CNG NGH CC CHT HOT NG B MT

NI DUNG
Phn 1: Tng quan v cc CHBM Phn 2: Tng hp cc CHBM Phn 3: Sn xut bt git v cc sn phm ty ra khc

Cht hot ng b mt l g?

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.1. Sc cng b mt v cc yu t nh hng Sc cng b mt (surface tension hay interfacial tension) Cng a thm cc phn t trong lng pha lng n lp b mt
dEs = .ds hay = dEs/ds dEs: nng lng d b mt ds: n v din tch b mt : sc cng b mt n v ca : J/m2 theo cgs l erg/cm2 N/m theo cgs l dyne/cm

ng c c S

t? m b

Lc tng tc gia cc phn t trn b mt v trong lng pha lng

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
Cc yu t nh hng n sc cng b mt - Sc cng b mt ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht tip xc Bng 1.1 sc cng b mt ca cc cht lng tip xc vi khng kh (x) v ca cht lng tip xc vi nc (1) 20C (dyne/cm)
Cht lng Nc Benzene Acetic acid Chloroform Glycerine x 72,75 28,88 27,60 26,80 66,00 1 35,00 45,10 Cht lng Ethanol n-octanol n-hexane n-octane Aniline x 22,30 27,50 18,40 21,80 42,90 1 8,50 51,10 50,80 -

Nu 2 cht lng ch ha tan 1 phn vo nhau th trn gii hn L L gn bng hiu s gia ca mi cht ( bo ha cht kia) so vi khng kh
B mt cht lng Nhit (0C) Sc cng b mt L KK (dyne/cm) Lp hu c Benzene/nc Aniline/nc 19 26 28,8 42,2 Lp nc 72,79 71,9 Sc cng b mt L L (dyne/cm) Tnh ton 43,99 29,7 Thc nghim 43,99 30,3

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
- nh hng ca nhit n sc cng b mt
- W. Ramsay v J. Shields sau khi hiu chnh phng trnh ca R. Eotvos:
2/3

.V = k(Tc T 6) Trong : V: th tch mol ca cht lng Tc: nhit ti hn k: hng s, a s cht lng c k 2,1 (erg/)
Ngoi ra: = x(1 T/Tc)n

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
- Quan h gia khi lng ring v sc cng b

mt

Theo phng trnh McLeod:

4

= K.(D d)
Trong : D: khi lng ring pha lng (g/cm3) d: khi lng ring pha kh (g/cm3) K: l hng s ph thuc nhit v tnh cht ca cht lng

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.2. Cht hot ng b mt, cht khng hot ng b mt v cht khng nh hng n sc cng b mt Cc cht hot ng b mt (surfactant: surface active agent) L cht c kh nng lm gim sc cng b mt ca dung mi cha n, c kh nng hp ph ln lp b mt, c tan tng i nh
Cc gc hydrocarbon khng phn cc k nc, khng tan trong nc, tan trong pha hu c khng phn cc

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Cc nhm carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfate, amine bc 4,

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM

Cc cht khng hot ng b mt

L nhng cht m khi nng ca n trong dung dch tng ln th sc cng b mt tng ln Trong nc, cc mui v c in ly, cc acid, base v c khng c phn k nc. C rt t cc cht khng hot ng b mt hu c: HCOOH, CH3COOH, . Trong cc dung mi hu c, cc cht in ly cng lm tng sc cng b mt, tuy nhin mc gia tng ny ty thuc vo bn cht ca dung mi V d: khi thm NaI vo MeOH th sc cng b mt s tng nhiu, nu thm NaI vo EtOH th tng ny gim i 2 ln

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM

Cht khng nh hng n sc cng b mt

l nhng cht phn b u n trn c lp b mt v trong dung dch, do khng nh hng nhiu n sc cng b mt ca dung mi V d: ng saccharose ha tan vo trong nc khng lm thay i sc cng b mt trn gii hn lng kh
CKHBM Cht khng nh hng n sc cngbmt CHBM

C M iquan h ca chtv cng gi a c is c b tt m heo nng

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM

Tnh hot ng b mt ca mt cht th khng ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca n m cn ph thuc vo mi trng cha n (dung mi) Sc cng b mt ca cht lng nguyn cht gn nh gim u n khi nhit tng, cn dung dch cha CHBM c th l mt ng biu din c cc i

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.3 hot ng b mt
hot ng b mt d/dc l bin thin sc cng b mt theo nng CHBM cn gi l i lng Gibbs G* = d/dc hot ng b mt ca cc cht trong dy ng ng bin i c quy lut V d: trong dy ng ng acid c 2 n 6, khi nng tng ln th sc cng b mt ca phn t c mch carbon di hn s gim nhanh hns thc nghim Trn c
(dyne/cm) 65 50 35 HCOOH CH3COOH C2H5COOH C3H7COOH 0,16 0,36 0,54 C(mol/l)

DuclauX J v Trauber I tng kt thnh quy tc Trauber I: hot ng b mt tng ln t 3 n 3,5 ln khi tng chiu di mch carbon
2

C a ng ts cng c ng nhi c b tcu da m a y ng ng H B M th c C axi u

ln 1 nhm CH

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.4. Cc phng php xc nh sc cng b mt Phng php xc nh s bin i ca mc cht lng trong ng mao qun y l mt php cn git chtng php chnh xc nht Phng trong nhng ph lng xc ng php Lecomte mt Phnh sc cng b du Nouy Nguyn tc o: bn phng L. wilhelmy Phng php o chiu cao mp sutc i trong mao qun Phng php c cht c lng ca bt kh P Xc nh hnhg.h.(ht )b= t2/r = P1 P2 = dng v kh

: gc dnh t, cos = R0/r R0: bn knh mao qun r: bn knh mt khum ni tip xc P1, P2 : p sut pha kh trong v ngoi ng mao qun = 1/2 (R0.g.h( ))/cos

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.5. Tnh cht vt l ca dung dch CHBM

m 5 4 n=3

Cu to lp b mt trn gii hn lng kh S hp ph tng t l vi chiu di mch carbon trong mt dy ng ng v cc

m

Cc ng ng nhit hp ph trn ranh ng ny u t gi tr gii hn khi gii lng kh ca dy ng ng

nng cht hot ng b mt ln

- s phn t CHBM c trong mt n v din tch b mt phn chia pha

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.5. Tnh cht vt l ca dung dch CHBM (tt)

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM

Trng thi phn t CHBM trong dung dch

Khi tng nng CHBM tng n mt no th n tn ti dng tp hp vi nhau, hng cc u k nc li vi nhau to thnh micelle (trong mi trng nc)

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Cc l thuyt c bn v HBM
Cu trc v hnh dng ca micelle

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.6. Nng micelle ti hn (critical micelle concentration)
Nng dung dch CHBM m s hnh thnh micelle tr nn ng k c gi l nng micelle ti hn. (CMC)

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM

Cc yu t nh hng n CMC ca CHBM

Carbon > 18, CMC hu nh khng i CMC ca CHBM sodium alkyl sulfate trong nc 40C
S nguyn t carbon CMC x 10-3 mol/l 8 140 10 33 12 8,6 14 2,2 16 0,58

- Khi mch carbon tng ln, CMC gim xung; nhng n khi s nguyn t

18 0,23

20 0,22

- Khi h nhit dung dch => lm gim CMC

- Khi thm cht in ly vo dung dch CHBM, CMC gim xung. Tc dng lm gim CMC ca cc ion gim dn theo dy sau: K+ > NH4+ > Na+ > Li+

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.7. im Kraft
im kraft l nhit ti CHBM c ha tan bng CMC Bng im kraft ca dung dch alkyl sulfate trong nc S nguyn t 10 12 14 16 18 carbon im kraft (0C) 8 16 30 45 56

1.8. im c
im c l nhit ti CHBM khng ion khng th ha tan, tch ra khi dung dch lm dung dch tr nn c

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
1.9. HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balance)
HLB cho bit t l gia tnh i nc so vi tnh k nc HLB c biu din bng thang o c gi tr t 1 40 Cc CHBM c tnh i nc thp s c HLB nh, cc CHBM c tnh i du thp s c HLB ln. S gia tng HLB tng ng vi s gia tng ca tnh i nc Mi lin h gia mc phn tn ca CHBM trong nc vi gi tr HLB

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
o

Cng thc thc nghim tnh gi tr HLB Tnh theo cu trc

HLB = 7 + HLB nhm i nc - HLB nhm k nc

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
V d 1 Tnh gi tr HLB ca phn t axt Oleic - Cng thc phn t: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH - Nhm a nc: -COOH c gi tr HLB l 2,1 - Nhm k nc: CH3- (1); CH2- (14), CH- (2), tng s bng 17*0.475 = 8.075 Vy HLB ca axit Oleic l: 7-8,075+2,1=1,025 V d 2 Tnh gi tr HLB ca phn t Sodium oleate - Cng thc phn t: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COONa - Nhm a nc: -COONa, c gi tr HLB l 19,1 - Nhm k nc: CH3- (1); CH2- (14), CH- (2), tng s bng 17*0,475 = 8.075 Vy HLB ca sodium oleate l: 7-8.075+19.1=18.1

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
o

Cng thc kawakami

HLB = 7 + 11,7 log (Mn/Md) Mn: khi lng phn t i nc trong phn t Md: khi lng phn t a du trong phn t

Cng thc tnh ester ca acid bo v ru a chc

HLB = 20.(1 - S/A) S: l ch s x phng ha ca ester A : ch s acid ca acid bo

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Cc l thuyt c bn v CHBM
o

Theo Griffin Nu hn hp c nhiu CHBM th HLBhh = xi.HLBi Vi xi phn khi lng trong tng lng CHBM

V d Mt hn hp ca 20% paraffin wax (HLB = 10) v 80% aromatic mineral oil (HLB = 13) th to thnh h nh c HLB l (10 x 0,2) + (13 x 0,8) = 12,4