
quay khng ng tm vi lt . Khong dch chuyn ca tm trc so vi tm lt gi
l lch tm, v tr lch tm ca trc so vi khong trng ng lt ph thuc vo
ti trng tc ng. Gi tr lch tm thay i cho n khi ti trng c cn bng
vi p sut du bi trn sinh ra. Khi p sut mng du sinh ra cn bng vi p sut
do du bi trn sinh ra. Khi p sut mng du c sinh ra cn bng vi ti theo
hng knh, lc ny ngng trc s chuyn ng l lng trong lp du bi trn.
L thuyt tnh ton bi trn thy ng.
trn khi hot ng mt mng du c hnh thnh bao quanh ngng trc.
V ngng trc quay nhanh v lp du ngn cch b p sut c sinh ra v chng ta
c c bi trn thy ng.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton trn c m hnh ha l 2 tm phng song song
cch nhau mt khong S, vi mn du c nht gia 2 mt phng nh hnh
di y. Gi mt mt phng c nh, y l mt phng nm di, trong khi mt
phng cn li (mt phng trn) chuyn ng vi vn tc U. S c nhng lp du
tip xc vi tm di chuyn chuyn ng vi vn tc U v cng c nhng lp du
tip xc vi tm c nh ng yn. Vn tc ca cc lp du gia bin thin tuyn
tnh t 0 n U nh hnh v.





dx
dy
t
xy
Th tch kho st
x
y
U
u
S

SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 100

Chng ta xt trng hp c dng chy tng hnh thnh gia hai tm phng
song song di v tn. Cc tm phng c xem nh di v tn theo phng z v
khng c s bin i no v tnh cht lu cht theo phng ny. Chng ta cng bit
rng thnh phn theo phng x ca vn tc bng khng c tm trn v tm di
do iu kin khng trt vch bn.
Chng ta c cc iu kin nh sau:
u = 0 khi y = 0
u = U khi y = S
V dng chy c pht sinh trn vn, vn tc khng th thay i c theo x
nn ch ty thuc vo y, do chng ta c:
u = u(y)
Thm vo , khng c thnh phn vn tc theo phng y hoc theo phng z
nn: v = = 0
phn tch m hnh , chng ta chn th tch vi phn kho st c kch thc dv
= dxdydz v vit phng trnh momen ng lng theo thnh phn ta x vi lc
vt th trn th tch n v

bng khng.

Vi gi thit dng chy bnh n v pht sinh trn vn,

lc b mt do p
sut to thnh v cs l b mt kho st.
i vi dng chy pht sinh trn vn, thng lng momen ng lng thc
xuyn qua b mt kho st bng khng, v khng tn ti cc lc vt th theo
phng x, phng trnh moomen ng lng gim thiu thnh:

= 0
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 101

K tip chng ta ly tng ca cc lc tc ng vo th tch kho st theo
phng . Chng ta bit rng cc lc php tuyn (lc do p sut) tc ng vo mt
tri v mt phi v cc lc tip tuyn (lc ct) tc ng vo mt trn v mt y.
Nu p sut trng tm phn t l p, lc p sut trn b mt tri l:
(

)
V lc p sut trn b mt s l:
(

)
Nu ng sut ct trng tm phn t l

, lc ct trn b mt y l:
(

)
V lc ct trn b mt trn l:
(

)
Chng ta s dng vi phn ton phn cho ng sut ct v ng sut ct l mt
hm ch c bin y (do u = u(y)). Tng ca cc lc trn tc ng vo mi mt ca
th tch kho st bng khng nn:

= 0=(

) (

) (

) +(

)
Sp xp li chng ta c: -

= 0
Hay

SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 102

Phng trnh trn phi c gi tr i vi x v y.
Do

Ly tch phn phng trnh trn, chng ta nhn c:

Phng trnh trn cho thy ng sut ct thay i tuyn tnh theo y.
i vi lu cht Newton chng ta c:

Vy th :

= (

V : u =

+ (

) +

Chng ta dng cc iu kin bin nu trn tm cc gi tr

. y= 0,
u = 0 chng ta c

= 0. y = s v u = U chng ta c:

)
Chng ta c c vn tc ca lu cht:
u =

) [(

)]
Gi thit vn tc thay i tuyn tnh, do Gradien p sut bng khng :
(

). Vy chng ta c: u =

SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 103

Theo nh lut Newton v dng chy nht, ng sut ct ( ) c sinh ra trn
lp lu cht ti khong cch y tnh t tm phng c nh c cho bi

Trong :

l Gradien vn tc
Mt khc, lc ct bng ng sut ct nhn cho tit din ca tm phng.
Kho st trng hp chiu dy khe h lu cht l b, do dng chy c m
hnh ha tng t nh dng chy gia 2 tm phng song song di v hn.
p dng cho b mt , ta c lc ct (lc cn nht) c cho bi:

= (Dl)=

(Dl)
Lc cn nht c th c biu din di dng:

= c.u
Trong : c: l hng s
u: l vn tc lu cht
T hai h thc trn, chng ta c c hng s gim chn c ca thy ng l :
c =

(DL)
Trong : s: khe h gia v ngng trc
D: ng knh ngng trc
L: chiu di ca thy tnh
: nht tuyt i ca du
3.3.3. B trn ty ng tip xc
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 104

Khi lm vic, gia cc b mt tip xc ca ngng trc v c ngn cch
bi lp du, bao ph hon ton hoc mt phn (v d b truyn bnh rng). Lp
du gia khe h s c chiu dy thay i.

Lp du gia cc b mt tip xc
Lp du gia cc b mt tip xc di tc dng ca lc lin kt gia hai lp
du v kim loi, lc ma st trong xut hin gia cc b mt tip xc. Du s chuyn
ng theo phng chuyn ng ca b mt tip xc. Kh nng chu ti ca lp du
s cn bng vi lc nn v b mt tip xc. Nhng nh hng ch yu n kh
nng chu ti ca lp du l:
1. Bn knh cong cng nh th vng khe h tip xc cng nh, p lc xut hin
trong lp du cng ln, p lc theo ng cong ny gim i cng ln khi
chiu cao h tng ln. Kt qu l kh nng chu ti gim.
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 105

2. nht ca du cng cao, ni lc ln, kh nng chu ti ln. nht trong
vng tip xc thay i rt ln, s nh hng rt ln n kh nng chu ti
ca mng du tip xc.
3. Vn tc b mt tip xc cng ln th ng nng ca du cng ln.
4. Gi tr khe h

cng nh, lng thu hp khe h cng ln (khi dng

ng cong b mt) nh vy p lc d cng ln, nhng

khng c
gim xung qu gi tr cho php. Khi kh nng chng mn km.
Phn tch k qu trnh chy ca du gia cc b mt tip xc v nht thay
i l bi ton phc tp, cn phi gii quyt ng thi cc phng trnh thy ng,
l thuyt n hi v nng lng.
3.4. Du bi trn
3.4.1.Tng quan
Du bi trn l vt liu quan trng trong nn kinh t ca mi quc gia.Tt c
cc my mc,thit b cc dng v cc kch c khc nhau s khng th thc hin
c chc nng ca mnh hiu qu nu khng c cc loi du bi trn thch hp.
Do c rt nhiu chng loi t du bi trn c cp cht lng thp n rt cao
c dng nhm p ng cc nhu cu s dng t c bit n cc loi du a dng,
dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc.
Cc nc trn th gii sn xut du bi trn theo cc tiu chun, quy nh
ring ph hp vi iu kin s dng my mc nc . Thng thng vic bi
trn my mc phi s dng du do nh ch to ra chng quy nh.
Trong thc t, vic tun th cc quy nh v du bi trn m nh ch to
ra l rt kh khn. V vy bi trn cc loi my mc, thit b do cc hng ca
nc khc nhau ch to, chng ta c th thay th bng cc loi du bi trn c cc
tnh nng tng ng vi du m do cc hng quy nh.
V vy, vic s dng vt liu bi trn ni chung, du m bi trn ni ring
v quy trnh bi trn ph hp vi quy nh ca nh ch to thit b, s gp phn rt
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 106

ln m bo cho my mc, thit b hot ng n nh, gim chi ph bo dng,
nng cao tui th s dng v tin cy ca chng trong nn kinh t.
Bi trn l bin php lm gim ma st n mc thp nht, bng cch to ra
gia b mt ma st mt lp cht (cht bi trn). Cht bi trn c th dng lng
(du nhn hay cn gi l du nht), dng c (m bi trn) hay dng rn......
Trong s chim a phn l cht bi trn dng lng, k n l cht bi trn dng
c, sau cng l dng rn. Cht bi trn dng ny thng chim rt t v ch p
dng trong mt vi trng hp ring bit nh bi trn cc trc c nhit rt cao
hoc trong chn khng, nhng ni ny khng th dng du hay m bi trn c.
m bo cho du bi trn c th thc hin tt cc chc nng nu trn, du
bi trn phi c phm cht tt. C th l du bi trn phi c tnh bm dnh tt,
phi c nht thch hp, phi c bn ho hc, c hc, sinh hc..., phi c
dn nhit tt, khng gy n mn ho hc, ty ra phn tn tt cc cn,mui... sinh
ra trong qu trnh s dng ng c thit b.
Vic la chn, s dng du bi trn thch hp ng vai tr ht sc quan
trng trong vic m bo cho du bi trn thc hin c cc chc nng ca mnh
mt cch tt nht. C s quan trng la chn du bi trn thch hp l da vo
nguyn l bi trn:
+ i vi cc chi tit lm vic c chuyn ng nhanh cn dng du c
nht thp v ngc li.
+ Khe h gia cc b mt chi tit lm vic cng ln th du bi trn cng
cn c nht cao.
+ Nhit lm vic cao th dng du c nht cao.
+ S vng quay ln, p sut trn trc nh th dng du c nht thp.
+ p sut trn trc ln, s vng quay nh th dng du c nht cao.
+ Phm vi thay i nhit ln th dng du c tnh nhit nht tt (ch s
nht cao)
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 107

+ Mi trng lm vic tip xc vi khng kh, kh chy nhit cao th
dng du c tnh chng oxy ho v chng n mn.
+ Mi trng lm vic tip xc vi nc v hi nc th chn du c
tnh chng to nh v chng to bt.
+ Thi gian s dng du lu, chn du c tnh chng oxy ho tt, tnh n
nh cao.
- Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut du m nhn l du m v du thc vt.
Du gc c sn xut t du m thng qua cc qu trnh ch bin c gi l du
gc khong v du c ngun gc t thc vt c tng hp qua cc qu trnh tng
hp ha hc c gi l du gc tng hp. Thnh phn c bn ca du bi trn l
du gc v cc ph gia c pha trn nng cao cht lng ca du bi trn. Bn
cht ca du th v qu trnh ch bin s quyt nh tnh cht vt l v ho hc ca
du gc to thnh.
3.4.2. Du gc
Cc phn on du th thch hp cho sn xut du gc s cho ra cc sn
phm c khong nhit si khc nhau nh qu trnh chng ct chn khng. chng
cha cc hydrocacbon sau:
- Parafin mch thng v mch nhnh
- Hydrocacbon no n v a vng(neptan) c cc cu trc vng
xyclohexan gn vi mch nhnh paraffin
- Cc hydrocacbon thm n vng v a vng ch yu cha cc mch
nhnh ankyl
- Cc hp cht cha vng napten, vng thm v mch nhnh trong
cng mt phn t
- Cc hp cht hu c c cha cc di nguyn t, ch yu l cc hp
cha lu hunh, nit v nhm.
Phn loi du gc:
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 108

Ni chung du gc c phn loi thnh:
- Du c ch s nht cao (HVI)
- Du c ch s nht trung bnh(MVI)
- Du co ch s nht thp(LVI)
Hin nay khng c quy nh v ranh gii chnh xc quy nh du v tng
loi trn. tuy nhin du c ch s nht (VI)> 85 thng c gi l du HVI,
cn nu (VI) < 30 th gi l du LVI, du MVI nm gia hai khong , tuy vy k
ngh cracking c th to ra du gc c ch s nht rt cao(VHVI) hoc siu cao,
du LVI c sn xut t phn on du nhn neptan.n c dung khi ma ch s
nht v n nh oxyhoa khng ch trng lm.
3.4.3. Ph gia
3.4.3.1. c tnh chung ca ph gia
Ph gia l nhng hp cht hu c, c kim v v c, thm ch l cc nguyn
t c thm vo cc cht bi trn. thng mi ph gia c dng nng t
0,01-5%. tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp c th mt ph gia c th vo
mt khong nng dao ng t vi phn triu (ppm) n 10%.
Phn ln cc loi du nhn cn nhiu ph gia tha mn t c cc yu cu
tnh nng. mt s ph gia nng cao nhng phm cht c sn trong du, mt s
khc to cho du nhng tnh cht mi cn thit, cc loi ph gia khc nhau c th
h tr ln nhau, gy ra hiu ng tng h, hoc chng c th dn n phn ng i
khng.
V c kh nng ci thin tnh nng ca du bi trn v cc cht lng bi trn
nn ph gia to iu kin rt tt cho vic ci tin cc loi xe v my mc cng
nghip.
3.4.3.2 Mt s ph trn
a, Ph gia ci thin ch s nht
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 109

Thng s dng cc polime khng tp trung, n cho php tng nht, ngay
c nhit thp v nh vy lm tng ch s nht ca du. Cc sn phm s
dng l cc polymemethacrylates, polyacrylates v cc polyme gc olefins. Tuy
nhin cc hp cht ny c lin kt phn t yu, v vy di tc ng ln v c hc
hay nhit cao c th b b gy mch v gy ra hiu ng phi newton ca du.
b, Ph gia gim nhit n c
Nhiu loi du c nhit ng c t -25
o
C n 3
o
C, khi mt kh nng
bi trn v vy trong mi trng nhit thp cn phi gim nhit trn, cc ph
gia y nhm mc ch gim kch thc tinh th paraffin hay bin i hnh dng
ca n, cc sn phm s dng l cc ankin thm cc polyeste, polyamit v
polyolefin.
c, Ph tn ln ng
Ph gia loi ny nhm tng kh nng linh ng v thm thu ca du trn cc
b mt ma st cc sn phm thng dng l cc mui nh sunfonates, cc
thiophophates v cc penates.
d,Ph gia chng mn v chu p
Ph gia thuc loi ny nhm bo v mng du ngn cch cc b mt tip xc
t nhit mi trng n nhit trung bnh khi lm vic
Ngi ta thng dng cc este photphoric, cc dithriophotphat kim loi,cc
dn xut este bo v axt bo.
c, Ph gia chng oxyhoa du b trn
Ph gia chng oxyhoa hot ng theo 3 c ch sau:
o To huyn ph cho cc chui phn t t do,thng s dng cc
hp cht phenol v cc amin.
o Ph hy cu trc peroxit sinh ra t hin tng g, thng s
dng cc dithiophotphat v cc dithriocarbarnat. c ch hot ng v hn ch
cc xc tc ion kim loi, thng s dng cc phenol v phenat.
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 110

IV
KHO ST CNG NGH CH TO HP KIM NHIU LP
LM B T
4.1. Cng ngh c truyn thng
Trc nm 1950 cc nc cng nghip pht trin ch to a s cc loi
bc trt ngi ta dng phng php c hp kim chu mn m ch yu l hp
kim ng ch trong khun phi kim loi hoc khun o thp dng sn phm n
kim (mnlit). Thng thng chiu dy ban u ca phi hp kim chu mn phi
c ln hn t 3-5 ln kch thc ca bc trt sau khi gia cng c kh mi m
bo c cht lng yu cu. Do vy, cc sn phm ch to theo cng ngh c in
ny, c bit l mt s vt liu chu mn khng qua gia cng bin dng do c
th khng p ng yu cu k thut cao ca chi tit my dung trong my mc thit
b hin i, v chng c kch thc hnh hc tng i ln, kh nng chu ti trng
v tc trt trong b i ma st cha cao, h s s dng nguyn vt liu thp.
Bng phng php cng ngh c hp kim chu mn c in ny c t 80-90% cc
kim loi mu qu him b loi b dng phoi tin khi gia cng tinh bc. p
ng nhu cu pht trin ca k ngh ch to my v tit kim kim loi mu qu
him, sau nm 1950 cc nh cng ngh th gii chuyn hng sang s dng bc
trt 2 lp thp + kim loi ng, thp + hp kim nhm. Bc trt 2 lp c th ch
to bng cng ngh truyn thng c hp kim chu mn, ch yu l hp kim ng
ch, ng ch thic, ng thic km trng thi tnh hoc ng. Phi
ng thp phi c lm sch b mt tip xc vi lp hp kim chu mn, nung nng
n nhit t 800-850
o
C, c nhng vo dung dch hn the nng chy, sau
mi rt hp kim chu mn vo khe h gia ng thp v li khun (c trng thi
tnh) hoc vo pha trong ng thp c quay trn g chuyn dng (c ly tm).
Khi quan st thy b mt hp kim chu mn ng c, phi lm ngui tht nhanh
trnh hin tng ch v cc hp kim ha khc b tht thot trn b mt ca phi
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 111

(hin tng thin tch ch thic). T c th nhn xt rng cng ngh c bc
n kim (monometal) c in nhng rt phc tp, nng sut thp, tiu hao nguyn
vt liu cao, tnh n nh cng ngh thp do nhiu yu t trong quy trnh sn sut
kh t ng ha c.
Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny cho n nay vn c p dng trong sn xut ti i
a s cc doanh nghip sn xut ph tng oto my n Vit Nam p ng nhu
cu thay th cc chng loi bc trt khi cha c cc dy chuyn thit b hin i
khc.
4.2. Cng ngh cn dnh cc lp kim loi
T nhng nhc im ca cng ngh c c in v c truyn thng, nc
ngoi ngi ta trin khai nghin cu ng dng cng ngh cn dnh to bng hp
kim 2 hoc nhiu lp lm bc trt. u im ca cc hp kim chu mn trong
bng hp kim p dng cng ngh cn dnh, m ch yu l hp kim nhm v 1 s
kim loi r tin d khai thc, li c kh nng chu ti trng tng i cao, h s ma
st thp, kh nng dn nhit tt v c tui th lm vic gn tng ng vi tui
th hp kim ng ch. Cng ngh to bng hp kim nhiu lp cc nc cng
nghip pht trin c p dng trn cc dy chuyn thit b cn dnh ng b,
lin tc v hin i (t ng ha iu khin cc thit b chnh v ph tr) cho nng
sut cng nh cht lng sn phm rt cao.
Bn cht ca cng ngh cn dnh l ch cc b mt tip xc 2 lp kim loi khi
a vo cn dnh phi c x l rt sch v h s bin dng do tng i trong
lt cn u tin phi t
1
55-60%. Nu m bo c ng thi 2 iu kin
th lp oxit nhm trn b mt tip xc vi lp thp cc bon thp mi b ph hy, to
iu kin cho cc nguyn t kim loi tinh khit tip xc gn nhau theo hng
ng trt v khuch tn vo vi nhau, to ra mi lin kt s b 2 lp kim loi.
Tip theo bng 2 lp qua ln cn th nht cn phi c khuch tn v tip tc
cn n kch thc yu cu. Cui cng, bng hp kim 2 lp phi c x l qua
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 112

gia cng nhit m bo cc ch tiu c l tnh cn thit i vi tng chng loi
bc trt.
4.3. Cng ngh hn n to bng hai lp kim loi.
Mt trong nhng cng ngh tin tin khc to bng hp kim loi nhiu lp
c nghin cu p dng nc ngoi l cng ngh hn n. Hn n xt theo kiu
nng lng a vo, c lin quan n nhm qu trnh c hc lin kt cc kim loi.
Khi nng lng ha hc chuyn ha ca lng thuc n dng sn phm kh n
c chuyn thnh nng lng c, lm cho mt phn ca vng hn trong cc tm
kim loi dch chuyn vi vn tc rt ln. ng nng va p ca phn chuyn ng
vi b mt ca phn c nh, c dng lm cng bin dng mm hn hp ca cc
lp tip xc ca cc kim loi (2 kim loi cn hn), dn n vic hnh thnh lin kt
hn hay mi hn. Cng bin dng mm chuyn thnh nhit, nhit ny do hu qu
tnh on nhit ca qu trnh, do vn tc ln c th t nng kim loi vng lin
kt cho n khi t nhit kh cao (cho n khi to nhng vng nng chy cc
b).
S nguyn l hn n c 2 dng: dng song song v dng khng song song
(to gc). Vi vic kch n thuc, s xut hin mt mt trc (mt tin) ca sng
dn n v n lan truyn vi vn tc D, ph hp vi vic chn thuc n, tnh cht,
khi lng, trng thi, s trong khong 2000-8000 (m/s). mt sau (mt hu)
to thnh nhng sn phm n dng kh trong khong thi gian rt ngn theo qun
tnh chng s bo ton th tch trc kia ca thuc n nm trn di p sut
100-200 nghn at, sau vi vn tc 0,5-0,7D chng s m rng ra theo hng
vung gc vi nhng mt phng t do ca khi thuc n. Vic ny to ra vng kim
loi di xung lng no , xung lng ny s cun ln lt tng khong th
tch kim loi th nht vo s chuyn ng hng ti b mt ca tm kim loi c
nh v va p vi n vi vn tc - vn tc va p. Trong qu trnh ny, tm kim
loi th nht (tm gi l kim loi bay) s b b cong hai ln. Phn nghing ca n
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 113

chuyn ng vi vn tc - (vn tc tip im), chuyn ng ngay sau mt tin
ca song dn n, cn phn pha trc na ca sng dn n cha kp n th di
qun tnh s tip tc chim trng thi ca trng thi ban u. S va p vi vn tc
ln ca kim loi bay (KLB) v kim loi c nh (KLCD) pht trin ra trong phm
vi ca nh chuyn ng vi gc gama , cc mt phng KL gp nhau vi p lc. S
nn ca n khp cc hng to thun li cho xu hng mm ha khu vc tip
xc theo hng hn nh c s hin din ca mt phng t do pha trc gc gama
v thnh phn vn tc, iu ny bt buc nhng lp b mt ca c 2 kim loi ng
thi bin dng theo cng hng vn tc. Kt qu dn n s kt dnh hai b mt
cc kim loi v nhn c mi hn.
nh gi tng quan v kt qu nghin cu p dng cng ngh hn n to
bng hp kim 2 lp lm bc trt cho thy cht lng sn phm n nh, nhng ch
mi dng li quy m nh sn lng thp. Tuy nhin, cn phi hiu r rng : cng
ngh hn n tng i n gin v k thut to ra mi lin kt 2 lp kim loi, c
th ng dng sn xut cc loi bc trt c khi lng ln, ti trng cao t vt
liu kh bin dng do p lc thng thng.
4.4. ng ngh luyn kim bt
Ngy nay cng ngh luyn kim bt c ng dng ngy cng rng ri
ch to cc chi tit my phc tp, nhng chi tit ghp t cc vt liu khc bit (
kim loi-cht do; kim loi thy tinh; vv... ) , nhng chi tit c cng cao v
nhit lm vic siu cao trong ngnh cng nghip ht nhn, v tr. Hin ngi
ta cng ng dng rt nhiu nhng sn phm ca phng php kim loi bt
trong cng nghip v i sng. Tuy nhin ngnh kim loi bt ca chng ta pht
trin mc cn thp. Rt nhiu chi tit, vt liu c ch to theo phng php
kim loi bt chng ta buc phi t mua t nc ngoi.
Vt liu, sn phm sn xut theo phng php kim loi bt gm 3 bc :
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 114

a. Ch to bt kim loi, hp kim hay phi kim c thnh phn ng vi yu cu
dng bt rn v mn. Thng sn xut bt kim loi theo phng php
nghin, phun tia kim loi lng di p lc cao vo mi trng ngui nhanh,
in phn, hon nguyn.
b. To hnh : theo thit k sn phm ly cc loi bt theo t l xc nh v trn
ln tht u ri a vo khun p nn di p lc 100- 1000 MPa. Mun c
khi lng ring ln v ng u phi p di p lc cao ng thi rung c
hc.
c. Thiu kt : p xong em nung nng n nhit v trong khong thi gian
xc nh trong chn khng hoc trong mi trng kh bo v. S xy ra qa
trnh kt tinh li to ra cc ht mi a cnh, cc ht lin kt bn vng vi
nhau lm tng c l tnh ca sn phm n gi tr mong mun. C th kt
hp p to hnh v thiu kt ng thi vo mt bc t c mt
cao nht.
c im ca phng php :
a. Nguyn liu c s dng gn nh trit (h hao nguyn liu t).
b. Sn phm ra c tnh ng nht cao v t phi gia cng.
c. Cu trc t vi : khng xt cht lun c l rng. xp thay i t 2
n vi chc % ty theo phng php cng ngh v yu cu ch to
sn phm.
C nhiu sn phm ch to theo phng php kim loi bt s r hn nhiu
so vi phng php truyn thng. Phng php p nng ng thi vi qu trnh
thiu kt hn hp kim loi bt ch to 1 s loi bc trt c u im c bit l
c th gim thiu ti a kim loi mu qu him, nng lng dng cho gia cng
sau to phi n thnh phm nh khng cn nhiu nguyn cng gia cng c. Nu
iu kin thit b khng cho php, c th to phi lm bc trt theo cng ngh p
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 115

to hnh, sau thiu kt trong mi trng c kh bo v hoc chn khng, tip
theo l gia cng tinh.
4.5. ui trnh cng ngh ch to bc bimetal ti nh my c kh g Gia T
4.5.1. B bmetl do n my k N G T sn xut
Cng ty c kh Ng Gia T l doanh nghip Nh nc thuc ngnh giao thng
vn ti. Vi gn 40 nm hot ng cng ty c kh Ng Gia T c b dy truyn
thng v kinh nghim trong lnh vc sn xut cc sn phm c kh, ch to phu
tng phc v lp rp v sa cha t, xe my, cng nghip ng tu v cc loi
ph tng cho cc ngnh khc ca nn kinh t quc dn.
X nghip bc Bimetal vi h thng dy chuyn thit b hin i- ng b hon
chnh, i ng cn b nghin cu v cng nhn c tay ngh cao cng h thng qun
l cht lng tin tin chuyn sn xut cc loi bc: Bc nhp t, bc cn bng,
bc lt trong ng c t, my cng trnh, khai khong
B bmetl do n my k N G T sn xut :

Hnh I.5.1: C n lo b bmetl do n my k N G T sn xut
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 116


Hnh I.5.2: bmetl 125 do n my N G T sn xut.




Hnh I.5.3: bmetl 75 do n my N G T sn xut.


SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 117

4.5.2. Qui trnh cng ngh ch to bc bimetal c n my k N G T
Qui trnh cng ngh ch to bc bimetal c n my k N G T :
* Kt cu vt liu(Composition): Bc lt trc kim loi kp thp-ng hp kim h
(BMT) s dng k thut cng ngh luyn kim tri mt lp ng ln b mt tm
thp v thiu kt trong mi trng nhit khng oxy ha lm cho hai kim loi gn
kt bn chc vi nhau.
*Cu to bc Bimetal(Structure):

* c tnh k thut(Features):

Tnh nng vt l
(Physical properties)
Thnh phn ha hc
(Chemical composition)

K
hiu


Nhn mc
hp kim
Label alloy

Mt

Density

cng
Hardness

Pb

Sn

Zn

Cu

Tp
cht


BMT

CuSn6Zn6Pb3

>7,8

>60

2-4

5-7

5-7

D
lng

0,7-1,3


Hnh I.5.4: u o meal
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 118


- Ph ti tnh ( stating load rating): >310 Mpa
- Ph ti lc vn hnh (Dynamic load rating): >120 Mpa
- cng ca lp hp kim ng(Hardness copper: >HB60 ?
- H s ma st kh (Factor of friction): 0,3-0,4
- H s ma st khi bi trn (Factor of friction oiliness): 0,04-0,12
- Nhit lm vic cao nht( Max temperature working): 2800C
* Kiu rnh du(Oil groove): Rnh cha du vi nhiu hnh dng khc nhau trn
b mt vt liu ng hp kim p ng nhu cu bi trn a dng ca chng loi sn
phm.

Hnh I.5.5: C ku rn du b trn


Hnh I.5.6: tn k tut b bmetl.

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 119

* Cc nguyn cng chnh ch to bc bimetal :
- Chun b phi
- Un cong s b phi
- Tri mt lp ng ln b mt tm thp v thiu kt trong mi trng
nhit khng oxy ha.
- Dp phi s b theo bin dng yu cu un
- Un phi va dp to thnh bc s b
- Mi
- Kim tra
n n nuyn n to b metl t n my k N G T
Nguyn cng chun b phi v un on s b phi

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 120


Nguyn cng to cc dng b mt ma st cho bc


Nguyn cng dp phi theo bin dng cn thit un



SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 121


Nguyn cng un phi va dp trn my uyn dn to bc


SV: c Thanh

TO Page 122

II:
I
CC DNG B T C TRN TH NG VIT NAM
1.1. Gii thiu s lc mt s loi bc sn xut trong nc.
Bc l mt chi tit ph bin thng dng trong c kh.
Bc c bn c th phn lm 3 loi theo 3 chc nng:
- Bc chn: loi ny lp trn cc trc v gp phn chn chuyn ng dc trc ca
cc chi tit khc lp trn trc. V d nh chn bi, chn bnh rng.... Khi mt
u bnh rng, bi c chn bi g trc, 1 u s b chn bi bc ny.

n II.1.1: n b

- Bc lt: loi bc ny c s dng nh 1 chi tit trung gian. V d nh chi tit A
lp ln Trc B v gia chng c chuyn ng tng i. Lc ny trnh mn cho
trc ngi ta lp bc lt vo gia 2 chi tit. Bc lp cht vo trc v khi s ch
cn chuyn ng gia A v bc.
SV: c Thanh

TO Page 123


n II.1.2: lt tr

- Bc : bc ny dng cc trc trong trng hp trc di, cn tng cng
cng vng, trnh cong vng trc. Bc gm 1 ng lp trn , ny bt cht bng
bulong ln cc thnh hp, thnh my cn trc c lng qua cc ng .

n II.1.3. Trt dn tron ty n
SV: c Thanh

TO Page 124

Vit Nam c nhiu nh my c kh sn xut c nhiu loi bc cung
cp cho th trng trong nc. in hnh c nh my c kh Ng Gia T chuyn
sn xut cc loi bc: Bc nhp t, bc cn bng, bc lt trong ng c t, my
cng trnh, khai khong Trong khun kh n th ch nghin cu v bc trt.
Babit (White Metal) l vt liu ph bin nht lm bc trt.
Babit l tn chung ca cc hp kim chu ma st, nn thic, ch c cho thm
antimon, ng v cc nguyn t khc. Babit c dng c cc trt dng
thp bimetan c h s ma st nh, chu ti trng v tc trt ln. c gi
theo tn nh sng ch Hoa K Babit (Babbitt; 1799 1862).
c tnh C h s ma st nh vi b mt trc thp, gi du tt, truyn nhit tt,
mm nn t lm mn c trc. Ty thuc hm lng kim loi chim t l ln trong
babit m ta c cc loi: babit thic, babit ch, babit km, babit nhm.
C 2 loi:
1. Babit ch: khong 85% ch, cn li l thic, antimo v ng .
2. Babit thic: 95% thic, cn li l ch, ng v antimo
Vit Nam c cng ty TNHH MTV BaBit chuyn cung cp cc sn phm bc
babit. Sau y l 1 s loi bc do cng ty sn xut :

Hnh II.1.4: bn 80 do n ty MT bt sn xut
SV: c Thanh

TO Page 125


Hnh II.1.5: bn 120 do n my MT bt sn xut

SV: c Thanh

TO Page 126

1.2. Bc bimetal do nh my c kh g ia ch to
nh my Ng Gia T th sn xut c bc bimetal, l loi bc kim loi kp
thp ng hp kim h. Kt cu vt liu ca bc dng kim loi kp thp ng
hp kim h s dng k thut cng ngh luyn kim tri 1 lp bt ng hp kim ln
b mt tm thp c thu kt trong mi trng nhit khng oxy ha lm cho 2
kim loi ny gn kt mt cch bn chc vi nhau.
n II.1.6: B bmetl do n my k N G T sn xut


SV: c Thanh

TO Page 127

1.3. Bc trt s dng trong my o mn
Bc s dng trong my o mn l bc trong tay bin t. Bc bin b mn
lm tng khe h gia bc v c trc, dn n lng du phun ra vt qu gii hn.
Khi khe h du tng gp i, lng du phun ra tng xp x 5 ln so vi khe h
bnh thng. Khe h tng gp 4 ln bnh thng, du phun tng khong 25 ln so
vi mc bnh thng. Trc c quay lm cho du phun ra tun hon. Nu mc phun
du qu nhiu, cc xc mng du khng gt ht, lm du lt vo v b t chy
trong xylanh.
Bc mn cn lm xut hin ting g. Vt liu lm bc trc km, du bi trn
khng , ng c qu nng, my thng xuyn qu ti, nhng sai st khi gia cng
c kh l nhng nguyn nhn lm tng tc h hng bc .

n II.1.7: ty bn dn t mn
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 128

II
TH MN BC BIMETAL
2.1. Nhu cu v tnh cp thit ca vic thit k ch to my th mn bc
Bimetal
2.1.1 Nhu cu v tnh cp thit c ti
Xut pht t yu cu thc t cn o v kim tra mn cho cc chi tit c kh
ni chung v bc trt ni ring nh gi tui th ca chi tit v thit b ngi ta
ch to cc my th mn chuyn dng thc hin nhim v ny. i vi mi loi
h chi tit khc nhau ta phi thit k mt loi my th mn ring v mi loi chi tit
yu cu g t v ch ti trng v bi trn khc nhau. y c th l bi trn
thng xuyn hoc nh k hoc khng v th cn nghin cu v thit k ring cho
tng chi tit. i vi loi chi tit dng bc trt cng yu cu phi thit k mt loi
my th mn ring xc nh lng mn ngay sau khi xut xng c th nm
c cng mn, tui th ca chi tit chu mn c phng n x l v iu
chnh thch hp. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my th mn bc trt y l kim tra
cng mn ca bc sau mt thi gian chy th vi ti v vn tc c nh
nh gi tui th ca bc v kim tra xem bc cn t yu cu khng.
2.1.2. Yu cu thit k
M hnh th mn c cc thng s u vo nh ng knh bc, lin kt ca
cp ma st (cp ma st A v B). y, A l trc v B l bc. Lin kt ma st c
c trng bi cc thng s sau: ng knh bc, c tnh ca vt liu ch to bc(
trnh by phn I), chiu di bc lt, nhn b mt trc v bc lt, tnh cht c,
l, ho ca loi vt liu lm bc, khe h lp ghp gia bc v trc. Ch lm vic
(P, V) ca lin kt ma st. y P c trng cho ti trng tc dng ln .
Da vo cch s dng mt b Encoder c lp trn trc ng c ta c th
xc nh c tc lm vic ca ng c ch lm vic c ti n nh,t tc
ny da vo cng thc chuyn i ta tnh c vn tc gc trc ng c v do
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 129

ta tnh c vn tc di ti mt im trn trc th v tnh c qung ng
mn sau mt khong thi gian:
Vi tc ng c l n
c
(vng/pht) th ta c: =

(rad/s)
V = .R= .

(D l ng knh bc)
Sau khong thi gian th t(s) ta c qung ng mn l:
S = V.t
Bc trt c th nghim mn bng my th mn BK2012 c kch thc nm
trong di sau: D
min
D
max
= 75 125(mm)
d
min
d
max
= 70 120(mm)
L
min
L
max
= 50 100(mm)
Kch thc mt s loi bc c chn th nghim bng my th mn thit k:
STT D(mm) d(mm) L(mm) Ra
D
Ra
d
Bacbit
1 75 70 90 2,5 1,25 CuSn6Zn6Pb6
2 77 70 100 2,5 1,25 CuSn6Zn6Pb6
3 125 120 50 2,5 1,25 CuSn6Zn6Pb6
4 130 120 70 2,5 1,25 CuSn6Zn6Pb6


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 130

Xt 2 loi bc c trng trong di kch thc trn tnh l:
Bc th nht c: D
1
= 76(mm); d
1
= 70 (mm); L
1
= 100(mm)

Bc th hai: D
2
=122(mm); d
2
= 117(mm); L
2
= 100(mm)

d
1
= 70
D
1
= 76
L
1

=

1
0
0
d
2
= 117
D
2
= 122
L
2

=

5
4
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 131

2.2. c phng n v s th mn
kim tra mn ca bc khi hot ng, ta cn m phng li ch lm
vic ca bc trong cc iu kin khc nhau, lm c iu ta cn bit c
c im lm vic ca bc nh ch bi trn, lai du bi trn, ti trng, phng
tc dng ca ti trng
Trn thc t, bc lm vic trong ch bi trn phc tp, ph thuc ngi
s dng v iu kin lm vic ca my. V vy ta s th mn 3 ch ring bit
l bi trn t-na t-v kh.
V phng t, thc cht ti c t ln trc, nhng trong iu kin m
phng, vic t ti ln trc khng kh thi nn ta s t ti ln bc. Cc phng n
t ti c th c thc hin nh sau:
2.2.1. S dng b truyn t ti ln bc, c chiu nc vi chiu trng lc.

nh II.2.1: t t t d ln
Phng n ny t ti c th c thc hin bng cch dng thy lc y
bc ln.
u m:
- Cch t ti bng thy lc to ra c ti tc dng ln v n nh.
- Kh nng iu chnh ti d dng v nhanh chng v c th iu chnh ngay
trong khi my ang hot ng.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 132

N m:
- Kh xc nh chnh xc phng ca lc i qua tm ca O
a
v O
c
.
- Vic dng phng php t ti bng thy lc lm cho kt cu my phc tp
hn v gi thnh my cao hn.
Phng n my:

nh II.2.2: PA1 t t t d ln
2.2.2. S dng b truyn t t pn nn v pn nn 1
N m: Phng n ny kh thc hin v lm cho kt cu thm phc
tp, trn thc t phng n ny khng khc nhiu so vi cc phng n khc
m cn lm cho kt cu thm phc tp.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 133


nh II.2.3: T nn v pn nn 1
Phng n my:

nh II.2.4: PA2 t nn v pn nn 1

2.2.3. S dng b truyn bn rn p gim tc ti cng chiu trng lc
Ta c nhiu cch t ti theo cch ny, c th t trc tip, hoc thng
qua b treo ti, di tc dng ca trng lc, phng ca P s i qua tm ca O
c

v O
a

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 134


nh II.2.5: t t t trn xun trn u trn l

u m:
- Phng n ny kh hp l, khng gian nh gn, ti trng c th t c l
kh cao. Ngoi ra ch bi trn c th p ng c nhng yu cu ra
- D thc hin hn phng n 1, to c lc ln n nh
N m:
- B tr b truyn hp gim tc lm cho kt cu my cng knh v phc tp
hn
- Tng gi thnh sn xut my
Phng n my:

nh II.2.6:PA3 dn b truyn GT t t t trn xun trn u trn l
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 135

2.2.4. t ti ln bc, chiu ca ti trng vi chiu ca trng lc

nh II.2.7: t t t trn xun trn u trn l

Ta c nhiu cch t ti theo cch ny, c th t trc tip, hoc thng
qua b treo ti, di tc dng ca trng lc, phng ca P s i qua tm ca O
c
v
O
a

u m:
- Phng n ny kh hp l, khng gian nh gn, ti trng c th t c l
kh cao. Ngoi ra ch bi trn c th p ng c nhng yu cu ra
- D thc hin hn phng n 1, to c lc ln n nh

nh II.2.8: PA4 dn b truyn t t t trn xun trn u trn l
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 136

T nhng nhn xt trn ta chn PA4 vi cch t ti ln bc vi phng
chiu ca ti trng vi phng chiu ca trng lc, ti c truyn n bc thng
qua b treo ti, trc th c dn ng t ng c qua b truyn ai.
2.3. Tnh ton kh nng ti v chn cch t ti cho bc
2.3.1. Tnh ton kh nn ti ln nht ca bc
tin hnh xc nh lng mn ca bc v a ra ch tiu nh gia bc ta i
xc nh ti trng ln nht bc chu c tin hnh gia ti v th mn.
Theo bng 16.3 Trang 82[4] - Chi Tit My-Nguyn Trng Hip- NXBGD ta c
tr s p sut ln nht bc bin chu c l : [p] = 5 Mpa = 5.10
6
(N/m
2
)
Theo cng thc (16-13) Trang 82[4] p sut sinh ra trong khng c vt
qu [p] ta c ti trng ln nht m hai bc trn chu c l:
P/dl [p]
Suy ra : P [p].d.l
P
max
= [p].d.l
Ti trng ln nht m bc th nht (D
1
= 76mm; d
1
= 70 mm ; l
1
= 100mm)
chu c l:
P
1max
= [p].d
1
.l
1
= 5.10
6
.70.10
-3
.100.10
-3
= 3500 (N)
Ti trng ln nht m bc th hai (D
2
= 122mm; d
2
= 117 mm ; l
2
= 54mm)
chu c l:
P
2max
= [p].d
2
.l
2
= 5.10
6
.117.10
-3
.54.10
-3
= 3159(N)
Vy P
max
= P
1max
= 3500 (N)

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 137

2.3.2. Chn cch gia ti cho bc th
gia ti cho cm chi tit bc bin v trc ta c cc cch sau:
- Bng in: dng nam chm ht i vi trng hp ti trng nh
- Bng c : s dng ti treo trc tip qua b phn treo ti c gn trc tip trn
cm bc v trc cn o. Ti c s dng khi cn ti trng tc dng trung bnh.
- Bng thy lc: s dng h thng thy lc gm xy lanh, piston, xylanh thy lc v
bm bnh rng. Ti thy lc dng khi yu cu ti trng tc dng ln.
- Vi ti trng tc dng ln cm bc bin v trc kh ln nn ta dng bin php gia
ti l thy lc.
Chn xy lanh piston v ng c bm du :
Chn s b ng knh piston l d
piston
= 50(mm) th ng c bm du c chn
phi to ra p lc ln h xylanh- piston l:
Ta c :
P = p.S = p.

(d l ng knh piton)
p =

= 1,78 (N/mm
2
)
= 17,8 (bar)
T y ta c th chn c ng c bm du cng sut tha mn



SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 138


Hnh II.2.1. S nguyn l h thng thy lc
1-B lc 3-Van phn phi 5-Van an ton
2-m bn rn 4-p k 6 -H xylanh, piston to lc
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 139

2.3.3. S n my o
Ta c s ng my o mn nh sau:

Hnh II.2.2: S n my o mn b trt
1. n n
2. n ng
3. n b ng
4. ln 1
5.Trc th
6. ln 2
7. Cm b trt v bc lt
8. B t ti thy lc
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 140

P: Ti trng tc dng
Trc (5) c ng knh d = 50 mm, mt u gn vi puly lin kt vi ng
c in dn ng qua b truyn ai, u cn li lp vi b bc trt th mn nh
hnh v. B bc lt,bc trt (7) c c nh bng cc bu long v bc hai na.
Hai ln (4,6) c lp trn cc gi . Cng mn ca bc trt sau thi gian
th vi ch lm vic ti P v vn tc V c o bng hai cch : theo khi lng
hoc theo kch thc, tuy nhin cch o cng mn theo kch thc d thc
hin v hay c dng hn.
2.4. guyn l lm vic
Khi ng cu dao in, ng c in (1) quay, ko theo trc (5) quay nh b
truyn ai qua bnh ai ch ng (2) v bnh ai b ng (3). Cm bc trt v bc
lt (7) c lp c nh vo trc( 5), cm chi tit ny quay cng chiu quay ca
trc do ma st sinh ra trong trc trong qu trnh my lm vic. Trc (5) quay vi
nhiu vn tc khc nhau nh b truyn ai (2,3). Bc trt chu ti trng P v c
vn tc trt tng i gia trc v bc l V.
Ma st sinh ra trong trc l ma st trt. M men ma st ny ph thuc vo
ti trng P v vn tc trt V .
Nhit lm vic trong cm bc trt c khng ch bi lu lng cht
bi trn (du). Du c a vo trt qua l pha trn bc hai na. Sau khi bi
trn v lm mt du chy ra ngoi cm bc trt-trc qua khe h trc - bc.
2.5. c thng s lm vic ca my o mn



2.5.1. Cc thng s u vo
Cc thng s
u vo
My o ma st Thng s u
ra
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 141

q
L
4
L
1
L
3
L
5
L
6
L
2
A B C D E
P
Q R
1
R
2
F
d
P
pl
- Lin kt ma st (cp ma st A v B). y, A l trc v B l bc. Lin kt ma
st c c trng bi cc thng s sau: ng knh bc, c tnh ca vt liu ch
to bc, chiu di bc lt, nhn b mt trc v bc lt, tnh cht c, l, ho ca
loi vt liu lm bc, khe h lp ghp gia bc v trc.
- Ch lm vic (P, V) ca lin kt ma st. y P c trng cho ti trng tc
dng ln .
2.5.2. Cc thng s u ra
- H s ma st.
- Lc ma st.
- Min gi tr ca cc thng s nh hng m h s ma st ca cp lp
ghp l ti u v n nh nht.
- Tnh tin cy ca thit b.
Do iu kin v thi gian cn hn ch v vy ch xt n mi quan h ca cc
thng s u vo l: Tc trt ca hai b mt ma st, ti trng tc dng ln v
thng s u ra l h s ma st
2.6. t ti








Hnh II.2.9: Ti tc dn ln my o mn b trt
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 142

i c
- Ti tc dng ln trc theo phng hng tm do trng lng ca bnh ai b
ng l lc tp trung (P
pl
), Lc ko ca b truyn ai l F

v trng lng ca trc

l lc phn b q
t
tc dng ln ton b chiu di trc (L
4
) gy ra lc tp trung Q.
- S phn b p sut khng u do sai lch nh tm trc, do trong qu trnh gia
cng hoc lp rp dn n s khng song song ca ng tm v ng tm
trc. V vy, trc v bc khng tip xc vi nhau trn sut chiu di bc m tip
xc vi nhau bng nhng phn din tch thc t. Di tc dng ca ti trng ln
trc m cc phn lc ch c phn b trn on tip xc gia trc v bc trt v
khng theo mt quy lut no c.
- Ti trng do trng lng ca:
+ Bc trt v bc lt.
+ Trc v cc chi tit lp trn trc.
+ ln.
- M men xon truyn t ng c in. M men ny thay i theo yu cu
vn hnh thit b v c gi tr dao ng tu thuc vo cu trc ng c, s n nh
ca ngun in cung cp.
- Ti xut hin do s dao ng ca cm chi tit: Trc, bc trt v cc phn t lp
trn chng. V y l mt h n hi nn di tc ng ca cc ph ti theo chu k,
h ny s dao ng. Khi tn s ca lc kch thch gn vi dao ng t do ca h
n hi th bin dao ng s tng ln nhanh chng. iu ny lm trc bc lm
vic trong iu kin xu, qu trnh bi trn b ph v, xy ra va p gia trc v
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 143

bc lt, trc v bc lt ma st trc tip vi nhau dn n cng hao mn trong
ln.
Ti nhit:
Nhit sinh ra do ma st gia trc vi bc trt (ma st trt) v ma st trong
ln (ma st ln).
V - Vn tc trt.
- Mi trng lin kt ma st lm vic (c) gm c: cht bi trn v khng kh
bao quanh. Cc thng c bn v cht bi trn gm c: nht v nhit .
f() = f(P, V, c)
2.7. nh ton s b cc cm chi tit chnh
2.7.1. Tn ton n n
- Vic chn ng c in cn tho mn cc yu cu c bn sau y:
- S dng tin li.
- Cu to n gin, kch thc nh gn.
- Gi thnh ch to r.
- Tin hnh chn ng c nh sau:
Lc ma st sinh ra trong trt l: F
msi
= P .f
ms
(N )
Bc trt c bi trn bng du nhng do cht lng b mt ca trc v
bc trt l khng cao nn chiu dy lp bi trn kh m bo ln hn tng s
mp m b mt ca cp ma st. Nh vy ta c ma st na t v tr s h s ma st
nm trong khong (0,01 0,1) theo gio trnh chi tit my GS.TS.Nguyn Trng
Hip-NXBGD - tp 2. Chn f
ms
= 0,1.
Nh vy ta tnh c:
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 144

F
ms
= P . f = p.S.f= p.

.f = 17,8.10
5
(N/m
2
).
6
2
10 . 4
50 . 14 , 3
(m
2
).0,1
= 349,325 (N)
M men ma st c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
M
ms
= F
ms
.
2
d
(N.mm)
Trong : M
ms
- M men ma st sinh ra gia trc v bc trt (N.mm)
F
ms
- Lc ma st sinh ra gia trc v bc trt (N)
d - ng knh trc (mm)
M men ma st sinh ra trong bc trt l :
M
ms
= F
ms
.
2
d
= 349,325 .
2
50
= 8733,125 (N.mm)
= 8,733125 (N.m)
my c th lm vic c th momen xon sinh ra trn trc phi tho mn iu
kin sau:
M
x
> K. M
ms

Trong : K l h s an ton. Ly K = 3
Chn M
x
= 3. M
ms
= 3 .8,733 = 26,199 (N.m)
Cng sut trn trc my o l: N
t
= M
x
. e
Theo s liu thng k, ch lm vic ca h tay bin bc trt nm trong khong:
P = (0,05 0,3) (N/mm
2
)
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 145

V = (1 3) (m/s)
Chn vn tc trt V = 3 (m/s) v vn tc trt ln nht, ma st sinh ra trong
s ln nht.
Vn tc trt c xc nh theo cng thc sau: V =
60.1000
. . n d t
(m/s) (1)
Trong : d - ng knh trc (mm)
n
t
- Tc quay ca trc (v/ph)
Vn tc gc ca trc l: e =
30
.n t
(rad/s) (2)
T cng thc (1) v (2 ) ta tnh c:
e =
d
V
. 30.
.60.1000.
t
t
=
50
3 . 1000 . 2
= 120 (rad/s)
Nh vy cng sut trn trc s l:
N
t
= M
x
. e = 26,199 .120 = 3143,88 (W) = 3,144 (kW)
Cng sut cn thit ca ng c l:
N
m
> N
ycc
=
N
q

Gi tr hiu sut ca b truyn ng ai c tra theo bng
q = (0,95 0,96). Chn q = 0,95
N
m
> N
ycc
=
0,95
3,144
= 3,31 (kW)
T cng sut yu cu t ng c ta tin hnh chn ng c in.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 146

- ng c in mt chiu t, nhanh hng v khi lng sa cha ln hn ng c
xoay chiu, phi thm vn u t lp t cc thit b chnh lu.
- ng c in ng b ba pha gi t, m my phc tp, tuy c h s cos cao,
chi ph vn hnh s cao hn loi ng c khng ng b nhng y yu cu cng
sut nh nn cc u im ca ng c ng b ba pha khng quan trng lm.
- ng c khng ng b ba pha gi r, cu to vn hnh n gin nht, mc trc
tip vi mng in xoay chiu khng cn thit i dng in, c th iu chnh
nhy cp vn tc bng cch thay i s i cc t.
Chn ng n:
Ta tin hnh chn cng sut v tc ng c.
ng c cn chn sao cho c th li dng c ton b cng sut ng c.
Khi lm vic n phi tho mn ba iu kin.
- ng c khng pht nng qu nhit cho php.
- C kh nng qu ti trong thi gian ngn.
- C m men m my ln thng m men cn ban u.
V vy ta chn ng c in c cng sut nh mc (N
m
) ln hn cng sut
yu cu t ra cho n (N
ycc
).
So snh vi cc loi ng c in trn, nhn thy ng c khng ng b ba
pha c nhiu u im. Do chn ng c in c k hiu DK41 4 l loai ng
c in khng ng b ba pha roto on mch c nhm, do Vit Nam sn xut
theo Bng Ph Lc 1.2-T235-Tnh ton thit k h dn ng c kh T2-Trnh
Cht,L Vn Uyn - NXBGD

SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 147

Bng Thng s k thut c n n.
Kiu
ng c
Cng
sut
N (kW)
Vn
tc
quay
n
(v/ph)
Cos
M
M

M
M

M
men
bnh
GD
2

(kgm
2
)
Trng
lng
(kg)
DK51-4 4,5 1440 0,85 1,4 2 0,2 39

Trong : M
m
M men m my.
M
m
- M men nh mc.
M
max
M men ln nht.
2.7.2. Tnh ton thit k cm trc chnh g
2.7.2.1. Nm v v yu u m tr n
- Nhim v ca cm trc chnh l tt c cc chi tit, cc b phn lp t trn n
v m bo cho chng nhng v tr lm vic nht nh.
- Yu cu cm trc chnh - gi l phi chc chn, n nh.,v tr v b mt lp
ghp phi chnh xc.
2.7.2.2. Ti tc dng ln cm trc chnh
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 148

S phn b ti trng :
Hnh II.2.10: S phn b ti trng trn trc chnh
Hnh v trn biu din cc lc v m men tc dng ln cm trc chnh my o
ma st bao gm:
1. Trng lng ca bn thn trc v cc chi tit lp trn trc (Q ) l mt lc
phn b u q trn ton b chiu di ca trc(L). Ta quy v mt lc tp trung (Q)
c t ti trng tm ca trc c chiu t trn xung.
2. Trng lng ca Puly (P
pl
) c t ti trng tm ca puly c chiu t trn
xung.
3. Phn lc t cc (R
1
, R
2
) c t ti trng tm ca hai trt c
chiu hng t di ln.
Qu trnh cn v o kim c cc thng s ban u theo bng di y.

q
L
4
L
1
L
3
L
5
L
6
L
2
A B C D E
P
Q R
1
R
2
F
d
P
pl
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 149

Thng s K hiu Gi tr n v
Chiu di trc L
4
480 mm
ng knh trc d 50 mm
Chiu di t tm ln 1 n bnh ai b ng L
1
90 mm
Chiu di t tm ln 2 n im t ti P L
2
200 mm
Khong cch gia hai ln L
3
190 mm
Chiu di t trng tm trc n bnh ai b
ng
L
5
185 mm
Chiu di t trng tm trc n im t ti P L
6
295 mm
Khi lng ca trc v cc chi tit ph lp
trn trc
M
T
13.1 kg
Khi lng puly M
pl
2,56 kg

Theo cng thc: P = M . g
Trong : g gia tc trng trng (g = 10 m/s
2
).
Nh vy: Trng lng ca trc l: Q = M
T
. g = 13,1.10=131 (N)
Trng lng ca puly l: P
pl
= M
pl
. g = 2,56.10=25,6 (N)
Gi tr lc phn b ca bn thn trc l: q
t
=
4
L
Q
=
480
131
= 0,273(N/mm)
2.7.2.3. n pn l t
V lc phn b q
t
phn b trn ton b chiu di ca trc (L
4
) nn c th qui
lc q
t
v mt lc tp trung t ti trung im ca ng tm trc.
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 150

F

(max) = M
max
/D
pl
= 2.26,199/(40.10
-3
) = 1309,95 (N)

Hnh II.2.11: S lc tc dng ln trc
Chiu cc lc c chn nh hnh v.
Lp v gii h phng trnh cn bng ti B v D ta c:
M = R
2
.L
2
- Q .
2
2 L
+ ( P
pl
+F

) .(L
5
L
1
) - P .(L
2
+L
3
) = 0
R
2
.L
2
= P .(L
2
+L
3
) +Q.
2
L
- ( P
pl
+F

) .(L
5
L
1
)
R
2
= [349,325.(200+190)+131.200/2-(25,6+1309,95).(185-90)]/200
= 112,297 (N)
M = - R
1
.L
2
+ Q .
2
L
+ ( P
pl
+F

) .(L
1
+ L
2
) - P.L
3
= 0
R
1
.L
2
= Q .
2
L
+ ( P
pl
+F

) .(L
1
+ L
2
) - P.L
3

L
3
L
2
A
B
C
D
E
L
1
P
Q
R
1
R
2
F
d
P
pl
+
L
5
L
6
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 151

R
1
= [131.200/2+(25,6+1309,95).(90+200)-349,325.190]/200
= 1670,19 (N)
V biu mmen trc chnh:
Cc lc tc dng ln trc chnh gm c:
- Lc tp trung do trng lng trc gy nn: Q = 131(N)
- Lc tp trung do khi lng puly: P
pl
= 25,6 (N)
- Lc tc dng ca b truyn ai: F

= 1309,95(N)
M
x
= 26199 (Nmm)
- Phn lc ca cc gi : R
1
= 1670,19( N)
R
2
= 112,297 (N)
- Ti thy lc : P = 3500(N)




SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 152


-Cng thc tnh mmen v ng knh:

2 2
75 , 0
ij ij td
T M M + =

M u

(Nmm)
M x

(Nmm)
665000
631872
1354985
1521368
26199
P
Q
R
1
R
2
F
d
P
pl
+
L
3
L
2
A
B
C
D
E
L
1
L
5
L
6
M x
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 153

3
tdij
ij
] [ 1 , 0
M
d
o
=
- ng knh d
D
ti v tr ln

M
D
= 665000 ( Nmm)

2 2
75 , 0
D D tdD
T M M + = ) ( 25 , 684649 26199 . 75 , 0 665000 Nmm = + =


) ( 54 , 51
50 . 1 , 0
25 , 684649
3 mm d
D
= =

Chn d
D
= 55(mm)
* Chn then cho trc ti v tr lp ai:
d = 45 mm.
Tra bng 9.1 T173[4] ta c: b=14mm, h=12mm.
t
1
=7mm,t
2
=4,9mm.


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 154

2.8.Bn v thit k cc cm chi tit chnh ca my




SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 155




SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 156





SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 157


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 158



SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 159



SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 160


SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 161







SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 162

V



Hnh II.2.12. V





SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 163



nh II.2.13: My t mn b metl

nh II.2.14: n o l
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 164




nh II.2.15: n ty l

n II.2.16: n o p sut du
SV: L Thnh Trung

TO Page 165



nh II.2.17: Cm tr b t







SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 166

III

1. s nguyn tc lm vic thit k mch in iu khin
u u tt k:
- Mch in thit k phi c s an ton ,n gin, chnh xc v thun tin
khi lp t.
- Mch iu khin hot ng n nh, iu chnh d dng.
- Cc r le thi gian phi c nh thi chnh xc sau khong thi gian
ng c chnh chy ng c bm du v sau l b m c kch
hot.
- Cm bin o s vng quay trc ng c c nhy m bo c th o
chnh xc s vng quay ca trc ng c t tnh chnh xc c qung
ng ma st.
Nuyn l lm v:
ng in cho ng c chnh, ng c chnh quay ch m my, sau mt
khong thi gian qu ng c chuyn sang ch n nh vi n = n
c
lc
ta bt u gia ti cho cm trc chnh - bc. y ta s dng r le thi gian R
th

xc lp ch chuyn tip t ch m my sang ch lm vic bnh thng,
ngay sau khi ng c chuyn sang tc n nh v R le thi gian chuyn ch
th ng c bm du c cp in v gia ti cho cm trc chnh. B m s
vng quay trc ng c c kch hot ngay sau khi ng c thy lc hot ng
tc l lc ti bt u c t ln cm bc trc. Sau khong thi gian chy xc
nh l 20000km ta tin hnh cho dng my v tho bc o lng mn. T
cc s liu thu c ta c th v c th mn ca bc v tin hnh nh gi
bc.

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 167

2. Thit k s mch in.



n II.3.1. S m n u khin my
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 168



Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
- ng cu dao CD1.
- Gt kha K ch bng tay.
+ n nt M
1
cp in cho cun ht K1, lm cc tip im thng m , ng
li, lm cho duy tr dng in cp cho cun ht v lm n
1
sng, km theo l
ng c chnh quay. Mun dng n D
1
.
+ n nt M
2
cp in cho cun ht K
2
, lm cc tip im thng m , ng
li, lm cho duy tr dng in cp cho cun ht v lm n
2
sng, km theo l
ng c bm du. Mun dng n D
2
.
+ n kha K cp in cho cun ht K
a
, lm tip im thng m ng li
kch hot b m s vng quay ca ng c.
- Chuyn kha K sang ch t ng.
1
1
K
2
1
K
1
2
K
2
2
K
1
K
a
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 169

+ n M
N
ch t ng bt u lm vic, km theo l cp in cho cun ht
K
N
, lm cc tip im , , ng li. Tip im ng cp in cho
cun ht K
1
, lm cc tip im thng m ca cun ht K
1
ng li, lm n
1

sng v ng c chnh quay. Tip im ng cp in cho cun ht rle thi
gian R
th1
. Sau khong thi gian c nh sn trn rle l 10s, cc tip im thng
m ng chm , ng li, cp in cho cun ht K
2
, lm cc tip im
thng m ca cun ht K
2
ng li, lm n
2
sng v ng c bm du quay.
Tip im thng m ng chm ng li cp in cho cun ht role thi gian
R
th2
. Sau khong thi gian c nh sn trn rle l 5s, tip im thng m ng
chm ng li, cp in cho cun ht K
a
, kch hot b m tc quay ca
ng c.
- Mun dng n D.
Chn thng s rle :
+ Rle cho ng c chnh : Ta chn c ng c chnh P = 5KW => I= P/U =
5000/380 = 13,16 (A)
Chn cun ht 380V, 20A
+ Rle cho ng c bm du : Ta chon c ng c chnh P = 1KW => I=
P/U = 1000/380 = 2,6 (A) .Chn cun ht 380V, 5A






1
K
N
2
K
N
3
K
N
1
K
N
3
K
N
1
1
R
th
2
1
R
th
1
1
R
th
1
2
R
th
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 170

S thut ton m u khin:

Hnh II.3.2 : S tut ton u kn

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 171

Gi t s thut ton :
Qu trnh hot ng ca my bt u t khi cp in cho ng c chnh. Sau
khi tc ng c chnh : n
c
= n
yc

(1)
th ng c du mi c kch hot. Nu
iu kin (1) khng c tha mn th qu trnh s lp li. Qu trnh hot ng ca
my c tip tc v ng c bm du hot ng cp ti cho cp trc bc. Thi
im ti t c nh yu cu : P
c
= P
yc

(2)
th qu trnh th nghim mn ca cp
trc bc bt u. Nu iu kin (2) cha t c, ta s tip tc iu chnh ti
t nh yu cu.
3. Cc phn t iu khin
3.1. t n
Nt n cn gi l nt iu khin, l kh c in dng ng ngt t xa cc
thit b in khc nhau, cc dng c bo hiu Nt n thng dng khi ng,
dng v m bo chiu quay ca ng c bng cch ng v ngt cc cun dy ht
ca cng tc t v khi ng tnt bm mc mch ng lc ca ng c.
Chng thng c t trn bng iu khin.
a, Nt n t phc hi :









com NO NC
L xo
Tip
im
Nm nhn
Hnh II.3.3: Cu to
Hnh II.3.4: Mt dng
nt nhn ca Schneider.

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 172

- Tc dng
Nt nhn thng c lp mt trc ca cc t iu khin, n dng ra
lnh iu khin.
Tn hiu do nt nhn t phc hi to ra c dng xung.
b, Nt n t khng t phc hi : ( Dng khn cp )

- Tc dng
Nt dng khn c dng dng nhanh h thng khi xy ra s c. Thng
thng ngi ta dng tip im thng ng cp in cho ton b mch iu
khin. Khi h thng xy ra s c nhn vo nt dng khn lm m tip im thng
ng ra ct in ton b mch iu khin.
3.2. Cng tc
Cng tc l kh c in ng ngt mch in bng tay dng h, dng ng
ngt mch in c cng sut b, c in p mt chiu n 440V v dng xoay
chiu l 500V.


Hnh II.3.5 : Mt
dng nt dng khn
ca hng Schneider.
Nhn vo nm
khi cn
chuyn trng
thi cc tip
im.
Xoay nm theo
chiu mi tn
khi mun tr
cc tip im
v trng thi
ban u
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 173

Cng tc hp thng c dng lm cu dao tng cho cc my cng c, n
m trc tip cho cc ng c in cng sut. C khi dng i chiu quay ng
c hoc i cch u ng c t tam gic sang sao.
Cng tc lm vic chc chn hn cu dao, dp h quang nhanh hn v thao
tc nhanh v dt khot hn cu dao.
- Tc dng: Cng tc thc t thng c dng lm cc kho chuyn mch
(chuyn ch lm vic trong mch iu khin), hoc dng lm cc cng tc ng
m ngun (cu dao)


3.3. le in t
Hnh II.3.6 : Cng
tc 1 pha ca hng
Schneider.

Hnh II.3.7 :
Cng tc 3 pha ca
hng Schneider.

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 174










0
1
2
A
B
Cun dy
Mch T
L xo
Tip im
Hnh II.3.9: Cu to R le n t

Hnh II.3.8 : Rle n t hng OMRON.
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 175

Mch t:
C tc dng dn t. i vi r le in t 1 chiu, gng t c ch to t
thp khi thng c dng hnh tr trn (v dng in mt chiu khng gy nn
dng in xoy do khng pht nng mch t). i vi r le in t xoay chiu,
mch t thng c ch to t cc l thp k thut in ghp li ( lm gim
dng in xoy fuco gy pht nng)
Cun dy:
Khi t mt in p ln vo hai u A v B, trong cun dy s c dng
in chy qua, dng in ny sinh ra t trng, t trng khp mch qua mch t to
nn lc ht in t ht np mch t lm thay i trng thi ca tip im.
L xo: Dng gi np.
Tip im: Thng c mt hoc nhiu cp tip im, 0-1 l tip im
thng m, 0-2 l tip im thng ng.
Nguyn l
Khi cha cp in vo hai u A-B ca cun dy, lc ht in t bng
khng. Cc c cu ca rle nm v tr nh hnh 1.19. Khi t mt in p ln
vo A-B, dng in chy trong cun dy sinh ra t trng to ra lc ht in t.
Nu lc ht in t thng c lc n hi ca l xo th np c ht xung, tip
im 0-1 m ra v 0-2 ng li. Nu khng cp in vo hai u A-B na th cc
tip im li tr v trng thi ban u.
3.4. Cng tc t

SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 176


Cng tc t l kh c iu khin t xa dng ng ngt mch ng lc
li in h p v dng in vi trm ti vi nghn ampe.
Phn chnh ca cng tc t l cun ht in t K v h thng tip im khi
cun K khng c in, l xo Lx ko cn C m tip im ng lc chnh a, b, c v
tip im iu khin 1, ng thi ng tip im 2. Khi cp in cho cun K th
tip im a, b, c, 1 ng ng thi tip im 2 m.
Ty theo yu cu s dng cc tip im c ni vo mch lc hay mch
iu khin mt cch tch hp .
Cng tc t c dng ln cn phi c dp h quang khi ng ngt ,nht l khi
ngt ngun in khng ngt ngay v khi chy lu s lm hng cc tip im.Yu
cu phi lm tt h quang v gim phm vi chy ca h quang.
Cng tc t chn khng c bit thch hp vi ng m cc ng c cn
ng m thng xuyn.
V c bn cu to ca cng tc t ging vi rle in t, ch khc nhau ch
rle dng ng ct tn hiu trong cc mch iu khin cn cng tc t dng
Hnh II.3.10. Cng t t
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 177

ng ct mch ng lc (c in p cao, dng in ln) do cun dy ca cng
tc t ln hn, tip im ca cng tc t cng ln hn (chu c dng in, in
p cao hn).
Tip im ca cng tc t c hai loi: Tip im chnh (dng ng ct
cho mch ng lc), tip im ph (dng iu khin ph tr). hn ch pht
sinh h quang khi tip im chnh ng ct, tip im chnh thng c cu to
dng cu v c t trong bung dp h quang.
3.5. le thi gian
Dng duy tr thi gian ng chm hoc m chm ca h thng tip im
so vi thi im a tn hiu tc ng vo rle. Thi gian chm ny c th vi phn
giy cho n hng ngn gi.
Yu cu: Thi gian chm bi rle phi n nh t ph thuc vo cc yu t
khc nh in p ngun dng in, nhit , mi trng
Phn loi: c rt nhiu loi rle thi gian vi cu to v nguyn l rt
khcnhau nh:
Rle thi gian kiu in t.
Rle thi gian kiu ng h.
Rle thi gian kiu in t bn dn.
Nguyn l : trong qu trnh ng hay ngt cun rle th trong vng ngn
mch (chnh l ng lt bng ng 1 ) s sinh ra sut in ng cm ng, dng in
do n sinh ra s to ra mt t thng chng li s bin thin t thng do cun 7 sinh
ra. Do n lm cho tc thay i ca t thng chm li lm thi gian tc ng
ca rle chm li. Thay i thi gian bng cch thay i cng l xo 3, iu
chnh vt 4 iu chnh khe h c ming m 6 hoc tr s vng m.
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 178




Hnh II.3.12: R le thi
gian ca hng OMRON

Rle s

Rle t-ng t

Mch
tr
thi
gian
in
t.

Cun dy

Tip
im
Ngun
cp




T

Rl
e

VR

C

CT

a,

b,

Hnh II.3.11:
a, S khi ca
rle thi gian
b, S nguyn l
ca mt rle thi
gian n gin.
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 179

3.6. Aptomat


L kh c in ng mch bng tay v ngt mch t ng khi c s c nh:
ngn mch, tng dng ,tng p, st p
Kt cu aptomat rt a dng c phn loi theo chc nng bo v :
aptomat dng in cc i, aptomat dng in cc tiu, aptomat in p thp,
aptomat cng sut ngc
Vi aptomat bo v in p thp th sau khi ng aptomat bng tay cun ht
1 c in s ht np t 2 cht cu dao 4 v n 6 ht vi nhau, gi cc tip
im lin mch.
Khi in p gim hn mc ch nh, cun ht 1 khng in p s c lc t
yu v l xo 3 s ko np t 2 ln, nh cht ct mch.
- Khi qut v yu cu :
Hnh II.3.13. ptmat
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 180

p tomat l thit b in dung t ng ct mch in bo v qu ti, ngn
mch, st p h quang c dp trong khng kh.
- Yu cu ca ptomat :
Ch lm vic nh mc ca p t mt phi l ch lm vic di hn (tc
l cho dng I=I
m
qua di hn). Mt khc mch dng in phi chu c dng
in ln (khi ngn mch ) lc cc tip im hay ang ng.
Phi ct c dng ngn mch ln vi chc kA v sau khi ngt phi m bo
lm vic tt khi I = Im.
Yu cu thi gian ct p t mt nh bo v cc thit b khc. Mun vy
phi kt hp cc thit b lc thao tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang trong p
to mt. thc hin yu cu thao tc chn lc bo v, p t mt phi c kh
nng hiu chnh dng tc ng v thi gian tc ng.
Thi gian tc ng ca p t mt: t = t0+t1+t2
trong :
t0: l thi gian tnh t lc s c xy cho n khi i tng n i = Ik ph thuc
vo Di/dtt
t1: l thi gian t khi i = Im n khi tip im p t mt bt u chuyn
ng, thi gian ny ph thuc vo c cu ngt.
t2:l thi gian chy ca h quang (ph thuc b phn dp h quang v tr
dng in ngt)
- Phn loi, cu to v nguyn l lm vic
a. Phn loi
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 181

Phn theo kt cu:
- Loi mt cc
- Loi hai cc
- Loi ba cc.
Phn theo thi gian tc ng:
- Tc ng khng tc thi
- Tc ng tc thi
Phn theo cng dng bo v
- Dng cc i
- Dng cc tiu
- p cc tiu
- ptmt bo v cng sut in ngc
- ptmt vn nng ( ch to cho dng c mch in ln cc thng s - c
th chnh nh c). Loi ny khng c v v lp trong cc trm bin th
ln
- ptmt nh hnh: Bo v qu ti bng r le nhit, bo v qu in bng
rle in t, t trong v nha.
b. Nguyn l lm vic ca ptmt
S nguyn l bo v chc nng ca ptmt tng ng vi cc c cu
bo v dng cc i, in p thp, dng cc tiu v bo v cng sut ngc.
c. Cu to ptmt
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 182


Tip im: c hai cp tip im (tip im chnh v tip im h quang)
hoc ba cp tip im (chnh, ph, h quang). ng mch ptmt th th t ng
tip im l: H quang, ph, chnh, khi ct th ngc li (nhm bo v tip im
chnh). Tip im h quang thng cu to bng kim loi gm chu c h quang
nh Ag-W,Cu-W,Ni,
Hp dp h quang: ptmt dp c h quang trong tt c ch lm
vic ca li in th ngi ta thng dng hai kiu thit b dp h quang l: Kiu
na kn v kiu na h.
Thit b dp kiu na kn c t trong v kn ca ptmt v c l thot
kh. Kiu ny c dng in gii hn ct khng qua 50kA.
Thit b dp kiu h c dng khi gii hn dng in ct ln hn 50kA
hoc in p ln hn 1000V. Trong bung dp h quang thng dng ngi ta
Hnh II.3.14
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 183

thng dng nhng tm thp xp thnh li ngn. phn chia h quang thnh
nhiu giai on ngn thun li cho vic dp tt h quang.Cng mt thit b dp tt
h quang, khi lm vic h mch in xoay chiu in p n 500V th c th dp
tt c h quang ca dng in n 40kA, nhng khi lm vic dng in mt
chiu ch c th ct c dng in 20kA.
C cu truyn ng ct ptmt: truyn ng ct ptmt thng c hai
cch: bng tay v c in ( in t v ng c in). iu khin bng tay c
thc hin vi cc ptmt c dng in nh mc khn ln hn 600mA. iu
khin bng in t (nam chm in ) c ng dng cc ptmt c dng in
ln n 1000A. tng lc iu khin bng tay ngi ta cn dng mt tay di ph
theo nguyn l n by. Ngoi ra cn c cch iu khin bng ng c in hoc
kh nn.
Mc bo v: ptmt t ng ct nh cc phn t bo v gi l mc bo v.
Ngi ta thng dng h thng in t v rle nhit lm mc bo v t bn trong
ptmt. Mc kiu in t c cun dy mc ni tip vi mch in chnh. Khi
dng in vt qu tr s cho php th phn ng b ht th mc s b dp vo khp
ri t do ,lm tip im ca ptmt m ra. iu chnh vt thay i lc khng
ca l xo. Ta c th iu chnh c tr s ca dng in tc ng. gi thi gian
trong bo v qu ti in t, ngi ta thm mt c cu gi thi gian ( v d: Bnh
xe rng nh trong c cu ng h). Mc kiu r le nhit n gin hn c, loi ny
c kt cu tng t rle nhit c phn t pht nng ni tip vi mch in chnh,
tm kim loi kp gin n lm nh khp ri t do m tip im ca ptmt khi
qu ti. Kiu ny c nhc im l qun tnh nhit ln nn khng ngt nhanh c
dng in tng vt nh khi ngn mch, do ch bo v c dng in qu ti. V
vy ngi ta thng dng tng hp c hai kiu mc bo v trong mt ptmt.
Loi ny thng c dng ptmt c dng in nh mc n 600A.
SV: V c Thnh

TO Page 184

Mc bo v st p: (cn gi l bo v in p thp ) cng thng c dng
kiu in t. Cun dy mc song song vi mch in chnh.
Cch la chn ptmt :
Vic la chn ptmt ch yu da vo: Dng in tnh ton i trong mch,
Dng in qu ti, Tnh thao tc c chn lc.
Ngoi ra vic la chn ptmt cn phi cn c vo c tnh lm vic ca
ph ti v ptmt khng c php ct khi c ti ngn hn (thng xy ra trong
iu kin lm vic bnh thng nh dng in khi ng,dng in nh trong ph
ti cng ngh). Yu cu chung l dng in nh mc ca mc bo v ptmt
khng c b hn dng in tnh ton ca mch.
Ty theo c tnh v iu kin lm vic c th ca ph ti, ngi ta hng
dn la chn dng in nh mc ca mc bo v bng 125%, 150% hay ln hn
na so vi dng in tnh ton ca mch. Sau cng ta chn ptmt theo cc s
liu k thut cho ca nh ch to.
Chn ptmt c I
th
= 30A






SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 185

IV
TH NGHIM MY
1. c tnh ca my th mn BK2012
- Kch thc khun kh my: DixRng xCao = 2500x1355x405
- Ti trng ln nht: P
max
= 4000N
- Cng sut ng c chnh: N
1
= 5 KW
- Cng sut ng c bm du: N
2
= 1,5 KW
- Kch thc bc th: D
min
D
max
= 75 125 (mm)
d
min
d
max
= 70 120
L
min
L
max
= 50 100
2. Qui trnh vn hnh my
c 1: Bt cu dao cp in cho mch in iu khin my.
c 2: Chn ch chy my : T ng hay bng tay
- T ng :
B1: Gt kha K sang ch T ng
B2: n nt Khi ng ch t ng bt u chy my
Sau khi n nt chy my th ng c chnh s quay. Sau khong thi gian
c t sn trn rle thi gian l 5s ng c bm du s hot ng, qua bm
bnh rng du c a n piston to ti trng tc dng ln cm bc cn o.
Sau 10s k t khi ng c bm du hot ng th b m s vng trc chnh
c kch hot.
B3: Mun dng n nt Dng
- Bng tay :
B1: Gt kha K sang ch Bng tay
B2: n nt ng c chnh cp in cho ng c chnh quay
B3: Sau mt khong thi gian my chy n nh n nt ng c bm du
cp in cho ng c bm du to ti tc dng ln bc cn kim tra.
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 186

B4: Sau khi ti n nh n nt Bt b m kch hot b m trc chnh.
B5: Mun dng n nt Dng
Ch :
Khi ng c c cp ngun in hot ng th tng ng s c n
bo ca ng c sng.
Mun reset b m v 0 ta n nt Reset b m
3. t qu o mn v l s liu
Sau khi tin hnh chy th my bn ln vi ti trng P = 3500N, qung
ng mn mi ln l 80km ta thu c kt qu tr s lng mn ca trc v
bc nh sau:

















SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 187

Bng tr s lng mn ca bc th:

Lng mn U(m)
V tr

Ln th

1

2

3

4

5

1

34

32

35

30

34

2

40

40

42

42

45

3

62

64

65

63

62

4

94

85

90

81

82


t mn b
U(m)
L(km)
20
80 160 240 320
40
60
80
100
94
62
34
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 188

Bng tr s lng mn ca trc th:

Lng mn U(m)
V tr

Ln th

1

2

3

4

5

1

5

6

5,5

5

6,2

2

12,5

12,5

13

12,5

12,8

3

22,4

23

22,5

22

22,7

4

35,8

35

36

34,5

35

t mn tr
U(m)
L(km)
10
80 160 240 320
20
30
40
35,8
5
12,5
22,4
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 189

t qu t c v nh gi :
- Sau khi tin hnh chy th 4 ln, vi qung ng mi ln l 80km ta thu
c cc s liu nh trong bng trn.
- T cc s liu o c ta v c th mn ca bc v trc.
- T th mn ta thy trc v bc mn khng u qua cc ln o l do vic
b tr ti tc dng t trn xung nn bc s b mn nhiu nht phn nh
trn cng l phn chu tc dng trc tip ca ti.
- Trc mn u hn bc do trc quay trn trong qu trnh my hot ng.
4. nh gi my thit k
My thit k m bo c cc yu cu ra nh:
- m bo c ti trng yu cu ca cm bc trc
- My hot ng m v n nh
- Thay th bc lt, bc trt d dng khi kim tra cc chng loi bc khc
nhau
- Kch thc khun kh my kh nh thch hp v thun tin khi vn hnh v
lp t
5. Ch bo dng my
- Thay du bi trn khi my chy c 8000km hoc 500 gi
- Kim tra tng th ton my ng c:
o Lau chi v v sinh cc b phn ca my nh ng c, t iu khin,
b phn treo ti
o R r du, m bi trn ln v cp trc bc cng nh du thy lc .
o Kim tra thng s cc ng h o lc v o p sut, van an ton.
o Kim tra cng ai.
o Kim tra v tin hnh xit cht cc mi ghp bu lng nu pht hin
chng c du hiu tho lng
- Kim tra nh k cc b phn ca mch iu khin nh:
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 190

o Kim tra cc u dy, u ni ca t iu khin .
o Kim tra cc tip im v kh nng hot ng ca chng bng ng h
vn nng.
o Kim tra chc nng ca cc n bo ch t ng, bng tay, bo bt
ng c, b m.
o Kim tra & iu chnh hot ng ca cc b nh thi, v t li thi
gian nu thy cn thit
o Lau chi ca t in v cc kh c in
o Kim tra hot ng ca cc nt iu khin












SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 191

KT LUN
Trong cng cuc cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc hin nay c kh ch
to vn gi vai tr c bit quan trng m bo s pht trin bn vng kinh t -
x hi v an ninh quc phng. Do ngnh c kh ch to phi c quan tm pht
trin hn na xng tm vi vai tr quan trng ca n trong nn kinh t. C kh
ch to phi coi khoa hc cng ngh l ng lc m bo cho s pht trin nhanh,
bn vng trong qu trnh hin i ha ca ngnh. Cng vi l vic y mnh
hp tc quc t i tt n u v nhanh chng tip cn vi cng ngh cao, cng
ngh hin i ca th gii.
ng thi phi y mnh trong u t sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc
trong lnh vc c kh ch to my. Kt hp cht ch, hiu qu c s sn xut, o
to v c s nghin cu trong vic thc hin cc nhim v khoa hc cng ngh
ngnh c kh ch tao. Xc nh cc sn phm c kh trng im c th vi cc tiu
ch kinh t, k thut r rng.
Sau thi gian c hc tp ti Vin C Kh v lm tt nghip ti B Mn
My & Ma St Hc - i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni cng nh sau t thc tp v
hon thnh n tt nghip va qua chng em cng thc c trch nhim nng
n ca mnh trong vic gp phn nh b vo vic a ngnh c kh ch to my
pht trin hn na xng tm vi vai tr v nhim v ca n gp phn pht trin bn
vng kinh t - x hi v m bo quc phng an ninh.
Vi ti gn u k o m mn meal
BK2012, ng dng km ra xe unda gip chng em hiu thm v
cng c c nhng kin thc c hc v thc c trch nhim ca mnh
i vi s pht trin v ca ngnh c kh ch to ni chung v ngnh ma st hc
Tribology ni ring.
SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 192

Qua y mt ln na chng em xin c cm n s hng dn nhit tnh ca
cc thy c trong B Mn My & Ma St Hc Vin C Kh - i Hc Bch
Khoa H Ni v c bit l s gip , hng dn nhit tnh ca thy L c Bo
v c Nguyn Th Ngc Huyn to mi iu kin thun li gip chng em hon
thnh tt n tt nghip ny.
N, Ny, tn, nm
Sinh vin thc hin :
Trn n u
Tn
Tn
Tn Trun













SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 193

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. VS.GS.TSKH. Nguyn Anh Tun, PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hng, Ma st hc, Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni, 2007.
2. Nguyn Don , Gio trnh ma st mn bi trn Tribology, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc k thut.
3. TS. Nguyn Xun Ton, Gio trnh cng ngh bi trn, B mn my & ma st
hc, HBK, H Ni.
4. Nguyn Trng Hip, Chi tit my tp 1, tp 2 - Nh xut bn Gio Dc, H
Ni, 1994.
5. Bhushan Bharat; Modern tribology handbook; Volume one; CRC press Boca
Raton London, New York Washington DC.2001.
6. Robet L.Mott; Machine Elements in Mechanical Design; Prentice Hall; 1999














SV: Trn Vn u

TO Page 194

PH LC
BN V THIT K CC CM CHI TIT CHNH CA MY