1. Ly mu Dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.1, PL-231) 2. Xc inh t l vn nt ca Dc liu (DVN II, PL 12.12, PL-240) 3.

Xc nh tp cht ln trong Dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.11, PL-239) 4. Xc nh m trong Dc liu 5. Xc nh lng cht chit c trong dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.10, PL-239)

1. Ly mu Dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.1, PL-231) Ly mu dc liu la vic la chon, thu thp cac mu dc liu cho vic kim tra cht lng. Mc ai din cua cac mu dc liu c ly co anh hng trc tip n chinh xac va ung cua vic kim tra. Cac yu cu chung v vic ly mu dc liu nh sau: 1.1. Kim tra trc khi ly mu Kim tra i chiu tn va ngun gc nguyn liu; Kim tra c im va hinh dang bao goi; Kim tra s nguyn ven, sach se, mc nhim mc va tap cht la cua bao bi. Cac bao goi khng binh thng cn c kim tra ring mt cach ky cang. Ghi chep chi tit kt qua kim tra. 1.2. Cach thc ly mu - Cach thc ly mu:Tng s bao goi di 5: Ly mu tng bao goi. Di 100: Ly mu 5 bao goi. T 100-1000: Ly mu 5% tng s bao goi. Trn 1000: Ly 50 bao goi cng thm s bao goi bng 1% cua tng s bao goi vt qua so vi 1000 bao goi. Dc liu quy: Ly mu tng bao goi, khng k s lng cac bao goi. Dc liu c ly trn gia va cui cua mi bao goi bng cac phng tin thich hp (i vi bao goi ln thi ly su 10 cm di b mt cua bao goi). i vi thuc co kich thc ln thi ly mu ai din thich hp.

- Khi lng mu ly: Nu lng dc liu di 5 kg thi s lng mu c ly khng it hn 3 ln s lng em th nghim. Nu lng dc liu ln hn 5 kg thi s lng mu ly c xac inh nh sau: Thuc thng thng: 250 - 500 g; Thuc bt: 200 g; Thuc quy: 5 - 10 g (tr khi co chi dn khac trong chuyn lun ring). 1.3. Tao mu ng nht Mu sau khi ly c trn u co mt mu ng nht dung cho th nghim. Nu khi lng mu ng nht ln hn vi ln so vi mu th nghim th lm mt mu trung bnh. Nu dc liu co kich thc nho thi ly mt mu trung bnh bng phng phap chia 4 nh sau: San bng mu thanh hinh vung, chia mu theo 2 ng cheo thanh 4 phn bng nhau. Ly 2 phn i din va trn u. Lam lai thao tac chia 4 cho n khi thu c s lng va u lam mu th va mu lu. Trong trng hp cac dc liu co kich thc ln thi ly mu trung binh bng phng phap khac thich hp. Khi lng cua mu ng nht hoc mu trung bnh khng it hn 3 ln s lng cua mu em th nghim. Lng mu nay c chia lam 3 phn, 1/3 dung phn tich, 1/3 kim tra va s con lai lam mu lu gi lai it nht 01 nm.

2. Xc nh t l vn nt ca dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.12, PL-240) Cn mt lng dc liu nht nh (p gam) c loi tp cht. Ry qua ry c s quy nh theo chuyn lun ring. Cn ton b phn lt qua ry (a gam). Tnh t l vn nt (X%) theo cng thc:

Ghi ch: Lng dc liu ly th (tu theo bn cht ca dc liu) t 100 n 200g.

i vi dc liu mng manh th phi nh nhng trnh lm nt vn thm. Phn bi v bt vn khng phn bit c bng mt thng c tnh vo mc tp cht. v u trang 3. Xc nh tp cht ln trong dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.11, PL-239) Tp cht ln trong dc liu bao gm tt c cc cht ngoi quy nh ca dc liu nh: t, , rm r, cy c khc, cc b phn khc ca cy khng quy nh lm dc liu, xc cn trng...

Cch xc nh Cn mt lng mu va c ch dn trong chuyn lun, dn mng trn t giy, quan st bng mt thng hoc knh lp, khi cn c th dng ry phn tch tp cht v dc liu. Cn phn tp cht v tnh phn trm nh sau:

a: Khi lng tp cht tnh bng gam p: Khi lng mu th tnh bng gam

Ghi ch: 1. Trong mt s trng hp nu tp cht rt ging vi thuc c th phi lm cc phn ng nh tnh ho hc, phng php vt l hoc dng knh hin vi pht hin tp cht. T l tp cht c tnh bao gm c tp cht c pht hin bng phng php ny. 2. Lng mu ly th nu chuyn lun ring khng quy nh th ly nh sau:

Ht v qu rt nh (nh ht M ): 10 g. Ht v qu nh: 20 g. Dc liu thi thnh lt: 50 g. v u trang

4. Xc nh m trong dc liu m l lng nc cha trong 100g dc liu. Dc liu ti thng cha mt lng nc rt ln: l cha khong 60- 80% nc, thn v cnh cha khong 40- 50% nc. Khng c mt dc liu no t kh tuyt i ( m 0 %), nhng i vi mi dc liu u c quy nh mt m an ton. bo qun tt, dc liu cn c m bng hoc di m an ton. Xc nh m l cng vic u tin phi lm khi tin hnh xc nh cht lng mt dc liu. Hm lng cc hot cht nh tinh du, cht bo, alcaloid, glycozit v.v... du c quy nh tnh trn trng lng kh tuyt i ca dc liu. Vic xc nh m cn c tin hnh nh k hng nm 2 ln trong cc t kim k dc liu theo quy nh ca nh nc. Cc phng php xc nh m

* Phng php sy Dc liu l l, r, thn cn c chia nh trc khi xc nh m. Dc liu l n hoa, ht nh c th tin hnh xc nh trc tip m khng cn chia nh. Cho vo chn cn dng xc nh m, c np v c cn b trc 5- 10g dc liu. Chn cn cn c kch thc thch hp lp dc liu cho vo khng dy qu 5 mm. Cho chn cha dc liu ( m np) vo t sy, sy nhit 100- 1050C trong 1 gi. Cho chn vo bnh ht m n khi ngui. y np v cn. Lm li nhiu ln n khi trng lng gia 2 ln cn khng vt qu 0,5 mg. m (x %) ca dc liu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

p: S gam ca mu th trc khi sy a: S gam ca mu th sau khi sy * Phng php dng dung mi (DVN IV, PL12.13, PL-240)

C th xc nh m ca phn ln cc dc liu bng phng php sy hoc phng php ct vi dung mi. Ring vi dc liu cha tinh du c hm lng tinh du ln hn 2% th bt buc phi s dng phng php dung mi xc nh m. Phng php tin hnh

- Dng c (hnh v) Dng c gm bnh cu A, c ni vi ng sinh hn C qua b phn xc nh lng nc. B phn ny bao gm bu ngng t B, b phn chia vch E v ng dn hi D. B phn chia vch c chia n 0,1 ml. Sau qu trnh ct nc s ngng t y v vy ta c th c c d dng lng nc cha trong dc liu em th. Ngun nhit thch hp l bp in c bin tr hoc un cch du. - Cch tin hnh a/ Cho vo bnh cu c lm kh 200 ml toluen (hoc xylen), 2ml nc. Lp dng c ( c sy kh). Ct khong 2 gi. ngui trong 30 pht. c th tch nc ct c ng hng, chnh xc n 0,05 ml. b/ Thm vo bnh cu mt lng mu th Dng c xc nh hm lng nc bng phng php ct vi dung mi

cn chnh xc ti 0,01 g c cha khong 2- 3 ml nc. Thm vi mnh bt. un nng nh, khi toluen bt u si th iu chnh nhit ct vi tc 2 git trong 1 giy. Khi ct c phn ln nc sang ng hng th nng tc ct ln 4 git trong 1 giy. Tip tc ct cho n khi mc nc ct c trong ng hng khng tng ln na. Dng 5- 10 ml toluen ra ng sinh hn. Ct thm 5 pht na. Tch b phn ct ra khi ngun nhit. Nu cn c nhng git nc ng li trn thnh ng sinh hn th dng 5 ml toluen ra ko xung. Khi lp nc v lp toluen c phn tch hon ton, c th tch nc trong ng hng. m (x %) ca dc liu c tnh theo cng thc sau:

V1: s ml nc ct c sau ln ct u V2: s ml nc ct c sau ln ct th hai p: s g mu cn em th

Lu :

1. Nu dng toluen hoc xylen bo ha nc th phn a/ khng phi tin hnh 2. Toluen l dung mi d chy v vy ngun nhit phi l bp in kn, trnh la trong phng th nghim. v u trang 5. Xc nh cc cht chit c trong dc liu (DVN IV, PL 12.10, PL239)

5.1 Phng php xc nh cc cht chit c bng nc

Phng php chit lnh: Nu khng c ch dn c bit trong chuyn lun ring, cn chnh xc khong 4,000 g bt dc liu c c bt na th cho vo trong bnh nn 250 300 ml. Thm chnh xc 100,0ml nc, y kn, ngm lnh, thnh thong lc trong 6 gi u, sau yn 18 gi. Lc qua phu lc kh vo mt bnh hng kh thch hp. Ly chnh xc 20 ml dch lc cho vo mt cc thu tinh cn b trc, c trong cch thy n cn kh. Sy cn 1050C trong 3 gi, ly ra ngui trong bnh ht m 30 pht, cn nhanh xc nh khi lng cn sau khi sy, tnh phn trm lng cht chit c bng nc theo dc liu kh.

Phng php chit nng: Nu khng c ch dn c bit trong chuyn lun ring, cn chnh xc khong 2,000 - 4,000 g bt dc liu c c bt na th cho vo bnh nn 100 hoc 250 ml. Thm chnh xc 50,0 hoc 100,0 ml nc, y kn, cn xc nh khi lng, yn 1 gi, sau un hi lu trong cch thy 1 gi, ngui, ly bnh nn ra, y kn, cn xc nh li khi lng, dng nc b sung phn khi lng b gim, lc qua phu lc kh vo mt bnh hng kh thch hp. Ly chnh xc 25 ml dch lc vo cc thy tinh cn b trc, c trong cch thy n cn kh, cn thu c sy 1050C trong 3 gi, ly ra ngui

trong bnh ht m 30 pht, cn nhanh xc nh khi lng cn. Tnh phn trm lng cht chit c bng nc theo dc liu kh.

5.2 Phng php xc nh cc cht chit c bng alcol Dng cc phng php tng t nh phng php xc nh cc cht chit c bng nc. Tu theo ch dn trong chuyn lun ring m dng ethanol hoc methanol c nng thch hp thay nc lm dung mi chit.Vi phng php chit nng th nn un trong cch thy nu dung mi chit c si thp Mc tiu v ni dung mn hc Ni dung ch yu ca Thc tp Dc liu l Thc hnh Kim nghim Dc liu. Mc tiu mn hc cung cp cho ngi hc nhng kin thc c bn kim tra xem dc liu c ng khng, c t cc tiu chun ca Dc in khng. lm c iu ny trong qu trnh thc hnh, ngi hc c lm quen, s dng cc phng php khc nhau:

A. Phng php cm quan (Phng php nhn thc Dc liu) Bng s quan st v hnh dng, th cht, mu sc, mi v v.v..., ngi hc c th nhn bit tng v Dc liu. Trong chng trnh thc hnh ngi hc phi nhn bit mt s v Dc liu thng lu hnh trn th trng, phn ln l nhng Dc liu th, cha qua qu trnh ch bin v nhng cy ti dng lm nguyn liu chit xut cc hot cht hoc s dng trc tip . Vi mi v Dc liu, cy thuc ngi hc phi tr li c cc ni dung sau: 1. Tn Dc liu bng ting Vit 2. Ngun gc dc liu (Tn tn khoa hc cy thuc cho v Dc liu) 3. Ni phn b chnh 4. B phn dng 5. Thnh phn ho hc 6. Cng dng Ni dung chi tit c trnh by trong ti liu "Nhng cy thuc v thuc thng dng" B. Phng php vi hc Bao gm quan st cc c im vi hc trn vi phu v trn bt mt Dc liu. i vi mt vi phu, ngi hc phi t c: 1. Ct v nhum kp mt vi phu Dc liu 2. Ln tiu bn (tiu bn phi nhum c 2 mu, c th phn bit c cc m, t chc di knh hin vi) 3. Nhn bit v ch c cc c im

4. V s tng qut vi phu, c ghi ch cc c im i vi mt bt Dc liu: 1. Ln tiu bn bt 2. Quan st v ch cc c im 3. V cc c im 4. Nhn bit c bt dc liu khng pha trn v bt dc liu c pha trn vi bt khc Ni dung chi tit c trnh by c th trong ti liu "Kim nghim dc liu bng phng php hin vi " C. Phng php ho hc Bao gm cc phng php nh tnh, nh lng qua cc giai on: 1. Chit xut hot cht trong Dc liu 2. Tin hnh cc phn ng nh tnh, nh lng 3. Tin hnh cc phn ng ho hc trn vi phu ri quan st cc t chc c cha cc hot cht trn vi phu di knh hin vi 4. Tin hnh vi thng hoa ri quan st hnh dng tinh th cc cht di knh hin vi... Ngoi nhng phng php chung trong kim nghim thuc: ly mu nghin cu, xc nh m, xc nh tro ...Trong kim nghim Dc liu cn s dng cc phng php khc nh xc nh t l vn nt ca Dc liu, cc tp cht ln trong Dc liu xc nh lng cht chit ra c... cc phng php ny c ghi trong Dc in Vit Nam v Dc in nhiu nc trn th gii. Mt s ni dung chi tit c trnh by c th trong cc bi thc tp. Ni dung thc hnh Cc ni dung thc hnh Dc liu c xp theo th t chng trong gio trnh l thuyt. Tu i tng (chnh quy, chuyn tu, bng 2,chuyn khoa CN) thc hnh theo cc bi khc nhau vi mc yu cu khc nhau.

Ly mu Dc liu Xc inh t l vn nt ca Dc liu Xc nh tp cht ln trong Dc liu Xc nh m ca dc liu Xc nh lng cht chit c trong dc liu Dc liu cha carbohydrat Quan st bt, ht tinh bt

Dc liu cha glycosid Vi phu, soi bt Bch ch Cam tho bc i hong ng sm H th Hog k Ho,

ch mu Kim ngn Ng bi t Ngu tt i

Ho hc nh tnh glycosid tim trong l Trc o nh tnh saponin trong dc liu Xc nh ch s ph huyt ca Dc liu nh tnh, nh lng anthranoid trong dc liu nh tnh flavonoid trong dc liu nh tnh coumarin trong dc liu nh tnh Tanin trong dc liu Ho hc

Dc liu cha alcaloid Vi phu, soi bt Bch b C c dc Ch Hong lin Hong nn Hong b Ma hong M tin Vng nem

nh tnh alcaloid trong ht M tin nh lng alcaloid ton phn trong dc liu Ho hc nh lng tinh du trong Dc liu nh lng eugenol trong tinh du Hng nhu trng Pht hin tp cht v cht gi mo trong tinh du nh lng citronelal, citral trong tinh du S (Oleum Citronellae) bng hydroxylamin hydroclorid nh lng menthol este ha trong tinh du Bc h nh lng menthol ton phn: nh lng citral trong tinh du Mng tang (Litsea cubeba Lauraceae) bng hydroxylamin hydroclorid nh lng Anethol trong tinh du Hi (Illicium verum Illiciaceae) bng phng php xc nh nhit ng c

Dc liu cha tinh du Vi phu, soi bt

Bac h Bch n inh hng Gng Hng ph

Long no Qu Thin nin kin Trm.

Dc liu cha cht bo Ho hc nh lng cht bo trong Dc liu Xc nh ch s Iod ca cht bo Kim nghim dc liu theo tiu chun Dc in Vit Nam Bch b, C c dc, Ct cnh, C bnh vi, i hi, H th , Hong b, Hong k, Hong lin, Hu phc, L vng, Ma hong, Nhn trn, Nc nc, Qu, Tc on, Thin nin kin

DL chua hydrocacbon

QUAN ST BT, HT TINH BT Nguyn liu: Bt nghin nh, tinh bt Dong ring, u xanh, Go, Hoi sn, Khoai lang, Khoai ty, M, Ng, Sn, Sn dy, Sen, d Ho cht dng c: Knh hin vi, phin knh, lamen y, dung dch Lugol, nc ct, Cc bc tin hnh: - Ln knh ht tinh bt trong nc, - Quan st vt knh 10. 40 hnh dng, kch thc, vn ht, rn ht cc ht tinh bt. - Quan st qu trnh i mu ca ht tinh bt khi tc dng vi dung dch Lugol - V vo v cc c im ht tinh bt soi, m t, nhn xt

1.1. Tinh bt Dong ring Tinh bt ly t thn r cy Dong ring (Canna edulis Ker. Gawl.), h Khoai ring (Cannaceae). Bt mu trng mn. Soi knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt hnh trng, vng ng tm thy r xung quanh rn ht, l tinh bt c kch thc ht ln nht: 70-130m (nh 1.1.). Ch : Cy Dong ring cn gi l cy Khoai ring, C ao, C t. 1.2. Bt u xanh Bt ly t ht u xanh (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) h u (Fabaceae). Bt trng ng. Soi knh hin vi thy ht tinh bt hnh trng hay hnh thn kch thc khong 30-40m, rn thng l mt ng c phn nhnh (nh 1.2.).

1.3. Tinh bt Go Tinh bt ly t qu hay "ht" Go t (Oryza sativa L.), h La (Poaceae). Bt mu trng. Soi knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt hnh a gic c rn r. Cc ht kch thc 3-9m thng kt li vi nhau thnh m, (nh 1.3.). 1.4. Tinh bt Hoi sn Tinh bt ly t thn r cy C mi (Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill), h C nu (Dioscoreaceae). Bt mu trng mn. Soi knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt hnh chung kch thc 3080m. Rn l mt im, cc vng ng tm thy r (nh 1.4.). 1.5. Tinh bt Khoai lang Tinh bt ly t r c Khoai lang (Ipomoea batatas Lamk.), h Bm bm (Convolvulaceae). Bt mu trng. Soi knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt n hay kp i, hnh dng thay i. Rn ht hnh sao hay phn nhnh vn ng tm thy r nhng ht trn. Kch thc ht to nh khng u 10-50m(nh 1.5.). 1.6. Tinh bt Khoai ty Tinh bt ly t c Khoai ty (Solanum tuberosum L.), h C (Solanaceae). Bt mu trng mn. Soi knh hin vi thy nhng ht tinh bt hnh trng ring l kch thc khong 30-100m, ht trn, nh 10-35m thnh thong c nhng ht kp do 2 hay 3 ht n ghp li. Rn l mt im u hp, vng ng tm thy r xung quanh rn (nh 1.6.). 1.7. Tinh bt m Tinh bt ly t qu hay "ht" La m (Triticum sativum Lamk.), h La (Poaceae). Bt mu trng hay trng ng. Soi knh hin vi thy nhiu ht tinh bt nh hnh trn hay a gic kch thc 2-6m, nhiu ht tinh bt ln hnh trn kch thc 30-40m, t ht c kch thc trung gian, cc ht khng nhn r rn v vn (nh 1.7.). 1.8. Tinh bt Ng Tinh bt ly t qu hay "ht" Ng (Zea mays L.), h La (Poaceae). Bt mu vng nht. Soi di knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt hnh trn, hnh a gic kch thc khong 10-30m, rn c th phn nhnh, vn khng r (nh 1.8.).

1.9. Tinh bt Sn Tinh bt ly t r c Sn (Manihot utilissima Pohl.), h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae). Bt mu trng mn. Soi knh hin vi thy nhng ht tinh bt trn kch thc 5-25m Rn hnh sao, vn khng r (nh 1.9.). 1.10. Tinh bt Sn dy Tinh bt ly t r c Sn dy (Pueraria thomsoni Gagnep.), h u (Fabaceae). Bt mu trng mn. Soi knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt n, kp i hay kp ba hnh dng thay i. Nhiu ht hnh trn hay mt u trn kch thc 4-12m. Rn nhn r, vn khng r (nh 1.10.). 1.11. Tinh bt ht Sen Tinh bt ly t ht cy Sen (Nelumbium speciosum Gaertn.), h Sen (Nelumbonaceae). Bt mu trng ng. Soi di knh hin vi thy cc ht tinh bt n, kp i, kp ba, hnh dng khc nhau, nhiu ht hnh thn. Kch thc ht 10-25m (nh 1.11.). 1.12. Bt d Bt ly t ht ca cy d (Coix lachrymajobi L.), h La (Poaceae). Bt mu trng ng. Soi knh hin vi thy ht tinh bt hnh a kch thc 5-20m, rn ht thng phn nhnh, vn ht khng r (nh 1.12. ). Ch : d thng b gi mo bi ht Cao lng (Sorghum vulgare Pers.)

DL chua glycosid tim Vi phau- soi bot

Radix Angelicae dahuricae end of page N i dung 1. nh ngha dc liu 2. c im thc vt 3. Thnh phn ho hc 4. Kim nghim 5. Tc dng, cng dng 6. Ghi ch 7. Ti liu tham kho 2. c i m th c v t Cy c, cao 0,5-1m hay hn, sng lu nm, thn hnh tr, rng, khng phn nhnh. L to, c cung, phn di pht trin thnh b m ly thn, phin l x 2-3 ln lng chim, mp kha rng, c lng gn l mt trn. Cm hoa tn kp, mc ngn, hoa nh mu trng. Qu b, dt, ton cy c mi thm (Cy Bch ch). Back to Top 3. Thnh ph n ho h c Bch ch cha tinh du trong tinh du c cc thnh phn: -pinen, -pinen, camphen, myrcen, -phelandren, -terpinen, terpinolen, caryophylen*, ligustilid...v cc hp cht sesquiterpen. Ngoi tinh du, trong r c Bch ch c cc dn cht coumarin: Angenomalin, Anomalin, Bergapten, Marmesin, Scopoletin*, Byak-angelicin, Byakangelicol, Oxypeucedanin, Imperatorin, Isoimperatorin, Phellopterin, Xanthotoxin,A nhydrobyakangelicin, Neobyakangelicol. 1. nh ngha d c li u Dc liu dng l r phi hay sy kh ca cy Bch ch (Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm), Benth. et Hook.f.) hoc (Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm) Benth. et Hook.f. var. formosana (Boiss.) Shan et Yuan, h Cn (Apiaceae).

4. Ki m nghi m 5.1 c im dc liu: R nguyn, t khi phn nhnh, thng hoc hi cong, u trn mang vt tch ca c r, u di nh dn, mt ngoi vng nht, c nhiu np nhn dc, c du vt ca r con v nhiu ch sn si nh ln. Cht cng chc, kh b, vt b nhiu bt, mi hc, v hi cay (V thuc Bch ch). 5.2 c im vi hc c im vi phu Mt ct r trn. T ngoi vo trong c: Lp bn gm nhng t bo hnh ch nht xp thnh cc vng ng tm v dy xuyn tm. M mm v cu to t nhng t bo thnh mng, ri rc c cc khuyt, cc t bo pha ngoi thng b p bp. Libe to thnh cc b st nhau. Trong libe ri rc c cc ng tit. Tng pht sinh libe-g to thnh vng rt r. Cc mch g ln tp trung thnh cc dy hng tm trong m mm g khng ho g. Tia tu rng gm 5-10 dy t bo (Vi phu r Bch ch). c im bt dc liu Bt mu trng ng, mi hc, v cay hi ng. Soi knh hin vi thy rt nhiu ht tinh bt hnh trn hoc hnh khi nhiu mt, ring l (2) hay tp trung thnh m trong t bo m mm (1), cc mnh mch mng hoc mch vch (3) (Mt s c im bt Bch ch). 5.3 nh tnh A. Bt dc liu, chit bng ethanol trn cch thu, lc, c dch lc. Cho mt t dch lc vo ng nghim, thm 1 ml dung dch natri carbonat 10%, hay natri hydroxyd 10% v 3 ml nc ct, un cch thu vi pht, tht ngui, cho t t tng git thuc th Diazo s xut hin mu cam. B. Ly mt t bt dc liu, thm nc, lc u trong vi pht, lc, nh 2 git dch lc vo t giy lc, kh, quan st di nh sng t ngoi (365 nm) thy c hunh quang mu xanh da tri. C. Chit bt dc liu bng ether trong ng nghim, Ly dch ether, thm 2 - 3 git dung dch hydroxylamin hydroclorid 7% trong methanol v 2 - 3 git dung dch kali hydroxyd 20% trong methanol. Lc k, un nh trn cch thu, ngui, iu chnh pH 3-4 bng acid hydrocloric long, sau thm 1-2 git dung dch st (III) clorid 1% trong ethanol, thy xut hin mu tm. D. Phng php sc k lp mng (Sc k lp mng).

- Tin hnh sc k lp mng dng bn mng: Silicagel G sy 1200C trong 2 gi vi h dung mi khai trin: Benzen - ethyl acetat (9: 1). Dung dch th: Bt dc liu, chit bng ethanol trn cch thu, lc, c dch lc Dung dch i chiu: Ly khong 5 g bt Bch ch mu, tin hnh chit nh dung dch th. Cch tin hnh: Chm ring bit ln bn mng cc dung dch trn. Quan st di nh sng t ngoi 365 nm, trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c vt cng mu xanh da tri v gi tr Rf vi vt trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. Tin hnh sc k lp mng....Sc k dch chit Bch ch.. 5. Tc d ng v cng d ng Bch ch c tc dng lm h st, gim au. Liu nh lm tng huyt p, mch chm, hi th ko di, liu cao c th gy co git, t lit ton thn khi th nghim trn sc vt. Bch ch c tc dng lm gin ng mch vnh Tc dng khng khun i vi mt s vi khun: Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae v Salmonella typhi. Trong ng y dng cha cm st, nhc u, c bit vng trn, ngt mi do b lnh. Cha au nhc rng, b thng tch vim ty. Cha kh h ph n. Ngy dng: 5-10g. 6. Ghi ch Bch ch l mt v thuc c dng trong cc bi thuc cha nhc u, cm mo. Nc ta c di thc v trng Bch ch nhiu a phng. Bch ch trng vng mt (SaPa, Tam o) thng c c ln hn, Bch ch trng ng bng thng ra hoa sm, phn li b ho g nhiu. gi mo Bch ch Trung Quc ngi ta dng r ca mt s cy trong h Cn nh: Heracleum scabridum ?Franch.; Seseli mairei Wolff. Y hc c truyn nc ta c s dng v dc liu mang tn Bch ch nam, l r ca cy Bch ch nam (Millettia pulchra Kurz.), h u (Fabaceae). Cy mc hoang nhiu cc vng rng ni pha Bc (Cy Bch ch nam). Bch ch nam dng cng mt s v thuc khc cha au bng, i ngoi, ch phn bit.
7. Ti li u tham kh o Bi ging Dc liu Tp I - 1998 Tr. 342-346. Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit nam Tp I. - NXB khoa hc v k thut - 2004. Tr. 127133. Dc in Vit Nam III. Tr. 314-315

Nguyn Vit Thn - Kim nghim dc liu bng phng php hin vi- NXB khoa hc v k thut- 2003. Tr.45-47.

Cy Bch ch (Angelica dahurica (Fisc h. ex Hoffm), Benth. et Hook.f.)

V thuc Bch ch (Radix Angelicae dahuricae)

Vi phu r Bch ch . Mt s c im bt Bch ch

PHNG PHP SC K LP MNG Nguyn tc Cch tin hnh nh gi Nguyn tc: Phng php sc k lp mng c dng nh tnh, th tinh khit v i khi bn nh lng hoc nh lng hot cht thuc. Sc k lp mng l mt k thut tch cc cht c tin hnh khi cho pha ng di chuyn qua pha tnh trn t hn hp cc cht cn tch. Pha tnh l cht hp ph c chn ph hp theo tng yu cu phn tch, c tri thnh lp mng ng nht v c c nh trn cc phin knh hoc phin kim loi. Pha ng l mt h dung mi n hoc a thnh phn c trn vi nhau theo t l quy nh trong tng chuyn lun. Trong qu trnh di chuyn qua lp hp ph, cc cu t trong hn hp mu th c di chuyn trn lp mng, theo hng pha ng, vi nhng tc khc nhau. Kt qu, ta thu c mt sc k trn lp mng. C ch ca s chia tch c th l c ch hp ph, phn b, trao i ion, sng lc phn t hay s phi hp ng thi ca nhiu c ch ty thuc vo tnh cht ca cht lm pha tnh v dung mi lm pha ng. i lng c trng cho mc di chuyn ca cht phn tch l h s di chuyn Rf c tnh bng t l gia khong dch chuyn ca cht th v khong dch chuyn ca dung mi: trong : a l khong cch t im xut pht n tm ca vt mu th, tnh bng cm. b l khong cch t im xut pht n mc dung mi o trn cng ng i ca vt, tnh bng cm. Rf: Ch c gi tr t 0 n l. Cch tin hnh Dng c Bnh trin khai, thng bng thu tinh trong sut c kch thc ph hp vi cc phin knh cn dng v c np y kn. n t ngoi, pht cc bc x c bc sng ngn 254 nm v bc sng di 365 nm. Dng c phun thuc th.

T sy iu nhit hot ha v sy bn mng v sc k , hoc sy nng i vi mt s phn ng pht hin. T ht hi c. My sy dng sy kh sc k v cho php chm nhanh nhiu ln nhng dung dch pha long cht cn phn tch. Mt my nh thch hp (vi ng knh Macro) c th chp lu gi sc k nh sng ban ngy vi khong cch 30-50 cm. T lnh bo qun nhng thuc th d hng. Micropipet nhiu c t l, 2, 5, 10 n 20 ml, cc ng mao qun hoc dng c thch hp. Bn mng trng sn cht hp ph c cht pht quang thch hp. Trng hp phng th nghim khng c iu kin trang b cc loi bn mng trng sn th t chun b ly bn mng vi cc dng c sau y: Cc tm knh phng c kch thc ph hp c x l trc bng ha cht ri ra sch bng nc v sy kh. Thit b tri cht hp ph ln tm knh thnh mt lp mng ng u, c chiu dy thch hp. Gi xp cc tm knh tri. Chun b bn mng Sp xp cc bn mng v chun b thit b: Cc phin knh phi c lau chi cn thn v ty sch hon ton cc cht bo bng cch ngm trong dung dch sulfocromic. Sau , c k bng bn chi di tia nc my ri trng nc ct v sy kh trn gi nhit thng hay trong t sy. iu ch va ca cht hp ph: Cht hp ph c chn lc sao cho ph hp vi yu cu phn tch nh: Silicagel G, kieselguhr, cellulose, nhm oxyd, trong s silicagel G c dng thng dng nht. Trn 25g silicagel G vi 50 ml nc ct v nho trong ci hoc lc mnh trong bnh nn c dung tch 200 - 250 ml, nt kn, trong 30 - 45 giy. Dch treo to c dng lng v ng nht, se li trong vi pht sau , v c bt b. Rt ngay vo thit b tri iu chnh dy cho bn mng khong 0,25 mm (nu khng c ch dn trong chuyn lun ring). nguyn cc phin knh ti ch khong 10 pht ti khi mt trn ht bng, hoc kh t nhin qua m ti nhit phng. Hot ha: Cho cc bn mng kh mt vo t sy v sy 105 - 110oC trong 30 pht (nu khng c ch dn chuyn lun ring). ngui ri bo qun trong bnh ht m. Khi

dng, nu cn th hot ha li bng cch sy 105-1100C trong 1 gi ri co b mt di mng cht hp ph dc hai bn cnh ca tm knh. Chun b bnh khai trin: Cc bnh khai trin thng l bnh thy tinh, hnh hp hay hnh tr, c np y kn, kch thc thay i ty theo yu cu ca cc bn mng s dng. Bo ha hi dung mi trong bnh bng cch lt giy lc xung quanh thnh trong ca bnh, ri rt mt lng va dung mi vo bnh, lc ri giy lc thm u dung mi. Lng dung mi s dng sao cho sau khi thm u giy lc cn li mt lp dy khong 5 mm n 10 mm y bnh. y kn np bnh v yn 1 gi nhit 20 - 25oC. Mun thu c nhng kt qu lp li, ta ch nn dng nhng dung mi tht tinh khit, loi dng cho sc k. Nhng dung mi d bn i v ha hc ch nn pha trc khi dng. Nu s dng nhng h pha ng phc tp phi ch n nhng thnh phn d bay hi lm thay i thnh phn ca h pha ng dn n hin tng khng lp li ca tr s Rf. Chm cht phn tch ln bn mng: Lng cht hoc hn hp cht a ln bn mng c ngha quan trng i vi hiu qu tch sc k, c bt nh hng rt ln n tr s Rf. Lng cht qu ln lm cho vt sc k ln v ko di, khi , vt ca cc cht c tr s Rf gn nhau s b chng lp. Lng cht nh qu c th khng pht hin c do nhy ca thuc th khng (thng thng nhy ca cc thuc th trn 0,005 mg). Lng mu thng thng cn a ln bn mng l 0,1 - 50 mg dng dung dch trong ether, c1oroform, nc hay dung mi thch hp khc. Th tch dung dch t 0,001 ml n 0,005 ml i vi trng hp a mu ln bn mng di dng im v t 0,l - 0,2 ml khi a mu ln bn mng di dng vch nh trong trng hp sc k iu ch. i vi sc k iu ch th lng cht c th ln ti 10 - 50 mg. i vi cc dung dch c nng rt long th c th lm giu trc tip trn bn mng bng cch chm nhiu ln cng mt v tr v sy kh sau mi ln chm. ng xut pht phi cch mp di ca bn mng 1,5cm - 2 cm v cch b mt dung mi t 0,8 - 1 cm. Cc vt chm phi nh, c ng knh 2 - 6 mm v cch nhau 15 mm. Cc vt ba phi cch b bn ca bn mng t nht 1 cm trnh hiu ng b. Khi lm sc k lp mng bn nh lng, chnh xc ca kt qu phn tch ph thuc rt nhiu vo chnh xc ca lng cht th a ln bn mng, tc l th tch dung dch chm ln bn mng. Do , vi nhng trng hp phn tch bn nh lng phi dng cc mao qun nh mc chnh xc. Khi khng cn nh lng dng micropipet hoc ng mo qun thng. Trin khai sc k: t bn mng gn nh thng ng vi bnh trin khai, cc vt chm phi trn b mt ca lp dung mi khai trin. y kn bnh v yn nhit khng i. Khi dung mi trin khai trn bn mng c mt on theo quy nh trong chuyn

lun, ly bn mng ra khi bnh, nh du mc dung mi, lm bay hi dung mi cn ng li trn bn mng ri hin vt theo ch dn trong chuyn lun ring. nh gi: Quan st cc vt xut hin, tnh gi tr Rf hoc Rr v tin hnh nh tnh, pht hin tp cht hoc nh lng nh quy nh trong chuyn lun ring. Vic sc k lp mng c tin hnh trong iu kin chun ho cho kt qu c tin cy cao hn. Hin nay ngi ta thng tin hnh sc k vi s gip ca h thng sc k lp mng hiu nng cao

Bn mng Silicagel GF254 Dch chit/MeOH H dung mi: Benzen - Ethylacetat (95:5) 1. Sc k dch chit ng quy 2. Sc k dch chit Bch ch A. nh sc k bc sng 254nm B. nh sc k bc sng 366nm C. nh sc k sau khi hin mu bng thuc th Vanilin/EtOH/H2SO4 nh sng thng

SC K DCH CHIT NG QUY BCH CH

Cy Bch ch nam(Millettia pulchra Kurz.)

Radix Glycyrrhizae Index

1. nh ngha
dc liu

2. c im
thc vt 1. nh ngha d c li u R, thn r phi hay sy kh ca cy Cam tho bc Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., Glycyrrhiza glabra L.), H u (Fabaceae)

3. Thnh phn
ho hc

4. Kim nghim 5. Tc dng,

cng dng

6. Ghi ch 7. Ti liu tham

kho 2. c i m th c v t Cy tho, sng lu nm, cao 0,3-1m. R di c mu vng nht. Thn c lng mm, ngn. L kp lng chim l, mc so le, gm 9-17 l cht hnh trng, mp nguyn. Cm hoa mc k l thnh bng, hoa mu tm nht, trng hoa hnh cnh bm. Qu u, cong hnh li lim, di 3-4cm, rng 6-8mm, qu mu nu en, c lng dy, cha 2-8 ht nh, dt, mu nu bng. Ma hoa: thng 6-7; ma qu: thng 8-9. Loi Cam tho u (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) cng c dng vi cng dng tng t. Khc vi cam tho Bc ch l cht thun di, hoa mu nu nht, qu rt dt, thng hoc hi cong, di 2-3 cm, rng 3-4 mm, nhn bng hoc c lng ngn, s ht t hn. Chi Glycyrrhiza L. trn th gii c khong 12 loi, phn b vng n i m, hoc nhit i thuc Chu , Chu u v Bc Chu Phi. Tuy nhin, ni phn b tp trung ca nhiu loi li l vng Trung , bao gm Iran, Azecbaizan, Cazaxtan, n , Nga, Trung Quc v Mng C. Cam tho bc c nhp vo nc ta t Trung quc v Lin x c. Cho n nay, Cam tho bc vn cha trng thnh cng nc ta. Dc liu phi nhp hon ton. 3. Thnh ph n ho h c Cc saponin, flavonoid, dn cht coumarin, ng, tinh bt...

- Glycyrrhizin l mt saponin thuc nhm olean, hm lng t 10-14% trong dc liu kh, ch c trong b phn di mt t, c v ngt (gp 600 ln ng saccharose). y l saponin quan trng nht ca r Cam tho. Glycyrrhizin c Robiquet phn lp nm 1809 di dng mnh mu vng. Glycyrrhizin tinh khit dng bt kt tinh trng d tan trong nc nng, cn long, khng tan trong ether v chloroform. Glycyrrhizin trong cy di dng mui Mg v Ca ca acid glycyrrhizic. Di tc dng ca acid v c, acid glycyrrhizic b y ra khi mui ca n. Khi thu phn bng acid th n cho phn aglycon l acid glycyrrhetic v 2 phn t acid glucoronic. Acid glycyrrhetic c mt OH C3 (2 phn t acid glucoronic ni vo ), mt nhm carbonyl C-11 v C-30 l nhm carboxyl. Glycyrrhizin trn th trng l ammoni glycyrrhizat thu c bng cch chit bt cam tho vi nc ri acid ho kt ta, ra ta li ri ho tan trong ammoniac, bc hi trong khay bng mt s thu c nhng vy mu en nht, bng, tan trong nc v rt ngt. Trong cam tho cn c cc dn cht triterpenoid khc nh: acid liquiritic (acid ny khc acid glycyrrhetic bi nhm carbonyl C-29), acid 18-a-hydroxyglycyrrhetic, acid 24hydroxyglycyrrhetic, glabrolid, desoxy glabrolid, isoglabrolid, 24-a-hydroxyglabrolid, acid liquiridiolic, acid 11-desoxyglycyrrhetic, acid 24-hydroxy 11-desoxoglycyrrhetic. - Cc flavonoid l cc nhm hot cht quan trng th hai c trong r cam tho vi hm lng 3-4%. C 27 cht c bit, quan trng nht l hai cht liquiritin (hay liquiritirosid) v isoliquiritin (hay isoliquiritirosid). C nhiu flavonoid thuc cc nhm khc: isoflavan (glabridin), isoflavon (glabron), isoflaven (glabren) - Nhng hot cht estrogen steroid: phn ny tan trong ether du ho. Nhng dn cht coumarin: umbelliferon, herniarin, liqcoumarin - Trong r cam tho cn c 20-25% tinh bt, 3-10% glucose v saccharose. 4. Ki m nghi m 4.1. c im dc liu R hnh tr, di 20-30 cm, ng knh 0,5-1,5 cm. Loi cha co v mt ngoi mu nu , nhiu np nhn dc. Loi co v c mu vng nht. Cht dai, kh b, vt b nhiu x, c mu vng (V thuc Cam tho). 4.2. c im vi phu Mt ct dc liu trn, t ngoi vo trong c: Lp bn tng i dy gm nhng t bo hnh ch nht xp thnh vng ng tm v dy xuyn tm, c nhiu ch b nt, rch, thng cun xon ra pha ngoi. M mm v cu to t nhng t bo thnh mng, phn ngoi thng b p bt. Libe gm nhng t bo nh, xp thnh tng m

hnh nn cng vi cc b g to thnh tng chng ring bit, trong libe c nhiu b si. Tng pht sinh libe-g gia phn libe v g ca mi b. G c nhiu mch g to, nh khc nhau, vi phu r cc b g xut pht t tm, vi phu thn r gia c m mm rut cu to bi nhng t bo kch thc ln, thnh mng, trong m g c cc b si g. Tia rut cu to t 3-7 hng t bo. Trong cc m c bit st si c cc tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi (Vi phu r Cam tho). Quan st vi phu di knh hin vi hunh quang thy m g v si c hunh quang vng sng (Vi phu thn r Cam tho di knh hin vi hunh quang). 4.3. c im bt dc liu Bt mu vng chanh, mi thm, v ngt. Soi di knh hin vi thy: M mm mang tinh bt (1). Mnh bn cu to t nhng t bo hnh a gic (2). Mnh mch vch, im (3). B si mang tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi kch thc khong 0,02-0,035 mm (4,5). Tinh bt hnh trn hoc hnh trng kch thc khong 0,005-0,015 mm (6) (Mt s c im bt Cam tho). 1.4. Ho hc A. Nh dung dch amoniac ln bt dc liu s c mu vng ti, thm acid sulfuric 80% s c mu vng cam. B. Phng php sc k lp mng. S dng bn mng: Silicagel G hot ha 105oC trong 1 gi vi h dung mi khai trin: Ether du ha (im si trong khong 30-60oC) - benzen - ethyl acetat - acid acetic bng (10:20:7:0,5). Dung dch th: Bt dc liu acid ho bng acid hydrocloric v chit bng cloroform, un hi lu trong 1 gi, ngui, lc. Bc hi dch chit n cn, thm vo cn mt t ethanol. Dung dch i chiu: Ly acid glycyrrhetic, ho tan trong ethanol c dung dch c nng 1 mg/ml. Nu khng c acid glycyrrhetic, dng bt Cam tho chit nh dung dch th. Cch tin hnh: Chm ring bit ln bn mng cc dung dch trn. Sau khi trin khai xong, ly bn mng ra kh ngoi khng kh, phun dung dch acid phosphomolypdic 10% trong ethanol (TT), sy bn mng 105oC trong 5 pht. Trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c vt c cng mu sc v gi tr Rf vi vt acid glycyrrhetic trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. Nu dng Cam tho chit dung dch i chiu, trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c cc vt cng mu v gi tr Rf vi cc vt trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu.

C th s dng sc k lp mng hiu nng cao (HPTLC) kim nghim Cam tho. Qu trnh chit, h dung mi khai trin, thuc th hin mu c trnh by Sc k dch chit cc dc liu cha saponin - vt 8, nh I, II, III. nh lng Cn chnh xc mt lng bt dc liu chit nhiu ln bng ethanol 20% trn ni cch thy si. Tp trung dch chit vo cc c m c dung tch 250 ml, thm 30 ml ethanol (TT), yn qua m. Lc ly phn nc trong v ui ht ethanol trn ni cch thy, ngui. Thm 1 ml amoni hydroxyd m c, khuy u. t tip vo trong nc ang tan trong 30 pht, ly tm, ly kt ta, loi b lp nc. Thm 10 ml ethanol (TT) vo ng ly tm, khuy k cho tan lp kt ta, lc qua giy lc tm ethanol, hng dch lc vo mt cc cn b sn, ra ng ly tm v giy lc vi ethanol ti khi nc ra ht mu vng. Tp trung tt c dung dch ethanol, li bc hi trn ni cch thy n cn, sy cn trong 3 gi 105oC. Ly ra ngui trong bnh ht m. Cn tnh kt qu. Hm lng acid glycyrrhetic trong dc liu kh kit khng c di 6%. 5. Tc d ng v cng d ng Tc dng: - Tc dng gy trn tnh, c ch thn kinh trung ng, gim vn ng t nhin, h th nhit, gim h hp. - Tc dng gim ho - Tc dng gii co tht c trn - Cha lot ng tiu ho, c ch tc dng gy tng tit dch v ca histamin. - Bo v gan trong vim gan mn tnh v tng bi tit mt. - Chng vim gan v chng d ng - Tc dng oestrogen - Cha bnh addison v trong cam tho c acid glycyrrhizic cu to gn nh cortison nn c tc dng trn s chuyn ho cc cht in gii, gi Natri v clorid trong c th, gip s bi tit kali. Tc dng gii c, chng minh Natri glycyrrhizat c hiu lc chng li tc dng cc cht gy c trn tim, ng thi kch thch c tim ging Adrenalin. Natri v kali glycyrrhizat c tc dng gi c mnh i vi c t ca bch hu, cht c ca c, ln, nc rn ng thi c tc dng bo v chng chong. Glycyrrhizin c kh nng gii c i vi strychnin, c t un vn, cocain hydroclorid v cloral hydrat. Cam tho

cn c tc dng li tiu, cha to bn, cha mt s bnh v da. Dng thi gian di c th gy ph. Cng dng Cam tho sng c lm thuc cha cm, ho mt ting, vim hng, mn nht, au d dy, a chy, ng c. Cam tho chch c tc dng b, cha t v h nhc, a lng, thn th mt mi, km n. Ngydng 4 - 20g di dng bt, thuc hm, nc sc v cao mm. Cam tho bc cn dng : - Cha bnh lot d dy v rut, tc dng gim lot, gim co tht c, gim tit acid hydrocloric. Ngy ung 3 - 5g, ung lin 7 - 14 ngy, sau ngh vi ngy trnh ph n. - Cha bnh Addison, mi ngy ung 10 - 30 ml cao lng cam tho bc, ung lin 1 thng hay hn. Hin tng ph nh do thuc s mt i sau khi ngng dng thuc. 6. Ghi ch - Tn khc: Dim cam tho, Sinh cam tho, Phn cam tho. - Chch Cam tho: Cam tho phin em tm mt (c 1kg cam tho phin, dng 200g mt, thm 200g nc si), ri sao vng thm. - V mt thc vt dc liu Cam tho c th l r hoc thn r, mt s ti liu c lu v vn ny [24]. - Y hc dn gian dng mt s cy mang tn Cam tho: Cam tho dy (Abrus precatorius L.), Cam tho t (Scoparia dulcis L.), ch trnh nhm ln.
7. Ti li u tham kh o Bi ging Dc liu Tp I - 1998 Tr. 143-149. Dc in Vit Nam III. Tr. 307 Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit nam Tp I. - NXB khoa hc v k thut - 2004. Tr. 326331. Tt Li - Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam - NXB Y hc - 2003. Tr. 863-868. Nguyn Vit Thn - Kim nghim dc liu bng phng php hin vi- NXB khoa hc v k thut- 2003. Tr.35-36 Jean BRUNETON Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants - Technique & Documentation - Lavoisier, 1995 (Translated by Caroline K. Hatton) (549-554). .. - - - 1991. .261-266.

Rhizoma Rhei N i dung

1. nh ngha dc
liu

2. c im thc
vt hc nh ngha d c li u ca cy i hong (Rheum palmatum L.) hoc (Rheum officinale Baillon) hoc ging lai ca hai loi

3. Thnh phn ho Dc liu l thn r co v v phi hay sy kh 4. Kim nghim

dng

5. Tc dng, cng trn, h Rau rm (Polygonaceae). 6. Ghi ch 7. Ti liu tham

kho

c i m th c v t Cy thuc tho ln, sng dai nh thn r to. L mc thnh cm t thn r, c kch thc ln, c cung di, c b cha, phin l hnh tim rng 30 - 40cm, phn thnh 5 n 7 thy chnh, cc thy ny cng c th phn ln th hai hoc i khi ln th ba. L ca Rheum palmatum th c nhng thy su hn R.officinale. Gn l ni mt di, thng mu nht. T nm th 3 -4 th xut hin 1 thn mc ln cao 1 -2m mang mt s l nh. Phn ngn thn l chm hoa hnh chy mang nhiu hoa. Bao hoa gm 6 b phn mu trng, xanh nht, hoc nht, 9 nh. Thnh ph n ho h c Thnh phn hot cht trong i hong ch yu l cc dn cht anthranoid, tn ti cc dng khc nhau: - Anthraquinon t do gm c: chrysophanol (1,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthracene-9,10dione), emodin, physcion, aloe emodin (1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthracene9,10-dione) v rhein (4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-2-carboxylic acid).

- Cc glucosid ca anthraquinon. Chim khong 60 - 70% ca ton phn hot cht v gm cc glucosid ca cc aglycon ni trn. - Cc glucosid ca cc anthranol v anthron tng ng vi nhng aglycon ni trn. Nhng dn cht ny d b oxy ha thnh cc dn cht anthraquinon. - Cc dn cht dimer dianthron tn ti trong cy di dng mono v diglucosid. V d: sennidin A, B, C . - Cc heterodianthron carboxylic nh rheidin A, B, C, cc heterodianthron khng c nhm carboxyl nh palmidin A (= heterodianthron ca emodin v aloe emodin), palmidin B (= heterodianthron ca aloe emodin v chrysophanol) v palmidin C (= heterodianthron ca rheum emodin v chrysophanol). - Trong i hong cn c deshydrodianthron nh dirhein. - Thnh phn th hai ng ch l tanin (khong 5% - 12%) ch yu thuc nhm pyrocatechic v mt phn thuc nhm pyrogallic. Cc cht ny d tan trong cn. Ngoi ra trong i hong cn c nhiu cht v c (nhiu calci oxalat). Tinh bt, pectin; mt cht nha t c nghin cu cng c tc dng ty x. Ki m nghi m c im dc liu Thn r ti to, c th c chiu di 20-30cm, ng knh 8-10cm, c nhiu nhnh hnh tr ng knh 2-3cm. Sau khi o v th ct b r, cn thn r em gt b v ngoi, b nh (dc hoc ngang) ri phi hoc sy kh. Ct gi sau 1 nm mi dng. Bn ngoi : Nhng ming hnh th khng ging nhau, thng c hnh a, hnh tr hoc mt mt phng mt mt li ng knh 5-10cm. Mt ngoi mu vng nu, i khi c nhng m mu en nht, trn mt i ch thy r mt mng li mu trng, mt hnh qu trm. Khi b vt b c mu cam khng mn. Mi c bit, v ng v cht (V thuc i hong). Vi hc c im vi phu Vi phu ct ngang t ngoi vo trong c: M mm v hp, libe t pht trin, tng sinh libe - g c 3 - 5 hng t bo, pha trong l phn g xp to trn. Phn rut rng c cu to cp ba c thnh lp nh nhng tng pht sinh ph xut hin di dng vng trn nh sinh ra libe gia v g chung quanh. Cc m libe - g cp ba ny c cc tia rut ta ra ging nh nhng hnh sao rt c bit. M mm c cha tinh bt v tinh th calci oxalat hnh cu gai. c im bt dc liu

Bt mu vng sm, v hi ng, mi thm du. Di nh sng t ngoi c hunh quang nu. Soi di knh hin vi thy: Mnh bn (1), cc mnh t bo m mm cha tinh bt (2), cc mnh mch chm, mch vch, mch mng (3). Tinh th calci oxilat hnh cu gai to, ng knh 0,05-0,08mm (4), thng b v thnh cc mnh. Tinh bt hnh trn, c rn ht hnh sao r, ng knh 0,01-0,02mm (5), ng ring l hoc kp i, kp 3, kp 4 hoc tp trung thnh khi. Quan st di nh sng t ngoi bc sng 365 nm, bt c hunh quang mu nu (Mt s c im bt i Hong). Ho hc nh tnh. Phn ng Borntraeger: Bt dc liu chit bng H2SO4 1N nhit si, lc, dch lc em lc vi ng th tch benzen. Lp benzen c mu vng do c cc anthraquinon t do ha tan. Tch lp benzen ri lc vi ammoniac, lp ammoniac s nhum mu . Lp benzen cn li hi c mu vng (do chrysophanol) nu em lc vi dung dch KOH N th lp benzen ht mu cn lp KOH c mu hng. Sc k. Dc in Php 1965 dng sc k giy nh tnh cc dn cht anthranoid v pht hin s trn ln cc loi Rheum khc nh R. rhaponticum L., R. undulatum L. Cc loi Rheum ny ngoi cc dn cht anthranoid cn c thm mt heterosid c bit l rhaponticosid (= glucosid ca trihydroxy-3,5,3-methoxy-4- stilben). Cht ny c hot tnh estrogen v c hunh quang xanh di nh n t ngoi. Ngi ta tin hnh sc k giy bng cch chm 5 - 10ml mt dung dch 1/5 dc liu trong cn 60%, khai trin theo chiu i ln vi dung mi butanol-acid acetic-nc (4:1:5). Di nh sng t ngoi th c cc vt da cam c cc Rf khong 0,55 ; 0,70 v 0,95 (cc dn cht anthranoid), cc vt ny c mu hng n nh sng thng sau khi phun dung dch KOH trong cn. Khng c c nhng vt mu xanh di nh n t ngoi do rhaponticosid v genin ca n (Rf khong 0,5 v 0,80). Dc in Trung quc p dng S.K.L.M xc nh i chiu mu kim nghim vi mu i hong chun cng tin hnh trong nhng iu kin nh nhau: chit bng methanol bc hi n kh, thm nc v acid hydrochloric ri un 30 pht trn ni cch thy thy phn. Lm ngui, chit cc anthraquinon t do vi ether, bc hi ether, ha tan cn trong chloroform chm chy sc k. Sc k hai chiu vi bn mng silicagel G. Dung mi th nht l lp trn ca hn hp benzen -ethylformat methanol - acid formic - nc (3:1 : 0,2 : 0,05 : 0,5), dung mi th hai l lp trn ca hn hp hexan- ether du ha (im si 60 - 90oC)- ethylformat - acid formic - nc (3 : 1 :1,5 : 0,1 : 0,5). Pht hin di n U.V (254nm ). nh lng. Dc in Vit nam chn phng php Auterhoff nh lng cc dn cht anthranoid trong i hong. Cn chnh xc khong 0,05g dc liu tn thnh

bt mn, cho vo mt bnh nn 100ml. Thm 7,5ml acid acetic bng (T.T) v un si hn hp trong 15 pht vi ng sinh hn ngc. Sau khi ngui, thm vo bnh qua ng sinh hn ngc 30ml ether ethylic (T.T) v un si 15 pht trn ni cch thy. Lm ngui dch chit, lc qua bng vo mt bnh gn 300ml v ra bng bng 20ml ether ethylic (T.T). Cho bng vo bnh nn, thm 30ml ether ethylic (T.T) v un si 10 pht na. Lc dch chit ether lm ngui qua bng khc vo bnh gn ni trn. Trng bnh nn hai ln bng ether ethylic (T.T), mi ln dng? 10ml v lc qua bng trn. Thm cn thn 100ml dung dch NaOH - ammoniac vo dch chit ether - acid acetic ng trong bnh gn, lc trong 5 -7 pht ri lm ngui bnh. Sau khi hn hp phn lp hon ton, gn lp nc mu v trong sut di vo mt bnh nh mc 250ml. Chit lp ether cn li vi tng lng 20ml dung dch NaOH - ammoniac cho n khi lp nc khng c mu. Tp trung cc dung dch nc kim vo bnh nh mc v thm dung dch kim ti vch. Ht 25ml dung dch thu c cho vo mt bnh nn v un nng 15 pht trn ni cch thy vi ng sinh hn ngc. Sau khi ngui, o mt quang ca dung dch bng quang k vi knh lc mu lc, trong cc dy 1cm, so snh vi nc. Khi dung dch c mu qu sm, trc khi o phi pha long bng dung dch NaOH - ammoniac. Nng dn cht anthranoid trong dung dch cn o c biu th bng 1,8 dihydroxy anthraquinon v xc nh theo ng cong chun xy dng bng cc dung dch cobalt chlorid. c ng cong chun, pha mt dy dung dch cobalt chlorid c nng t? 0,2 - 5% v o mt quang ca cc dung dch ny, bit rng mt quang hc ca dung dch cobalt chlorid 1% bng mt quang ca 0,36mg 1,8dihydroxy anthraquinon trong 100ml dung dch NaOH - ammoniac. Dc liu phi cha t nht 2,5% dn cht anthranoid biu th bng 1,8 - dihydroxy anthraquinon. (Dung dch HaOH - ammoniac : Cch pha xem phn i cng) nh lng cc Anthranoid acid. Ngi ta cho rng nhng dn cht carboxylic ca i hong c vai tr sinh l ng k nn c khi tin hnh nh lng ring phn ny. Mun vy, t dch chit cc dn cht anthranoid ton phn? trong chloroform (theo phng php chit xut chung) ngi ta trch ra mt th tch xc nh ri em lc vi dung dch natri hydrocarbonat trong nc. Dung dch ny ch ha tan cc dn cht anthranoid m trong phn t c gc carboxyl. Tip theo, em acid ha dung dch hydrocarbonat ri chit cc dn cht anthranoid acid bng ether, sau em lc dung dch ether vi dung dch alcalihydroxyd ri mi tin hnh so mu. nh tnh

A.un si 0,1 g bt dc liu vi 5 ml dung dch acid sulfuric 1N trong 2 pht. ngui, lc k hn hp vi 10 ml ether ethylic (TT). Tch ring lp ether vo mt bnh gn v lc vi 5 ml dung dch amoniac 10% (TT). Lp dung dch amoniac s nhum mu tm. B. Phng php sc k lp mng (Sc k lp mng). S dng bn mng Silicagel G hot ho 105oC trong 1 gi. Dung mi khai trin: Ether du ho - ethyl acetat - acid formic (75:25:1). Dung dch th: Ly 0,1 g bt dc liu cho vo bnh nn, thm 30 ml nc v 1 ml acid hydrocloric m c (TT), un trong cch thu 15 pht. ngui, lc, lc dch lc vi 25 ml ether ethylic (TT). Gn ly lp ether, lc qua natri sulfat khan. Bc hi dch ether n cn. Ha tan cn bng 1 ml ether. Dung dch i chiu: Ho tan emodin trong ether ethylic c dung dch c nng 1mg/ml. Nu khng c cht chun i chiu emodin, dng 0,1 g bt i hong, tin hnh chit nh dung dch th. Cch tin hnh: Chm ring r ln bn mng cc dung dch trn. Sau khi trin khai sc k, kh bn mng nhit phng, quan st bn mng di nh sng t ngoi bc sng 365 nm hoc h trong hi amoniac. Trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c vt pht hunh quang mu vng, c cng gi tr Rf vi vt emodin trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. Nu dng dc liu i chiu, trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c cc vt cng mu sc v gi tr Rf vi cc vt trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. C th s dng sc k lp mng hiu nng cao (Planar chromatoraphy) nh tnh i hong (Sc k dch chit mt s dc liu cha anthranoid vt 3, 12) nh lng Cn chnh xc khong 0,1 g bt dc liu qua ry c kch thc mt ry 0,180 mm, cho vo bnh nn c dung tch 250 ml. Thm 30 ml nc ct v un hi lu trong cch thu trong 15 pht. ngui, thm 50 mg natri hydrocarbonat (TT), lc u trong 2 pht. Ly tm, ly 10 ml dch trong cho vo mt bnh cu dung tch 100 ml, thm vo 20 ml dung dch st (III) clorid 2% (TT) v un hi lu trong cch thu 20 pht. Sau thm 1 ml dung dch acid hydrocloric m c (TT) v tip tc un hi lu 20 pht na. ngui, chuyn tt c hn hp vo mt bnh gn v chit vi ether ethylic (TT) ba ln, mi ln 25 ml. Gp tt c dch chit ether ri ra vi nc hai ln, mi ln 15 ml. Lc lp ether qua bng vo mt bnh nh mc 100 ml. Ra phu vi ether v

thm ether ti vch. Ly chnh xc 10 ml ether cho vo cc c m dung tch 50 ml v bc hi n cn. Ho tan cn vi 10 ml dung dch magnesi acetat 0,5% trong methanol (TT), o hp th bc sng 515 nm vi mu trng l methanol (Ph lc 3.1). Hm lng phn trm dn cht hydroxyanthracen tnh theo rhein, c tnh theo cng thc: X: Hm lng dn cht hydroxyanthracen A: hp th bc sng 515 nm. m: Lng dc liu tr m, tnh bng gam (g). Dc liu phi cha t nht 2,2% dn cht anthracen tnh theo rhein. Tc d ng v cng d ng Cc dn cht anthranoid trong i hong c tc dng lm tng nhu ng rut. vi liu thp c tc dng nhun trng, liu cao lm thuc ty nh dng cho ngi y bng, i tin b. Thng dng phi hp vi cc v thuc khc. Cc ch phm c i hong tc dng c ln c trn ca bng quang v t cung do ph n c thai hoc ngi b vim bng quang khng nn dng. Do c tc dng ph l gy sung huyt nn khng dng cho ngi b tr. V i hong c cha nhiu calci oxalat nn khng dng lu cho ngi b si thn oxalic. Ghi ch Chi Rheum c khong 50 loi, vic xc nh cc loi rt kh v c lai to gia cc loi v do a d kh hu ca tng ni m hnh thi v c thnh phn ho hc cng c thay i. Dc in ca Trung Quc quy nh dng cc loi: Rheum palmatum L. , Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., Rheum officinale Baill. Dc in n a Rheum emodi Wall., vo danh sch i hong dc dng. Dc in Nht quy nh: i hong l thn r ca cc loi Rheum palmatum L., Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Balf., Rheum officinale Baill., Rheum coreanum Nakai v cc ging lai gia chng... i hong c ngun gc Trung Quc c dng t lu i v dn dn thm nhp vo Chu u. Trung Quc cy mc hoang hoc trng Cam tc, Thanh Hi, T xuyn. i hong mc tnh T xuyn c a chung v gi l Xuyn i hong. Nc ta cn phi nhp i hong t Trung Quc. lm gi v thay th i hong Trung Quc ngi ta dng mt s loi Rheum khc nh:

- Tng bin i hong - Rheum emodi Wall. - Hoa bc i hong - Rheum franzenbachii Munt. - Tn chu i hong- Rheum palmatum L. X Rheum coreanum Nakai. - Thin sn i hong- Rheum wittrochii Lundstr. - Cao sn i hong- Rheum nobile Hook. f. et Thoms. - n qu i hong- Rheum mooreroftianum Royle - H so i hong- Rheum hotaoense C.Y. Cheng et C.T. Kao - Th i hong Rumex chalepensis Mill. - Tm dip i hong- Rheum acuminatum Hook. f. et Thoms. [31]. Bo ch i hong trong Y hc dn tc c truyn : Dng nc tm, cho mm ri thi phi kh Tu i hong tc l i hong tm ru: 50kg i hong thm 50kg ru, cho vo ni un nh la, hi se th ly ra, thi, phi ch mt. i hong thn l i hong thi ming, cho vo ni sao la n khi bn ngoi c mu nu cnh dn, vn cn hng v i hong, phun ru.

Thc i hong: thi ming nh, trn vi ru, cho vo thng y kn, t vo ni nc, un cch thy cho chn, ly ra phi kh l c. C 50kg i hong th 15 - 20kg ru.

end of page Ni dung 1. nh ngha dc liu 1. nh ngha d c li u R phi hay sy kh ca cy ng sm (Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., h Hoa chung (Campanulaceae).

2. c im thc vt 3. Thnh phn ho hc 4. Kim nghim 5. Tc dng, cng

dng

6. Ghi ch 7. Ti liu tham kho

2. c i m th c v t Cy nh, mc b hay leo, sng lu nm, phin l hnh tim hoc hnh trng, u t hoc nhn, mp l nguyn hoc hi ln sng. Hoa mc n c k l, c 5 l i, trng hnh chung (cy ng sm (1) , cy ng sm (2)). Back to Top 3. Thnh ph n ho h c T nhiu loi Codonopsis khc nhau ngi ta chit ra cc triterpenglycosid v cc polysaccarid c tc dng ln h min dch. Nhiu loi ng khc nhau c chit ra t r ng sm: glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, Xylose, rhamnose, ethyl-Dfructofuranoide... Back to Top 4. Ki m nghi m c im dc liu Dc liu thng c kch thc ln v phn nhnh nhiu, mu sm, c nhiu np nhn dc, cng chc (Vi thuc ng sm). Vi hc c im vi phu Mt ct c hnh trn. T ngoi vo trong c: Lp bn khong 4-5 hng t bo hnh ch nht xp u n thnh hng ng tm v dy xuyn tm, hi rch. M mm v cu to bi cc t bo hnh nhiu cnh hi di dt, xp ln xn, ri rc c cc m t bo m cng. Cc t bo libe nh xp st nhau, trong libe c ng nha m xp ri rc thnh hng v thnh vng ng vi b libe g. Libe thnh di di chim phn ln lt ct. Cc mch g xp thnh hng (hai hng) to thnh h thng hnh nan qut to ra t tm. Cc b libe-g phn cch nhau bi tia rut rng c t bo thnh mng (Vi phu ng sm). c im bt dc liu Mu vng nht, mi thm, v ngt nht sau ng. Soi knh hin vi thy: Mnh m mm (1) c th mang ht tinh bt. m t bo m cng ring l mu vng nht thnh dy (2). Mnh mch im (3). Tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi (4), kch thc 0,01-0,02 mm. Khi inulin nhiu hnh dng, thng c hnh qut (5). Ht tinh bt hnh trn thng

n l c rn ht phn nhnh kch thc 0,015-0,025 mm (6) (Mt s c im bt ng Sm) nh lng Tin hnh theo phng php chit nng. Hm lng cht chit c trong dc liu bng ethanol 45% khng t hn 55%. Back to Top 5. Tc d ng v cng d ng R ng sm dng cha tiu ho km, km n, i tin lng, mt mi, m lu c th suy nhc, li dom, vim thn, nc tiu c albumin. Cn dng lm thuc b d dy, li tiu, cha ho, tiu m. Back to Top 6. Ghi ch Dc in Vit Nam II quy nh ng sm l r phi hay sy kh ca cy ng sm (Campanumoea javanica Blume) v mt s cy cng chi, h Hoa chung (Campanulaceae). ng sm cn c tn khc l Phng ng sm, L ng sm, Xuyn ng sm, ng ng sm... Trn thc t ngi ta trng, thu hi v s dng cc loi khc nhau: - Codonopsis javanica Blunae, ng sm nam l loi ng sm m ta khai thc trong nc - Codonopsis pilosula (Franch) Nannf., ng sm bc thng trng Thim Ty, Sn Ty Trung Quc - Codonopsis tangshen Oliv., Xuyn ng sm, trng nhiu tnh T Xuyn Trung Quc - Codonopsis viridiflora Maxim., ng sm hoa xanh. - Codonopsis tubulosa Kom, ng sm hoa ng. - Codonopsis nervosa Nannf, ng sm mm ch. - Codonopsis lanceolata Benth. et. Hook., ng sm bn l. - Codonopsis ussuriensis Hemsl. - Codonopsis clematidea Clarke ng y coi ng sm c th dng thay th Nhn sm trong cc bnh thiu mu, vng da, bnh bch huyt, vim thng thn, nc tiu c albumin... Ngi ta cn gi

ng sm l Nhn sm ca ngi ngho v c mi cng dng ca Nhn sm li r tin hn. R kh ca cy ng sm nam (Codonopsis javanica) hi ging r kh cy Tc on (Dipsacus japonicus Miq., h Tc on (Dipsacaceae). Trung Quc c trng v s dng r cy Changium smyrnioides Wollf., h Cn (Apiaceae) vi tn Minh ng sm, cn ch phn bit. Trn th trng hin nay c v thuc c gi l "ng sn bc" c c im bn ngoi v c im gii phu nh sau: c im dc liu Dc liu l r c hnh tr di 15-20cm, ng knh 0,3-0,5cm. C khi phn nhnh thon dn v mt u, mang nhiu so ca thn. Mt ngoi c mu vng nht, trn mt c nhng rnh dc, ngang. Th cht do dai kh b gy, mt ct ngang thy r li mu trng (V thuc ng sm TQ). Vi hc c im vi phu Mt ct ngang c hnh trn. Ngoi cng l lp bn gm 5-6 lp t bo hnh ch nht xp thnh hng ng tm v dy xuyn tm. M mm v cu to t nhng t bo thnh mng hnh a gic xp ln xn, lp ngoi b p dp. Libe pht trin xp thnh di di chim phn ln lt ct. Trong libe c nhiu ng tit nm ri rc. Tng pht sinh libe-g to thnh vng lin tc. G pht trin to thnh cc b hnh nan qut gm cc mch g hnh trn kch thc khng u nhau. Xen gia cc b libe-g l nhng tia rut (Vi phu ng sm TQ). c im bt dc liu C mu vng nht, mi thm, v hi ngt. Soi di knh hin vi thy: Mnh m mm c th mang ht tinh bt (1). Mnh mch ch yu l mch vch (2). Mnh bn (4) . Cc ht tinh bt thng n l c hnh trn hay hnh trng (5), kch thc 0,0150,02mm. C rt nhiu t bo thnh dy mu vng nht (3, 6), hnh dng khc nhau, c khoang t bo rng thy r ng trao i. Mnh m mang tuyn tit c cha cc cht tit mu vng (7) (Mt s c im bt ng sm TQ). nh lng Tin hnh theo phng php chit nng. Hm lng cht chit c trong dc liu bng ethanol 45% khng t hn 55%.

7. Ti li u tham kh o Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit nam Tp I. - NXB khoa hc v k thut - 2004. Tr. 739-743. Dc in Vit Nam III. Tr. 359. Tt Li - Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam - NXB Y hc - 2003. Tr. 811-813. Nguyn Vit Thn - Kim nghim dc liu bng phng php hin vi Tp I- NXB khoa hc v k thut- 2003. Tr. 108-112.

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