CÔNG NGHỆ SẢN XUẤT BIA

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK
Chng 3
K THUT SN XUT BIA

I. NGUYN LIU DNG SN XUT BIA 4.1 Malt Malt l ht ha tho (i mch)ny mm trong iu kin nhit v m nhn to xc nh. N l sn phm rt giu cht dinh dng: cha 16-18% cc cht phn t lng thp d ha tan, ch yu l ng n, destrin bc thp, cc acid amin, cc cht khong, cc nhm vitamin v c bit c h enzym phong ph - ch yu l protease v amylase. Malt c dng ch bin nhiu thc phm c cht lng cao nh bt dinh dng cho tr em, cc loi ung tng hp cho ngi gi v ph n c thai... nhng c l cng dng ln nht ca malt l dng sn xut cc loi ung c cn thp, nht l bia. Malt dng trong sn xut bia vi 2 mc ch, va l tc nhn ng ha va l nguyn liu. Trong sn xut bia ch yu l dng malt i mch v: - i mch d iu khin qu trnh m mm. - i mch cho t l enzym cn i thch hp cho cng ngh bia. - V i mch dai nn nghin t nt v to lp tr lc rt xp. - Malt i mch cho bia c hng v c trng hn so vi cc loi malt khc. - Ring i vi mt s nc th i mch d trng hn so vi cc loi la mch khc.
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4.1.1 i mch i mch ging gieo trng (Hordeum sativum - jessen) thuc nhm thc vt c ht (Spermophita), phn nhm b t (Angiospermae), lp mt l mm (Monocotyledonae), h la m (Gramineae).
Hnh 3.1 i mch i mch gm nhiu loi. Trong cng ngh sn xut malt bia dng ch yu l i mch 2 hng, bng ng v cc ch s thnh phn ha hc ca chng l rt quan trng. Thnh phn ha hc ca i mch rt phc tp. N ph thuc vo ging i mch, iu kin t ai, kh hu, k thut canh tc v iu kin bo qun.
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- Nc: l thnh phn c nh hng ln n qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ht. i mch c thy phn cng cao th hiu sut thu hi cht chit cng b gim v kh bo qun. Hm m ti a ca i mch khi bo qun khng nn vt qu 13% l tt nht.
Hnh 3.2 i mch kh - Gluxid: l hp phn chim khi lng nhiu nht trong thnh phn cht kh ca ht i mch. N bao gm mono-, di-, tri- v polysaccharid. + Monosaccharid l cc loi ng glucose, fructose, xilose. + Disaccharid th ch yu l saccharose v maltose. + Trisaccharid th ch yu l rafinose. + Polysaccharid bao gm tinh bt, cellulose, hemicellulose, pentosen, amilan v cc hp cht dng keo. Trong , 3 cu t u tin c ngha quan trng nht i vi cng ngh sn xut bia. Tinh bt l cu t chim v tr s mt v khi lng cng nh v ngha i vi cng ngh sn xut bia. Hn mt na khi lng cht kh ca i mch l tinh bt. Trong mt s trng hp, nu i mch l chng ging c cht lng cao th con s c th ln ti 70%. i vi cng ngh sn xut malt v bia, tinh bt c hai chc nng: ngun thc n d tr cho phi v cung cp cht ha tan cho dch ln men. Cellulose ca ht i mch c phn b ch yu lp v tru v chim khong 20% cht kh ca v. Cellulose khng tan trong nc, hu nh khng thay i v thnh phn v cu trc trong sut tin trnh cng ngh sn xut bia. N ng vai tr c bit quan trng trong qu trnh lc dch ng v lp v tru l vt liu to mng lc ph l tng.
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Hemicellulose l thnh phn ch yu to nn thnh t bo. Di tc dng xc tc ca nhm enzym xitase, hemicellulo b thy phn thnh hexose (galactose v manose) v pentose (arabinose v xilose). Tt c nhng ng n ny ha tan bn vng vo dch ng v to thnh cht chit, l ngun cung cp dinh dng quan trng cho nm men. - Cc hp cht cha nit: hm lng cc hp cht cha nit trong ht i mch (tnh theo cht kh) chim khong t 813,5% v n ng mt vai tr quan trng i vi cng ngh bia v n c nh hng n cht lng v bn ca sn phm. Khi sn xut malt bia ch s dng nhng loi i mch c hm lng protein t 9 n 11,5%. - Cht bo v lipoid: hm lng ca chng trong ht i mch dao ng trong khong 2,53%. Cht bo v lipoid tn ti trong bia s lm gim bn keo ca sn phm.
Hnh 3.3 Lipoid - Cc hp cht khng cha nit: trong nhm ny bao gm cc hp cht hu c v v c khng cha nit, khi c chit ly bng nc chng ha tan thnh dung dch. Cc i din tiu biu cho nhm ny l: + Polyphenol v cht ng: nhng hp cht thuc nhm ny d dng kt hp vi protid cao phn t to thnh phc cht d kt lng, lm tng bn keo ca sn phm. Mt khc, s ha tan ca polyphenol vo dch ng li l nguyn nhn lm xu i hng v v ca bia. + Fitin: l mui ca canxi v magie vi acid inozitphosphoric C6H6O6(H2PO3)6, n tp trung ch yu v v chim khong 0,9% cht kh ca v. Khi b thy phn n s to thnh inozid C6H6(OH)6 v acid phosphoric.
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+ Vitamin: i mch cha nhiu loi vitamin nh B1, B2, B6, C, PP2... + Cht khong: trong i mch cha nhiu loi khong khc nhau . - Enzym: trong ht i mch cha mt lng enzym kh phong ph nh amylase, fitase, protease, sitase, cc enzym oxy ha-kh... 4.1.2 Lm sch v phn loi - Lm sch: trong qu trnh thu hoch, vn chuyn cng nh bo qun c nhiu tp cht v c (t, , sn, si...) v hu c (ht c di, xc cn trng...) c th ri vo khi ht. Do , to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh sn xut v cho sn phm t cht lng cao, i mch cn phi lm sch tp cht trc khi a vo sn xut. - Phn loi: ht i mch em vo sn xut cn bo m tnh ng u. ng u ca khi ht cng cao th qu trnh ngm v m mm cng t hiu qu. Chnh v th phi tin hnh phn loi i mch trc khi ngm. Da vo kch thc h chia ht i mch ra lm 3 loi (theo kch thc l sn): + Loi I c b dy ht ln hn 2,5mm. + Loi II c b dy ht t 2,2 n 2,5mm. + Loi III c b dy ht nh hn 2,2mm. Loi I v II dng sn xut malt bia, cn loi III l ph liu (c th s dng lm TAGS hoc vo cc mc ch khc). 4.1.3 Ra v st trng 4.1.3.a Mc ch - Loi b nhng ht lp, ht khng t tiu chun, cc tp cht, cc mu ht gy, vn,... m trong qu trnh lm sch v phn loi cha loi b ht. - Ra sch bi v mt s vi sinh vt, cn trng bm trn b mt ht. - S dng bin php thch hp st trng khi ht, to iu iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh cng ngh tip theo. 4.1.3b Cch tin hnh
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ra ht ngi ta s dng cc thit b ra chuyn dng. Nc dng ra ht phi bo m cc ch tiu v ha hc v sinh hc. ht sch hn ngi ta c th cho thm vo nc ra mt s cht nh: NaOH - 0,35kg/m3 nc; Na2CO3 - 0,9kg/m3 nc; CaO - 1,3kg/m3... st trng ht ngi ta cng c th dng nhiu cht khc nhau nh formalin (HCHO), H2O2, KMnO4, Ca(OH)2... Tuy nhin, khi s dng cc cht st trng cn chn nhng cht khng gy nh hng xu n qu trnh m mm cng nh cht lng ca malt thnh phm. Nc vi gip cho qu trnh ra ht nhanh, sch hn, lm tng pH mi trng nn ha tan nhiu hn cc hp cht polyphenol v cht ng trong v ht vo nc. Nhng phi ch ra ht k nu khng vi s bm trn b mt ht gy cn tr qu trnh h hp v nh hng xu n qu trnh m mm. Cn H2O2, KMnO4 ngoi vic st trng cn c tc dng xc tc cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong khi m mm. 4.1.4 Ngm ht 4.1.4a Mc ch Ht trc khi ngm c m nh (khong 13-14% ). Lng nc ny trong ht phn b t bo, c nhim v lin kt cc phn t dng keo, chng khng th dch chuyn t t bo ny sang t bo khc - tc l chng khng tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn i nng lng. Lng nc ny gi l nc lin kt hay nc cu trc. Vi hm m thp nh vy chng khng kh nng hot ha phi pht trin thnh cy non (ny mm). Mun thc hin qu trnh ny, ht phi ht thm mt lng nc b sung trong qu trnh ngm ht. Nh vy mc ch ca qu trnh ngm ht l to iu kin ht ht thm mt lng nc t do, sao cho tng hm m ca ht t trn 40%. Ch vi hm m cao nh vy qu trnh m mm sau ny mi bo m tin trnh bnh thng. Hm m ca ht sau khi ht nc iu kin cho mm pht trin gi l mc ngm. sn xut malt vng, mc ngm ca ca i mch cn t 43-45%, cn malt en l 45-47%.
Hnh 3.4 ht Malt 4.1.4b Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ngm ht * Nhit ca nc ngm: L yu t quan trng nht nh hng n tc ht nc ca ht (cn gi l tc ngm). Trong mt gii hn nht nh, nu nhit ca nc ngm tng th tc ht nc ca ht tng. S d nh vy v khi nhit ca nc ngm tng s lm tng s trng n ca cc h keo hu c (protein, tinh bt, cellulose) v tng vn tc khuch tn ca nc do s chuyn ng phn t tng, nht ca nc gim. Thc nghim chng minh rng khi ngm ht n m 45% nu nhit ca nc ngm l 50C th thi gian cn thit l 120h, nu nhit 100C th cn 96h, cn 150C th 72h v 200C l 48h. Qua nghin cu h ch ra rng nhit ca nc 12-140C l nhit thch hp nht ngm i mch. Nu ngm nhit nh hn 100C th s pht trin ca mm b km hm, cn nu ngm nhit cao hn s dn ti s pht trin phong ph ca vi sinh vt. Mt khc, nhit cao tc ht nc ca ht tng ln, d xy ra hin tng phi b "ng" lm mt kh nng ny mm ca ht. ng thi khi tng nhit ca nc ngm cng h hp ca ht s tng ln rt nhiu v ko theo nhng qu trnh khc xy ra vi tc cao hn. Tuy nhin, mt s nghin cu ch ra rng ngm "m" (ngm nhit 18 C v cao hn) khng nhng rt ngn c chu k ngm m cn lm cho cht lng ca malt tt hn. Nhng qu trnh ngm ch thc hin khi s dng cht st trng mnh v thng kh tch cc cho ht.
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nh hng ca nhit nc ngm n tc ht nc ca ht c minh ha bng s liu trong bng 1.

Bng 1: ng hc qu trnh ht nc ca ht nhit khc nhau Thi gian ngm (h) 0 16 40 68 87 112 * ln ca ht: Kch thc ca ht cng nh hng n tc ngm. Ht to cn phi ngm lu hn ht nh. Cng ngm nh nhau, ht i mch c b dy 28mm t m yu cu sau ht c b dy 22mm l 25h. Trong ht dy qung ng i ca nc di hn trong ht mng. Cho nn ht cng dy thi gian ngm ht cng lu. Ch c nhng ht bng nhau v kch thc th khi ngm mi t m nh nhau v tc v sau ny cng mc mm u nhau. Do , cn phi phn loi ht theo kch thc trc khi ngm. Cc loi ht khc nhau c thi gian ngm cng khng ging nhau. Nh khi s dng nc ngm c nhit 12-130C th thi gian ngm ca ht k l 3 ngy, i mch 2 ngy, yn mch 1,5 ngy v mch en l 1 ngy. Qu trnh hp th nc ca ht din ra khng u, lc u th nhanh v sau chm dn 10 C 13,1 29,5 36,4 39,2 41,4 43,3
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Hm m ca ht (%) 10,60C 13,1 32,8 39,3 42,5 44,0 46,2
21,30C 13,1 31,2 42,1 44,9 46,7 48,2
Hnh 3.5 th biu din s thay i m ca ht khi ngm

Khi m ca ht t 40% th s ht nc ca ht b chm li. i vi i mch khi ngm 24, 48, 72, 96 gi th m ca ht tng tng ng l 39, 43, 45 v 47%. * Hm lng protein: Hm lng protein c trong ht i mch cng nh hng n tc ht nc ca ht. Ni chung, ht cng cha nhiu protein th tc ht nc cng chm. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l protein kh trng n v kh nng ht nc cng km. Hn ch ny s c khc phc nu nh khi lng v tru ca ht cao. * Thnh phn ha hc ca nc ngm: L mt yu t nh hng kh mnh n kh nng ht nc, s ha tan cc cht polyphenol, cht cht, cht mu ca v v cng h hp ca ht. Cc ion kim loi kim v kim th thng hay c mt trong nc. Nu hm lng ca chng cao s thc y qu trnh ngm ht nhanh hn. Chng ha tan mt lng ng k cc hp cht polyphenol, cht ng v cht cht v ht vo nc. Chnh nh s ha tan m nc s thm vo ht nhanh hn. Cc ion kim loi nng trong nc c kh nng cn tr s ht nc ca ht, c bit l ion st. Vi hm lng cao, chng s to ra mt mng bao ph b mt ht v s cn tr s xm nhp ca nc vo bn trong, cn tr s tip xc vi oxy, hn ch s gii thot kh cacbonic khi ht h hp. Ngoi ra, ion st cn c th tham gia phn ng ha hc vi cc cht mu to thnh cc phc cht v lm bin mu ca ht. Hu ht cc mui ha tan trong nc ngm ht, d mc t nhiu chng u nh hng n s pht trin ca mm non sau ny. Ngoi cc yu t k trn, qu trnh ngm ht cn chu nh hng ca iu kin kh hu ca vng gieo trng i mch. i mch gieo trng vng kh hu kh, m khng kh thp, lng ma t v t ai km mu m c kh nng ht nc km hn so vi i mch c trng vng kh hu n ha. Kh nng thch ng vi iu kin sng ca thc vt c lin quan n cu trc vi th ca t bo. Thc vt sng vng kh cn, k c ht ca chng phi c cu to
t bo ph hp sao cho kh nng thot nc l t nht, m qu trnh ht nc v nh hi nc l 2 qu trnh thun nghch ca t bo thc vt. 4.1.4c Cc qu trnh xy ra khi ngm ht Trong thi gian ngm ht nhng qu trnh sau y xy ra: - S thm thu v khuch tn ca nc vo ht. - S ha tan cc cht polyphenol, cht cht, cht mu v ht vo mi trng. - S thm thu mt s ion v mui ha tan trong nc vo ht. - S ht nc v trng n ca t bo. - S ha tan cc hp cht thp phn t trong ni nh vo nc. - S vn chuyn cc cht ha tan v phi. - S ha tan tt c enzym c trong ht vo nc hay l s gii phng enzym khi trng thi lin kt thnh trng thi t do. - S hot ha h enzym oxy ha-kh v enzym thy phn. - S h hp ca ht. - S thy phn cc cht hu c cao phn t. - Xut hin du hiu ca s pht trin cy non phi. Trong cc qu trnh trn th h hp ca ht v s hot ha h enzym thy phn l 2 qu trnh quan trng nht. 4.1.4d Cc phng php ngm ht ngm ht i mch c th s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau nhng khi chn gii php cng ngh cho vic ngm ht cn p ng cc yu cu: thi gian ngm ngn nht, ch thng kh y v bo m ht nguyn vn, m bo cng lc ny mm ca ht v sau. Ty iu kin c th c th chn cch ngm ph hp. * Ngm 1 ln trong nc: y l phng php rt c in v hin nay rt t c s dng trong cng nghip. Vi phng php ny ht c ngm lin tc trong nc v khng
c thng kh cho ht. Vic cung cp oxy cho khi ht h hp c tin hnh bng cch thay nc nh k. Nhc im ca phng php ny l ht ra khng c sch, oxy cung cp khng u, kh cacbonic sinh ra khi ht h hp khng c gii phng trit , khng bo m v sinh v vi sinh vt d dng xm nhp gy h hng sn phm. * Ngm hon v nc - khng kh: c trng ca phng php ny l ht lc c ngm trong nc lc c ngm trong khng kh. Mi chu k ko di t 3 n 6 gi ph thuc vo dng ht v nhng yu t khc c nh hng n tc ngm. Trong qu trnh ngm (k c ngm trong nc v ngm trong khng kh) c thi kh nn vo khi ht * Ngm trong dng nc-khng kh lin tc: Phng php ny c th thc hin theo 2 phng n: - Hai ng dng nc v khng kh tch bit nhau. - Dng nc bo ha khng kh a vo khi ht. * Ngm bng phng php phun nc: Ht sau khi ra v ngm s b th tho ht nc bn v van y trng thi m. Tip tc phun nc sch vo khi ht. Khi nc phun vo khi ht n s ht theo khng kh v chy qua lp ht. Pha trn ming thng ngm, nc c phun lin tc v van y, nc cng tho ra lin tc. Bng cch khi ht lun lun tip xc vi nc v oxy, cn kh cacbonic cng lin tc y ra khi khi ht. * Ngm bng phng php phun nc-ht kh: y l phng php kt hp gia vic lm m ht bng cch phun nc lin tc v gi ht lun trong iu kin hiu kh bng cch ht ht kh trong khi ht khi ngm. 4.1.5 m mm 4.1.5a Mc ch
- Gii phng v tch ly cc h enzym thy phn. - To iu kin cc h enzym thy phn mt phn cc cht c trong ht t dng phc tp sang dng n gin. 4.1.5b. Cc qu trnh xy ra khi m mm: Khi m mm, trong ht ny mm cng xy ra cc bin i sinh ha v sinh l ging nh khi ny mm t nhin trong t. Khi m, oxy, c nhit thch hp mm s chuyn t trng thi nm im sang trng thi hot ng v dn ti nhng bin i trong ht. * S bin i hnh thi: - Bn ngoi: mm v r bt u xut hin t t. - Bn trong: di tc dng ca cc enzym c sn trong ht hoc mi c to thnh khi ny mm nh xitase, proteinase, pectinase... thnh t bo b thy phn - tc n b ha tan. Nh m cc enzym thy phn c th tin su vo cc t bo ca ht thy phn cc cht c trong ht. * S hot ha cc enzym: Trong cc ht cha ny mm cc h enzym thy phn khng c hoc c rt t v b hp ph bi cc cu trc nguyn sinh cht ca t bo nn trng thi khng hot ng. Trong qu trnh ny mm cc enzym c sn c gii phng v hot ha, ng thi c mt s enzym mi c to thnh v tch ly. Chnh v th, sau khi ny mm s lng v hot lc ca cc enzym tng ln rt nhiu. - Amylase: l mt nhm bao gm ba enzym: + -amylase: Trong ht i mch hu nh khng xc nh c hot lc ca n, nhng n th hin c hot lc vo nhng thi im u tin ca qu trnh m mm, cn n ngy th 3 hoc th 4 hot lc ca chng tng mt cch ng k. + -amylase: Loi enzym ny c trong ht i mch c 2 dng lin kt v t do. Trong thi gian m mm hot lc ca 2 dng u tng ln, hot lc t do tng 34 ln cn hot lc chung tng 1,52 ln.
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+ Amylophosphotase: Trong qu trnh m mm hot lc ca cc enzym thuc nhm ny cng tng nhng khng nhiu so vi cc enzym k trn. - Protease: Khi ny mm hot tnh ca h enzym ny tng ln 4 ln. Trong nhm ny bao gm cc enzym nh proteinase, peptidase v amydase. - Xitase: ng mt vai tr rt ln trong vic ha tan cc cht bn trong ht. Theo mt s tc gi th loi enzym ny trong i mch kh ch pht hin vt ca chng, nhng trong qu trnh m mm hot lc ca chng cng tng ln rt nhiu. - Esterase: Mt s cc enzym trong nhm ny c tng cng hot ng. Trong thi k m mm, hot tnh ca phosphotase tng ln 710 ln. Enzym lipase c tng nhiu vo cui thi k m mm. - Cc enzym h hp: Hot tnh ca chng cng c tng nhiu trong khi ny mm nhng mc tng so vi h enzym amylase th t hn. * S h hp: Nng lng cung cp cho ht ny mm l do qu trnh h hp sinh ra. Khi h hp ht s dng cc cht hu c d tr, ch yu l hidratcacbon, mt t protein v cht bo sinh nng lng. Chnh v th, sau khi ny mm lng vt cht kh c trong ht hao ph c th trn 10%. Trong mt phn ln tiu tn cho s h hp v mt t cho s tng hp t bo. H hp trong ny mm c th xy ra ym kh hoc hiu kh ph thuc vo cc iu kin ca mi trng. Trong qu trnh h hp ca t bo thc vt s xy ra qu trnh oxy ha hon ton v khng hon ton ng. Do c s sinh nhit trong khi h hp nn nhit ca lp ht ny mm tng ln nhiu, do cn phi gii phng nhit trong khi m mm. * S thay i thnh phn ha hc: Trong khi m mm, di tc dng ca cc enzym ni ti, trong ht xy ra hng lot cc phn ng sinh ha dn ti lm thay i cc thnh phn ha hc ca ht: - S ha tan thnh t bo di tc dng ca enzym xitase.
- S thy phn tinh bt di tc dng ca h enzym amylase. - S thy phn protein nh protease. - S thy phn phitin nh enzym phitase. - S thy phn cht bo nh enzym lipase. 4.1.5c Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh m mm Nhng yu t c bn nh hng n s ny mm ca ht l nhit , m, t l oxy v CO2, thi gian m mm. - Nhit : l yu t nh hng ln nht v cng h hp v s bin i ca ht u ph thuc vo nhit . Khi m mm nhit thp (1216oC), s pht trin ca mm v r lc u xy ra yu nhng v sau pht trin u hn; s to thnh v tc dng ca cc enzym tin trin chm. Cn khi m mm nhit cao th mm r pht trin nhanh v cht kh tiu tn nhiu. Do , ty tng loai ht m chn nhit m cho thch hp. i vi i mch thng m nhit 13170C, nhng nu hm lng protein trong ht cao th phi m nhit ln hn (20230C). - m: Cc loi ht khc nhau, m thch hp cho m mm khng ging nhau. i vi i mch m thch hp khong 4346%. iu quan trng l phi gi m cho ht trong khi m lun t mc thch hp. Trong qu trnh ny mm, nu ht b kh s lm gim hot tnh ca enzym v lm chm qu trnh thy phn cc cht. Ngc li, nu ht qu m mm s b thi v cht. -T l oxy v CO2: Cng h hp v cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong ht khi m ph thuc vo t l ny c trong khi ht. Trong thi k u ca qu trnh m mm, khi xy ra s tch ly enzym ln nht th s thng kh rt cn thit. Khi cc enzym tch ly , cc qu trnh sinh ha vn tip tc, thm ch n vn tip din trong iu kin km hm s pht trin ca mm. thu c malt c cht lng tt cn phi gi hm lng CO2 trong khng kh khng vt qu 20%. Nu hm lng CO2 cao hn th s h hp bnh thng ca ht b ngng, hot ng sng ca mm b nh ch hon ton v ht bt u t phn. - Thi gian m mm: Cc loi ht khc nhau c thi gian m cng khc nhau v n cn ph thuc vo nhit m mm. Qua nghin cu h ch ra rng
thi gian m mm thch hp i vi malt bia khong t 6 n 9 ngy. Trong khi m mm khng l mm thot ra khi v. Dip lc t ca l mm s lm cho bia c v ng rt kh chu. Chnh v l do ny m cc khu vc m mm tuyt i khng cho nh sng mt tri chiu vo. 4.1.5d. c im v k thut m mm cc loi malt: Malt dng lm nguyn liu trong cng nghip sn xut bia c chia lm 2 loi: malt vng v malt en. Malt vng dng sn xut cc loi bia vng, malt en dng sn xut cc loi bia en. - Malt vng: c im ni bt ca malt vng l c mu vng sng, c v ngt nh nhng v hng thm du, c trng ca malt. Khi sn xut malt vng, iu cn thit l phi to ra c iu kin tch ly c hot lc enzym tht cao, c bit l amylase, cn hm lng acid amin th mc va phi v hm lng m ha tan ch cn t mc . p ng c yu cu , trc tin cn chn loi i mch c hm lng protein thp nhng c kh nng ny mm cao. Thy phn ca i mch khi ngm khng nn vt qu 4243%. Qu trnh m mm tin hnh nhit 1318oC v phi c ch thng gi tht tt. Thi gian m mm khong 68 ngy. Nu s dng i mch c hm lng protein cao th khi ngm nn cho ht ht nc n hm m 4446%, cn nhit m t mc ti a 20220C. - Malt en: c im ni bt ca malt en l c mu sm, hng v v ngt m. sn xut malt en, trong thi gian m mm phi to c iu kin sao cho tch ly c nhiu m amin v ng. Do , hm m ca ht khi ngm phi t mc cao, khng thp hn 45% v phi tng cng c hot ca nhm protease. Nhit m mm trong nhng ngy u khng ch khong 15180C, cn giai on sau c th tng n 220C. Sau mt thi gian m, lc thy r pht trin tt ta phi c bin php tch ly CO2 trong sn m nhm hn ch hao tn cht kh. Thi gian m mm ca malt en trong khong 79 ngy m. 4.1.5e. Phng php m mm: * m mm khng thng g:
y l phng php m mm lu i nhng n nay vn c nhiu nc s dng. Phng m mm l 1 sn c xy dng ngm hoc bn ngm hoc xy ni trn mt t. C th xy dng theo kiu nh 1 tng hoc nhiu tng. Chiu cao tng nh 33,5m; xung quanh xy kn, qut vi hoc sn, c ca s nh chng nh sng trnh mt tri chiu vo. Nn ca sn m phi nhn d ra v c nghing 510% d thot nc. Pha cui ca sn m c trang b bng ti hoc vt ti chuyn dch malt ti t sn m n l sy. H thng thit b vn chuyn ny phi t su thp hn mt bng sn m. Nhit trong khu vc m mm phi gi khong 10120C, cn m khng kh khng thp hn 90%. Trc khi chuyn qua sn, ht phi ro nc trong 23h. cao lung ht 3050cm ph thuc vo mc ngm, nhit v m tng i ca khng kh trong phng. Mc ngm thp th nhit gim hoc nc ngm c nhit thp th nh lung cao v ngc li. Trong qu trnh m mm phi gi nhit, gi m mc thch hp cho khi ht v phi o ht thng gi cho n. * m mm c thng gi: Nguyn l ca phng php m mm thng gi l trong qu trnh m mm ngi ta tin hnh thi khng kh iu ha v nhit v m cho khi ht ang m nhm: - Cung cp oxy cho khi ht. - iu chnh nhit v m cho khi ht. - Gii phng CO2 ra khi khi ht.
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* m mm trong catset (trong ngn):
Hnh 3.6 1- ngn ny mm; 2- li thp y ngn; 3- b phn o trn; 4- b phn lm m khng kh; 5- khng kh vo ngn ny mm; 6- qut gi; 7- cm ng nhit . Thit b m mm c dng hnh hp ch nht c ch to t thp thng thng hoc bng inox, ng l, thp trng hoc c th bng b tng li thp. Cu to chi tit ca cc catset c th khc nhau ph thuc vo nguyn tc thi kh, nng sut, ch m mm... Trong qu trnh m mm phi tin hnh o ht nh cc my o. Tn s o malt ph thuc vo b dy lp ht v trng thi ca ht. * m mm trong thng quay:
Hnh 3.7 1- thng quay; 2- gi ; 3- li thp; 4- ca np i mch; 5- ca khng kh vo; 6- ng kh trung tm; 7- ca khng kh ra.
B phn chnh ca thit b m mm ny l 1 thng quay c. Chng gm nhiu loi, khc nhau v cu to, phng php vn hnh, nhng c mt im chung l o malt nh s quay ca thng. Vic a khng kh sch vo v dn khng kh bn ra khi khi ht c thc hin bng qut ht t pha sau thng quay. c. m mm trong ngn c lung di ng, lin tc:
Hnh 3.8 Thit b l mt ngn m di v c chia thnh nhiu lung. S lung trong ngn m bng s ngy m mm. Kch thc ca ngn m ph thuc vo nng sut ca nh my v kch thc ca phng m. Trong khi m mm, sau mi ln o, c lung malt b chuyn dch v pha sau mt khong v gii phng mt bng pha trc. Tip theo, l ht mi c nhp vo ch mt bng va gii phng v c nh th cho n khi kt thc qu trnh m mm. Thc hin: i mch kh lin tc a vo my ra, ti y ht c st trng, ng thi tch b ht lp, rm r, sau c chuyn qua h thng ngm ti phun lin tc trong 48h. Khi ngm xong, nh gu ti ht lin tc a n cc ngn m mm, mi ngn ht ny mm t 12-24h, lin tc c o trn bng cch chuyn t ngn ny sang ngn khc cho n ngn cui cng th hon tt qu trnh m mm, t malt ti c gu ti chuyn n l sy. 4.1.6 Sy malt 4.1.6a Mc ch ca qu trnh - a malt v m bo qun c.
- To cho malt c cha cc cht sinh mu, sinh mi thch hp cho cng ngh bia. 4.1.6b Cc qu trnh xy ra trong khi sy malt Ph thuc vo cc qu trnh xy ra trong malt khi sy, chia qu trnh sy malt ra lm ba pha: sinh l, enzym v ha hc. * Pha sinh l: Thi k ny ko di t lc bt u sy cho n khi nhit t 45oC v hm m gim n 30%. c im ca giai on ny l r v l mm vn pht trin. V m v nhit thch hp nn qu trnh ny din ra vi cng kh mnh. * Pha enzym: Giai on ny nm trong khong t 450C n 700C v hm m cn 10% (i vi malt vng), cn trn 20% (i vi malt en). c im ca giai on ny l hot ng sng ca ht b c ch rt mnh, s pht trin ca r v l mm b ngng li, nhng hot ng ca h enzym thy phn vn tip tc din ra, c bit mnh thi gian u ca pha ny. Kt qu trong ht tch ly thm mt lng cht chit ha tan. pha ny, nu tc tch m cng nhanh th tc cc qu trnh sinh hc v qu trnh enzym cng chm, s to thnh cc cht chit ha tan b sung cng t. Trong thi k ny, di tc dng ca enzym amylase mt t tinh bt c ng ha. Di tc dng ca enzym protease mt s protein b thy phn v cn nhiu qu trnh enzym khc. Cc qu trnh ny ph thuc rt ln vo m v khi m ca ht cn 15% th cc qu trnh ny b nh ch. * Pha ha hc: Pha ny nm trong khong nhit t 700C n 1050C v m gim xung di 4%. Thi gian ko di ca pha ny ph thuc vo tc cc phn ng xy ra trong ni nh. c im ca nhng phn ng xy ra giai on ny l s to thnh cc cht thm, v c trng, cc cht mu v s bin tnh ca protein.
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Khi nhit tng qu 750C, cc qu trnh enzym s nh ch hot ng. Nguyn nhn l do mt phn cc enzym b ph v cu trc phn t, mt phn b hp ph vo protein tn ti trng thi lin kt, mt phn chng b gim hot lc do qu trnh mt nc. Enzym xitase hon ton b ph v cu trc khi nhit cn 600C, 750C hot amylase gim mt cch ng k, cn enzym protease tng mnh giai on u ca qu trnh sy nhng vng nhit ny hot lc ca chng gim xung n mc ti thiu. S to thnh cc hp cht cho mu v cho hng c th xy ra vng nhit 60700C hoc thp hn nhng vi tc khng ng k, chng c to thnh ch yu vng nhit 1001050C. Cc cht ny c to thnh do cc phn ng to melanoidin, caramen v mt s cc phn ng khc. Nhng qu trnh xy ra pha ha hc c ngha rt quan trng trong qu trnh sn xut malt v bia. Hng, v v mu sc cui cng ca malt c hnh thnh ch yu giai on ny. ng thi cht lng cm quan ca bia, k c kh nng to bt v bn keo ca chng cng c quyt nh giai on ny. 4.1.6c Thit b v ch cng ngh sy malt - Thit b sy: Cc loi thit b dng sy malt thng c gi l l sy. L sy c rt nhiu loi. Da vo tnh lin tc ca dng malt vo v malt ra c chia thnh: + L sy gin on. + L sy bn lin tc. + L sy lin tc. Da vo hnh dng ca l v t th "nm" ca lp malt lc sy chng c chia thnh: + L sy ng. + L sy nm ngang. Da vo s tng sy, l sy nm ngang chia thnh: + L sy nm ngang 1 tng.
+ L sy nm ngang 2 tng. + L sy nm ngang 3 tng. - Cng ngh sy: Nu kt hp ng n gia nhit sy v m ca malt vo tng thi im sy s gip cho sy malt mau kh v gim ti thiu s mt mt hot tnh ca cc enzym. Thi gian sy malt khng nhng da vo tc thi m, s bo ton hot tnh enzym m cn phi da vo cc bin i sinh ha v ha hc theo yu cu. Qu trnh sy malt chia lm 2 giai on: giai on tch nc v giai on sy kh. Trong giai on u th hm m trong ht nhanh chng v d dng h xung cn khong 810%. Cn s gim m ca giai on sau tin trin rt chm v lc ny m lin kt bn vng vi cc cht keo ca ht. Ty vo tng loi malt m ta chn ch cng ngh sy thch hp: + Sy malt vng: c im ca qu trnh sy malt vng l loi nhanh hm m ca malt trong khi nhit sy cn kh thp. Mun t c iu ny phi tin hnh thng gi mc ti a. Malt ti c a vo tri u trn sn trn vi chiu dy lp malt t 14-22cm, nhit ca sn ny tng ln t t v lng m ca ht tch ra vi tc tng dn. Sau 6 gi nhit ht t 30-350C v hm m cn khong 20%. Giai on gim m xung cn 810% tin trin trong khi nhit tng dn ln 45500C, cn giai on gim m xung cn 3,33,5% th nhit tng dn n ti a 70800C. Chu k sy malt vng ko di 24 gi (thit b hnh 3.9). + Sy malt en: Tt c nhng phm cht ca malt en c hnh thnh ngay t giai on ngm v m. n giai on sy n c tng cng thm v nh hnh cho trng thi cui cng. Malt c np vo l sy ging nh malt vng, chiu dy lp malt lc u l 22-30cm, giai on u ko di khong 14h, nhit tng t t n 400C v malt c o trn 24/1ln, hm m gim xung cn 20%. 2-3h tip theo nhit tng dn ln 60-650C, s ln o trn tng ln, sau 24h th sy xong tng trn. tng di, malt bt u sy nhit 500C v m trong malt l 20%. Qu trnh sy ny chia lm 2 thi k: Thi k th nht: ko di 9-10h nhit lun gi 50-550C, m h t 8-10%. Lc u ht malt c o trn lin tc v sau l c 2h/1ln.
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Thi k th 2: nhit tng ln, vi 4-5h u ca thi k ny nhit tng n 750C, m h xung cn 5%; vi 3-4h tip theo nhit tng ln 100-1050C v gi nhit ny cho n khi sy xong, hm m malt cn khong 1.5-2% (thit b hnh 3.9) . p ng c nhng ch tiu ca malt en th cng ngh sy i vi n cn t nhng yu cu sau: * H c hm m ca malt xung cn 1,5%. * To c nhiu melanoid. * Mu ca malt phi nu, rt sm. * To c nhiu cht chit ha tan b sung. t c cc yu cu cng ngh trn y, tin trnh sy malt en cn tun theo cc nguyn trc: * Chu k sy ko di, phi 48gi. * Sy nhit cao, c bit l giai on sy kh (nhit ti a ca tc nhn sy l 1050C). * Tng quan gia 2 thng s: nhit sy v hm m ca ht phi tun theo mt quy lut ht sc nghim ngt. * Tng cng ti a cho hot ng ca h enzym thy phn pha enzym.
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Hnh 3.9 L sy hot ng tun hon 1- l t, bp un; 2- phng cha khng kh; 3- van iu khin khng kh thng; 4- phng chng nng; 5- ng dn hi t; 6- ng dn khng kh nng; 7- phng trn khng kh; 8- tng di cha malt; 9- my o malt; 10- ca khng kh lnh vo; 11- tng trn nhp malt; 12- van iu chnh khng kh; 13qut ht; 14- ng thot hi. 4.1.7 Cc tc nghip cng ngh sau khi sy 4.1.7a. Tch mm, r: Trong thnh phn ha hc ca mm, r malt cha nhiu cc hp cht thuc nhm alcaloid. Nu nhng hp cht ny tn ti trong bia s gy ra v ng kh chu. Mt khc, mt s cu t trong thnh phn phn ha hc ca r, malt l nguyn nhn to nhiu ru bc cao trong qu trnh ln men bia. V 2 l do ny nn cn phi loi b mm, r malt.
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Hnh 3.10 1- trc vt; 2- cnh gt; 3- vt ti; 4- qut; 5- thng li hnh tr. Vic loi b mm, r phi tin hnh ngay sau khi sy xong v khi ht cn nng v mm r cn gin nn d tch. Vic tch ny c thc hin bng cc thit b chuyn dng, gi l my tch mm, r. 4.1.7b. Bo qun malt: Sau khi sy v tch mm, r xong malt cha dng sn xut bia c v cc l do sau y: - V gin nn khi nghin s b nt v gy nh hng xu n qa trnh lc. - Hot lc ca h enzym thy phn cha n nh nn qu trnh ng ha din ra s kh khn v hiu sut thu hi sn phm s b thp, cht lng sn phm km. Chnh v th, trc khi em vo sn xut bia, malt cn phi c bo qun t nht t 34 tun. Trong thi gian bo qun, malt s ht thm nc n hm m 56%. Khi v ht s dai hn v nghin t nt. ng thi, khi m tng ln th hot tnh ca cc h enzym cng tng theo v gip cho qu trnh nu bia s tt hn. 4.1.8 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca malt bia Malt dng sn xut bia phi sch, c mi thm c trng ca malt, c v ngt, mu vng sng u. Khng c c mi v l, khng mc v khng hi khi. Yu cu kch thc ca cc ht malt phi u v t theo quy nh.
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chit ca malt 7582%. Thi gian ng ha t 1035 pht ph thuc vo loi malt. Thnh phn ha hc ca malt cn phi bo m theo yu cu. Trong malt phi cha cc h enzym thy phn nh amylase, protease, phitase, xitase... 4.1.9 Sn xut mt s loi malt c bit Ngoi malt vng v malt en, trong cng nghip sn xut bia cn s dng mt s loi malt c bit lm ph gia. 4.1.9a. Malt caramen N c s dng trong sn xut bia vng vi hm lng 25% nhm to cho bia c hng v v c trng, cn i vi bia en 510% nhm tng cng hng, v v mu ca sn phm. Malt caramen c th sn xut theo 2 phng php: * T malt ti: Malt ti sau khi kt thc m mm em vy thm nc (12lt/100kg) v cho tip tc m trong 2 ngy na nhm thy phn thm tinh bt v protein. Sau , malt ti c a vo sy. Khi nhit ca l sy tng dn ln 70750C th gi nhit ny 4045 pht. Lc trong ht s xy ra qu trnh thy phn ht rt mnh v to ra nhiu ng. Tip theo tng dn nhit ln 1201600C. Thi gian nng ko di 23 gi v sau mat c a i lm ngui. * T malt kh: Ly 1 t malt kh v ngp nc. Nng nhit ca nc ln 70750C v duy tr nhit ny trong 1 gi. Sau malt c vt ra, ro v em nng nhit 1600C. Hoc c th thc hin theo phng n khc: Ly malt kh cho ngm vo nc trong 10 gi, hm m ca n s t 60%. Vt malt ro nc. Sy malt bng thit b sy thng quay. Nhit tng dn ln 700C v gi nhit ny trong 23 gi. Sau nhit c tng nhanh ln 1700C. Thi gian nng malt ph thuc vo yu cu v mu sc v hng v ca sn phm. 4.1.9b. Malt c ph:
Malt c ph c mu c ph sm, c mi ging mi c ph. N c s dng trong sn xut bia vi hm lng 25% nhm tng cng mu cho bia. Malt c ph c sn xut t malt kh thnh phm bng cch cho nng trong thng quay nhit 2102250C. Thi gian nng ph thuc vo yu cu v mu sc ca sn phm. 4.1.9c. Malt diastilin L loi malt cha hot lc cao nhm enzym diastase v c s dng b sung trong trng hp malt nguyn liu c kh nng ng ha km hoc s dng nhiu nguyn liu thay th. Loi malt ny c sn xut t ht i mch cht lng loi 2 c hm lng protein cao, m mm nhit thp, ko di 10 ngy m. Malt ti c sy nhit thp hn 500C. 4.1.9d. Malt melanoid Cn gi l melan, l loi malt en c mi thm rt mnh, cha nhiu melanoid. N c s dng trong sn xut bia en vi hm lng 1012% nhm lm cho sn phm mang v ngt m, hng v c trng v ci thin kh nng to cng nh gi bt cho bia. Melan c sn xut t i mch c hm lng protein cao. m mm c tin hnh nhit 220C trong thi gian 1 ngy m. Sau malt c vun thnh ng trong 2 ngy m v nhit ca khi ht s tng n 500C. Duy tr m mm nhit ny cho n khi kt thc (khong 2436 gi). Sau khi m xong malt c sy theo ch sy malt en. 4.1.9e. Malt proteolin y l loi malt c cha khong 2% acid lactic v c s dng trong sn xut bia vi hm lng 2,5% nhm lm tng chua ca khi nu, to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh thy phn. sn xut malt ny, ngi ta tin hnh nh sau: - Chun b canh trng vi sinh vt: ly dch ng lc sch ri cy vi khun lactic vo (thng s dng Bacterium delbrucckii) nui. Ngy th nht nui nhit 470C, cc ngy tip theo h xung cn 420C. nhit 470C trong
vng 12h hm lng acid lactic c th tch ly n 1,5% so vi khi lng canh trng. Ton b canh trng (dch ng ln men lactic) em thanh trng v lm ngui n nhit thng. - Chun b hn hp: ly malt ti sau khi kt thc qu trnh m mm theo ch m malt vng em ngm trong canh trng chun b trn. Thi gian ngm ko di cho n khi malt ht c 2% acid lactic so vi trng lng cht kh ca n. - Sy malt ti theo ch sy malt vng. 4.2 Hoa houblon Hoa houblon l nguyn liu c bn th hai trong cng ngh sn xut bia. N c con ngi bit n v a vo s dng 3000 nm trc cng nguyn.
Hnh 3.11 hoa houblon 4.2.1 Vai tr ca hoa houblon i vi cng ngh bia Hoa houblon c s dng trong sn xut bia nhm mc ch: - To mi thm v v ng c trng cho bia. - Tng kh nng to bt v gi bt cho bia. - Tng kh nng st trng cho bia. Do tnh nng cc k quan trng nh vy nn hoa houblon l nguyn liu khng thay th c trong cng ngh sn xut bia. 4.2.2 Cc cht c gi tr ca hoa houblon i vi cng ngh bia Hoa houblon (Humulus lupulus) l loi thc vt lu nin n tnh, thuc h Gai mo (cannabinaceae). Trong cng ngh sn xut bia ch s dng hoa ci cha th phn. Nu hoa th phn th gi tr cng ngh ca n b gim di.
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Chnh v vy m ngi ta phi tin hnh loi b ngay nhng cy c trong vn houblon. Thnh phn ha hc ca hoa houblon bao gm nhiu cht, nhng nhng cht c gi tr i vi cng ngh sn xut bia l: cht ng, tinh du v tanin. 4.2.2a. Cc cht ng Cht ng c vai tr rt ln trong sn xut bia. N truyn cho bia v ng du, tng cng sc cng b mt ca bia nn gp phn gi bt lu tan v n c tnh khng khun nn lm tng bn sinh hc cho bia. Thnh phn cht ng ca hoa houblon bao gm cc acid ng v nha ng: * Acid ng: - - acid ng: y l cu t cht ng quan trng nht v bao gm su hp cht l humulon, cohumulon, adhumulon, prehumulon, posthumulon v 4- deoxyhumulon. Kh nng ha tan ca -acid ng vo trong nc khong 500mg/l, trong dch ng th t hn v trong bia th hu nh khng ng k (1030mg/l). kim ca dung mi cng cao th kh nng ha tan ca chng cng nhiu. giai on houblon ha cc hp cht humulon khng trc tip ha tan vo dch ng m phi qua qu trnh ng phn ha. Cc sn phm ng phn ny c kh nng ha tan v cho ng cao hn nhiu so vi cc hp cht nguyn thy. - -acid ng: nhm ny bao gm bn hp cht l lupulon, colupulon, adlupulon v prelupulon. So vi humulon th lupulon t ng hn nhng li c tnh khng khun cao hn. Kh nng ha tan trong nc, trong dch ng ca -acid ng thp hn rt nhiu so vi -acid ng. Khi houblon ha, lupulon cng b ng phn ha v ha tan nhng vi tc v khi lng "nh git". Nu b oxy ha, -acid ng chuyn thnh hulupon c kh nng ha tan vo dch ng kh hn so vi cht xut pht. Nu b oxy ha tip tc, hulupon s b polyme ha v tr thnh nha mm v sau thnh nha cng.
* Nha ng: Bao gm nha mm v nha cng: - Nha mm: l polyme ca cc acid ng v cha xc nh c thnh phn ha hc. Kh nng ha tan vo dch ng cao hn -acid ng nn chng to ra lc ng kh ln. N l hp phn c gi tr ca cht ng. - Nha cng: cng l polyme ca cc acid ng nhng mc cao hn nhiu so vi nha mm. Chng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh sy v bo qun. Cu t ny hu nh khng ha tan vo nc v dch ng, chng thng b thi ra ngoi theo cn lng. y l hp phn khng c gi tr trong cng ngh sn xut bia. 4.2.2b. Tinh du Tinh du ca hoa houblon ha tan vo dch ng, tn ti trong bia v to cho n mi thm c trng, nh nhng v d chu. Thnh phn ha hc ca tinh du hoa houblon rt phc tp, bao gm trn 100 hp cht khc nhau, phn ln l nhng terpen, ru, xeton, aldehid, ester v acid. Trong qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon c n 98% lng tinh du bay ra ngoi theo hi nc, ch cn li 2% tn ti trong bia. Mc d cn li t nhng lng tinh du ny quyt nh hng thm ca bia, nht l bia vng. 4.2.2c. Tanin Tanin ca hoa houblon l cc polyphenol thuc nhiu nhm khc nhau nh cumarin, flavanon, catechin... Tanin ca hoa houblon d ha tan trong nc v trong dch ng. Do , trong qu trnh houblon ha cc tanin ha tan vo dch ng v d dng kt hp vi protein cao phn t to thnh cc phc cht khng ha tan. Nh m loi tr c cc cu t protein kh bin tnh v kt lng ra khi dch ng. Tanin ca hoa houblon d b oxy ha nn bo v nha houblon khi b oxy ha. Mt khc, tanin ca hoa houblon cn tham gia vo vic hon thin v cho bia.
4.2.3 Bo qun hoa houblon gi cht lng cho hoa th nn bo qun hoa trong nhng iu kin sau: - Bo qun nhit thp (gn 00C) nhm km hm cc qu trnh ha hc v hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. - Ngn chn s xm nhp ca khng kh vo hoa. - Cch m tt - Dng cc cht thch hp dit trng cho hoa (thng xng hi lu hunh). 4.2.4 Cc dng ch phm hoa houblon S dng hoa nguyn cnh trong sn xut bia c u im l bo ton c cht lng, nhng c nhc im l kh bo qun, chim nhiu th tch v hiu qu s dng khng cao. khc phc cc nhc im trn, trong k thut sn xut bia cho ra nhng ch phm sau: * Ch phm dng bt: - Bt humulon: cnh hoa v lupulin c nghin thnh bt, khng c c. - Bt lupulin: ht lupulin nghin, c c hc. * Ch phm dng cao: Dng cc dung mi hu c chit li humulon v c c. * Ch phm dng ng phn: Sn phm m trong -acid ng c ng phn ha. So vi hoa sy kh nguyn cnh th s dng ch phm ca houblon c nhng u im sau y: - Gim c hao ph cht ng trong thi gian bo qun. - Tng h s s dng hu ch ca cht ng v cc cu t khc. - Cn ong chnh xc hn liu lng em s dng. - Lc b c h thng thit b lc b hoa trong cc nh my bia.
- Gim bt c lng cht mu antoxyanogen v cc cu t bt li khc cho cht lng ca bia. Chnh v ch phm hoa houblon c nhiu u im nh vy nn hin nay n c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip sn xut bia nhiu nc trn th gii. 4.3 Nc Trong bia thnh phm hm lng nc chim 7790%. Vi1 t l ln nh vy, ta c quyn ni rng, nc l 1 trong nhng nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia. Trong nh my bia nc c s dng vi 1 lng ln v ngoi vic dng nu, nc cn dng vo cc mc ch khc nh x l nguyn liu, trao i nhit, v sinh st trng thit b,... Lng nc dng trc tip nu bia khng nhiu nhng n nh hng nhiu n cht lng ca sn phm. Chnh v th, nc nu bia khng nhng i hi c y cc tiu chun ca nc ung m cn phi c nhng yu cu ring p ng vi cng ngh sn xut bia. 4.3.1 S nh hng ca nc n tin trnh cng ngh Hm lng ca cc mui trong nc rt khc nhau, do kh nng tc ng v nh hng ca chng n tin trnh cng ngh cng khc nhau, ph thuc vo hm lng cc ion c th c trong nc m dn ti nhng nh hng sau: - Thay i pH ca dch cho: nu trong nc giu cc mui bicacbonat s lm gim chua nh phn ca dch cho khi chng tc dng vi cc mui photphat ca malt. Ngc li, nu trong nc giu mui canxisunphat th s lm tng chua nh phn ca dch cho. - Ph v s cn bng trong tin trnh ln men: nu trong nc c cha nhiu st s rt ngn chu k sinh trng ca nm men v lm cho s cn bng trong tin trnh ln men b xo trn. Nu trong nc giu nitric s gy c ch rt mnh s pht trin ca nm men.
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4.3.2 S nh hng ca nc n cht lng ca bia S nh hng ca cc mui c trong nc n cht lng ca bia rt ln nhng cho n nay h vn cha nghin cu ht vn ny. Ty thuc vo tng loi mui m lm cho bia c nhng mi v bt thng: - Nu trong nc cha nhiu SO42- th chng s gy cho bia v ng kh chu. - Nu trong nc nhiu ion st s lm cho bia c mi v l. - Mui NaCl vi hm lng 200mg/l s lm cho bia c v hi ha. 4.3.3 Nhng yu cu c bn ca nc dng nu bia Nc nu bia trc ht phi trong sut, khng mu, c v d chu, khng c mi v l v khng cha cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Chun coli l 300ml v ch s coli l 3. Nc nu bia cn c cng trung bnh 56mg ng lng/lt; c pH = 6.87.3; oxy ha khng vt qu 12mg/l; hm lng cn kh khng vt qu 600mg/l. Hm lng cc kim loi: - St khng qu 0.3 mg/l - Mangan khng qu 0.05 mg/l - Magie khng qu 125 mg/l - Ch khng qu 0.1 mg/l - ng khng qu 3 mg/l - Km khng qu 5 mg/l - Flo khng qu 1mg/l - Selen khng qu 0.05 mg/l - Asen khng qu 0.05 mg/l - Nitrat khng qu 35 mg/l - Sunphat 6080 mg/l v khng vt qu 250 mg/l Trong nc nu bia khng c c xianid, Hg, Ba, Cr, NH3, photphat, sunphuahidro, nitrit.
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4.4 Nguyn liu thay th Trong cng nghip sn xut bia, vi mc ch gim gi thnh v a dng ha sn phm, ngi ta s dng mt s nguyn liu thay th malt i mch. 4.4.1 Nguyn liu giu tinh bt Ngi ta c th s dng cc nguyn liu dng ht nh i mch cha ny mm, tiu mch, go, ng tch phi thay th malt i mch. Lng nguyn liu thay th c s dng ty theo tng nc v tng loi bia. C nhng nc cm s dng nguyn liu thay th nhng cng c nhng nc s dng vi t l cao (trn 50%). Khi s dng nguyn liu thay th nu bia vi t l cao cn phi s dng thm cc ch phm enzym. 4.4.2 Cc nguyn liu giu ng Cc loi nguyn liu giu ng c b sung trc tip vo dch ng giai on houblon ha. C th s dng cc loi nguyn liu sau b sung: ng ma, ng c ci, ng glucose, ng nghch o, mt tinh bt,... Khng nn s dng ng vi t l ln thay malt trong nu bia v khi s lm thay i ln t s gia cc cht ng v khng ng, kt qu s lm gim cht lng ca bia.
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II. K THUT SN XUT BIA 4.1 Quy trnh cng ngh
4.2 Lm sch nguyn liu Malt v nguyn liu thay th trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun c th ln tp cht cho nn cn lm sch trc khi a vo sn xut. 4.3 Nghin nguyn liu 4.3.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin Ph v cu trc ca t bo ht, lm tng b mt tip xc vi nc nhm to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh thy phn tip theo.
4.3.2 Yu cu ca vic nghin nguyn liu - V malt gi cng nguyn cng tt. - To mt t l thch hp gia tm v bt sao cho thu nhn c hiu sut chit cao nht, ng thi bo m vic lc dch ng nhanh v dch trong. 4.3.3 Cch tin hnh nghin malt c 3 phng php: nghin trng thi kh, nghin trng thi m v nghin nc. * Nghin kh: Vi phng php ny, nguyn liu sau lm sch c a i nghin. H thng s dng cc my nghin trc nghin malt. Trong thc t sn xut, hai kiu my nghin trc c s dng rng ri hn c l my nghin 4 trc v my nghin 6 trc. My nghin 4 trc, 1 sng c dng trong trng hp malt c nhuyn tt, hoc sn xut cc loi bia ph thng. My nghin 6 trc, 4 sng c dng trong trng hp malt c cht lng km, hoc sn xut cc loi bia c cht lng cao. * Nghin m: Vi phng php ny, malt trc khi vo thit b nghin phi c phun m b sung thm 2% bng nc si hoc bng hi c nhit khng vt qu 1050C. Phun m cho malt trc lc nghin nhm hai mc ch: - Lm cho v m bo ton trng thi sau khi nghin. - Lm trng n cc si dng keo ca ni nh. Thit b nghin malt m khng c g khc so vi nghin malt kh, ngha l c th s dng my nghin bn trc, su trc, hai trc hoc ba v nm trc. * Nghin t: Nghin t l malt c nghin vi nc theo t l phi trn nht nh. nghin th nc phun vo malt theo t l 70lit cho 100kg malt. Nhit ca
nc l 30370C. Sau khi phun lng nc th khi malt c ngm trong 20pht. Vi thi gian v lng nc phun nh vy, hm m ca malt s t n 2535%. Tip theo l tin hnh nghin malt v sau bt nghin phi c phi trn ngay vi nc to ra sa malt. Qu trnh nghin t c thc hin bng my nghin c cu trc khc vi cc loi my nghin kh. u im ca phng php nghin malt t l rt ngn c thi gian lc b khong 1020%, t c th khai thc qu trnh sn xut theo hai hng: - Vn gi nguyn khi lng ca tng m nu nhng thi gian thao tc c rt ngn - Vn gi nguyn thi gian thao tc nhng c th tng lng sn phm trong mt m nu hoc tng s m nu trong mt ca. 4.4 Nu nguyn liu 4.4.1 Mc ch Chuyn cc cht t trng thi khng ha tan sang trng thi ha tan nh tc ng ca enzym c sn trong malt. 4.4.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh nu * Enzym: Cng ca cc qu trnh thy phn nh xc tc ca cc enzym khi nu bia ph thuc nhiu vo hm lng v hot tnh ca cc enzym c trong malt. Malt vi cht lng bnh thng c thi gian ng ha t 1525 pht th hot tnh amylase ca n thy phn tinh bt c trong bn thn n sang dng ha tan. Khi nu bia c s dng 1 lng ln cc nguyn liu thay th th phi b sung thm cc ch phm enzym. * Nng c cht: Nng ca khi nu cng ln th nht ca hn hp cng tng nn qu trnh thy phn xy ra cng kh. Do trong nu bia, tt nht ch nn thc hin cc khi nu c nng 16% tr li. * Nhit :
Mi loi enzym ca malt c nhit ti thch khc nhau. Trong qu trnh nu bia cn to iu kin thun li v nhit cho tt c cc enzym hot ng. Enzym -amylase thch hp nhit 70750C, -amylase thch hp nhit 63650C, protease 48520C, amylophotphotase 700C. Tuy nhin, vng nhit ti u ca cc enzym cn ph thuc vo pH ca mi trng. Ni chung, pH cng tng vng nhit ti u cng tng theo. * pH ca mi trng: Cc enzym khc nhau c pH ti thch khc nhau. Enzym -amylase thch hp pH = 5,7; cn -amylase = 4,8. Trong qu trnh nu, vic iu chnh pH qua nhu mc khc nhau rt kh, do ch cn gi pH mc m hu ht cc enzym (nht l amylase v protease) hot ng c. Gi tr pH ca mi trng ph thuc vo nguyn liu v nc dng nu bia. Khi s dng nhiu nguyn liu thay th hay dng nc nu c kim cao th pH ca khi nu c th t 5,96. Nu khi nu c pH cao th nn tin hnh acid ha qu trnh thy phn xy ra thun li hn. 4.4.3 Cc qu trnh xy ra khi nu bia Cc qu trnh xy ra trong nu bia c th chia ra lm 2 nhm: qu trnh enzym v phi enzym. * Qu trnh enzym: Di tc ng ca cc enzym, cc cht c trong nguyn liu b thy phn v chuyn sang trng thi ha tan. - Di tc dng ca h enzym amylase, tinh bt s chuyn thnh cc loi ng khc nhau v destrin. Qu trnh xy ra theo 2 giai on: tinh bt destrin maltose. u tin - amylase tc dng mnh ln cc phn t amylo v amylopectin v ph hy cc mi lin kt th 5 hay th 6 ca -1.4 glucosid. Tuy rng -1.6 glucosid ca amylopectin khng b ph hy, nhng chng khng gy cn tr g cho tc dng ca - amylase n nhng mi lin kt -1.4 glucosid pha sau. Kt qu l cc phn t polyme ca tinh bt b phn ct thnh nhng phn t c gc glocose t hn, tp hp thnh nhng dng destrin khc nhau. Sau s phn
ct ny s gim dn, v khi sang giai on th hai ca qu trnh thy phn s to ra mt lng t maltose v glocose. Tip theo -amylase tc dng bt u t nhng cp gc glucose tn cng ca mch nhnh ( i vi amylopectin), ngha l cc mi lin kt th 2 ca 1.4 glucosid v gii phng tng i glocose. Giai on u tc dng chm n lc to ra khong 42% ng maltose v cc destrin bc cao, sau qu trnh din ra d dng v hon ton to thnh maltose. - Di tc dng ca h enzym protease, protein s b thy phn thnh acid amin v cc polipeptid bc thp. - Di tc ng ca enzym phitase, phitin b thy phn v gii phng H3PO4. - Di tc ng ca h enzym xitase dn n s thy phn hemixenlulose v 1 s cc cht khc ca nguyn liu to thnh glucose, xilose, arabinose v cc destrin. * Qu trnh phienzym: - S kt lng v bin tnh protein: di tc ng ca nhit cao, mt phn protein b bin tnh v ng t. - Xy ra phn ng to thnh melanoid (tham kho mn ph gia). - Phn ng gia cc mui ca nc v photphat c trong khi cho. - Ha tan cc thnh phn d ha tan ca malt vo dung dch. 4.4.4 Cc phng php nu bia nu bia c 2 phng php: 4.4.4a. Phng php ngm c trng ca phng php ny l ton b khi nu c nng v gi nhit ti cc mc theo yu cu ca cng ngh: m ha: 45500C; ng ha: 60650C v dch ha 70750C) trong 1 thi gian thch hp. Sau c th nng nhit ca ton khi nu ln 780C v chuyn sang thit b lc. Phng php ny ch p dng cho cng ngh khi nu bia bng 100% malt c cht lng tt. 4.4.4b. Phng php un si
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c trng ca phng php ny l trch 1 phn (phn c) ca khi nu em un si, sau trn ln vi phn cha un si nng nhit ln mc thch hp v gi nhit trong 1 thi gian cn thit tin hnh m ha, ng ha v dch ha. C th tin hnh un si 1 ln, 2 ln, 3 ln Phng php ny cho php nh sn xut thch nghi vi cht lng malt. c bit trong ngnh sn xut bia ca nc ta c s dng nhiu th liu, t l thay th t 20-45%, th phng php un si tng phn d p ng nhu cu cng ngh hn. S thit b ngm, ng ha, lc, un si.
Hnh 3.12 1- thng cha malt; 2- thng cha nguyn liu ph; 3- ni ng ha malt; 4- ni h ha th liu; 5- ni un si vi hoa houblon(hp lng); 6- ni lc; 7- thng tch b hoa; 8- bm vn chuyn; 9- motor cnh khuy. 4.5. Lc dch ng 4.5.1 Mc ch: Nhm tch ht cc cht ha tan ra khi cht khng ha tan. 4.5.2 Cch tin hnh Qu trnh lc dch ng bao gm 2 cng on: lc dch ng v ra b. u tin ta tin hnh thu ht dch ng c trong khi nguyn liu. Sau ra b nhm mc ch thu hi ht cc cht cn st li trong b. tng
cng qu trnh khuch tn ca cc cht c li nn dng nc nng t 75780C ra, khng nn dng nc nng hn 780C ra b v s lm v hot enzym amylase. tin hnh lc c th dng thit b lc khung bn hoc thng lc. 4.6 Houblon ha Qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon gi l houblon ha. 4.6.1 Mc ch Mc ch ca qu trnh ny l truyn cho bia mi v v ca hoa houblon, lm cho dch ng n nh v thnh phn v c nng thch hp theo yu cu, lm keo t cc protid, v hot cc enzym v thanh trng dch ng. 4.6.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra * S ha tan cc cht ca hoa houblon vo dch ng: S ha tan cc cht ng ca hoa houblon lm thay i mi v v ca dch ng. ha tan ca cc acid ng vo nc v dch ln men khng ln. Nhng khi un si cc cht ny b ng phn ha v d ha tan hn vo dung dch. Tinh du ca hoa houblon phn ln b bay hi theo hi nc khi un si, trong dch ln men ch cn li 1 phn rt t ca tinh du v n gp phn lm cho bia thm. * S keo t v kt ta protein: S c mt ca protein ha tan trong dch ln men c th l nguyn nhn lm c bia nhiu dng khc nhau v lm gim bn sinh hc ca bia. Trong qu trnh houblon ha cc protein n gin nh albumin, globulin, ...s b bin tnh v ng t. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh cn to ra cc lin kt protein - tanin. Cc protein phc tp v cc sn phm thy phn ca chng nh albumose, pepton mang in tch dng nn lin kt vi tanin mang in tch m. Qu trnh keo t protein ph thuc vo pH, nng dch ng, thi gian v cng un si, s c mt ca cc tanin. Qua nghin cu ngi ta thy
rng, pH ti thch keo t protein l 5,2. Nng dch ng cng cao th thi gian un si cng ko di. * Cc phn ng melanoidin v s caramen ha: Khi un si dch ng nhit cao (1051070C) trong thi gian di xy ra cc phn ng Maiard v caramen. Lc trong dch ng s to ra nhiu cc sn phm khc nhau v gp phn n nh thnh phn ca dch ng, ng thi c tc ng tch cc n vic nh hnh cc sn phm sau ny, c bit l mu sc. * S tng mu v nng ca dch ng: Qu trnh houblon ha lm tng thm mu sc ca dch ng. Cng mu tng l do cc sn phm ca phn ng caramen, phn ng melanoidin v cc cht mu ca hoa houblon to nn. Mc tng mu ca dch ng ph thuc vo cng , thi gian un si, ph thuc vo nng v pH ca dch ng. Dch ng cng c khi un si mu ca n tng cng nhiu v pH cng cao th mu ca dch ng cng m. Khi un si dch ng vi hoa houblon 1 phn nc b bc hi do nng ca dch ng tng ln so vi ban u. 4.6.3 Cch tin hnh houblon ha 4.6.3a. K thut un si Dch ng ban u v nc ra b c trn ln vo nhau trong thit b houblon ha. Yu cu phi gi nhit ca hn hp ny khng nh hn 700C. gi c dch ng nhit cn phi cung cp nhit cho n. Trong qu trnh cung cp nhit phi tnh ton nh th no khi qu trnh ra b va kt thc th dch ng cng va si. Khng nn dch ng cha si trong thi gian qu di. V nh vy s to iu kin cho oxy khng kh tip xc vi dch ng v dn ti cc phn ng oxy ha lm gim cht lng ca dch ng. Thi gian houblon ha trung bnh l 2h v khng nn t hn 1,5h v khng qu 2,5h. nh gi kt thc qu trnh un si ngi ta phi ly mu
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kim tra v tc v mc trong cng nh nng cht ha tan ca dch ng. 1 s nc, ngi ta s dng cc bin php khc nhau x l hoa houblon ring ri mi tin hnh un si. 4.6.3b. Lng hoa houblon cn dng v phng n np Lng hoa cn nu vi dch ng dao ng trong 1 khong rt rng: 17g/1lt dch ng. Lng s dng ny ph thuc vo yu cu mc ng ca tng loi bia, cht lng ca hoa, thnh phn ha hc ca nc v nhiu yu t khc. Trn thc t nc ta cng nh 1 s nc khc, xc nh lng hoa cn dng, h cn c vo: - Th hiu ca ngi tiu dng. - H thng thit b hin ang s dng. - Lc ng ca hoa khi dng. Hoa houblon c np vo ni nu nhiu dng khc nhau vi nhiu phng n. C th dng hoa nguyn cha p thnh bnh hoc p thnh bnh, c th dng nguyn cnh hoc dng bt nghin hoc dng cao hoa. Cn phng n np hoa th c th chia lm 2 ln, 3 ln hoc thm ch n 4 ln, nhng d phng n no cng vn bo m cc yu cu sau y: - lc ng cho bia m chi ph nguyn liu t nht. - cc cht v thi gian cn thit kt lng protein. - Bo m lng hng tn ti trong bia. - D thao tc v hiu qu kinh t cao. 4.6.3c. Tch b hoa Sau khi un si xong, dch ng c chuyn sang thng lc b hoa t di thit b un si. Tip theo dch ng nng c chuyn i x l tip cn b c ra sch bng nc nng hoc dch ng. Nc ra b hoa c dng vo vic ng ha m sau hoc b sung vo dch ng phn on nu hoa.
4.7 Lng trong v lm lnh dch ln men 4.7.1 Mc ch - H nhit ca dch n nhit ln men. - Tch cn cho dch ng. - Bo ha oxy cho dch ln men. 4.7.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra 4.7.2a. S ha tan oxy vo dch ng bo m s pht trin bnh thng ca nm men th dch ng phi cha oxy vi hm lng khong 6mg/l. Do , trong giai on ny cn phi b sung thm oxy cho dch ng. S ha tan ca oxy vo dch ng ph thuc vo nhit , b dy lp dch, nng v c s chuyn ng ca dch ng. ha tan ca oxy vo dch ng tng khi nhit v nng ca dch gim. Cn tc lin kt ha hc ca n li gim khi nhit ca dch gim. Ngi ta thy rng, nhit ln hn 850C lng oxy chi ph cho cc phn ng ny ln hn 5 ln so vi nhit 450C. Khi nhit nh hn 400C cc phn ng ny hu nh b nh ch. V vy, ch nn tin hnh np oxy cho dch ng nhit thp. 4.7.2b. S to thnh v kt ta cc cn Trong qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon, trong dch ng to thnh nhiu kt ta vi kch thc khc nhau. Khi dch ng trng thi tnh, cc kt ta ny s c chiu hng ri xung y thng theo nguyn l ri t do. Tc ri ca chng ph thuc vo khi lng ring ca n. Khi lm ngui dch ng n nhit 600C th hu ht cc cn c kch thc tng i ln m mt thng c th trng thy c (gi l kt ta nng hay cn th) kt lng. Tip tc h nhit n nhit ln men th cc ht c kch thc b hn (gi l kt ta lnh hay cn mn) vn kt ta. Thnh phn ha hc ca cc cn th ch yu l protein, cc hp cht polyphenol, cc hp cht ng, cc cht khong v mt lng khng ng k cc hp cht khc. S c mt ca cc loi cn ny trong dch ln men s gy
xo trn giai on u ca qu trnh ln men v khi kt lng s lm cho nm men b bn. Cho nn v nguyn tc phi loi chng ra khi dch ng. V thnh phn ca cn mn cha xc nh c chnh xc. Nhng chc chn l trong cha rt nhiu cc phc cht protein-polyphenol. Khi lng ca cc kt ta mn khong 810g/100l, t hn kt ta nng 1015 ln. S nh hng ca chng n tin trnh ln men v cht lng sn phm theo cc nh nghin cu cng c kin tri ngc nhau. 4.7.2c. S bay hi nc Khi lm lnh dch ng c mt phn nc nht nh b bc hi. Do , th tch ca dch ln men s gim v nng ca n s tng. Nng ca dch ng tng ln nhiu hay t ph thuc vo phng php v thit b lm lnh, n dao ng khong 0,41,2%. 4.7.3 Phng php thc hin C 3 phng php tin hnh lm lnh v lng trong dch ng. - Phng php 1: dch ng sau khi houblon ha c tin hnh tch b hoa v a i lm ngui trong thit b lng cho n nhit 600C. Tip theo phn dch trong c cho qua thit b lm lnh bn mng a v nhit ln men. Phn cn c cho qua my ly tm thu hi dch ng cn st v phn dch ny cng c a i lm lnh cho ln men, cn cn th loi b. - Phng php 2: sau khi tch b hoa xong, dch ng c a i tch cn . Sau phn dch trong cng c a i lm lnh v phn cn cng cho qua my ly tm. - Phng php 3: sau khi tch xong b hoa, dch ng c lm ngui s b v lm lnh n nhit ln men. Tip theo dch ng c a qua my ly tm tch cn. 4.8 Ln men dch ng 4.8.1 Mc ch ca qu trnh Di tc ng ca cc enzym c trong nm men, ng chuyn thnh ru v CO2 cng vi mt s cht khc gp phn to nn hng v cho sn phm.
4.8.2 Cc qu trnh xy ra Ln men bia l mt qu trnh phc tp v dn ti nhiu bin i su sc trong dch ng. Qu trnh ln men bia chia ra lm 2 giai on: ln men chnh v ln men ph. Cc qu trnh c bn xy ra trong qu trnh ln men l: 4.8.2a. Qu trnh sinh l Qu trnh ny c th hin bng s sinh sn ca nm men v n ch xy ra trong thi k u ca qu trnh ln men chnh. Lc , trong dch ln men xy ra ng thi s sinh sn ca nm men v s ln men. Nhng trong iu kin ln men bnh thng s sinh sn ca nm men kt thc rt sm trc khi ln men chnh xong. 4.8.2b. Qu trnh sinh ha Qu trnh sinh ha c bn trong ln men l s chuyn cc ng thnh ru v CO2. Phn ln cc cht chit c trong dch ln men l hyratcacbon, trong cha: fructose 13%, glucose 38%, saccarose 26%, maltose 3850%, mantotriose 1119%, mantotetraose 26%, destrin 1422%. Nh vy phn ln cht chit (75%) l ng ln men c. Phn khng ln men c ch yu l destrin, protein v cht khong. S chuyn ha ng thnh ru v CO2 xy ra ch yu trong thi k ln men chnh, cn trong ln men ph n din ra chm chp vi mt hm lng ng nh. Ngoi ru v CO2, trong qu trnh ln men cn to ra nhiu sn phm ph. Nhng sn phm ph ny u c vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng v v ca bia. Vai tr c th l tch cc m cng c th l tiu cc. Cc sn phm ph bao gm: - Glyxerin: n c hnh thnh ch yu trong qu trnh ln men chnh. Lng glyxerin trong qu trnh ln men c th tch t n 3g/l. Glyxerin l mt cu t rt qu i vi bia v n lm "mm" v v lm tng thm m cho sn phm. - Ru bc cao: lng v thnh phn cc loi ru bc cao ph thuc vo ngun gc ca c cht, loi v chng nm men c s dng v nhit ca mi trng ln men. trong bia cha cc loi ru bc cao nh: propylic,
izopropylic, butylic, izobutylic, amylic, izoamylic v nhiu loi khc. Khi lng ca chng dao ng trong mt khong rng 2095mg/l, nhng thng thng l khong 5060g/l. Hm lng ru bc cao c to thnh ch yu giai on ln men chnh, c bit pha logaric (tham kho mn hc vi sinh thc phm). cc pha sau chng c to thnh t hn. Sang giai on ln men ph th c tng nhng khng ng k, trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta cn thy hm lng ca chng gim i. Tng loi ru bc cao u to cho bia c hng v ring bit. Nhng nhn chung nhng hng v khng phi l c trng cho bia. Do , cc loi ru bc cao gy nh hng tiu cc n tnh cht cm quan ca bia. - Acid hu c: y l sn phm ph thng trc ca qu trnh ln men ru. Trong ln men bia to thnh cc acid nh: lactic v citric vi hm lng 150200mg/l trong iu kin ln men bnh thng; acid susinic 6070mg/l; acid axetic 80100mg/l; acid formic n 30mg/l v mt s cc acid khc. -Ester: l sn phm ph khng thng trc ca qu trnh ln men v n khng phi l sn phm to thnh t hot ng sng ca t bo nm men m l kt qu ca s tng tc gia acid v cc loi ru. Loi ester chim khi lng nhiu nht l etyl axetat 1520mg/l. Ngoi ra, cn c cc ester khc nh izoetyl formiat, izoamin axetat... Tng lng cc ester c trong bia dao ng khong 3080mg/l. Vi ru etylic cng acid cacbonic c th tham gia phn ng to thnh cc ester mono v dietylcacbonat khng bn vng. Ester c ngha quan trng trong vic hnh thnh vng thm ca bia. Chng c to ra ch yu trong qu trnh ln men chnh v mt phn nh c hnh thnh trong ln men ph. iu kin nhit ln men ni, ester c to thnh nhiu hn so vi ln men chm. Trong cng mt iu kin, nm men ni to ra nhiu ester hn so vi nm men chm. - Aldehyd: l sn phm ph thng trc ca qu trnh trao i cht nm men v cng c th c to thnh qua con ng oxy ha cc loi ru. Chim nhiu nht trong bia l axetaldehyd 57mg/l. Tng lng aldehyd c trong bia
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dao ng 910mg/l. iu kin ym kh, lng aldehyd to thnh t hn so vi iu kin hiu kh. mc va phi (1015mg/l), aldehyd lm tng thm hng cho bia, nhng nu cao qu th vai tr ca chng li tr thnh tiu cc. Trong giai on ln men ph hm lng ca chng c trong bia gim i rt nhiu. - Axetol, diacetyl v 2,3-butandiol: ba hp cht ny thu nhn c ch yu giai on ln men chnh. Chng l sn phm ph thng trc ca cc qu trnh ln men ym kh v hiu kh. Trong 3 sn phm trn th diacetyl l nguy him nht v n c nh hng xu n mi v ca bia v tc ng mnh n h thn kinh ca con ngi. Diacetyl c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men chnh v hm lng ca n ph thuc vo iu kin ln men. Trong ln men ph hm lng ca n s gim dn. Qu trnh kh diacetyl c coi l mt trong cc ch tiu hng u xem xt v nh gi s tng tr bia t yu cu hay cha. - Hydro sunfua v mercaptan: ngun gc to thnh cc hp cht ny l cc hp cht cha gc sunfat, sunfit v cc acid amin cha lu hunh trong dch ng. thi im ln men chnh, c bit l giai on ln men ph v tng tr bia non xy ra qu trnh kh nhm disunfit (-S-S-) thnh cc nhm sunfohydrin (-SH). Khi c c hi cho s to thnh cc sn phm ph khng thng trc nu. Sunfuahydro v mercaptan l nhng hp cht c bit c hi i vi mi v ca bia. Theo s liu ca nhiu chuyn gia th hm lng ca chng c th ln ti 0,50,9mg/l. Nu dch ln men c cha nhiu cn hm lng ca chng cn c th cao hn. 4.8.2c. Cc qu trnh ha l - S thay i chua v nng lc m: trong giai on ln men chnh c s thay i ln v chua nh phn. S d c s tng l do s to thnh CO2 v mt s cc acid hu c trong qu trnh ln men. Tuy nhin s gim mnh v pH (t trn 5,5 gim xung cn di 4,5) khng th gii thch bng s to thnh cc acid hu c v chng c sinh ra
vi hm lng t v kh nng phn ly yu. Hin tng ny ch gii thch bng s ph v h thng m trong dung dch ng. Kh nng m ca dch ng c hnh thnh v n nh l nh cc mui photphat bc 1 v bc 2 (chng n nh pH trong khong 5,677,07). Trong thi k ln men, mt phn mui photphat b nm men hp th, do nng lc m ca h thng ny gim i mt cch nhanh chng. Thay th vo l h thng "photphat bc 1, bicacbonat, acid cacbonic t do". Song song vi n, trong bia non li c hnh thnh h thng m th hai "acid hu c, mui ca acid hu c". C hai h thng ny u to ra lc m khong pH = 4,275,67 v trong qu trnh ln men kh nng ca chng c gia tng. - S thay i th oxy ha - kh v cng mu: trong giai on ln men chnh, th oxy ha - kh ca h thng cng b bin i ng k. S d nh vy v trong qu trnh ln men chnh hm lng oxy cha trong dch ln men gim dn v c s to thnh cc cht c tnh kh. Cng mu ca dch ng trong nhng ngy ln men cng b gim ng k. Nguyn nhn l do cc hp cht polyphenol d b oxy ha b kh v sau b kt lng. - S ha tan CO2 v to bt: CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men s c ha tan vo bia. Trong bia non cha 0,2% CO2. Trong qu trnh ln men ph n s c b sung v bo m cho hm lng CO2 c trong bia thnh phm khng nh hn 0,3%. giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, lng CO2 to ra cha nhiu, li nhit thp cho nn chng ha tan ht vo dch ln men. giai on sau ca qu trnh lng CO2 to ra nhiu hn v trong dch ln men ha tan mt lng ng k, cho nn CO2 to thnh lc ny s thot ra ngoi di dng nhng bong bng nh li ti. Trn b mt ca nhng bong bng ny hnh thnh mt lp c sc cng b mt ca cc cht nh protein, polyphenol. Chnh do c lp sc cng b mt ny m bong bng kh CO2 khng th gii thot m chng b lin kt hp th li vi nhau to thnh bt. - S kt mng ca cc t bo nm men: hin tng ny xy ra sut thi k ln men chnh, nhng c bit nhiu l nhng ngy cui cng, khi m lng CO2
to ra t i v mt phn kh ln cc loi cn kt ta xung y thng ln men. Khi kt ta, cc t bo nm men s ko theo s kt ta ca mt s cc cht khc nn lm cho bia tr nn trong hn 4.8.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men Ni n "tin trnh ln men" l phi ni n tp hp cc ch s: - Tc pht trin ca sinh khi. - Tc hp th c cht ( gim c cht hng ngy). - Mc hp th c cht ( mc ln men). - Nng cc sn phm chnh v cc sn phm ph c to thnh trong qu trnh ln men. Cc ch s trn y trong qu trnh ln men chu nh hng ca rt nhiu yu t. Quan trng nht l cc yu t sau: 4.8.3a. Cht lng ca nm men sn xut thu nhn c cc loi bia c cht lng cao th yu t u tin cn c tha mn l cht lng ca men ging. Khi nh gi cht lng ca chng nm men sn xut, cn xem xt cc ch s sau y: - Tc v mc ln men. - Hm lng v sn phm ph to thnh. - Tc v kh nng kt lng. - Mc suy gim cc c tnh k thut (tc l mc thoi ha). -Kh nng chng chu khi b tn cng. Mt chng nm men ph hp v c cht lng tt, c th ti s dng n i th 7 th 8 (sau mi ln ln men l 1 i). 4.8.3b. Lng nm men gieo cy ban u
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Lng nm men gieo cy ban u lin quan mt thit n tin trnh ln men qua cc ch s sau: -Thi gian thit lp c th cn bng ng gia cc qun th nm men vi mi trng ln men (c cht ). - Lng t bo ny chi, t y dn n lng cht ha tan (cht dinh dng) b tiu ph cho xy dng t bo mi v cng trao i cht trong t bo non. - Thi gian ln men. - Hm lng cc sn phm ph to thnh v t s tng quan gia chng. Thi gian t c trng thi cn bng ng ph thuc vo lng nm men gieo cy ban u. Nu mt gieo cy cng nhiu th thi gian cng ngn v ngc li. Nu lng nm men gieo cy qu t, kh nng ny chi ca chng khng th t c mc ti a cn thit. Trong trng hp nh vy, qu trnh ln men b "", ngha l mc ln men thp, thi gian ln men ko di. Mt ti a ca lng nm men gieo cy ban u nu vt qua ngng 70.106 t bo/cm3 th hiu qu mang li khng c r nt (ngha l khng nn gieo qu mt ). 4.8.3c. Nng cht ha tan ca dch ng houblon ha Nng cht ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha c nh hng rt ln n s pht trin ca nm men v tc ln men. T thc t sn xut, chng minh c rng. Dch ng houblon ha c nng cht ha tan 1112% ln men tt hn cc loi dch ng c nng cao hn hoc thp hn. Cng sinh sn v pht trin ca t bo nm men khi ln men dch ng houblon ha vi nng trung bnh t l tuyn tnh vi hm lng cht ha tan v hm lng nit cha trong . Nu hm lng cht ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha tng ln trn 14,5% th s sinh sn ca nm men cng khng v th m tng ln, n dng 1 tr s xc nh. Trong 1 khong xc nh no , khi m c ca dch ng gim xung th cng sinh sn v pht trin ca nm men khng nhng gim m ngc li s tng ln.
4.8.3d. Nhit ca dch ln men Nhit ca dch ln men v mi trng xung quanh c nh hng kh mnh n qu trnh ln men. nhit cao s thu nhn c cc kt qu: - Thi gian ln men nhanh. - Mt ti a t c cao hn so vi nhit thp. - Ln men trit hn nhng hm lng cc sn phm ph (c bit l diacetyl) to ra nhiu hn. - Lng sinh khi to ra nhiu hn nhng lng t bo cht li nhiu hn v tc suy gim cc c tnh cng ngh cng nhanh hn. - Kt qu cui cng nhn c l t s gia cc cu t trong bia khng cn i, cht lng bia gim. Mi loi nm men u c nhit thch hp cho s pht trin v ln men. Vt qua gii hn , xt v gc cht lng sn phm, s nhn c cc kt qu m tnh. 4.8.3e. p sut b mt p sut b mt ca dch ln men nh hng trc tip n cc qu trnh cng ngh. N xc nh mc bo ha CO2 trong bia, m hp cht ny li l nhn t c ch qu trnh ln men, c bit l giai on u v giai on logarit. nhit thng, qu trnh ln men s b nh ch nu p sut trong thit b ln men tng ln n 34 kg/cm2. Chnh v l m trong thc t sn xut t khi ngi ta cho p sut tng qu 1kg/cm2. p sut ln men cn nh hng n lng sinh khi to thnh. Trong 1 gii hn xc nh, nu p sut ln men cng cao th lng sinh khi to thnh cng t, tt nhin tng quan khng phi l t l thun. p sut ln men cng nh hng n trng thi sinh l ca nm men. Nu nm men chu p lc cao trong giai on ln men th mc suy gim cc c tnh cng ngh ca n cng nhanh hn, s th h nm men c ti s dng cng t hn. Ni tm li l nm men chng gi hn.
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Khi qu trnh ln men bc sang thi k gn kt thc th vic tng p sut s khng gy nh hng n s hot ng ca nm men v tin trnh ln men. Ngc li n hn ch c qu trnh oxy ha, v lm tng bn ca bia. Trn c s kt lun ny, cc h thng thit b ln men theo phng php gia tc, trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, ngi ta khng ch p sut 0,20,5kg/cm2, cn sang giai on sau, p sut c th duy tr mc cao hn l 1,21,3kg/cm2. 4.8.3f. Hm lng oxy v th oxy ha - kh Hm lng oxy ha tan trong dch ng nh hng trc tip n tc sinh sn ca nm men v lng sinh khi to thnh. Trong cng 1 iu kin, dch ng c sc kh, mt ti a ca nm men t ti 74.106 t bo/cm3, trong khi th dch ng khng sc kh, mt ti a ch t 45.106 t bo/cm3. S gia tng mt t bo cc i l du hiu cho ta bit rng, trong lng t bo ny chi nhiu hn, hot ng sng nui t bo non din ra mnh hn v do cc sn phm ph to ra cng nhiu hn. Hm lng oxy ha tan trong dch ng cng l yu t tc ng mnh n tc suy gim c tnh cng ngh ca nm men. Nu trong dch ln men c lng oxy qu t th tc sinh sn b hn ch, tc ln men b chm li, hng v v ca bia khng t c mc cn c. Lng oxy ha tan trong dch ng houblon ha ch nn khng ch nng 6,77 mg/l. Trong qu trnh ln men, th oxy ha - kh b thay i. Trong dch ng houblon ha GH dao ng trong khong 2024. Sang giai on ln men, n gim xung 1011. GH thp hn 15, kh nng sinh sn ca nm men b hn ch rt mnh. 4.8.3g. Cng khuy o dch ln men Cng xo trn dch ln men l 1 trong nhng yu t mnh nht thc y nhanh qu trnh ln men. Kha cnh u im ca n l rt ngn c thi gian ln men nhng mt tri ca n l bia cha qu nhiu cc sn phm ph, c bit l ru bc cao v diacetyl. Hng v ca sn phm sai lch nhiu so vi bia tiu chun. u im ca yu t ny s c pht huy nu ta chn c 1
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phng n v ch khuy o dch ln men thch hp. ng thi khuyt im ca n s c b tr bng nhng u im ca cc yu t khc. 4.8.3h. Nng ca sn phm ln men Sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men l ru C2H5OH v kh CO2. Khi nhng hp cht ny c tch t n nng nht nh trong dch ln men th cc hot ng sng ca t bo nm men bt u b c ch. nng ru thp, di 2%, cc hot ng ca nm men vn xy ra bnh thng, nhng khi vt qu 2% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men bt u gim. Khi nng ru etylic tng ln n 5% th kh nng ny chi ca nm men hon ton b chm dt, tuy rng qu trnh ln men vn tip din. Nu nng cn ln n 12%, qu trnh ln men b nh ch hon ton. Kh nng chu ng cn ca cc chng nm men khc nhau l khc nhau. N ph thuc vo kh nng thch ng v trng thi sinh l ca nm men. 4.8.4 Phng php thc hin tin hnh ln men c dch ng th cn phi c nm men bia. 4.8.4a. Chun b nm men ging * Yu cu ca mt chng nm men bia: bo m cho qu trnh ln men c tin trin bnh thng v bia c cht lng th nm men phi cc yu cu sau: - C tc sinh trng v pht trin va phi. - C kh nng ln men nhanh chng nhiu loi ng khc nhau. - C kh nng kt t tt vo cui thi k ln men chnh. - C kh nng gi c cc c tnh sinh l, sinh ha qua nhiu th h. - C kh nng chng chi tt vi nhng iu kin bt li ca mi trng . - Cho bia c hng v tt, t cc sn phm ph khng mong mun, nht l diacetyl. * Cc chng nm men bia: da vo nhit ln men, ngi ta chia cc chng nm men bia ra lm 2 loi: chng nm men ni v chng nm men chm. Hai chng nm men ny khc nhau v nhiu c tnh sinh l, sinh ha nh nhit
ln men, tc sinh trng v pht trin, kh nng ln men cc loi ng v.v... * Nui cy nm men ging: trong nh my bia nm men ging c s dng di 2 dng l nm men ging thun khit v sa men. - Nui cy nm men ging thun khit: gm hai giai on l nui cy trong phng th nghim v nui cy sn xut. Trong phng th nghim nm men ging c nui cy tun t t th tch nh (10ml) cho n khi t 510lt. Sau , tip tc nhn ging trong cc thit b chuyn dng t trong phng bn cnh phn xng ln men. Trong qu trnh nui nm men ging cn phi khng ch cc iu kin k thut nh nhit , pH, nng ca dch ng, thnh phn ca mi trng dinh dng, tnh v trng ... mt cch nghim ngt. - Thu hi v x l sa men: sau khi ln men chnh xong, cc t bo nm men kt ta trn y thit b ln men thnh lp dy. Trong thc t sn xut h thng thu li lp nm men gia ri em x l v ti sn xut. S ti s dng ny c thc hin cho n khi no nm men ging c hot lc ln men yu hoc b nhim khun. 4.8.4b Cc phng php ln men * Ln men c in: y l phng php ln men c t lu i, qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph c thc hin trong hai thit b ring bit. Thi gian ln men ph thuc vo nng cht ha tan ban u ca dch ng v ch nhit trong thi gian ln men . Qu trnh ln men chnh c thc hin p sut thng, cn qu trnh ln men ph c thc hin di p sut d 0,30,7atm. T l nm men ging c s dng khong 0,40,6lt/100lt dch ng. Thit b ln men c ch to t nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau v thng c dng thn tr y cn hoc chm cu. * Ln men mt pha: l qu trnh ln men chnh v ln men ph c thc hin trong cng mt thit b. Phng php ln men ny c thc hin trong nhiu loi thit b c hnh dng khc nhau. S iu chnh nhit ln men nh
vo cc o lnh c trong thit b. T l nm men ging c s dng cao hn so vi phng php c in. Thi gian ln men cng c rt ngn li. Vi phng php ln men ny s gim bt tn tht v cc chi ph cho qu trnh sn xut. * Ln men lin tc: l qu trnh ln men c thc hin trong mt dy thit b c ni vi nhau bng cc ng chy chuyn. Phng php ny cng gim c chi ph v rt ngn c thi gian ln men so vi phng php c in. Tuy nhin phng php ny d dn ti s nhim khun hng lot. 4.9 Lm trong bia (lng, lc, ly tm) Trong qu trnh ln men ph v tng tr, bia c lm trong mt cch t nhin nhng cha t n mc cn thit. Bia cn c l do s c mt ca nm men, cc ht phn tn c hc, cc ht dng keo. Tt c cc phn t ny nu cn tn ti trong bia s l gim bn ca n. Do bia cn c lm trong trc khi rt chai. lm trong bia ngi ta c th lc hoc ly tm. Khi s dng cc thit b lc cn phi dng cht tr lc mi bo m bia trong. Cc cht tr lc c th dng trong cng nhg sn xut bia l x bng, si cellulose, bt diatomit... Thit b lc bia
1- thng chn bia; 2- lc ly tm; 3- thng bt tr lc; 4- lc khung bn; 5thng bia trong chu p sut.
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4.10 n nh bia Bia sau khi lc l mt cht lng bo ha CO2, khi chuyn bia t thng ln men ph i lc v vo thng cha th kh nng gi CO2 ca bia b gim. khi phc li s bo ha CO2 ban u ca bia th sau khi lc bia phi c gi mt thi gian nht nh di p sut ca CO2. Do , bia sau khi lc c a vo thng cha v gi nhit 0,510C, di p sut ca CO2 trong thi gian 412h. trnh khng kh xm nhp th nn dng CO2 a bia vo hoc gii phng bia khi thng cha. 4.11 Chit bia Nguyn tc rt bia: Khc vi nhng sn phm dng nc, trong thnh phn ca bia c nhiu hp cht hu c v v c ha tan khc nhau, trong c nhiu hp cht keo, c bit c CO2 tn ti di dng lin kt khng cht ch. D , cc mi lin kt cn bng trong bia phi c gi n nh nu khng s gy tro bia. Bia khng bao gi c chit rt bng p sut bo ha CO2 m phi c chit rt da trn nguyn tc i p (ng p), ngha l phi t c trng thi cn bng p sut gia bn chit bia v bao b c chit rt bia, bia c th t chy vo thit b mt lng bng trng lng ring ca n. Nguyn tc chit rt bia ng p vi h thng hon ton kn s m bo c s tn tht CO2, cng nh ngn cn oxy xm nhp. tin li cho vic tiu th, bia c th rt vo lon, chai hoc cc thng nh. Thng v lon cn phi trng nha bia. Chai dng rt bia phi c mu ti nh xanh m hoc mu nu. Khng nn dng cc chai c mu sng rt bia v thy tinh mu sng cho cc tia sng mt tri i qua. Di tc dng ca cc tia sng mt tri trong bia s xy ra cc phn ng quang ha th mt s hp cht cha lu hunh t ch khng c mi s b kh thnh mercaptan hoc nhng cht tng t gy mi kh chu cho bia v khng c li cho sc khe ca ngi tiu dng. Trc khi rt, bao b phi c ra v st trng k bng nc nng v dung dch NaOH 2%. Bia phi c rt trong iu kin ng p nu khng s to nhiu bt lm bia mt CO2 v kh rt y theo yu cu.
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Dy chuyn rt bia vo chai bao gm cc khu: ra chai, kim tra chai, rt bia vo chai, ng nt chai, kim tra kn ca nt sau khi ng, thanh trng bia v dn nhn. bo m chai ng kn, yu cu chai a vo rt bia khng c m ming v c kch thc ng theo quy nh. 4.12 Cc phng php nng cao bn cho bia 4.12.1 Khi nim v bn bn ca bia l thi gian k t lc rt bia vo chai cho n lc bia b c hoc to kt ta nhit quy nh (20 hoc 250C). S to c do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, c th do vi sinh vt gy nn v cng c th do cc nguyn nhn khc. Da vo nguyn nhn to c m chia ra bn sinh hc v bn ha l. Bia c th b c do nm men, do vi khun. S c do nm men bia khng c, tuy nhin n lm gim gi tr cm quan ca bia. Cn c do men di gy ra rt nguy him. Men di ch hot ng mnh khi nm men bia b yu, nht l trong thi gian ln men ph. Phng php c bn chng s nhim nm men di cho bia l phi gi v sinh nghim ngt cho c qu trnh sn xut. c do vi khun rt mnh v khng kt ta. Ngoi vic lm cho bia b c, vi khun cn lm thay i mi v ca bia m khng cch no iu chnh c. Cc nguyn nhn ha l gy c cho bia l s ph hy cn bng ca h keo hoc do c mt kim loi no trong bia th n s kt hp vi cht m to thnh nhng hp cht khng tan hoc mt s qu trnh oxy ha cng lm cho bia b c. Bia cng c th b c do hin tng st tinh bt hoc do cc mui c trong bia to thnh kt ta. 4.12.2 Cc phng php x l bia 4.12.2a. X l bia bng cc ch phm enzym v cc cht n nh bia Phng php n gin nht v c tc dng n nh bia l thy phn protein bng cc ch phm enzym. Nu cho vo bia ch phm enzym protease th s gim bt hm lng protein cao phn t trong bia. Ngi ta thng cho enzym ny vo thng ln men ph hoc thng cha n nh bia sau khi lc.
kt ta protein cao phn t cng c th s dng cc cht tanin. Lng tanin s dng l 0,020,1g/l v cho vo bia non khi chuyn n sang thit b ln men ph. Ngi ta cng c th s dng hn hp enzym glucooxydase-catalase kh oxy c trong bia. Di tc dng ca enzym ny oxy c trong bia s oxy ha glucose v to thnh acid gluconic.
Di tc dng ca catalase H2O2 va c to thnh s b phn hy:
Oxy va c gii phng li tham gia vo phn ng trn. Nh vy phn ng oxy ha glucose c th vit di dng sau:
Phn ng c tip tc cho n lc phn hy ht oxy hoc ht glucose. Hn hp enzym glucooxydase-catalase tng c bn sinh hc ca bia khng thanh trng v khi thiu oxy th s sinh sn ca nm men v cc vi sinh vt khc b nh ch. Hin nay mt trong nhng phng php hin i dng n nh bia l x l n bng poliamit c tnh hp th chn lc cc polyphenol, c bit antoxyan v cc protein cao phn t. Bia c x l bng poliamit c bn ha l cao hn, c bit bn ca bia nhit thp c ci thin tt hn. 4.12.2b. Thanh trng bia Thanh trng bia tng bn cho n l mt phng php rt ph bin. thanh trng bia ngi ta thng un nng bia n 60650C v gi trong thi gian khong 30 pht. Trong iu kin th phn ln cc vi sinh vt b tiu dit, cn vi sinh vt chu nhit th b yu v khng c kh nng sinh sn na. Trong qu trnh thanh trng xy ra cc phn ng melanoiin lm thay i mu sc, mi v ca bia. Ngi ta thy rng cc tnh cht ban u ca bia t b thay i hn nu ta tin hnh thanh trng bia nhit cao v thi gian ngn
hn. Do , h thng thanh trng bia chai nhit bng 630C trong thi gian 30 pht. Nu nhit cao hn th thi gian thanh trng c rt ngn (v d: nhit 750C th thi gian l 10 pht). trnh gim cht lng ca bia ngi ta c th tin hnh thanh trng bia trong cc my thanh trng dng tm. Bia i qua my thanh trng tng lp mng v sau 4060 giy th bia c th t nhit 60700C, sau bia c lm lnh n nhit 00C. Tng thi gian bia lu li trong thit b l 25 pht. Vi phng php thanh trng ny th trnh c s i mu ca bia v trnh c mi bnh m cho bia sau khi thanh trng. bo m sch v vi sinh vt cho bia cn phi ch v trng cc thit b khc nhau nh my rt, my ng nt, chai, nt 4.13 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca bia nh gi cht lng ca bia cn phi phn tch thnh phn ha hc, cc ch tiu sinh hc v cc ch s cm quan. 4.13.1 Thnh phn ha hc ca bia Thnh phn ha hc ca bia ph thuc vo thnh phn ca nguyn liu, nng ca dch ln men ban u v mc ln men. 4.13.1a. Cc cht bay hi: Ngoi ru etylic v CO2, trong bia cn cha mt lng khng nhiu cc cht bay hi khc nh ru bc cao, aldehyd, cc acid hu c, ester v mt s cht khc. Hm lng ru etylic c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng ca bia v n ph thuc vo nng ca dch ln men ban u, ph thuc vo ln men m c th dao ng khc nhau. Hm lng CO2 trong bia khong 0,350,4% khi lng v c bia cha n 0,45%. Kh CO2 l thnh phn quan trng ca bia. Bia c bo ha y CO2 s c v ti mt v cht lng s tng. Ngoi vic to v cho bia, CO2 cn c tc dng gii kht cho c th. 4.13.1b. Cc cht khng bay hi Ph thuc vo nng ca dch ln men ban u v mc ln men, bia thnh phm cha 2,55% cc cht khng bay hi. Trong saccarid chim
8085%; cc cht nit 69%, glixerin 57%; cc cht khong 34%; cc cht ng tanin v cht mu chim 23%; cc acid hu c khng bay hi 0,71% v mt lng nh vitamin. Saccarid trong bia ch yu l destrin (60-70%), sau l oligosaccarid (20-30%) v pentosen (6-8%). Cc cht cha nit trong bia bao gm 2030% l cc cht cao phn t, 4050% l cht c phn t lng trung bnh v 1030% l cht c phn t lng nh. Cc cht khong trong bia ch yu l cc mui natri, kali, cc mui ca acid photphoric v SiO2. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng nh cc cht khc. Cc acid hu c khng bay hi c trong bia l citric, susinic, malic, piruvic... Cc vitamin ch yu thuc nhm B v khng cha vitamin tan trong cht bo. 4.13.2 Cc ch s cm quan ca bia Cc ch tiu cm quan ca bia l v, mi, mu, trong, s to bt v bn ca bt bia. Nu bia c mi ca hoa houblon v malt th gi l mi tinh khit. Cc mi khc nh mi nha, g, kim loi v men s ph hy mi c trng ca bia. Bia khng c c mi l v mi chua. Bnh thng bia c pH dao ng 4,14,8. acid trung bnh ca bia khong bng 4 ( acid ca bia y c tnh bng s mililit dung dch NaOH 1N dng trung ha 100ml bia). V l ch tiu quan trng ca bia. V ca bia do v ca cc thnh phn khc nhau nh destrin, melanoiin, cc cht nit, cc cht ca hoa houblon, ru etylic, ru bc cao v cc este to nn. Mi loi bia u c v c trng ca mnh. Trong nhng nm gn y h nghin cu v thy rng acid glutamic l mt trong nhng hp cht to v cho bia. CO2 cng gp phn tng v cho bia. Yu cu CO2 trong bia phi dng lin kt v tch ra khi bia chm. Bia cn phi c mu vng nu hoc vng sng v ng nh. Bia xut xng phi tht trong.
107
Bia ngon l bia phi c bt mn, c v bn. bt ca bia l thi gian (tnh bng giy hoc bng pht) k t lc bt xut hin cho n lc b ph hy hon ton. Nu trong bia c cha y cc cht gi bt nh albumose, pepton, cc cht gm, ng ca hoa houblon v bo ha y CO2 th khi rt bia vo cc cc bt kh CO2 tch khi bia chm v to thnh lp bt bn trn b mt bia. Cc ch s cm quan ca bia c nh gi bng cch th nm v cho im.
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CÔNG NGHỆ SẢN XUẤT BIA

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Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

K THUT SN XUT BIA

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

nh hng ca nhit nc ngm n tc ht nc ca ht c minh ha bng s liu trong bng 1.

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Hm m ca ht (%) 10,60C 13,1 32,8 39,3 42,5 44,0 46,2

21,30C 13,1 31,2 42,1 44,9 46,7 48,2

Hnh 3.5 th biu din s thay i m ca ht khi ngm

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

* m mm trong catset (trong ngn):

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

II. K THUT SN XUT BIA 4.1 Quy trnh cng ngh

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK

Cng ngh sn xut ru, bia v NGK