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BI NGC TUYN
Bi ging
H ni, 2011
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Bi m u TNG QUAN V CAD/CAM/CAE/CNC Cc thut ng: CG= Computer Graphics CAD = Computer Aided Design CAM = Computer Aided Manufacturing CAE = Computer Aided Engineering CAPP = Computer Aided Production Process CNC = Computer Numerical Control I. Lch s pht trin ca CAD/CAM/CAE/CNC 1.1. Lch s pht trin ca CAD/CAM/CAE Nh s pht trin ca cng ngh my tnh, cc nh sn xut mun t ng qu trnh thit k v mun s dng c s d liu ny cho qa trnh t ng sn xut. y l tng cho ngnh khoa hc CAD/CAM ra i. CAD/CAM c hiu l s dng my tnh trong qu trnh thit k v sn xut hay theo thut ng ting Anh l my tnh tr gip thit k v sn xut. T s ra i ca CAD/CAM cc lnh vc khc ca vic ng dng my tnh cng pht trin theo nh: CG, CAE, CAPP,.. Tt c nhng lnh vc sinh ra u lin quan ti nhng nt c trng ca quan nim v CAD/CAM. CAD/CAM l mt lnh vc rng ln n l tri tim ca nn sn xut tch hp v t ng . Lch s pht trin ca CAD/CAM gn lin vi s pht trin ca cng ngh my tnh v k thut ho tng tc (ICG). Cui 1950 u 1960 CAD/CAM c nhng bc pht trin ng k, khi u c th ni l ti Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - M vi ngn ng lp trnh cho my tnh APT (Automatically Programmed Tools). Mc ch ca APT l lp trnh cho my iu khin s, n c coi nh l mt bc t ph cho t ng ho qu trnh sn xut. Nhng nm 1960 n 1970 CAD tip tc pht trin mnh, h thng turnkey CAD c thng mi ho, y l mt h thng hon chnh bao gm phn cng, phn mm, bo tr v o to, h thng ny c thit k chy trn mainframe v minicomputer. Tuy nhin kh nng x l thng tin, b nh v ICG ca mainframe v minicomputer hn ch nn cc h CAD/CAM thi k ny km hiu qu, gi thnh cao v ch c s dng trong mt s rt t lnh vc.
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Nm 1983 my tnh IBM-PC ra i, y l th h my tnh l tng v kh nng x l thng tin, b nh, ho cho CAD/CAM. iu ny to iu kin cho cc h CAD/CAM pht trin rt nhanh chng. Cui nhng nm 1990 l thi k CAD/CAM t n nhng thnh tu ng k, rt nhiu phn mm s c tung ra th trng v ng dng rng ri trong thit k v sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip. Hin nay cc phn mm CAD/CAM ni ting ang c mt trn th trng nh: CIMATRON- Israel DELCAM- Anh Pro-Engineer- M Uni-Graphics- M SURFCAM- M MasterCAM-M ... Phn mm CAE xut hin sau CAD/CAM, khi m nhng i hi v cht lng ca sn phm rt cao. Vic phn tch m hnh sau thit k c thc hin nh CAE. CAE lm cho cng vic phn tch tr nn n gin hn nhiu so vi ton hc thng thng v cho kt qu ng tin cy trong mt thi gian nhanh chng, nh vo kt qu m ngi thit k s hiu chnh li thit k cho ph hp. Tu theo tnh nng v yu cu ca chi tit m s phn tch c th l nhng qu trnh sau: Phn tch nhit, p sut, ng sut, bin dng, cong vnh, kh nng in y khun, qu trnh ng c... Phng php phn t hu hn (FEM) l mt cng c ton hc quan trong trong cc bi ton phn tch. Phng php ny chia t ng chi tit thnh nhiu phn nh hnh tam gic hay ch nht ni tip nhau ri phn tch tng phn nh . Kt qu ca qu trnh phn tch c th l mt bng bo co (report), mt bc tranh in y hay mt m hnh chi tit b cong, hay bin dng c t trng vi m hnh l thuyt, t ngi thit k s nhn thy nhng v tr bin dng cc i v iu chnh thit k. V d: Moldex (Taiwan) v Mold-flow (Australia) l cc phn mm CAE chuyn dng h tr cho tnh ton thit k khun nha. Cc phn mm ny s dng phn tch qu trnh in y khun, cong vnh, nhit, p xut. ANSYS l phn mm CAE chuyn dng cho phn tch ng sut v bin dng,.. h tr cho qu trnh tnh ton thit k cc chi tit, kt cu c kh,.. 1.2. Lch s pht trin ca CNC Vo cui nhng nm 40 hc vin cng ngh MIT Hoa K bt u thc hin n nghin cu v k thut iu khin s. Nm 1953 cng b sng ch my phay iu chnh theo chng
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trnh s NC. Vo nm 1959 trin lm my cng c ti Paris trng by nhng chic my phay NCs u tin ca chu u. Nm 1960 cc h iu khin s c ch to tng ng vi trnh k thut ca cc cng ngh bng n in t v rle (c/in/thu lc), my kch thc ln, rt nhy cm vi cc iu kin mi trng khc nhau v gi c th rt t . V vy my khng c s dng rng ri. T sau nhng nm 1960, bng n in t c thay dn bng cc phn t bn dn ri rc, i t, v tranzito ( n 3 cc), th nhng nhng linh kin n l vn i hi c th tch chim ch ln, cn rt nhiu mi hn v cc cm, cc ghp ni va tn km khi ch to va hn ch tin cy khi vn hnh iu khin. Nhng thng tin iu khin c ghi trn bng c l nn dung lng thp v phi c tng bc trong qu trnh gia cng, khi gia cng nhiu chi tit ging nhau vn phi c bng c l cho tng ln gia cng. Khi thay i chng trnh iu khin chng hn nh mun thay i ch ct cho ph hp i hi phi lm li bng c l. Vo nhng nm 70, k thut iu khin s nhanh chng ng dng cc tin b ca k thut vi in t, vi mch tch hp: nhng h NC s dng nhng bn mch lgc c thay th bi cc b nh c dung lng ln; do ni ghp cc cm vi tnh vo h iu khin s m nhng phn cng trc y c thay th bng nhng phn mm linh hot hn. Dung lng b nh ngy cng c m rng to iu kin lu gi trong h iu khin s trc ht l tng chng trnh n l, sau l c mt th vin chng trnh li c th sa i chng trnh lp mt cch d dng thng qua vic cp lnh bng tay, thao tc trc tip trn my. Cho n ngy nay cc chc nng tnh ton trong h thng CNC ngy cng c hon thin v t c tc s l rt cao do tip tc ng dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc k thut pht trin ca cc b vi x l P. Cc h thng CNC c ch to hng lot theo cc cng thc x l a chc nng dng cho nhiu mc ch iu khin khc nhau. T ch nhng vt mang tin l nhng bng c l, bng t, a t tin ti a compact (a CD) c dung lng nh ngy cng m rng tin cy v tui th ngy cng cao. Vic ci t cc cm vi tnh trc tip vo h NC tr thnh CNC (Computer Numerical Control) to iu kin thun li cho vic ng dng, cho chng ta c th ng dng c my cng c iu khin s CNC ngay c trong cc x nghip va v nh khng c phng lp trnh ring, iu c ngha l ngi iu khin my c th lp trnh trc tip trn my. Nhng d liu c nhp vo, ni dung lu tr trn my, thng bo v tnh trng hot ng ca my cng cc ch dn cn thit khc cho ngi iu khin my u c hin th trn mn hnh.
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Lc u mn hnh ca cc h iu khin s ch l mn hnh en trng vi cc k t ch ci v con s nay s dng cc mn hnh mu ho vi phn gii cao, bin dng ca chi tit gia cng, chuyn ng ca dao c u c hin th, c th m phng chi tit gia cng theo 3 chiu kch thc (3D). Trong nhng nm gn y s bng n ca ngnh cng ngh thng tin, s pht trin ca cng ngh High-Tech ngy cng to ra c nhng th h my cng c iu khin s ngy cng u vit hn, p ng c nhng yu cu cao ca th trng. Ngoi nhng u im c bn ca my v cng ngh CNC nh chnh xc cao ca sn phm, p ng nhanh v s lng v thch ng nhanh vi th trng v mu m sn phm th nhng u im ni bt ch c my CNC na l phng thc lm vic vi h thng x l thng tin in t-s ho, cho php ni ghp vi h thng x l trong phm vi ton x nghip to iu kin m rng vic t ng ho ton b qu trnh sn xut, ng dng cc k thut qun l hin i thng qua mng lin thng cc b (LAN) hay mng lin thng ton cu (WAN). Xt v bn cht ca cc my iu khin theo chng trnh s, t cc my NC u tin vi b x l l c p dng cng ngh n in t, rle n cc phn t bn dn ri rc, it, v tranzito ( n 3 cc ) v sau l p dng cc tin b ca k thut vi in t, vi mch tch hp v siu vi mch cng ch l s l cc h thng d liu u vo cho h thng iu khin s. II. Mi lin kt gia CAD/CAM/CAE/ CNC tm hiu bn cht mi lin kt gia CAD-CAM-CAE-CNC, ta c th kho st mt chu k sn phm in hnh. Chu k sn phm bt u t nhu cu sn phm c xc nh trn c s yu cu ca khch hng v th trng. Chu k sn phm c thc hin qua hai qu trnh chnh t s khi u ca n cho n sn phm hon thin: qu trnh thit k v qu trnh sn xut, ch to. Qa trnh thit k li bao gm hai qu trnh con l t hp v phn tch. Trit l, chc nng, tnh duy nht ca sn phm c xc nh trong qu trnh t hp. Trong qu trnh ny, thit k c thc hin dng cc phc tho v bn v m t quan h gia cc chi tit ca sn phm. Cc bn v v phc tho ny c th c to ra bng cc h thng CAD/CAM hoc v bng tay. Chng c thc hin thng qua cc trao i tho lun gia cc thnh vin trong nhm thit k. Qa trnh phn tch bt u vi vic c gng t thit k tng vo ng cnh khoa hc, k thut nh gi hiu qu ca sn phm mong i. Qa trnh ny i hi phi m hnh ha v m phng cng nh thc hin cc phn tch k thut (CAE) tm ra gii php thit k ti u. Phn tch k thut c th c thc hin bng chnh mo dun CAE tch hp ngay trong h thng CAD/CAM hoc bng cch s dng phn mm CAE chuyn dng khc.
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Qa trnh sn xut bt u bng lp k hoch qu trnh v kt thc l sn phm thc. Lp k hoch qu trnh c xem l xng sng ca qu trnh sn xut v n cho php xc nh c trnh t hiu qu nht ch to ra sn phm. Kt qu u ra ca lp k hoch qu trnh l quy trnh sn xut, tm kim c dng c, t n hng vt liu v lp trnh gia cng. Chng trnh gia cng NC c to ra bng h thng CAD/CAM l d liu u vo cho cc thit b CNC thc hin qu trnh sn xut, kim tra cht lng,.. Qua phn tch nh trn, c th thy rng CAE l mt phn ca qu trnh CAD v CNC l mt phn ca CAM. CAE v CNC nm trong tng th ca qu trnh CAD/CAM.
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Qa trnh CAD
Thng tin v ti liu thit k nh gi thit k Ti u ha thit k Phn tch thit k M hnh ha & m phng thit k tng ha thit k
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Hnh 1. Chu trnh sn phm Thng qua chu trnh sn phm c ng dng cng ngh CAD/CAM trn ta cng thy c vai tr quan trng ca CAD/CAM trong nn sn xut kinh t th trng hin nay trn ton th gii. Cc li ch c bn m CAD/CAM em n l:
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
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III. Cu trc chung ca h thng CAD/CAM Chu trnh sn phm trnh by trn l c s xc nh phm vi ca CAD/CAM, Qa trnh CAD l mt phn ca qu trnh thit k , cn qu trnh CAM l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut. Ht nhn ca cc qu trnh CAD v CAM l m hnh hnh hc ca sn phm c thit k. Cc hot ng ca qu trnh CAD bao gm c thuc tnh khi lng, FEA, nh kch thc, dung sai,m hnh ha lp rp, to nh t bng, cc ti liu v bn v. Cc hot ng ca qu trnh CAM bao gm CAPP, lp trnh NC, ..
ha my tnh
CAD CAM
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Thit k Thit k
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CAD
M hnh ha hnh hc
CAD/CAM
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Mt h thng CAD/CAM bao gm c phn cng v phn mm. Phn cng gm c mt my tnh (PC hoc Workstation) cng vi chut, bn phm,Phn mm l mt chng trnh my tnh c vit bng ngn ng C hoc C++. Mt vi ngn ng khc nh Schem, Java cng c dng vit phn mm. Phn mm c giao din vi ngi s dng dng ha(GUI) nhiu lp cung cp cho ngi s dng cc menu, biu tng thc hin cc hot ng CAD/CAM t xy dng hnh hc cho n thc hin cc phn tch v tnh ton. Cc h thng CAD/CAM u c cu trc ging nhau v u c cc m dun c bn sau: Mo dun hnh hc ha (geometric engine module) l tri tim ca h thng CAD/CAM. N cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng m hnh ha hnh hc, xy dng, hiu chnh, iu khin cc m hnh hnh hc c, phc tho v kt xut ti liu, Mo dun ng dng (applications module) s dng m hnh hnh hc cho cc mc tiu thiit k v sn xut ch to. Mo dun ny khc nhau cc phn mm. Cc ng dng c kh y thng gm c: tnh ton khi lng, phn tch lp rp, phn tch v t hp dung sai, thit k tm mng, m hnh ha v phn tch phn t hu hn, phn tch c cu, cc k thut hot hnh v m phng, phn tch qu trnh c & p phun nha,..Cc ng dng sn xut bao gm CAPP, NC, CIM, m phng robot, cng ngh nhm. Mo dun lp trnh (programming module) cho php ngi dng s dng h thng bng cch lp trnh n theo cc yu cu nhim v thit k v sn xut, ch to.Lp trnh mt h thng CAD/CAM i hi c cc kin thc su v cu trc h thng, nh dng c s d liu ca n, ngn ng lp trnh bc cao nh C, C++, Java, Scheme,.. Mo dun kt ni,trao i thng tin (communications module) l cn thit cho tch hp h thng CAD/CAM, cc h thng my tnh khc, cc thit b, dy chuyn sn xut. Mo dun ny c dng truyn c s d liu CAD ca mt m hnh cho cc mc ch phn tch, thit k hay truyn c s d liu CAM ca n xung phn xng, thit b cho gia cng, sn xut. Mo dun ny cng c dng trao i c s d liu gia cc h thng CAD/CAM bng cch s dng cc tiu chun ha nh IGES hay STEP. Mo dun cng tc, phi hp (Collaborative module) c xy dng nh l kt qu ca pht trin mng ton cu (World Wide Web) v Internet. Mo dun ny h tr cho thit k c tnh phi hp. Nhiu nhm thit k cc v tr a l khc nhau c th lm vic ng thi trn Web trn cng mt chi tit, mt lp rp, hay mt file bn v. Mt nhm thit k c th thay i, iu chnh thit k, trong khi nhm khc c th xem v chp nhn hay ph nhn. IV. Phn loi h thng CAD/CAM C th phn loi cc h thng CAD/CAM ra thnh bn nhm cn c vo th trng m n phc v, cc cng c, chc nng v tnh linh hot m n cung cp. S phn chia ny c tnh
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tng i, do s pht trin khng ngng ca cc h thng CAD/CAM trong thi i kinh t th trng.C th nh sau: Cc h thng mc thp (Low-end systems) c xu hng hng ti ngi s dng c k nng bnh thng v sn phm ca h khng phc tp. Mt sn phm c bn ca h ch cu thnh t mt s lng nh chi tit vi hnh hc khng qu phc tp. Nhng ngi s dng ny hng ti m hnh ha hnh hc c bn v phc tho thit k. Thuc v nhm ny c cc phn mm nh AutoCAD, Autodesk Inventor, CADKEY, Cc h thng mc trung bnh (Midrange systems) hng ti ngi s dng c nhu cu cn m hnh ha phc tp. S lng chi tit cho sn phm ln cho cc sn phm kh phc tp. Khc vi cc h thng mc thp, cc h thng ny h tr cho cc ng dng thit k v sn xut, ch to. Cac h thng ny hoc bao trm cc ng dng thit k v sn xut, ch to vi m hnh ha hnh hc ca chng, hoc phi hp vi cc phn mm i tc. C th xp vo nhm ny cc phn mm nh SolidWorks, Pro/E, MasterCAM. Cc h thng mc cao (High-end systems) l cc h thng CAD/CAM k tha. Cc h thng ny xut hin t nhng nm 1970 v c pht trin qua nhiu nm. Cc h thng ny h tr cho m hnh ha, phn tch, sn xut, ch to cc sn phm phc tp nh my bay. t,Thuc v nhm ny c cc phn mm Unigraphics, Parasolid, SDRC I-DEAS, CATIA,.. Unigraphics, Parasolid, v I-DEAS c cung cp bi hng EDS, cn CATIA v SolidWorks c cung cp bi Dassault Systems. Cc h thng chuyn dng (Specialized systems) bao gm ACIS (Spatial Corp.) v Parasolid (EDS),.. Mi h thng ny cung cp mt li (phn mm) m hnh ha hnh hc, ha tng qut v rt mnh cng vi license cho php xy dng cc h thng CAD/CAM vi y cc chc nng. Phn mm ACIS c dng nh mt li ht nhn ca cc h thng CAD/CAM ny. SolidWorks, Unigraphics, SolidEdge s dng ACIS lm li ca chng. Vic la chn mt h thng CAD/CAM ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, t tiu chun gi thnh cho n cc tiu chun th nghim nh gi hiu sut, kh nng ca phn mm. Tnh tng thch vi my tnh ang s dng, trin vng, tin cy ca h thng cng nh k nng,kin thc nn, quan im ca ngi s dng,.. cng l nhng yu t c xem xt n khi la chn. i vi cc cng ty, vic la chn h thng CAD/CAM thng chu nh hng ln bi quy m v phc tp sn phm ca cng ty. Cc cng ty nh, sn phm n gin thng la chn cc h thng d s dng nh AutoCAD, CADKEY, SolidEdge, hay SolidWorks,..Cc cng ty loi va thng chn cc h thng CAD/CAM nh SolidWorks, Pro/E, Unigraphics, I-DEAS, CATIA,.. khng c qun tr d liu sn phm (PDM) v cc mo dun phn mm bc cao.Cc cng ty ln vi sn phm phc tp cng thng chn cc h
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thng ging nh cc cng ty loi va, nhng yu cu c PDM cc b phn ca cng ty c th chia x v hiu chnh ng thi d liu sn phm v km theo l cc mo dun ng dng bc cao. Tri ngc vi s a dng cc tiu chun la chn h thng CAD/CAM ca cc cng ty, cc tiu chun la chn v mt k thut l thng nht. Chng c thit lp da trn l thuyt v cng ngh CAD/CAM hin c. Cc tiu chun ny bao gm: tnh d s dng h thng, cht lng ti liu kt xut, bo tr phn mm, h tr v dch v, kh nng m hnh ha hnh hc, cc ng dng thit k v sn xut, ch to, ngn ng lp trnh h thng,.. V. Cc tiu ch nh gi h thng CAD/CAM 1. V h thng: a. Phn cng: cu hnh, kh nng m rng h thng lin quan n cu trc m ca phn cng. b. Phn mm: - H iu hnh ca h thng - Giao din ngi s dng - Cht lng ti liu k thut c. Bo tr: sa cha phn cng v cp nht phn mm. d. H tr v dch v ca nh cung cp phn mm: o to, h tr k thut 2. Kh nng m hnh ha hnh hc a- Cc k thut biu din: Cc m hnh hnh hc: Wireframe, Surface, Solid Cc thc th hnh hc (entities) c cung cp nh th no? S tch hp gia cc biu din hnh hc khc nhau v cc ng dngchungs h tr H ta lm vic (WCS) D liu ta u vo: ta Decac (x,y,z), ta tr (r, , z), ta cu (, , z) dng xy dng, kim tra v hiu chnh cc thc th. d- Hiu chnh hnh hc v thao tc bng tay Cc chc nng hiu chnh hnh hc: giao, xn ta, chiu,.. Cc thao tc: tnh tin, quay, copy, mirror, offset, scale, thay i thuc tnh
b- Cc h thng ta v d liu ta u vo
e- H tr tiu chun ha: trao i d liu hnh hc gia cc h thng 3. Ti liu thit k: to cc bn v k thut 4. Cc ng dng a. Lp rp hoc hp nht m hnh b. Cc ng dng trong thit k (CAE): tnh khi lng, phn tch dung sai, FEA,
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c. Cc ng dng sn xut: sinh v kim tra ng dng c, lp trnh nc, postprocessing, lp k hoach qu trnh, CIM, m phng robot. 5. Ngn ng lp trnh c h tr: Cc mc ngn ng lp trnh h thng cung cp C php cc lnh ha.
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Phn1: Thit k c kh vi CAD Chng 1: Tng quan v ng dng phn mm CAD/CAM trong thit k c kh 1.1. Gii thiu 1.1.1. Thit k 2D vi CAD 1. Cc khng gian thit k 2D a. Khng gian giy v (Paper Space). Mt h thng CAD s dng khng gian giy v bit kch thc ca bn v. Hn na kch thc bn v c th ch nh h thng n v (inch, mm, ) v t l cn thit nhp d liu hnh hc vo bn v. V d nu kch thc bn v c A4 theo n v mm c s dng, th khng gian giy v c s s t 0 n 297 mm theo phng ngang v t 0 n 210 mm theo phng ng. Nh vy khng gian giy v khng khng ch xc nh ng bin ca bn v m cn thit lp c n v ca n. Vi khng gian ny, ngi s dng bt buc phi lm vic trong khun kh bn v xc nh. H thng CAD cng c th cung cp cc la chn (option) lm vic vi cc khung nhn (viewport). Cc khung nhn c ng bin ranh gii vi cc ta xmax,ymax, xmin,ymin, xc nh. Khi bn v thit lp khng gian giy v, cc khung nhn tng ng vi cc hnh chiu ca bn v. Lc c th d dng c h s t l cc khung nhn tng ng vi t l ca bn v. Mi khung nhn c th c h s t l ring ca n v khun kh thit k c th c thc hin trong ng cnh ca khun kh bn v c la chn. Nu vt th thit k c kch thc rt ln, cc khung nhn c th chn cc t l thu nh ln. V d nh khi chn t l l 1/32 nu ngi thit k nhp vo mt on thng c chiu di l 320 mm th h thng CAD c th t ng nhp t l 1/32 v v ra on thng c chiu di lam 10 mm. Khi ngi thit k o chiu di on thng ny trn bn v CAD th h thng CAD c th t ng undo hiu ng t l ca khung nhn, tc l lc kch thc on thng c o s l kch thc thc bng 320 mm. b. Khng gian m hnh (Model Space). Trong khng gian m hnh, s hnh thnh cc thc th hnh hc khng lin quan g n kch c bn v ang c to ra. H thng CAD xem tt c cc thng tin hnh hc ang c v l nm trong min phng 2D khng gii hn. H thng ch nh mt im gc (Origin) cng vi h ta m hnh (MCS). V khng c quan h g vi kch thc bn v, nn cc vt th thit k c th c kch thc ln, nh khng hn ch. Cc ta ca cc thc th hnh hc xy dng c th ln nh ty v khng quan tm n n v ang c dng (inch, mm,..). Do vy ngi thit k s dng cc kch thc thc thit k. Khi bn v c hon thnh, hnh hc thit k c trnh by trong khng gian m hnh. Khi in bn v, khng gian m hnh cn
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phi chuyn i cho ph hp vi khng gian giy v. iu ny d dng thc hin c bng cch ph (overlay) hay nh x kch c bn v n cc thc th hnh hc trong bn v . 2. Phng php thit k s dng cc bn v 2D. Thit k mt sn phm c kh cn thc hin qua mt h thng cc nhim v v vi mi mc ca n c thc hin vi mt kiu bn v nht nh. Hin nay hu ht cc cng ty ln trong cc ngnh t, hng khng, thit b c kh,.. u ang s dng qu trnh thit k 3D, nn phng php thit k 2D khng c s dng nhiu nh trc. Mc d vy, ngi thit k vn cn nm c cc nguyn l ca phng php thit k 2D c th p dng cho thit k 3D. a. c im k thut (Specifications) Mc trn cng ca thit k 2D l bn v chung ca sn phm (GA = General Arrangement). Bn v ny trnh by cc thng tin thit k chung nht ca sn phm. Bn v ny c dng nh gi marketing v cc c tnh k thut ca sn phm. Cc c tnh k thut l mt ti liu thng gn vi GA quy nh cc yu cu m thit k cn phi p ng. Bn v chung thng c to ra u tin. Giai on u ny ca qu trnh thit k thng c gi l thit k tng (Conceptual Design). giai on ny, cc nim c bn ca thit k c nh gi v c iu chnh p ng vi cc yu cu khc nhau ca th trng. b. Bn v lp (Layouts and Assembly) Sau giai on thit k tng, n giai on thit k s b (Preliminary Design). Kiu bn v s dng trong giai an ny c gi l Layouts. Cc bn v ny c dng bt u thc s nh kch thc v lp ghp cc h thng, cc b phn, cc chi tit vi nhau. Cng ging nh bn chung, layouts khng thc s c dng trong khi sn xut, ch to sn phm v ni chung khng c pht hnh (released) tc l chng khng c s dng ngoi phng k thut. c. Thit k chi tit v phc tho (Detailed Design and Drafting) Cui cng, cc layouts i n thi im hnh hc hay hnh dng ca cc chi tit thnh phn c xc nh. Lc ny ngi thit k layout nhn thy rng cc chi tit c nh v v c nh kch thc ph hp lp ghp v lm vic. Trn c s cc hnh chiu ca chi tit trn bn v layout, ngi thit k c th to ra bn v c th dng ch to cc chi tit n l c th. Kiu bn v ny c gi l bn v chi tit. V cc bn v ny c dng iu khin, ch dn cho qu trnh sn xut nn cc bn v ny cn c y kch thc, dung sai, 1.1.2. Thit k 3D vi CAD
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Thit k 2D c nhng hn ch trong nhiu ng dng. T nhng thp nin 90 ca th k trc vi s pht trin ca my tnh v cc b m phng 3D, thit k 3D c ng dng rng ri v ngy nay c th c xem l tiu chun thit k c kh. Sau y l lit k mt s u im ca thit k 3D: Hnh dung (Visualization). y l u im c bn nht ca thit k 3D. Ngi thit k c th quan st c thit k thc, khng cn phi nghin cu cc hnh chiu trn bn v. To ra cc bn v t ng (Automated drawing). Cc bn v thng cn dng trao i thng tin vi nh cung cp, khch hng, ngi sn sut,..CAD 3D c th s dng to ra t ng cc thc th hnh hc trn cc bn v. Thuc tnh hnh hc (Geometric properties). Khi m hnh 3D c to ra, c th phn tch n theo nhiu cch, diu m CAD 2D khng th thc hin c. Trn c s m hnh 3D c th tnh c th tch, nu gn vt liu cho n th c th tnh c khi lng, k c trng hp m hnh 3D ca mt lp rp gm nhiu chi tit bng cc vt liu khc nhau. C th o c cc khong cch trong m hnh 3D theo nhiu cch ( khong cch gia 2 im, gia im vi ng, im vi mt, ng vi ng,) Kim tra giao nhau (Interference checking). H thng CAD 3D c th t ng kim tra giao nhau ca cc m hnh hay ca cc phn trong m hnh. Nng cao cht lng (Improved quality). CAD 3D d dng chuyn i n s to thnh cc m hnh phn tch ( d on li). Cc bn v c t ng to ra t m hnh 3D t b li hn. Cc hnh chiu phi cnh trn bn v gip cho ngi c d hiu bn v m t g. Ngi c c th tm hiu nhanh chng bn v v t mc li hn. Ph duyt thit k thc s (True design view). Vic hp kim tra, xem xt ph duyt thit k sn phm mc cao nht bao gm c nh thit k, cc k s, nh qun l, khch hng, nh tip th, nhn vin sn xut,..). cn phi xc nh xem sn phm c p ng c yu cu hay khng. Mc d hu ht h c th lm vic vi cc bn v, nhng c rt t thng tin phn hi v khng phi tt c cc thnh vin u tinh thng bn v. Vn ny s c gii quyt nh h tr ca cc hnh nh m hnh 3D. M hnh thng minh (Intelligent models). Cc phn mm m hnh ha 3D kch thch cc nh thit k c nhng pht minh, ci tin thit k. iu ny c th thc hin dng to ra cc quan h tham s, nhp vo cc phng trnh, cc bng nhm sn phm, cc hn ch,..Nh vy cho php t mt m hnh chi tit tng qut c th to ra cc m hnh chi tit tng t mt cch t ng. Tiu chun ha. Mc d CAD 2D c th lu gi v t chc ra cc hnh hc tiu chun, nhng khi c a vo bn v th thng khng s dng li c. CAD 3D c th lu gi nhiu ln bn ghi cc m hnh chi tit 3D tiu chun c s dng trong mt lp rp.
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Phi hp, kt ni (Associativity). M hnh CAD 3D c th gi c cc quan h ca cc thc th hnh hc vi nhau. Nh c trng ny, khi m hnh 3D c hiu chnh li, hnh hc v cc kch thc trong cc bn v 2D s c t ng cp nht li. Cc quan h cng c th cho php dn n thay i trong mt lp rp hay m hnh phn tch ca chi tit. CAD 3D to ra mt c s d liu dng chung cho nhiu ng dng tip theo trong chu k sn phm, c bit trong giai on sn xut (CAM, CAPP,) Pht trin sn phm tch hp (Integrated product development). Vi nhng kh nng ca CAD 3D nh Visualization, Associativity, Intelligent vic to ra cc nhm hc thut cho pht trin sn phm tr thnh hin thc hn. 1.2. 1Lm quen vi phn mm CAD/CAM Cc phng php thc hin lnh:
a. S dng menubar: cc cu lnh c nhm li v t trong tng menu. Do vy khng tn khng gian m hnh ha. Ngi s dng cn nh cc cu ln c nhm hp vi nhau nh th no. b. S dng toolbar: cc cu lnh c m t bng cc biu tng (icons). Thao tc lnh nhanh, ch cn mt click l truy nhp c vo cu lnh. Tuy nhin ngi s dng cn phi kch hot cc toolbar cn thit v vic s dng toolbar cng lm cho mn hnh rm ri v lm gim khng gian m hnh ha . c. Nhp lnh trc tip t s dng v chm v ngi dng cn phi nh cu lnh 1. Cc ty bin (Customization) Ty bin h thng: Ngi dng c th thay i h thng sao cho ph hp vi yu cu m hnh ha ca mnh, vi mi trng lm vic v lu li. Cc thit lp ny nh hng n cc thuc tnh h thng CAD/CAM v p dng cho tt c cc m hnh. Cc la chn h thng bao gm thit lp cc mu ca c s d liu, cc thuc tnh ca bn v,..v cc ty bin h thng khc. Ty bin lp ti liu: Cc thit lp ty bin ti liu cho php ngi s dng iu khin c lp cc thuc tnh ca mi ti liu. Ngi dng ch c th truy nhp v thay i cc thuc tnh ny khi ti liu c m ra. Cc la chn ty bin ny bao gm: thit lp cc n v (units), li v (grid), cc thuc tnh hnh nh (image attributes), v nhiu ty bin h thng khc. 2. Cc phng thc (modes) ca h thng CAD/CAM Khi to mt file mi trong mt h thng CAD, h thng thng nhc ta chn phng thc m trong ta mong mun to file mi ny. Cc phng thc thng thy nht trong mt h thng l: phng thc to chi tit (Part mode), phng thc to bn v (Drawing mode), phng thc lp rp (Assembly mode). Cc phng thc khc c th c hay khng
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ty vo h thng nh: phng thc m phng (Simulation mode), phng thc hot hnh ( Animation mode), phng thc phn tch (Analysis mode), phng thc gia cng (Machining mode),.. 3. Cc h thng ta (coordinate system) v mt phng phc tho (sketch plane) Cc h thng ta v mt phng phc tho l nhng khi nim quan trng trong mt h thng CAD. Chng c dng nhp, lu v hin th hnh hc m hnh v ha. C ba h thng ta thc hin cc nhim v ny l: h ta m hnh (Model/Master Coordinate System = MCS), h ta lm vic (Working Coordinate System = WCS) v h ta mn hnh (Screen Coordinate System). Mt MCS l mt khng gian chun ca m hnh m tt c cc d liu hnh hc ca m hnh c lu trong . Trong mt h thng CAD MCS thng c ch ra bng cch hin th cc trc X, Y, Z. Cc mt phngvung gc c to ra bi cc trc ca MCS l cc mt phng chun, mt phng phc tho hoc mt phng dng hnh. Mt WCS c th c xem nh l mt h ta ng. N thng c dng khi mt phng cn thit phc tho khng c xc nh n gin l mt trong cc mt phng ca MCS. Ngi s dng c th nh ngha mt WCS (v nh vy nh ngha mt mt phng phc tho) cho trng hp nh vy v h ta ny c quan h vi h MCS bng cch s dng mt ma trn chuyn i hnh hc cho php d liu hnh hc c lu tng i vi MCS. Trong Solidwork hay Pro/E khng hin th vt l WCS. Khi to ra hoc la chn cc mt phng phc tho thc cht l to ra WCS. Mt SCS l mt h thng ta ph thuc thit b 2D vi gc ca n ti gc tri pha di ca mn hnh. N c dng ch yu trong khi nhp chut c lin h vi khung nhn, chng hn nh khi xc gc ca khung nhn v la chn cc khung nhn cho cc thao tc ha. Mt phng chun hay mt phng dng hnh l cc tn gi khc ca mt phng phc tho. y l mt trong cc khi nim quan trng nht trong CAD b sung cho cc h thng ta . Cc mt phng phc tho l cc mt phng vung gc to ra bi cc trc ca MCS hay WCS. Chng cng c th l cc mt phng khc theo mt hng no . To ra / la chn mt mt phng phc tho l bc quan trng u tin to dng mt m hnh CAD. Hn na, ta cng thng xuyn phi to ra / la chn cc mt phng phc tho trong sut qu trnh m hnh ha. M hnh CAD xy dng s c nh hng nh th no trong khng gian 3D ph thuc vo mt phng phc tho ta s dng phc tho. 4. Phc tho (thao tc v 2D) Nh trnh by trn, bc u tin khi m hinh ha CAD l to ra / la chn mt phng phc tho. Sau ta tin hnh v phc. H thng CAD cung cp nhiu cu lnh / cng c
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cho php ta to ra nhng hnh dng 2D khc nhau khi s dng cc thc th hnh hc nh line, circle, arc, fillet, rectangle, chamfer, 5. M hnh ha (thao tc v 3D) Sau khi to ra cc phc tho 2D bng cc cng c v phc cung cp bi h thng CAD, ta s dng cc thao tc 3D cho cc phc tho ny to ra cc c trng (feature) v cc mt (surface) m ta thng gi l cc m hnh CAD. Cc h thng CAD cung cp nhiu thao tc 3D p dng cho c khi rn (solid) v mt (surface) nh extrusion, revolve, cut, holes, ribs, chamfers, fillets, sweeps, lofts. Cc cu lnh ny c th c chn khi s dng menubar hay toolbar. Cng cn nhn mnh rng, giai on ny cc thao tc 3D c th yu cu nhiu hn mt phc tho xc nh hon ton feature hay surface. Cc m hnh CAD c th c phn ra thnh ba loi trn quan im xy dng hnh hc: cc m hnh 2 1 D, cc m hnh 3D, v cc m hnh t hp ca hai loi trn. 2
Cc m hnh 2 1 D l cc m hnh c tit din ngang v chiu dy theo phng vung gc 2 vi mt phng ca tit din ngang l khng i. Cc m hnh trn xoay cng thuc vo loi ny. Cc m hnh c to ra t nhiu i tng 2 1 D cng thuc loi ny. Ta c th gi 2 cc m hnh ny l cc m hnh 2 1 D phc hp. Cc m hnh 2 1 D d dng to ra bng 2 2 cc cu lnh n gin nh extrude v revolve. xy dng m hnh 2 1 D c th thc 2
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hin theo hai bc. Bc th nht l to tit din ngang ca m hnh trong mt phng phc tho. Bc th hai, ko ln (extrude) tit din ngang nu m hnh c chiu dy khng i, hoc quay (revolve) tit din ngang nu y l m hnh trn xoay Cc m hnh 3D l cc m hnh khng c tit din ngang khng i v / hoc khng c chiu dy khng i. Cc m hnh loi ny thng i hi nhiu phc tho trong cc mt phng phc tho khc nhau v cn dng cc cu lnh mnh nh l sweep, loft,..
6. Quan st (viewing)
Mi khi to dng mt m hnh bng cch s dng cc thao tc 3D i vi cc phc tho, hoc trong qu trnh to cc m hnh v cc phc tho, h thng CAD cho php ta quan st cc m hnh ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Hu ht cc thao tc quan st trong mt h thng CAD c th c phn thnh ba nhm: nh hng quan st (view orientation), cc phng thc quan st (view modes), cc thao tc quan st (view manipulations).
View orientation bao gm cc khung nhn tiu chun nh front, top, right v isometric.
Chng lm thng hng m hnh trn mn hnh theo cch hin th khung nhn chn.
view modes cho php thay i hin th m hnh theo cc kiu khc nhau nh theo kiu
khung dy (wireframe), n nt khut (hidden), t bng (shaded).
view manipulations cho php quay (rotate), ko (pan) v phng (zoom) hnh nh mt cch
ty ng nhm t c hiu qu quan st tt nht
tho trong mt mu hnh, cn trong giai on m hnh ha chng cho php ngi dng lp li cc c trng (feature) trong mt mu hnh. c. Li v (Grids): l mt h tr hu ch cho phc tho. Mt grid l mt mng cc im cch u. C hai kiu mng l rectangular v radial. Mt li c hin th cnhuw l mt chui cc im chm. Cc h thng CAD cho php thit lp cc thuc tnh li nh l khong cch mt li, kch hot li, v kiu hin th li.
a. Lp (layer).
Cng dng chnh ca lp l nhm cc thc th CAD c cng bn cht. Cc lp c th c xem nh l cc trang knh trong sut, mi lp cha mt s thng tin v m hnh nh l cc phc tho, cc c trng, cc kch thc, hay l cc ghi ch. Cc lp cng c cc thuc tnh c lp nh l tnh cht trng thy c (visibility), mu (color) v tnh c th la chn (selectability). Cc lp trong cc h thng CAD cng c th tn ti tt c cc phng thc (mode) nh l m hnh ha, to bn v, lp rp, hay cc phng thc khc.
b. Mu (Colors)
Mu hu ch trong phn bit cc thc th hnh hc vi nhau. Trong SolidWork, color l mt trong cc thuc tnh c th ty bin c mc h thng v mc ti liu.
c. Nhm (group)
Cc nhm l cn thit khi yu cu x l mt s lng cc thc th c chn mt cch tm thi nh l x l mt thc th phc hp. Mt nhm c th c to ra bng cch chn cc thc th v nhm li thnh mt nhm.Mt nhm c th c iu khin bng cch chn mt thc th no trong nhm. Mt thao tc lnh thc hin trn mt nhm s nh hng n tt c cc thc th trong nhm. Khi khng cn na, ngi s dng c th delete hay phn r nhm thnh cc thc th c lp nh ban u.
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Chng 2: Cc h thng m hnh ha 3D 2.1. M hnh khung dy (Wireframe) 2.1.1. Gii thiu.
y l m hnh n gin nht gm c cc thc th phn tch nh point, line, arc, circle, fillet, chamfer, conic (ellipse, parabola, hyperbola) v cc thc th t hp bao gm cc loi spline (cubic spline v B-spline), Bezier,..M hnh ny tn t b nh v thi gian tnh ton, l c s xy dng m hnh b mt. M hnh ny thng i hi nhiu thi gian xc nh d liu v nhiu lnh xy dng. M hnh ny thng khng r rng, khng phn bit trong, ngoi, khng m t c y thng tin ca vt th nh th tch, khi lng,
Hnh 2.1: Cc phng php nh ngha Point a) Phng php tng minh
Cc ta cac tuyt i (hnh 2.1a) Cc ta ta tr tuyt i (hnh 2.1b) Cc ta cac tng i (hnh 2.1c) Cc ta ta tr tung i (hnh 2d)
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Nhy chut trn mn hnh. (hnh 2.1e) Cc im u, cui ca mt thc th ang hin hnh (hnh 2.1f) im tm (gc) ca mt thc th ang hin hnh (hnh 2.1g). im giao ca hai thc th ang hin hnh (hnh 2.1h).
2. Phng php nh ngha ng thng (line) a) nh ngha bng cc im (hnh 2.2a) b) Theo phng ngang (song song vi trc X ca WCS hin hnh) hoc theo phng ng (song song vi trc Y ca WCS hin hnh) (hnh 2.2b) c) Song song hoc vung gc vi ng thng c (hnh 2.2c) d) Tip tuyn vi cc thc th c (hnh 2.2d).
Hnh 2.2: Cc phng php nh ngha Line 3. Phng php nh ngha ng trn (Circle), cung trn (Arc). a) nh ngha bng tm v bn knh hoc ng knh. Trong trng hp cung trn cn c thm gc u v gc cui (hnh 2.3a). b) nh ngha bng ba im (hnh 2.3b). c) nh ngha bng tm v mt im trn vng trn (hnh 2.3c). d) Tip tuyn vi mt ng thng, i qua mt im cho trc v vi mt bn knh cho trc (hnh 2.3d).
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Hnh 1.3: Cc phng php nh ngha Circle v Arc 4. Phng php nh ngha Ellipse v Parabola a) Ellipse
nh ngha bng tm v chiu di cc trc (hnh 2.4a). nh ngha bng bn im (hnh 2.4b). nh ngha bng cc ng knh lin hp (hnh 2.4c). nh ngha bng nh v tiu im (hnh 2.4d). nh ngha bng ba im (hnh 2.4e).
b) Parabola
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5. Cc ng cong t hp a. ng cong spline bc 3 c nh ngha bng mt tp im d liu b. ng cong Bezier c nh ngha bng mt tp im d liu c. Cc ng cong B-Spline ni suy qua cc im d liu d. Cc ng cong B-Spline ngoi suy qua cc im d liu
Cn ch khi chn cc ng to b mt. Chn cc im u cui ca ng sai s to ra b mt xon. V dn nh khi xy dng mt k nu chn ng bng cch click chut vo ng gn im u cui sai s to ra mt k b sai. Cc h thng CAD thng s dng im gia ca ng bin dch nhy chut chn ng ca ngi s dng. Nu im nhy chut na bn phi ca ng th vic chn ng l ng. quan st b mt trn mn hnh my tnh, h thng CAD biu din b mt bng mt li (mesh) vi kch thc m x n. Mt ng ca li do ngi s dng thit lp. Thit lp mc nh ca h thng CAD l 4 ng cong bin ( mesh c kch thc 2 x 2). Ngi dng c th thay i gi tr mc nh ny. V d trn hnh 2.7 m t cc b mt trn xoay vi kch thc li l 4 x 4 v 20 x 20.
a)Mt mt phng
b) Nhiu mt phng
a) C li 4x4
b) C
li
3. Mt k (Ruled/lofted surface)
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Mt k l mt b mt tuyn tnh c to ra bng cch ni suy tuyn tnh gia hai ng bin (rails). Cc ng bin c th l bt k ng cong no. B mt ny l l tng biu din cc b mt khng c bt k ch no xon.
ng bin (rail)
ng cong phng
Trc quay
ng bin (rail)
Hnh 2.9: B mt k
4. Mt tr (Tabulated surface)
Mt tr c to ra bng cch tnh tin mt ng cong phng i mt khong no theo mt hng xc dnh ( trc ca mt tru hay ng chun) hay c to ra bng cch di chuyn mt ng thng dc theo mt ng cong phng. ng thng lun song song vi mt vecto xc nh, nh hng mt tr.
Hnh 2.10: B mt tr
4 ct) ta c b mt Bezier bc 3. Ma trn im hnh thnh ra 1 a din iu khin b mt. B mt Bezier ch cho php iu khin ton cc.
b) D liu im
a) B mt B-Spline
Patch
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Hng
ZL
YL R P XL H ZL
ZL YL XL D W
ZL RL ZL
R YL R1X RI
L
ZL
R0
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(x,y,z): x 2 +y 2 +z 2 <R 2
* Wedge xc nh bi chiu cao H, chiu rng W, chiu su y W
Cc ton t boolean v cu trc d liu cy CSG. Ba ton t c bn: Union( ): php hp Difference(-): php tr Intersection( ): php giao
AB
A B
AB
Hnh 2.17: S Venn xc nh v phn tch solid cu trc CSG ngi ta thng biu din cu trc d liu CSG dng cy nh phn; trong mi nt l l mt primitive, mi nt bn trong l mt ton t boolean V d:
C1 C4 C2 C3 B1 B3 C1 C2 C3 C4 B2 B4
B3 B1 B2
B4
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Kt lun: Cu trc CSG cho php d dng xy dng m hnh t cc pimitive v cc ton t boolean mt cc chnh xc v tn t b nh. Tuy vy n khng cho php biu din cc vt th c b mt t do.
1. Cc phn t c s
Mt nh (vertex) l mt im duy nht (gm 3 to ) trong khng gian. Mt cnh (edge) l mt ng cong khng gian c gii hn, khng c im ta v gii hn bi 2 nh (c th trng nhau). Mt face l mt vng b mt c nh hng, kn, khng t giao, gii hn bi 1 hay nhiu loop. Mt loop l mt ng cong khng gian kn gm cc nh v cc cnh k tip nhau. Mt handle: 1 l xuyn hon ton qua vt th. S lng handle trong vt th c gi l genus.
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Body (shell) l mt tp hp cc b mt (face) bao kn ly mt th tch kn c hnh khi n gin. Nh vy body l mt thc th gm c faces, edges v vertices. Body nh nht l mt point (ch gm 1 face, vertex). Lut Euler: F-E+V+L=2(B-G) F: S face E: S Edges V: S vertices L: S vng trong ca cc b mt (facesinnerloop) B: S body G: S handles (genus). V d: 10-24+16-2=2(1-1)
to ra cc m hnh B-rep ca 1 vt th phi xc nh gi tr thch hp cho cc bin trong phng trnh trn. Cc lnh h thng (ca ton tEuler) c s dng to ra m hnh c hiu lc.
Geomerty
V6 V1
V5 V4 V3 F1 MME V2 MEF F7
V11 V7
F6 F5 F4
MME
MEF,MEF,MEF, MEF
Kt lun, cu trc B-rep thch hp cho xy dng cc m hnh solid c dng t do kh xc nh nh cc primitive. M hnh ny cho php bin i sang dng wireframe. Nhc im chnh l i hi b nh ln, biu din di dng hn CSG.
1 D 2
Qut y c th l dch chuyn tnh tin (translationnal sweep) hay quay (rotation), (qut tuyn tnh) hay l qut phi tuyn (nonlinear sweep)
nh gi cc im v cc ng trn solid c xem nh gii bi ton v giao nhau. Gii cc bi ton giao nhau curve/solid, surface/solid s tng ng to ra cc im v cc ng trn solid. Giao ca plane/solid s to ra tit din ngang ca solid. nh gi cc mt trn solid c th c xem l chit xut ra mt hnh hc c bn ca b mt solid. Cc mt hnh hc ny c th c gii hn bi cc cnh ca solid. gi cho thng tin Topo v hnh hc ca solid khng b thay i, hnh hc v cc thng tin lin quan khc ca cc b mt ny phi c copy li. Cc phng trnh tham s ca cc mt hnh hc c lu trong b m phng solid cho php thc hin hiu chnh cc mt hnh hc chit xut ra. Bi ton ngc y gm c kim tra xem im, ng v mt cho trc c nm trn b mt solid hay khng. H thng CAD s dng cc thut ton phn loi thnh vin tp hp v ln cn gii quyt.
Khi nim v segmentation dng cho cc ng v cc mt c th p dng cho solid. Phn tch solid tng ng vi chia solid ra thnh 2 hay thnh 4 solid hiu lc con ty theo php chia ny c thc hin bi mt mt phng hay mt im. Cc solid con to ra c y cc thng tin hnh hc v Topo ca n. Trong m hnh B-rep, cc nh, cc cnh, cc mt mi c to thnh.
Trimming mt solid to ra bng cch giao solid vi cc bin xn ta thng l cc surface. Kt qu l loi b i cct phn ca solid nm ngoi cc bin ny. Khi trimming mt solid kt qu l chia solid thnh 2 solid con, trong mt solid con s b loi i. Intersection s dng ton t Boolean giao nhau.
Cc php bin i thun nht, hay cc chuyn ng cng ca solid bao gm : tnh tin (Translate), quay (Rotate), t l (Scale). Cc bin i ny c th thc hin trong hai trng hp. Khi xy dng solid, c th cn phi nh v v nh hng cc solid thnh phn cho ph hp trc khi p dng cc ton t Boolean. Sau khi xy dng xong m hnh solid cng c th phi thc hin cc tha tc bin i ny.
Bin tp (Editing)
Editing mt solid gm c thay i cc thng tin Topo v hnh hc hin hnh ca n. Mt phng php hiu chnh solid hiu qu l s dng cy CSG ca n. Cc h thng CAD cung cp co ngi s dng cc phn hi th gic nhanh chng khi solid c hiu chnh, tc l biu din bin ca n phi c cp nht v hin th nhanh chng.
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(features) v phng php phc tho (sketching). S tn ti ba phng php ny gn vi s pht trin qua nhiu nm ca cc b m phng solid.
revolve, linear sweep, nonlinear sweep, loft, spirals, helicals. Ngi thit k CAD s
dng cc thao tc lnh 2D phc tho mt vng (region) hay mt tit din ngang (cross section). Sau s dng cc thao tc lnh 3D nh l revolve, extrusion, to ra c trng. Trong ba phng php trn, phng php phc tho c dng nhiu nht, v n c y cc u im ca c ba phng php. N cho php to ra nhiu c trng hn so vi phng php th hai. N cng cho php cc nh vit phn mm CAD/CAM tng min
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m hnh ha ca h thng m khng cn nh ngha trc v lu nhiu c trng trong cc th vin h thng. Phng php th ba cho php to ra cc c trng theo yu cu. Khi no cn mt c trng ta c th to ra n bt u bng mt phc tho. Phng php s dng cc khi c s t c s dng nht. Cc nh thit k CAD khng thch phng php ny v thut ng ca n bt ngun t l thuyt tp hp vi cc ton t Boolean. Hn na hiu chnh cc solid to ra bng cch ny khng thun tin. V d nh loi b mt l cn cng (add) vo l mt khi tr bt li, tr phi ta hiu chnh cy solid v loi b nhnh hole v ti to li solid. Cc h thng CAD/CAM lu i nh CATIA, Unigraphics, I-DEAS h tr c ba phng php trn. Cc h thng mi hn nh Pro/E v SolidWorks ch h tr phng php phc tho.
Trng thi phc tho l mt vn quan trng i vi Sketcher . Nu mt phc tho (profile) khng c nh ngha ng, mt solid hiu lc khng th c to ra t n. Sketcher dng m mu hin th hnh hc ca phc tho thng bo cho ngi thit k. Sau khi mt phc tho c to ra, n c th tn ti 3 trng thi. Mt phc tho khng xc nh (underdefined/underconstrained c hin th mu xanh.Cc kch thc b sung hoc cc quan h c yu cu. Mt phc tho c xc nh y (fullydefined/ fully-constrained) c hin th bng mu en, v khng yu cu b sung kch thc hay quan h. Mt phc tho b nh ngha vt qu (overdefined/ overconstrained) c hin th mu . Khi phc tho cha cc thng tin, cc kch thc hay cc quan h hoc c hai b xung t. Chng cn phi loi b.
P2 P4 P3
Hnh 3.1: Cc tham s ca m hnh Trong khi to dng phc tho, b m phng solid a ra yu cu v tp tham s cn thit yu cu nh ngha y phc tho. Ngi thit k cn nhp vo cc kch thc cho cc tham s ny. V d trn hnh v l mt khi vi vi mt l trong. Cn c 5 tham s P1, P2, P3, P4, R nh ngha y phc tho. Ngi thit k c th nhp cc gi tr cho cc tham s ny v phc tho c v li t ng khi s dng chc nng ti to li ca h thng CAD.
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Cc tham s kch thc tham s ha phc tho khng phi l cch duy nht. C th c nhiu cch tham s ha cng mt phc tho. Chng hn nh dng cc hn ch v hnh hc v Topo hay cc quan h gia cc thc th ca phc tho. v d trn ta tp tham s yu cu gm ti thiu l 5 tham s. Ta c th b sung thm cc quan h , chng hn nh: P3 = 0,5P1 ; P4 = 0,5P2; v R= 0,25P1 . Ta cng c th b sung cc hn ch vung gc, hay song song gia cc thc th ca phc tho. Phng php m hnh ha solid tham s c thc hin qua 3 bc sau:
To cc tham s (thng qua phc tho Gn nh kch thc Ti to li
extruded cut, revolved cut, slot,.. Sweep c dng to ra mt m hnh vi tit din ngang khng i dc theo mt trc
phi tuyn. y l tng qut ha ca Extrusion feature . to ra c trng ny cn phi c mt tit din ngang v mt ng dn (sweep curve).
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Shell c dng khot vt liu ra khi mt m hnh theo kiu khot rng shelling.
Cn phi c mt mt shell v mt chiu dy.
Datum plane c dng khi ta cn c mt mt phng to dng phi tiu chun (cc mt
phng tiu chun l Top, Front, Right). C nhiu cch to ra cc mt phng chun, ty thuc vo cc h thng CAD.
Datum axis c dng vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau bao gm nh ngha trc quay cho
cc feature quay hoc trc cho cc mu hnh (pattern) trn,
tp im nh nga mt ng spline. Ta c th to ra cc im mt cch tng minh trc, trc khi s dng chng to ra spline.
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Cc h thng CAD hin nay u cung cp cc feature c bn trnh by sau y. Mi h thng c th c mt vi feature c bit. Nu trong mt h thng CAD khng c mt feature no , khi cn ta c th d dng to ra feature theo 3 bc trnh by trong phn trn.
4.
Loft l tng qut ha ca sweep. Ta s dng loft trn nhiu tit din ngang to dng mt solid. Ngi ta cng phn cc c trng loft thnh hai dng tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. Loft tuyn tnh trn hai tit din ngang mt cch tuyn tnh dc theo mt ng thng ni cc im gc ca hai tit din ngang (hnh a). Loft phi tuyn c hai dng. Mt dng trn hai tit
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din ngang dc theo mt ng dn (khng phi l ng thng). (hnh b). Dng kia l trn mt tp cc tit din ngang dc theo mt ng dn (hnh c).
5.
c trng vu li (Boss)
Boss l mt feature dng extrusion hay revolution c ccoongj vo mt feature c s hay cng vo mt solid ang c.
6.
7.
Shaft l mt feature dng extrusion vi tit din ngang trn. Pipe l qut mt tit din ngang trn (c hoc rng) dc theo mt ng dn (ng trc ca ng). Cc tham s ca ng l ng trc ca n, ng knh ng (hoc chiu dy ng).
8.
c trng ct (Cut)
c trng ny i lp vi c trng boss. Cut l ct b i mt c trng extrusion hay mt c trng revolution t mt c trng c s hoc t mt so lid ang hin hnh.
9.
c trng l (Hole)
L thng
L khot bc
L khot bc cn
L khot bc tr & cn
Rectangular Slot
Ball-end Slot
T- Slot
U- Slot
Dovetail Slot
Lnh shell c dng to ra solid rng (c v, thnh mng) bng cch ct b i vt liu trong khi i. V bn cht shell l s dng lnh offset khot rng mt solid. D liu ban u cn c shell l cc b mt cn khot v chiu dy thnh (v). Chiu dy ny c th khng i hay thay i. shell vi nhiu chiu dy khc nhau, cn phi la chn cc mt v quy nh chiu dy yu cu cho mi mt.
Chamfer c dng loi b cnh sc (hoc gc sc) khi chi tit bng cch to ra cc cnh xin trn cnh, mt chn. D liu u vo to chamfer l khong cch - gc, khong
Feature khi
Draft y
Draft mt phn
contour Chiu dy
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c trng Thread to ren trn mt tr ca l, phn li, tr, hoc qut mt ng trn. Ren c th l phi hay tri. Cc tham s ca ren bao gm chiu di, gc profin ren, ng knh ngoi, ng knh trong, bc ren.
7. Cc feature phc hp. Cc feature c th c kt hp to ra cc feature phc hp. Feature u tin m cc feature khc c kt hp vi n gi l feature c s (base feature) 8. Biu din tng trng (symbolic) v dng s (skeletal). Cc h thng CAD khng cung cp cc dng biu din ny. Tuy nhin chng l cn thit trong giai on u ca thit k v phn tch. V d ta c th s dng cc ng tm v cc khp ni phn tch cc c cu v cc cu trc. Ta cng s dng mt bao cc i tng thc hin phn tch mt cch nhanh chng i ti cc quyt nh thit k. 9. Hiu lc ca feature. Khi ta xa (delete) hoc b sung (add) cc feature t hoc n feature ang hin hnh, feature phc hp to ra phi c hiu lc. Hiu lc ca feature ny bao gm hiu lc ca cc feature thnh phn, xc nh cc kch thc v gii hn v tr, hiu lc tng tc vi cc feature khc.
4.5. Cc tham s
Tham s l mt c tnh hiu qu ca feature. Biu din tham s cung cp cc kh nng m hnh ha khng gii hn. N to ra cc h chi tit. T ham s h tr cho khi nim v thay i v hiu chnh cc solid feature khi cc thay i thit k xy ra trong chu k tui th sn phm. Tham s cng h tr cho nim v s dng li m hnh. N cho php ngi thit k thay i kch thc trong mt m hnh ang hin hnh s dng li n. Nhiu hot ng thit k trong thc t lin quan n vic chnh sa li m hnh ang hin hnh. Hn na, nu thit k l phc tp v cn u t thi gian ng k to dng, tham s c th tit kim thi gian v cng sc bng cch to ra mt vi thay i chnh sa m hnh ang hin hnh, thay cho xy dng li ton b m hnh. Cc h thng CAD ni chung thc hin xy dng cc feature tham s theo cc bc nh trn hnh 4.18. tng c bn y l tham s ha feature trc tin, sau mi nh cc kch thc (gi tr), cc quan h, v cc hn ch vi cc tham s. Mt vi h thng CAD c th to ra cc tham s ca feature v nh kch thc
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cho chng ngay khi ngi thit k to ra cc feature, trong khi cc h thng khc li ch cho ngi thit k xc nh cc tham s mt cch tng minh. Ba tp d liu kch thc (dimensions), quan h (relations), hn ch (constraints) c quan h vi nhau, v c th c s xung t vi nhau theo cch ny hay cch khc ti thi im no trong qu trnh m hnh ha. Ngi thit k cn phi thay i d liu gii quyt cc xung t ny.
To phc tho
nh ngha cc tham s
Lp cc quan h
Lp cc hn ch
To feature
quan h khc gia mt vi kch thc c trng l thch hp i vi m hnh ha trn c s feature v cc gi tr mi c th c dng iu khin v thao tc m hnh ti mi thi im. Mt quan h l mt phng thc ton hc m t cc tham s phc tho c quan h vi nhau nh th no. Quan h s dng cc bin (variable), tn kch thc, biu thc, phng trnh i s. Tng t nh trong ngn ng lp trnh, mt bin l mt tn c th c th c nhiu gi tr ti mt thi im. Mt tn kch thc l mt tn tham s trong khi m hnh ha feature. S khc nhau gia mt bin v mt tn kch thc l: bin khng phi l tham s phc tho, cn tn kch thc l tham s phc tho. Mt biu thc l mt tp hp nhiu bin v tn kch thc c t hp vi nhau bng cc ton t. Mt phng trnh l mt php gn mt bin bng mt biu thc. Biu thc cn phi c nh gi tr bng s v c lu trong bin. Biu thc cng c th c cc bin trong . V d: variables: input1, input2,.. dimension names: length, diameter, expression: 3*length 1,5*diameter/3 equation: height = 3*length 1,5*diameter/3 Quan h l cc phng trnh. Ta cn phi nh ngha cc bin v cc tn kch thc sau y s dng chng nh ngha cc biu thc. Ta gn cc biu thc cho cc tham s phc tho to ra cc quan h. Mt h thng CAD to ra cc quan h n mi khi ngi s dng nhp cc thng tin vo h thng nh kch thc mt feature hy quy nh v tr cho n. Cc quan h cng c to ra khi ngi s dng nh kch thc mt phc tho hay thay i v tr ca n. Cc quan h c c php ring ca chng bt chc cc ngn ng lp trnh. Chng hn nh tn ca cc bin v tn kch thc khng c cha du cch, v thng l cc ch nhy cm. Cc quan h c th tham chiu n cc quan h khc.V d nh: length = 2+3*p1, vi p1 cng l mt quan h. H thng CAD cung cp cc hm ton hc cho php ngi s dng nh ngha cc quan h. Cc hm ny to ra cc th vin h thng. Cc hm mu nh: gi tr tuyt i (abs), cc hm lng gic (sin, sin-1,), logarithm (log), Ngi s dng CAD cn mt phng tin vit ra cc quan h. Mt s h thng CAD s dng trnh son tho ca h iu hnh ang ci phn mm CAD. V d nh Pro/E s dng vi editor ca h iu hnh Unix. Ngi s dng cng c th cu hnh li h thng ca h s dng mt trnh son tho la chn. Cc h thng CAD khc nh SolidvWork s dng cc trang (spreadsheet) ging nh Microsoft Excel. Cc trang ny s dng nh cc bng quan h. Ngi s dng c th dng
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cc ct ca trang nh ngha cc bin v cc quan h gia chng. Ngi s dng c th quy nh cc gi tr mi trong trang v cp nht vo m hnh. C th a ra mt trnh t chung to v s dng cc quan h v cc bng ca chng trn cc h thng CAD nh sau: 1. Thay i tn cc feature. 2. Thay i tn cc tham s ca feature. 3. Lin kt cc gi tr ca cc feature. 4. Thay i gi tr v to dng li chi tit 5. To cc quan h. 6. To cc bng quan h.
TT
1 2
Hn ch hnh hc
Coincident
Cc v tr khc nhau
Cng mt v tr L1 L2
Collinear
L1
L2
55
Cc v tr khc nhau
Concentric
Cc tm khc nhau ng tm
Constant angle
Gc c th thay i
Gc khng th thay i
Constant length
Chiu di L c th thay i
Coradial
Equal
L1 =L2 ; 1 = 2
L1 L2 ; 1 2
Fix
P1 c th chuyn ng
P1 khng th chuyn ng
9 10
Horizontal
Line khng nm ngang Line phi nm ngang
Intersection
L2 L1 L2 L1
L1 v L2 c th hay khng giao nhau L1 v L2 phi giao nhau
11
Merge points
12
Midpoint
P l mt im no
P l im gia M ca Line
56
13
Mirror
Hai vng R1 v R2
14
Parallel
15
Perpendicular
L1 v L2 khng vung gc
16
Pierce
17
Symmetric
Hai na c th i xng
18
Tangent
19
Vertical
57
5.2. M hnh ha lp rp
Mt lp rp l mt tp hp ca nhiu chi tit. Cn phi hiu c bn cht v cu trc ph thuc gia cc chi tit trong lp rp vi nhau c th m hnh ha ng lp rp. Trn hnh 5.1. trnh by s m hnh ha lp rp. Ngi thit k trc tin cn to ra cc chi tit. C th phn tch cc chi tit ny mt cch ring r. Sau khi thit k xong cc chi tit, ngi thit k c th tin hnh to lp rp v phn tch n. To mt lp rp t cc chi tit i hi phi quy nh cc quan h khng gian v lp ghp gia chng vi nhau. Phn tch lp rp c th bao gm kim tra giao nhau, xc nh thuc tnh khi lng, phn tch ng hc v ng lc hc, FEA. H thng CAD xc lp kt ni gia mt lp rp v cc chi tit ca n sao cho khi ngi thit k hiu chnh thit k cc chi tit thnh phn th h thng s t ng cp nht vo m hnh lp rp.
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H thng CAD
..
Phng thc lp rp
M hnh lp rp
Phn tch lp rp
5.3. Cy lp rp
Phng php biu din quan h th bc gia cc chi tit ca mt lp rp l s dng mt cy lp rp (hnh 5.2). Mt lp rp c chia thnh nhiu lp rp nh (b phn) cc mc khc nhau (tng ng vi cc mc chiu cao ca cy). Mi lp rp nh mt mc (n-1) li c cu thnh t nhiu chi tit khc nhau. Cc l ca cy biu din cc chi tit c th hoc cc lp rp con. Cc nt ca cy biu din cc chi tit v/ hoc cc lp rp con, cn bn thn gc ca n biu din c cm lp rp. Lp rp c t gc ca cy tc l mc cao 0 ng vi mc cao nht n ca trnh t lp rp.
Hnh 5.2: Cy lp rp
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ng c in
Bnh rng nh
Trc r to
Trc ti
Hnh 5.3: Lp rp ly hp in
Ly hp
Trc ti Khung
Bu lng
Moay
R to Trc R to
ng c in
Phn ng
in trng
Vt liu chu ma st
Bnh rng
Bnh rng nh
Bnh rng nh
Hnh 5.4: Cy lp rp ly hp in
5.4. Lp k hoch to lp rp
Lp k hoch lp rp l c s quan trng to thnh cng lp rp, c bit l vi cc lp rp ln, phc tp thng gp trong thc t. Vn quan trng y l khng ch to thnh lp rp m lp rp ny cn phi c cp nht sau ny khi thay i thit k cc chi thit thnh phn. Vic cp nht ny phi c thc hin t ng, v chnh xc v cc m hnh lp rp l cc m hnh tham s v linh hot. iu ny c ngha l quan h gia cc chi tit ca lp rp cn d dng thay i v cp nht. Khi mt ngi thit k thay i mt s tham s ca lp rp, cc ngi thit k khc cn cp nht theo. Trc khi xy dng mt lp rp cn xem xt mt s vn sau:
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1. Nhn dng s ph thuc gia cc thnh phn ca lp rp. Cc thnh phn ca lp rp l cc chi tit c th, hay l cc cm lp rp nh hon chnh, v bn thn cc cm ny li gm nhiu cm lp rp nh hn v/ hoc gm cc chi tit. Nhn dng cc ph thuc ny s gip ta quyt nh chn trong cc phng php bottom-up, top-down, phng php kt hp, phng php no l tt nht to ra lp rp. 2. Nhn dng s ph thuc gia cc feature ca mi chi tit. Cc ph thuc ny bao gm tnh i xng (symmetry) v cc mng hnh hc (geometric array/pattern) 3. Phn tch trnh t lp rp cc chi tit. Trnh t ny s quyt nh n tnh d dng ca qu trnh lp rp trong thc t, cng nh quyt nh n gi thnh trong vic to lp rp, v nh hng n qu trnh sn xut cc chi tit
Y4
O4
61
nh hng ca cc h ta ny tng i vi h XYZ cng phi th hin ng nh hng ca cc chi tit trong lp rp. nh v v nh hng cc chi tit trong lp rp ca chng t c bng cch quy nh cc iu kin lp ghp chng vi nhau. Cc iu kin ny quy nh cc quan h khng gian gia cc chi tit. Cc iu kin lp ghp c tnh tng tc v d dng v chng s dng cc thc th hnh hc n gin nh cc mt (face) v cc ng tm (centerline). Chng hn nh iu kin lp ghp c th l cc mt ng phng v i tip vi nhau, hay cc ng tm ca hai chi tit phi thng hng, Cc iu kin lp ghp thng dng nht l: coincident (trng nhau), concentric (ng tm),
tangent (tip tuyn), coplanar (ng phng), parallel faces (cc mt song song) v perpendicular faces (cc mt vung gc). Khi s dng cc iu kin lp ghp lp hai chi
tit vi nhau, cn ch rng c 6 bc t do trong khng gian E3: 3 bc tnh tin dc theo cc trc ca MCS chung ca lp rp v 3 bc quay quanh cc trc ny. Mt chi tit cn phi c hn ch y cho php to ra lp rp ng. V d cc iu kin lp ghp gia hai chi tit c th yu cu iu kin coincident ca hai mt v hai im trn hai mt . Nu chng ta lp hai mt ch s dng iu kin coincident ca hai mt th chng c th quay tng i vi nhau. iu kin coincident c p dng gia hai mt phng hoc gia mt mt phng v mt mt tr (trc). iu kin ny c m t trn hnh 5.6. Chi tit 1 v chi tit 2 c cc MCS tng ng l X1Y1Z1 v X2Y2Z2. Cc b mt c gch mt ct l cc mt lp ghp. Mi b mt ny c quy nh bi vc t php tuyn n v v mt im no trn b mt ng vi MCS ca chi tit. B mt phng ca chi tit 1 c quy nh bi vc t php tuyn n v n1 v bi im P1 ng vi h ta X1Y1Z1. Tng t, b mt phng ca chi tit 2 c quy nh bi vc t php tuyn n v n2 v bi im P2 ng vi h ta X2Y2Z2. iu kin coincident c tha mn bng cch buc n1 v n2 hng ngc nhau v hai b mt tip xc vi nhau sao cho P1 v P2 l trng nhau.
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iu kin concentric c thc hin gia hai mt tr: Mt b mt tr ca trc, v mt b mt tr ca l nh trn hnh 5.7. iu kin ny c thc hin bng cch buc cc ng trc ca trc v l phi trng nhau. Mi ng trc c quy nh bi 2 im. ng trc ca l c quy nh bi 2 im P1 v P2 xc nh trong MCS X1Y1Z1. Tng t nh vy, ng trc ca trc c quy nh bi 2 im P3 v P4 xc nh trong MCS X2Y2Z2.
Hnh 5.7: iu kin concentric iu kin tangent c p dng gia mt phng v mt tr hoc gia hai mt tr. Nh m t trn hnh5.8. iu kin ny c thc hin bng cch buc b mt tr phi tip tuyn vi b mt phng.
Hnh 5.8: iu kin tangent iu kin coplanar c thc hin gia hai mt phng, buc chng phi nm trn cng mt mt phng. iu kin ny c m t trn hnh 5.9. Tng t nh iu kin
Hnh 5.9: iu kin coplanar Cc iu kin coincident, concentric, tangent, coplanar nh m t trn cho php c hai bc chuyn ng t do tnh tin v quay gia hai chi tit lp ghp. Trong iu kin lp ghp
coincident trn hnh5.6 chi tit 2 c th trt trn chi tit 1 hoc quay tng i vi nhau sau
khi 2 mt c ghp vi nhau bi 2 nh hng php tuyn n1 v n2 . Tng t trn hnh 5.7 trc c th trt hoc quay trong l. Cc chuyn ng ny c th b hn ch bng cch b sung thm cc hn ch (constrain) cho cc iu kin lp ghp . iu kin parallel faces tng t nh iu kin concentric, ngoi tr iu l 2 b mt lp ghp khng tip xc vi nhau. iu kin ny c thc hin bng cch buc php tuyn ca 2 mt phi song song v ngc chiu nhau. iu kin perpendicular faces quy nh 2 mt phi vung gc vi nhau. Hai mt t bng chi tit 1 v chi tit 2 trn hnh 5.8 vung gc vi nhau bng cch buc 2 php tuyn n1 v n2 vung gc vi nhau.
insert) ln lt cc chi tit ca lp rp vo trong m hnh. Chi tit u tin nhp vo c xem nh l chi tit chnh (c s), v cc chi tit khc c lp vo n. Ta s dng cc iu kin lp ghp thch hp t v nh hng ng cc chi tit nhp vo trong m hnh lp rp. Khi ta nhp cc chi tit vo trong lp rp, thc cht l ta nhp vo cc bn sao ca chng. Cc bn sao ny c gi l cc instance. Ta c th dng nhiu instance ca mt chi tit, nu lp rp yu cu. Phn mm CAD duy tr kt ni (link) gia mi instance v chi tit gc ca n. Nu ta thay i chi tit gc, ta c th thay i tt c cc instance ca n trong mt lp rp bng cch cp nht (update) li lp rp. Kt ni trong lp rp l 2 chiu: ta hiu chnh chi tit v cp nht li lp rp, hay ta thay i cc instance trong lp rp v cp nht li chi tit. Vic quy nh cc hn ch gia cc chi tit trong lp rp c thc hin bng cch quy nh cc hn ch gia cc instance ca chng trong m hnh lp rp. Phng php ny c mt s u im nh sau. y l k thut a dng nu nh cc chi tit c xy dng xong. N cng cho php cc nh thit k tp trung vo cc chi tit c th. N cng lm cho d dng v n gin trong duy tr cc quan h v ng x ti to li ca cc chi tit. Phng php ny thng thch hp vi cc lp rp c nh vi s lng thnh phn c th n mt trm, thm ch c th n mt nghn.
Qa trnh xy dng mt lp rp theo phng php Top-down c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau: 1. Log in v khi ng h thng CAD/CAM 2. Chn phng thc assembly 3. M mt file asembly mi 4. To mt phc tho, trong cc thc th biu th cho cc thnh phn ca lp rp. Ch nh v tr s b cho mi thnh phn trong khi nm c tng thit k chung ca lp rp. 5. To thm cc phc tho khc nu cn. Mt lp rp phc tp c th i hi nhiu phc tho, tng t nh to dng cc feature phc tp ca cc chi tit. Chng hn nh ta c th dng cc mt phng phc tho Front, Top, Right to s lp rp. 6. S dng (cc) phc tho xc nh kch thc thnh phn, hnh dng khung xng, v v tr trong lp rp. 7. Hiu chnh (cc) phc tho nu cn cho n khi c c s lp rp hon thin. Chng hn nh thay i v tr hay kch thc ca mt vi thnh phn lp rp. 8. To dng cc chi tit v lu chng trong cc file tng ng. Cn m bo l mi chi tit u tham chiu n (cc) phc tho lp rp. 9. nh gi lp rp sau khi cc chi tit xy dng hon thin. Nu cn c th hiu chnh phc tho lp rp ri cp nht cho lp rp v cc chi tit. 10. Lu file lp rp v thot ra khi h thng CAD. Phng php Top-down c nhiu u im. u im chnh ca phng php ny l nu ta thay i s lp rp, lp rp v cc chi tit ca n s t ng cp nht khi ta thot ra khi mi trng phc tho. Ta c th to ra tt c cc thay i mt cch nhanh chng ti mt ni l phc tho s lp rp.
Hnh 5.10: V d lp rp pu li-ai 7. M mt file chi tit mi, xy dng chi tit dy ai v lu n vi tn file belt.prt 8. M file lp rp topdown.asm v nhp vo cc chi tit thnh phn: pulley1.prt,
Pulley1 diameter = Layout Sketch Big Circle Diameter Pulley2 diameter = Layout Sketch Small Circle Diameter Length of the belt = Layout Sketch Distance between the Circles.
10. Thay i cc tham s trong phc tho s xem nh hng nh th no n cc thnh phn lp rp v trong lp rp. Ti to (cp nht) li lp rp nhn c cc kt qu mi.
chn u, thng tin thnh phn c ti y vo b nh. Trong la chn sau: ch mt phn thng tin c ti vo b nh. Phn cn li s c ti vo nu thnh phn c chn hay nu nh n c thay i khi hiu chnh. Cc option ny nh hng n hiu qu lp rp. Vi nhng lp rp ln, cc thao tc v cc lnh thc hin c nhanh cn chn option ti mt phn.
5.8.3. Qun l lp rp
Khi ta nhp cc thnh phn lp rp vo mt lp rp, ta c th thc hin nhiu tc v qun l chng. Ta c th n (hide), ng bng (freeze/suppress), copy hay delete chng. Cc h thng CAD cng cung cp cc cc b qun l thuc tnh lp ghp qun l iu kin lp ghp. B qun l ny cho php ngi thit k c th n nh cc iu kin lp ghp, nhm chng li, copy chng hay delete chng
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Chng 6: Phn tch k thut trong thit k (CAE) 6.1. Xc nh cc thuc tnh c bn.
y l mt trong nhng ng dng k thut u tin c thc hin trong cc h thng CAD/CAM. . Cc tnh ton k thut ny ph thuc nhiu vo hnh hc v topo ca cc vt th thit k. Chng bao gm: tnh ton cc thuc tnh khi lng, xc nh trng tm, m men qun tnh. y l c s nghin cu v phn tch cc c ch (tnh v ng) ca c vt rn v vt c th bin dng. Cc tnh ton ny thng lin quan n xc nh cc tch phn khc nhau. Vi nhng hnh dng n gin c th tnh chnh xc cc tch phn ny. Vi nhng hnh dng phc tp thng s dng cc phng php gn ng xc nh cc tch phn. Cc thut ton ci t trong cc phn mm CAD/CAM s dng cc phng php ny v c thc hin t ng m khng yu cu thm thng tin u vo, tr khi tnh ton khi lng th cn nhp vo mt ca m hnh. Cc thuc tnh ny gm c: Chiu di ng cong (curve length). Tnh ton chiu di ca mt ng cong cho trc gia hai im hu ch trong nhiu ng dng. V d nh khi phn tch c cu ta c th cn xc nh chiu di ca qu o mt im no trong khng gian. Tit din ngang (Cross-Sectional Area). Mt tit din ngang l mt vng mt phng gii hn bi ng bin kn. ng bin ny c to ra bi mt tp cc ng cong lin tc C1 ni ghp vi nhau. Cn xc nh 3 thuc tnh ca mt vng phng l: chiu di ng bin (length of boundary), din tch (area) v trng tm (centroid) ca n. Din tch b mt (Surface Area) Th tch (Volume) Khi lng (Mass) Trng tm (Centroid) Cc m men qun tnh (Moment of Inertia): M men qun tnh bc mt i vi mt mt phng ca ti trng tp trung hay ca ti trng phn b M men qun tnh bc hai i vi mt trc ca ti trng tp trung hay ca ti trng phn b
th c xem l phng php k thut s hiu qu nht gii quyt cc vn k thut trong c kh bt k hnh dng hay hnh hc ca i tng phc tp, thuc tnh vt liu, cc iu kin bin, cc iu kin ti trng.
b) To cc nt v nh s
Cc phn t 4 nt
Cc phn t 6 nt
b) To cc phn t v nh s
Hnh 6.1: Li phn t hu hn ca mt dm 2. Xp x li gii trong mi phn t. S khc nhau ca cc n s (c gi l bin trng) trong bi ton c xp x trong mi phn t bng mt a thc. Bin trng c th l v hng (v d nh nhit ), hay mt vec t (v d nh cc chuyn v ngang, dc). Cc a thc thng c dng xp x li gii cho min mt phn t v chng d tch phn v vi phn. Bc ca a thc ph thuc vo s nt trn mt phn t, s n s (s thnh phn ca bin trng) ti mi nt v cc yu cu v tnh lin tc no dc theo cc bin ca phn t. 3. Xy dng cc ma trn phn t vcc phng trnh. Bc ny cn thit lp cc cng thc phn t hu hn chuyn cc phng trnh cn bng c trng t min lin tc v
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min phn t. Khi cc nt v cc thuc tnh vt liu ca mt phn t c xc nh, cc ma trn tng ng ca n (ma trn cng, ma trn khi lng,) v cc phng trnh c th c xy dng. C 4 phng php xy dng cc ma trn phn t v cc phng trnh l: phng php trc tip, phng php sai phn, phng php khi lng d, phng php th nng. Trong phng php th hai thch hp cho cc bi ton c cu vt rn, phng php th ba thch hp cho cc bi ton cht lng). 4. Xy dng cc phng trnh ma trn h thng chung. Cc ma trn phn t c hp li vi nhau bng cch ly tng ca cc phng trnh cn bng ca cc phn t nhn c cc ma trn chung v h thng cc phng trnh i s. Trc khi gii h thng cc phng trnh ny, cn phi hiu chnh n bng cch p vo cc iu kin bin. 5. Gii h thng phng trnh tm cc n s cc nt. H thng chung cc phng trnh i s c gii bng cc phng php gii hn Gauss cho kt qu cc gi tr ca bin trng ti cc nt ca li phn t hu hn. Ga tr ca cc bin trng v cc o hm ca chng ti cc nt to thnh li gii y phn t hu hn ca bi ton lin tc ban u. C th nhn c cc gi tr ti cc im khc nhau trong min lin tc khc vi cc nt, mc d iu ny thng t gp. 6. Bin dch cc kt qu. Bc cui cng l phn tch li gii v cc kt qu nhn c t cc bc trc i ti cc quyt nh thit k . bin dch ng cc kt qu ny, cn c kin thc c bn v k thut v FEA.
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Cc h thng CAD hin nay thng c ci t cc gi FEM/FEA trong chng. Cc gi ny tch hp vi c s d liu CAD t ng ha c FEM v FEA, v cung cp cho ngi dng cc kt qu dng ng cong, con tua hay hot hnh.
6.3. Cc phn t hu hn
Phn t 1D
2 nt (tuyn tnh) Phn t tam gic 3 nt (tuyn tnh) 6 nt (bc 2) 10 nt (bc 3) 3 nt (bc 2) 3 nt (bc 3)
Phn t 2D
Phn t t gic 4 nt (tuyn tnh)
4 nt (bc 2)
10 nt (bc 3)
Phn t 3D
Phn t dng 6 mt
8 nt (tuyn tnh
20 nt (bc 2)
32 nt (bc 3)
6.4.
Nh trnh by trn, khi thc hin FEM , min lin tc c thay th bng mt tp cc nt. V vy vi mi thuc tnh lin quan vi min lin tc (nh l khi lng, ngun nhit bn trong, gim chn,) hoc cc ti tc dng t bn ngoi cn phi t tp trung cc nt. C hai dng ti ngoi: ti tp trung (v d nh lc tp trung, m men tp trung,..) v ti phn b (v d nh lc phn b, m men phn b, dng nhit, dng cht lng,).
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t lc tp trung vo mt m hnh phn t hu hn, cn phi to ra mt nt ti im t ti. V d nh trn hnh 6.1, nt s 21 chu ti P=500N, hay l ti P c t vo m hnh thng qua nt 21. Trong nhiu trng hp, ti phn b c t tp trung ti nhiu nt
6.5.
M hnh ha phn t hu hn
Mt m hnh phn t hu hn gm c cc nt, cc bc t do, cc iu kin bin, cc phn t, thuc tnh vt liu, ti tc dng t bn ngoi v kiu phn tch. Cc k s cn phi chn cn thn tt c cc thuc tnh m hnh ha ny c c cc kt qu FEA ng. Trong thc t, trc tin cn quyt nh s li bao gm s cc nt v cc phn t. Cc vng c thay i t ngt bin trng (v d nh tp trung ng sut quanh cc l) i hi mt cc nt v cc phn t cao hn cc vng c s thay i dn dn. Sau khi chn xong s li, cn chn dng phn tch (tnh /ng , tuyn tnh/phi tuyn, l thuyt v dm, ng sut phng/ ng sut 3D,), kiu bi ton phn tch (bin dng un, xoay, nhit , dng chy,), s bc t do ti mi nt, cc iu kin bin, thng tin v phn t (kiu, s nt trn mt phn t, bc cu phng Gauss), cc thuc tnh vt liu, ti ngoi tc dng ln cc nt. Khi m hnh phn t hu hn c thit lp bng cch chn cc tham s ph hp vi li (mesh), n cn phi c nhp v vo m ha thc hin FEA. C th nhp vo di dng file d liu vi nh dng quy nh i vi tng phn mm FEA. Cc file d liu ny thng gm c 5 phn chnh l: iu khin, nt, phn t, vt liu v ti . Thng tin trong phn iu khin thng bao gm m t bi ton (tiu ), tng s nt, kiu phn tch, u ra ca FEA thng dng s ha. N thng bao gm cc gi tr nt ca bin trng v cc o hm ca n. V d nh i vi bi ton c hc vt rn u ra l cc chuyn v nt v cc ng sut phn t. Vi bi ton truyn nhit, u ra l nhit ti cc nt v dng nhit qua phn t. Cc kt qu cabin trng c th hin th hoc in ra di dng ng cong, contour,..Hnh dng b bin i c th c hin th so snh vi hnh dng khi thy. Cc phng thc rung ng cng c th c hin th. Cc b tin x l (Preprocessor) v hu x l (Postprocessor) dm nhim hu ht cc nhim v ca FEM. Preprocessor gip cho ngi s dng c th to ra file d liu u vo mt cch t ng. Khi ngi s dng khng cn quan tm n nh dng ca file ny. Postprocessor thng l t ng v khng cn tr gip ca ngi s dng. Chng to ra cc kt qu s ha v hin th chng theo yu cu ca ngi dng.
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Bi ton
FEM (To cc nt, cc phn t, cc iu kin bin, thuc tnh vt liu, ti, file d liu)
Preprocessor
Postprocessor
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1. V tr cc nt. Cc nt phi nm bn trong hoc trn bin ca m hnh hnh hc c to li. Cc nt rt gn vi bin cn phi c ko vo nm trn bin to l m hnh chnh xc. 2. Kiu phn t v hnh dng. Mong mun s a dng ca cc phn t (th vin cc phn t ln) cung cp cho ngi s dng tnh linh hot cn thit, p ng cc yu cu tng thch v tnh ton vn 3. Tnh trn ca li. iu ny lin quan n iu khin trn v mt li. Thng thng cc vt th thc hin FEA thng c cc l v cc gc sc. cc vng ny thng i hi mt li(s nt v s phn t) tng ln p ng vi s thay i nhanh va bin trng (v d nh s thay i ng sut xung quanh l v cc gc sc). Cc vng ny c xem nh l cc vng chyn tip 4. Tnh d chuyn i li. Mong mun c th chuyn i t li vi kiu phn t ny sang li vi kiu phn t khc. V d thng c th d dng chuyn i t mt phn t dng tam gic thnh ba phn t t gic, hay t phn t t din c th chia thnh bn phn t su mt, hay c th kt hp hai phn t tam gic to ra mt phn t t gic, 5. T s mt phn t. Mong mun t s mt phn t gn vi 1, tc l tt c cc mt ca mt phn t l bng nhau 6. Hnh hc v to po ca li. Khi mt vt th hnh hc c y hnh hc v to po, n c th c to li. Hnh hc ca li lin quan n ta ca cc im nt v thng tin kt ni cc phn t. To po ca li lin quan n nh hng ca n i vi to po ca vt th. To po ca vt th lun xc nh to po ca li. 7. Tnh tng thch vi cc s biu din. Mt phng php to li vn d lun lin quan n m hnh hnh hc cn to li. Cc m hnh solid h tr cho to li t ng ha hon ton. 8. Hiu qu v chi ph. Thi gian cn thit to li v thi gian cn thc hin FEA l ct yu. gim c hai thi gian ny cn c phng php to li ti u v gim t nht s nt, s phn t cng nh l p ng c cc yu cu v chuyn i
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