Chde GiaiTich12 HKI

T.
s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat CHU E 1: HAM SO AO HAM

I. MIEN (TAP) XAC NH CUA HAM SO: D = {xR | y = f(x)R} Ham so Tap xac nh Ham so Tap xac nh Ham so
LHQ
y = A(x )
y= A (x ) B(x )
A (x ) 0 B(x ) 0
y = tgx y = cot gx
+ k 2
y = log A (x ) B(x )
a x y= x e log x y= ln x
B(x ) > 0 0 < A(x ) 1

x(a > 0) x > 0
Tap xac nh
x k
y = 2 n A(x ) y = 2 n +1 A(x )
II.
A(x ) 0
(n Z )
+
arcsin x y= arccos x y = [A(x )]

B( x )
1 x 1
A (x ) > 0
(n Z )
+
x D
f (x ) g(x ) y= f (x ) g(x )
D = D f Dg
MIEN (TAP) GIA TR CUA HAM SO: f(D) = {yR | y = f(x), xD} 1. S ton tai nghiem cua phng trnh f(x)-y = 0, xD Ham f(x) f(D): MGT Ham f(x)
f (x ) b
2.
2
f (x ) a
f (D ) = ( , a] f (D ) = [b,+ )
a f (x ) b a < f (x ) < b
f (D ) = (a, b )
f (D ) = [a, b]
f(D): MGT
* [A(x )] + a a a, x lam A(x ) xac nh. * BT Cosi : a + b 2 ab . Bunhiacop sky : ac + bd

III. HAM HP gof
anh gia bieu thc bang cac BT:
(a
Z
+ b 2 c2 + d 2
)(
g o f la ham hp cua hai ham f : D f Z
Tf va g : D f
* x D g o f : [g o f ](x ) = g[f (x )] va fog g o f ; {x | x D f f (x ) Dg } Tf D g * Dg o f = D f , {(Tf 0 ) (Tf Dg )}
* Tf D f = g o f : Dg o f
IV.
HAM CHAN LE y=f(x) OI XNG QUA O:
f ( x ) = f (x ) x D : f chan f ( x ) f (x ) : Ham khong chan khong le x D f (- x ) = f (x ) x D : f le

Phng phap 1: Kh dang vo nh
V.
GII HAN HAM SO: 1.
0 0
C s cua phng phap la lam xuat hien dang trong bieu thc ham cac tha so (x - x0), e roi gian c chnh cac tha so o cua t so va mau so trong
x x 0
lim
f (x ) g(x )
vi cac chu y:
Neu t va mau la cac a thc, s dung phep chia a thc t va mau cho (x - x0). Rieng ay ta dung thu thuat chia Hormer. Neu ch t hoac mau co cha can thc, ta nhan cho t va mau mot lng lien hp cua can thc o.
llh A + B A B 3 llh A 3 B 3 A 3 AB + 3 B2
Neu t va mau eu co cha can thc, ta se nhan vao t va mau cung hai lng lien hp giao hoan tng ng. Khong loai tr cac kha nang s dung nhanh cac hang ang thc:
Trch t http://www.toanthpt.net -
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

a2 b 2 = ( a b )( a + b ) a4 b 4 = ( a2 + b 2 ) ( a b )( a + b )
x 0
LHQ
a3 b 3 = ( a b ) ( a2 ab + b 2 )
an b n = ( a b ) ( an 1 + an 2 b + an 3 b 2 + ... + ab n 2 + b n 1 )
e y rang viec bien oi s cap co the lam dang vo nh nay tr thanh dang vo nh khac. Chang han:
lim f (x )g(x ) (dang 0 theo th t o)

Phng phap 2: Kh dang vo nh
2.
PP1: at so mu ln nhat cua cac a thc thanh phan t va mau lam nhan t chung e kh vo nh. PP2: Dung cac nh ly gii han tng ng:
1/ x Pn (x ) ~ an x n
C s cua phng phap tm gii han nay la: 1/ S dung lng lien hp. 2/ 3/ 4/ S dung bieu thc tiem can:
x + ax 2 + bx + c ~ x a ; (a > 0) 2/ x ax 2 + bx + c ~ x a ; (a > 0) b + (x ); vi a > 0 va lim (x ) = 0 3 / ax 2 + bx + c ~ a x + 2a x 3. Phng phap 3: Kh dang vo nh

b + (x ) trong o: a > 0 va lim (x ) = 0 2a x
ax 2 + bx + c ~ a x +
S dung cac hang ang thc. Khong dung ham so tng ng cho dang tong. 4. Phng phap 4: Gii han cua ham lng giac TH1: Khi x 0 (x tnh bang radian)
u( x ) 0
lim
sin u ( x ) u ( x)
= 1 hay sinu ( x ) ~ u ( x ) =
u( x ) 0
lim
tgu ( x ) u ( x)
= 1 hay tgu ( x ) ~ u ( x )
u( x ) 0
lim
1 cos u ( x ) u ( x)
2
2 1 1 hay 1-cos 2 u ( x ) ~ u ( x ) 2 2
Khong loai tr nhan cac lng lien hp lng giac.

llh ( 1 + sin u ) ( 1 sin u )
llh ( 1 + cos u ) ( 1 cos u )
* *
TH2: Khi at: Khi:
x x 0 ham lng giac co dang vo nh (x tnh bang raian)
x = x0 + t t = x x0 x x 0 t 0 x x 0 t ' = x 0 x, t ' 0
f (x ) g(x ) h(x ), x Vx 0 | {x 0 } lim g(x ) = L lim f (x ) = lim h (x ) = L xx 0 xx 0 xx 0 lim f ( x ) = L lim f ( x ) = L x x0 x x0 Ham cha gia tr tuyet oi: lim lim x x f ( x ) = 0 xx f ( x ) = 0 0 0 f (x 0 ) R, x 0 D hay lim y = 0 Ham lien tuc: * x 0 0 xlim0 f (x ) = f (x 0 ) x
Ham kep:
Ghi chu: khong s dung ham tng ng cho tong so. 5.
6.
7.

* Lien tuc tai x0: 8.
lim x 0
lim+ f (x ) = f (x 0 ) : lien tuc phai xx lim+ f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) 0 xx 0 xx0 lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) : lien tuc trai xx 0
LHQ
Cong thc gii han:

sin x x tgx =1
lim a x+
lim =1 x 0 x lim U x = 0 x 0 lim x 0 sin U x
( )
( ) =1 U ( x) tgU ( x ) lim =1 x 0 U ( x )
lim x 0 1 cos x 1 = 2 2 x
* VI.
Quy tac Lopitan: AO HAM:
f (x ) f ' (x ) = lim x x 0 g (x ) x x 0 g' (x ) lim
x + lim a = 0 x x lim e = + x+ + x lim e = 0 x x e = + lim x+ x x lim x.e = 0 x + x lim a = 0 x+ x lim a = + x
= +
lim log a x = + x + lim log a x = x 0+

a>1
0<a<1
lim ln x = + x 0 ln x + =0 lim x + x lim x. ln x = 0 x 0+ lim log a x = x + lim log a x = + x 0

lim ln x = + x +
a>1
0<a<1
y f (x 0 + x ) f (x 0 ) = lim x x 0 x x x 0 x f (x ) f (x 0 ) + H phai f ' x 0 = xlim+0 x x x f (x ) f (x 0 ) 0 hay: f ' (x 0 ) = lim xx 0 f (x ) f (x 0 ) x x0 H trai f ' x = lim 0 x x x x0 0 + + th f khong co ao ham tai x0. f co ao ham tai x0 f ' x = f ' x . Neu f ' x f ' x 0 0 0 0
f ' (x 0 ) = lim
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
(2)
1. Chng minh ham so lien tuc: C s cua phng phap e chng minh mot ham f lien tuc tai x0, can lam 3 bc: B1: Kiem tra B2: Tm
xx 0
x 0 D f ; tm so tr f(x0) lim f (x ) = b R
xx 0
(1)
B3: So sanh (1) va (2); neu

xx + 0
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) = b , ham f lien tuc tai x = x0.
lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ), th f lien tuc ben trai x 0 lim f (x ) = xlim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) th f lien tuc tai x 0 x 0 lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ), th f lien tuc ben phai x 0 x x + 0 xx 0
(2) PP3:
Ghi chu 1: Khong loai tr s dung ba phng phap sau ay e chng minh ham lien tuc tai x0: (1) PP2: f la ham s cap xac nh tai x0 f lien tuc tai x0.
x 0
lim y = 0
f lien tuc tai x0.
(3) PP4: f kha ao ham tai x0 f lien tuc tai x0. Ghi chu 2: Ngoai ra, khi chng minh ham f lien tuc tren mot tap th s dung cac nh ngha: N1: f lien tuc trong
(a, b) f lien tuc tai moi x 0 (a; b) f lien tuc trong (a; b ) N : f lien tuc tren [a; b] f lien tuc phai tai a
2
f lien tuc trai tai b
2.
Tm ao ham tai mot iem:
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat y f (x ) f (x 0 ) B1: Tnh lim = lim = b va neu b R xx 0 x 0 x x x0
B2: Ton tai f(x0)=b. Khi ch ton tai mot trong hai gii han: * *
LHQ
f (x ) f (x 0 ) = f ' (x + ) : ao ham ben phai iem x0. 0 xx 0 x x0 f (x ) f (x 0 ) = f ' x : ao ham ben trai iem x0. lim 0 x x 0 x x0 lim+
( )
Ghi chu: Neu x0 la iem thong thng cua tap xac nh, ta co the dung cong thc tm y=f(x) roi thay vao ta co f(x0). 3. Tnh ao ham bang nh ngha:
B1: Goi x la so gia cua bien so tai x tuy y trong D, y la so gia cua ham so tng ng. Ta tnh y t: y + y = f(x + x). B2: Lap ty so B3: Tnh
y = f ' (x ) R; x D ta lam ba bc c ban: x 0 x lim
y x y lim = g(x ) R ; th ket luan: f(x) = g(x). x 0 x

1) ao ham Ham c ban:
(c.u)' = c.u' (c : hang so) (u v )' = u'v' (u.v )' = u'.v + u.v'
y = f (x ) dy = f ' (x ).d (x )
2)
1)
Vi phan nh ngha:
d (u v ) = du dv
Quy tac vi phan:
v' u u'.v u.v' 1 = = 2 2 v v v v

2) Ham hp: Cho u = u(x); y = f(u) eu kha ao ham th ham hp y = (fou)(x) = f[u(x)] cung kha ao ham va y = u(x).f[u(x)] hay y0 = yu.ux. 3) Ham ngc: Cho:
d (u.v ) = v.du + u.dv
u v.du u.dv d = v2 v y = [fo u](x ) = f u(x ) y' = u'(x ).f u(x ) y'(x ) = y'( u ) .u'(x )
4) Ham logarit: 3)
[ ]
Ham hp:
[ ]
f : D f (D ) . Kha ao ham theo x va co ham x y = f (x )

f 1 : f (D ) D ngc: . 1 y x = f (y ) 1 1 Ta co: y'x = x' y = x' y y' x
; (u(x ) > 0 ) u' y' = y(v ln u )' = u' v' ln u + v u

v (x )
y = [u(x )]
4. Bang tnh ao ham: Ham so f(x) ao ham f(x)
x ;u
C x
( )
n
n.x
n 1
; n.u
0 1
n 1
.u'
Ham so f(x) sinx cosx tgx ex ax
ao ham f(x) cosx -sinx
1 = 1 + tg 2 x cos 2 x
ex axlna
x;
( u)
1 x
u' ; 2 x 2 u 1 2 x
4

lnx cotgx
1 = 1 + cot g 2 x sin 2 x
logax
1 x 1 x ln a
LHQ
5. ao ham cap cao: Khi can tnh ao ham cap (n): y(n) = f(n)(x), ngi ta s dung phng phap tnh quy nap bang ba bc c ban nh sau: Tnh y, y, y... e d oan cong thc cua: y(n) = f(n)(x) (1) Gia s (1) ung k 1 , tc la ta co: y(k) = f(k)(x) (2) Lay ao ham hai ve bieu thc (2) e chng minh: y(k+1) = f(k+1)(x); ung k 1 Ket luan: Cong thc (1) la ao ham cap (n) can tm. 6. ng dung cua ao ham: ao ham cua ham so y = f(x) tai mot iem f(x0) neu ton tai he so goc cua tiep tuyen vi o th (C): y = f(x) tai iem o:
(C): y = f(x) M(x0,y0) (h.1)
k = tg = f ' (x 0 ) (la y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham)

t x
Neu mot ham f co ao ham tai x0 th ham f lien tuc tai iem x0. Nhng mot ham f lien tuc tai x0 th cha chac co ao ham tai iem x0. Mot ham f khong lien tuc tai x0 th khong co ao ham tai iem x0. Gia s ham f : y = f(x) co ao ham y=f(x) tren D, ta co: f la ham hang tren D f ong bien tren D f nghch bien tren D
f ' (x ) = 0; f ' (x ) 0; f ' (x ) 0;
x D x D x D
(1) (2) (3)
e y trong (2) va (3), ao ham the hien mot ham so n ieu nghiem cach (ong bien hay nghch bien) trong D co the bang khong tai nhng gia tr ri rac cua bien so (xem h.2) nhng khong the triet tieu trong mot khoang tuy y cua
y C f'(x0,1)=0
A
(; ) D (xem h.3).
D f'(x0,2)=0 B x a 0

f'(x0,1)=0 x0 (;) D C B x
x0,1 (h.2)
x0,2
a 0
x0 (h.3)
Neu ham f lien tuc tren [a;b] va f(a).f(b) < 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 co t nhat mot nghiem:
f lien tuc tren [ a;b] phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 Neu: f ( a ) f ( b ) < 0 co nghiem duy nhat x 0 [ a;b] f n ieu nghiem cach tren a;b [ ]
y
x 0 (a; b ) .
f(b) a 0 x0
B (C) : y = f(x) x b
0 f(b) f(a) A (C) : y = f(x) a x0 (h.6) b B x

Gia s ham f : y = f(x) xac nh tren oan [a;b] Ham f at mot cc ai tai Ham f at mot cc tieu tai
LHQ
x 0 (a; b ) , neu ton tai mot lan can V(x 0 ) (a; b ) sao cho: f (x ) < f (x 0 ); x x 0 .
x 0 (a; b ) , neu ton tai mot lan can V(x 0 ) (a; b ) sao cho: f (x ) > f (x 0 ); x x 0 .
* nh ly 1 Fermat: (ieu kien can e ham so f co cc tr) Neu ham f co ao ham tai V(x0) va at mot cc tr tai x0 o th ieu kien can la f(x0) = 0.
y A f'(x0)>0 0 a
f'(x0)=0
(C):y=f(x) B f'(x0)<0 b x
(C):y=f(x) f'(x0)>0 B A f'(x0)=0 f'(x0)<0 a x0 (h.10) b
x0 (h.9)
Y ngha hnh hoc: tiep tuyen vi o th (C) : y = f(x) tai iem cc tr th song song truc hoanh. He qua: Moi iem cc tr cua ham so y = f(x) eu la iem ti han. * nh ly 2: (ieu kien u th nhat e ham f co cc tr) Neu ham f co ao ham tai V(x0) va f(x0) = 0 (*), ong thi f oi dau khi x i qua x0 th u e f at mot cc tr tai x0. Khi f(x0) = 0 va khi f(x) i qua x0 ma khong oi dau, ta noi (x0;f(x0)) la mot iem uon vi tiep tuyen nam ngang. ieu kien (*) co the thay the bang f(x0) va f lien tuc tai x0. Tiep iem nam tren ng cong (C) : y = f(x) la iem uon tai o ng cong van mnh bang qua tiep iem o. * nh ly 3: (Ton tai iem uon) Neu f co ao ham bac hai f tai V(x0) (**) va f(x0) = 0; ong thi f oi dau khi i qua x0 th M(x0;y0) la iem uon cua (C) : y = f(x). Trong (**) neu f khong ton tai th can co them ton tai
x 0 V(x 0 ) e f lien tuc tai x0; th M van la iem uon.
y A
f"(x0)=0 I f"(x0)>0
(C):y=f(x) B
f"(x0)<0 b x
x0 (h.10)
f(x) < 0 tren (a;b) o th (C) : y = f(x) loi trong (a;b) ve pha y dng. f(x) > 0 tren (a;b) o th (C) : y = f(x) lom trong (a;b) ve pha y dng. * nh ly 4: (ieu kien u th hai e mot ham co cc tr) Neu f(x0) = 0 trong V(x0) ong thi f(x0) # 0 th ham f co cc tr tai x0. Cu the:
f'(x0)=0 f"(x0)<0
f"(x0)>0 f'(x0)=0
* nh ly 5: (ieu kien ton tai ham ngc - ieu kien u) Neu f la mot ham so lien tuc, n ieu ngac trong [a;b] th f co ham so f-1 xac nh tren [f(a);f(b)]. Luc o f-1 cung lien tuc n ieu ngat tren [f(a);f(b)] va cung chieu bien thien vi f. Xet tnh oi xng cua hai o th hai ham ngc nhau (C) : y = f(x) va (C-1) : y = f-1(x) qua ng phan giac th nhat. Ham f tang nghiem ngat (neu f giam ngat ta se bien oi s cap chang han (-f) se la ham tang ngat). Luc o, ta co:
f tang ngat tren D f (x ) = x; x D f (D ) 1 f (x ) = f (x )
Them mot ng dung cua ao ham va ao ham cap cao la quy tac (nh ly) L Hospitale nh sau: (n 0 )
f (x ) 0 f ' (x ) f " (x ) f (x ) = lim = ... = lim (n 0 ) Dang = xlim x x 0 g(x ) xx0 g (x ) 0 x 0 g' (x ) x x 0 g" (x ) lim
0 0 Trong o n0 la ch so dng cua ao ham cap n khi dang vo nh va kh. 0 Dang ; (0 ); ( ) ... eu co the bien oi ve dang e s dung c quy tac L Hospitale. 0
y
LHQ
Tnh loi lom cua ham so trong ang thc Jensen.
x + x f 1 2
f x1 + f x 2 2
f x1 + f x 2 2 x + x2 f 1 2
a x1 x + x x2 1 2
2
x1 x1 + x 2 x 2 b
2
0 x
f " <
f lien tuc tren 0 tren
[ a;b ] [ ]

( a;b )
x + x 2 + ... + x n f 1 n
f x1 + f x 2
( ) ( ) + ... + f ( x n )
n
x 1 ; x 2 ; ...x n a; b
Dau ang thc trong BT xay ra khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn. * nh ly Lagrance:
f lien tuc [a; b] c (a; b ); f (b ) f (a ) = (b a)f (x ) f kha ao (a; b )
Y ngha hnh hoc: Mot ham lien tuc va co ao ham tren [a;b] th ton tai tren o th (C) : y = f(x) cac iem ma tiep tuyen tai o song song vi oan noi hai au nut cua o th. He qua: (nh ly Rolle)
[ ] () f co ao ham tren ( a;b )
f lien tuc tren a;b va f a = f b
( )
gia 2 nghiem x1 ;x 2 phan biet neu co cua f ( x ) = 0 phai co t nhat 1 nghiem x 0 cua f' ( x ) = 0
CHU E 2: TNH N IEU
I.
x , x (a; b ) : x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f tang tren (a; b ) 1 2 f ' (x ) 0, x (a; b ) : Ham so ong bien x1 , x 2 (a; b ) : x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f giam tren (a; b ) f ' (x ) 0, x (a; b ) : Ham so nghch bien
TNH TANG - GIAM (N IEU) CUA HAM SO:
(x ) 0 Neu max f ' (x ) 0

Neu min f ' II. TANG - GIAM TRONG KHOANG: 1. He so a=0 Ham bac 2:
f(x) la ham bat ky
(x ) 0 f luon giam: f ' (x ) 0

f luon tang: f '
Tnh chat n ieu
f(x) ham bac 3 a > 0 va 0 a < 0 va
y = ax2 + bx + c y' = 2ax + b . Tang, giam trong (;+ )

y' 0, x (;+ ) m = m 1 y' = b < 0 : nhan m1
Ham f giam
y' 0, x (;+ ) m = m 1 y' = b > 0 : nhan m1

Ham f tang
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat b m =? a>0 2a

a<0 Khong xay ra
LHQ
Khong xay ra
b m =? 2a
2. * He so a=0
Ham bac 3: TH1:
y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d y' = 3ax2 + 2 bx + c (;+ ) hay [;+ ) f tang y' 0, x (;+ ) He so

Xet dau y Thoa
f giam
y' 0, x (;+ )
Xet dau y
a > 0 0 a > 0 > 0

a<0 *
y' 0, x (;+ )
x x1 x2 y' + 0 0 + x1 < x 2
Khong thoa TH2:
[;+ )
a < 0 0 a < 0 > 0

a>0
a=0
y' 0, x (;+ )
x x1 x2 y' 0 + 0 x1 < x 2
Khong thoa
[;+ )
( ; ] hoac (- ; ] va (; ) hoac [; ]
Tang
x y'
( ; ] hoac (- ; ] ( ; ] x1 x2
0 0 a>0 x1 x 2
y' 0
(; ) hoac [; ]
x x1 x2 y' 0 + 0 x1 < x 2
+ +
a.y' ( ) 0 va a.y' () 0
x y'
( ; ] hoac (- ; ] ( ; ] x1 x2
Giam
y' 0
(; ) hoac [; ]
x x1 x2 y' + 0 0 x1 < x 2
+ +
3.
0 + 0 a>0 x1 x 2 ax 2 + bx + c g(x ) Ham hu ty: y = = a' x + b' a' x + b'

f tang
a.y' ( ) 0 va a.y' () 0
Cach 1: Giai nh phan II.2 Cach 2: Phan II.2 cung co the lam theo cach nay.
(;+ ) hoac x y' 0, x (;+ ) th g(x ) 0, x (;+ )
(;+ ) hoac x y' 0, x (;+ ) th g(x ) 0, x (;+ )

f giam
b min g(x ) 0 g(x ) tang trong ;+ 2a min g(x ) = g( ) x g' (x ) g(x )

III.
b 2a 0
+ +
CT g(x )
a>0 b 2a g( ) 0
b max g(x ) 0 g(x ) giam trong ;+ 2a max g(x ) = g( ) b x + a<0 2a b g' (x ) 0 2a C g(x ) g(x ) g( ) 0 +
DUNG TNH N IEU E GIAI PT VA BPT: 1. Bat ang thc:

f x 0 hoac f x 0, x a; b f ' x f x tang hoac giam
( )
( )
( )
LHQ
f ( x ) tang th x 0 f ( x ) f ( 0 ) f ( x ) giam th x 0 f ( x ) f ( 0 ) Neu BT co 2 bien th: f ( ) < f ( ) vi a < < < b f (x ) tang < f ( ) < f ( ) Xet tnh n ieu cua f(x) trong khoang (; ) f (x ) giam < f ( ) > f ( )
( )
( )
2. Phng trnh co nghiem duy nhat: Chng minh phng trnh f(x) = 0 co 1 nghiem duy nhat. Suy oan x = x0 la nghiem cua phng trnh. Chng minh x0 la nghiem duy nhat f(x) luon luon tang (hoac giam). Chng minh phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co 1 nghiem duy nhat. Suy oan x = x0 la nghiem cua phng trnh. Chng minh f(x) va g(x) la 2 ham so oi n nghiem cach (ong - nghch bien).
CHU E 3: CC TR HAM SO
I. CC TR:
f at cc tr tai x 0 f ' x 0 = 0
( )
f at C f' ( x 0 ) > 0 oi dau ( + ) sang (-) f at CT f' ( x 0 ) < 0 oi dau (-) sang ( + )
f' a = 0 f co at cc tr tai x 0 f ' x 0 = 0 : Ham f x nhan M a,b lam cc tr f a = b
( )
( )
( )
f at C va CT f' x = 0 oi dau 2 lan
( )
() ()
a0
>0
f khong at cc tr
f ' x = 0 khong oi dau
( )
f at C tai x 0
f' ( x ) = 0 Vo nghiem a0 f' ( x ) = 0 Nghiem kep 0 f ' ( x0 ) = 0 f ' ( x0 ) = 0 f at CT tai x 0 f " ( x 0 ) < 0 f " ( x0 ) > 0
Chu y: Ham so ch co the at cc tr tai nhng iem ma tai o f(x) = 0 hoac ao ham khong ton tai.
II.
CC TR HAM HU TY: 2 2 ax + bx + c aa ' x + 2ab ' x + bb ' a ' c y' = f ' x = y= 2 a'x + b' a'x + b'
( )
2 y ' = 0 aa ' x + 2ab ' x + bb ' a ' c = 0
(1)
( aa ' 0 )

b' a'
*f co C, CT th (1) co 2 nghiem phan biet y' > 0 *f khong co C, CT th (1) vo nghiem y' < 0 hay ag *f co C, CT va 2 gia tr C, CT cung dau
<0
C cat Ox tai 2 iem 2 ben TC. 2 iem cc tr cung 1 pha oi vi Ox o th cat Ox tai 2 iem phan biet o th khong cat Ox
( )
*f co C, CT va 2 gia tr C, CT trai dau
y' = 0 ( y' > 0;x1 x 2 ) y max .y min > 0 y' = 0 ( y' > 0;x1 x 2 ) y max .y min < 0
y ' = 0 y=0
( y' > 0 ) ( y > 0 )
y' = 0 y = 0
( y' > 0 ) ( y < 0 )
*ieu kien can va u e ton tai 1 iem ma t o ke en C
( )
c 2 tiep tuyen la: ag
b' a'
>0

III. CC TR HAM TRUNG PHNG: 1. Dang 1: 4 2 2 y = ax + bx + c y ' = 2x 2ax + b
LHQ
y' = 0
2x = 0 2 2ax + b = 0
(1)
f co 3 cc tr (1) co hai nghiem phan biet x 0 f co 2 iem uon ab < 0 a = 0, b 0 a 0, b = 0 f co mot cc tr f khong iem uon (1) vo nghiem ab 0
4
2.
Dang 2: 2 2 y = ax + bx + c + d y ' = x 4ax + 3bx + c
y' = 0
x = 0 2 4ax + 3bx + c = 0
(2)
0 f ch co CT (2) vo nghiem hoac nghiem kep ma khong co C (2) co nghiem x = 0 hoac 1 nghiem x 0 g ( 0 ) = 0
4 3. 3
Dang 3: 2 3 2 y = ax + bx + cx + dx + e y ' = 4ax + 3bx + 2cx + d y' = x *

Chu y: 1)
2) 3) 4)
) ( Ax 2 + Bx + C) = ( x ) g ( x ) = 0
y' co nghiem thc
f co mot cc tr
g ( x ) = 0 vo nghiem hoac nghiem kep 0 g ( x ) = 0 co nghiem x = hoac x g ( ) = 0
f co cc tr ma hoanh o ln hn y' = 0 thoa < x1 < x 2
f co cc tr trong ; y ' = 0 thoa < x1 < x 2 <
( ) f at C tai x [ , ] , at CT tai iem ngoai x 0 [ ; ] y ' = 0 thoa x1 x 2
f co cc tr ma hoanh o nho hn x1 < < x 2 hoac x1 < x 2
IV. 1/
fm (x 0 ) = a2 x 3 + b 2 x 2 + c2 x 0 + d 2 0 0 3 2 g(x 0 ) = a1x 0 + b1x 0 + c1x 0 + d1 = 0
PHNG TRNH NG QUA CAC IEM AC BIET TREN O TH: 1. Dang 1: ng thang qua 3 iem co nh cua (Cm) : y = fm(x) co bac ba: Goi (x0;y0) la iem co nh he phng trnh ac trng cua cac iem co nh tng ng t y0 = fm(x0) (I) la:
(I) (II )
Vi (II) la phng trnh ac trng cho hoanh o iem co nh. 2/ Thc hien phep chia a thc fm(x0) : g(x0) e a (I) ve dang:
y 0 = f (x 0 ) = g(x 0 ) +
bang khong
x 0 +
(d ) : y = x + : la ng thang i qua ba iem co nh cua (Cm); m.

Hay ba iem co nh cua (Cm) i qua m thang hang tren (d) (mac du ta khong can tm ro ba toa o cu the cua ba iem co nh o). 2. Dang 2: ng thang i qua hai cc tr cua ham bac ba (Cm) : y=fm(x) Goi (x0,y0) la cac iem cc tr cua (Cm) th no thoa he:
phng trnh he qua
1/
10
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat 2 y 0 = fm ( x 0 ) = ax 3 + bx 0 + cx 0 + d 0 2 g ( x 0 ) = f ' ( x 0 ) = 3ax 0 + 2bx 0 + c = 0 2 vi: b -3ac > 0; m Dm
LHQ
(I) (II)
2/
y 0 = fm (x 0 ) = (x 0 + ) g(x 0 ) +
bang khong
Thc hien phep chia fm(x0) : g(x0) e a (I) ve dang:
x 0 +
(d ) : y = x 0 + ;
3. 1/
phng trnh he qua
m D m : la ng thang qua hai iem cc tr .

2 1
Dang 3: ng thang qua hai iem cc tr cua ham hu ty
(C m ) : y = fm (x ) = u(x ) v(x )
u ( x0 ) y 0 = ( I) v ( x0 ) u ' ( x) y0 = = x + v ' ( x) u ( x 0 ) = 0 ( II ) phng trnh he qua v (x ) 0 2/Ta co: (d ) : y = x + la ng thang qua hai cc tr cua (Cm) (mac du ta khong can tm ro toa o hai iem cc tr cua no).
4. 1/ Dang 4: ng thang i qua ba iem uon cua (Cm) : y = fm(x) Goi (x0;y0) la iem uon cua (Cm); th no thoa he:
Goi (x0;y0) la iem cc tr cua (Cm); th no thoa he:
y 0 = fm (x 0 ) " 3 2 y 0 = g(x 0 ) = a1x 0 + b1x 0 + c1x 0 + d 1 = 0

y 0 = g(x 0 ) +
bang khong
Vi g(x0)=0 la phng trnh ac trng cho iem uon va a c chng minh la co 3 nghiem phan biet. 2/ 3/ V. Thc hien phan tch: Bien oi them bt e rut ra:
x 0 +
(d ) : y = x + ; m D m : la ng thang qua ba iem uon.

PHNG TRNH CHUM PARABOL:
phng trnh he qua
Trong he truc Oxy; ng cong (P): y = ax2 + bx + c
(a 0 ) la mot Parabola co truc oi xng song song Oy.
Khi (P) i qua ong thi ba iem A(xA;yA); B(xB;yB); C(xC;yC) co nh th ta luon xac nh c bo ba (a;b;c) duy nhat trong he truc Oxy. Khi (P) ch i qua hai iem A, B hoac ch i qua duy nhat iem A, th ta se nhan c cac Parabola lu ong cua ho Parabola va chung tao thanh chum (nh chum ng thang, chum ng tron... trong mp (Oxy) o).
y (d):y = x + yB A yA B (PA)
(PA) A
yA
(d):y = x +
xA 0
xB b
xA
(P ) : y = (x x A )(x x B ) + x +
(P ) : y = (x x A )2 + x +
11
y (d):y = x +
y
():x = xA
LHQ
yB A yA B (PA)
(d):y = yA
(PA) yA 0 x
A S xA
xA 0
xB b
(P ) : y = (x x A )(x x B ) +

(P ) : y = (x x A )(x x 2 ) + A
Tap hp cac Parabola (P) i qua nhieu nhat hai iem co nh A va B goi la chum Parabol (P); vi 0 la tham so ac trng cua chum. Khi chum (P) qua ung hai iem A, B phan biet ta c chum co hai iem e, ng thang (AB) c goi la ng e cua chum (P) luc o. Phng trnh cua chum (P) i qua hai iem e A, B va nhan
(y A y B va 0 ) , la trng hp tong quat cua (*). Khi ng e nam ngang: (y A = y B hay = 0 ) , ta co trng hp (P ) co ng e bang (d ) : y = y A =
Khi ng e xien goc:
d (AB) : y = x + q lam ng e, co dang: (P ) : y = (x x A )(x x B ) + x + ( 0) (*)
(vuong goc vi cac truc oi xng cua (P)).
(P ) : y = (x x A )(x x B ) + y A
(P ) : y = (x x A )2 + x + (P ) : y = (x x A )2 + y A
x +
Phan ac trng cho ng e Phan ac trng cho so lng iem co nh ma ( P )i qua
(1)
(2)
Khi
0, A B
ta co trng hp (P) la chum t tiep xuc (co truc oi xng cua (P) song song (Oy)).
Khi xng duy nhat cua (P))
= 0, A B ta co trng hp (P) la chum t tiep xuc tai nh (chung nh, ng e vuong goc vi truc oi
Chum Parabola:
(3)
(P ) : y = (x x A )(x x B ) +
qua Hai iem co nh (I) Mot iem co nh (II) Xien goc (e xien) e bang (IV) (III)
Ho ( P ) B1: Xac nh: ng e

B
( d)
B2: Ho (P) thoa cac cap th t (I, III); phng trnh (P) co dang tong quat nh (*). Khi (P) thoa (I, IV): phng trnh (P) co dang ac biet nh (1). Khi (P) thoa (II, III): phng trnh (P) co dang ac biet nh (2). Khi (P) thoa (II, IV): phng trnh (P) co dang ac biet nh (3). B3: a cac gia tr cu the cua gia thiet vao phng trnh cua (P), ta se xac nh c
B
= 0
bang cac phng trnh ac trng.
Lay x0 thay vao cac phng trnh (P) ta co ngay ycbt. VI. TM GIA TR CUA THAM SO E CC TR HAM SO: 1. Nam cung pha vi truc hoanh
y' > 0 y1 .y 2 < 0
2.
Nam hai goc phan t:
12

(I) va (III) (II) va (IV)
LHQ
y' > 0 x1 > 0; y1 > 0 hoac x < 0; y < 0 2 2

VII.
y' > 0 x 1 < 0 < x 2 a > 0 va y = 0 VN y'
y' > 0 x1 < 0; y1 > 0 hoac x > 0; y < 0 2 2
y' > 0 x1 < 0 < x 2 a < 0 va y = 0 VN y'
NH THAM SO E HAM BAC 3 CAT TRUC HOANH TAI 1 HOAC 3 IEM:
y = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d PTH giao iem : ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 (*)
(x x 0 )(ax 2 + bx + c) = 0
Co nghiem kep Co 1 nghiem Co 3 nghiem
(*) co nghiem ac biet x0
y = 0 co nghiem chung y' = 0 ax 2 + bx + c = 0 nghiem kep ax 2 + bx + c = 0 nghiem x =
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 vo nghiem hoac nghiem kep 0 b x 0 = 2 a

(*) khong co nghiem ac biet
ax 2 + bx + c = 0 co 2 nghiem x x 0 > 0 g(x 0 ) 0
y' = 3ax2 + 2 bx + c
y max y min = 0 y = 0 nghiem chung y' = 0 y' 0 y' > 0 y max y min < 0
y ' 0 y max y min > 0 y' > 0 y max y min < 0
Ghi chu: PT bac 3: y=0 khong the co 3 nghiem phan biet
VIII.
NH THAM SO E HAM BAC 3 CAT TRUC HOANH TAI 3 IEM CO HOANH O DNG (HAY AM): Hoanh o Hoanh o dng Hoanh o am Ln hn Nho hn
y' > 0 af (0 ) < 0 x C > 0 x > 0 CT y max y min < 0
y' > 0 af (0 ) > 0 x C < 0 x < 0 CT y max y min < 0
y' > 0 af ( ) < 0 < x1 < x 2 y max y min < 0
y' > 0 af ( ) > 0 x1 < x 2 < y max y min < 0
CHU E 4: GIA TR LN NHAT - NHO NHAT

I.
m f (x ) M
GIA TR LN NHAT - NHO NHAT TREN OAN [a;b]: f lien tuc tren [a;b] co M[GTLN] va m[GTNN] cua f tren [a;b]
x [a; b]
Tm gia tr cc tr cua f(x) tren [a;b] e tm maxf va minf. Chu y 1:
maxf, minf f lien tuc tren [a; b]
1. 2. 3. Dung MGT tm max, min:
M = max {f (a), f (b ), fC , fCT } m = min {f (a), f (b ), fC , fCT }

x[a; b ] x[a; b ]
m y0 M .
Dung BT Cosi, Bunhiacopsky.
13

Chu y 2:
LHQ
x2 0 min
1.
Neu f(x) lien tuc trong khoang (a;b) co iem cc tr
x y' y
2.
x1 0 max
x 0 (a; b ) . + x y' +
y
x1 0 min +
x2 0 max
f(x) tang hoac giam tren [a;b]
x0
+ + +
x y' y
x0 max y = f (b )
y' y
II.
min y = f (a)
b 2a
GIA TR LN NHAT - NHO NHAT CUA HAM BAC 2 TREN a>0 hoanh o nh
[; ] :
x0 =
[ ] { ( ) ( )} ( ) Neu x 0 [ ; ] : so sanh f ( ) va f ( ) suy ra max y va min y.

Neu x 0 ; : min y = f x 0 ; max y = max f , f a<0
[ ] { ( ) ( )} ( ) Neu x 0 [ ; ] : so sanh f ( ) va f ( ) suy ra max y va min y.

Neu x 0 ; : max y = f x 0 ; min y = max f , f Phng phap 1: GTLN f x = max f x va GTNN f x xDf xDf xDf
III.
TM GIA TR LN NHAT, NHO NHAT CUA HAM SO: 1.
( )
( )
( )
= min f x xDf
( )
n f x m; x D min f x = m xDf x 0 Df : f x 0 = m
( )
( )
( )
n f x M; x D max f x = M xDf x 0 D f : f x 0 = M
( )
( )
( )
A f(b)
f a
= max f
a x b
y CT = min f
a x b
2.
B
Phng phap 2:
B1: Kiem tra tnh lien tuc cua ham f tren

B
D f = [a; b ]
B2: Tm cac so cc ai, so cc tieu (gia tr y0=f(x0) cua cac cc tr a phng tai cac iem Tm f(a), f(b): la cac so tr bien cua ham f. B3: So sanh f(a), f(b) va cac y0, ta co:
B
x 0 (a; b ) ).
M = max{f (a); f (b ); (cac y 0 )} = max f (x )

a x b a x b a x b
m = min {f (a ); f (b ); (cac y 0 )} = min f (x )

Ghi chu: Khi viet
m f (x ) M , ta co tap gia tr cua ham f la: f(Df) = [m;M]
a x b
14
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat CHU E 5: LOI, LOM, IEM UON, TIEM CAN
I. LOI, LOM, IEM UON I(x0,f(x0)):
x y" y + Lom x 01 0 Uon x 02 0 Uon + + Lom x y" y Loi x0 0 Uon + + Lom
LHQ
Loi
Dau hieu 1: f Dau hieu 2:
Dau hieu iem uon:
( x0 ) = 0
;
hoac
f ( x 0 ) oi dau ( - ,x 0 ) ; ( x 0 , + )
f ( x ) = 0 0 f ( x 0 ) 0
f ( x ) = 0 0 f ( x 0 ) 0
II.
CAC DANG IEM UON: HNH DANG IEM UON

(T) I f">0 f"<0 (C)
DAU HIEU NHAN BIET IEM UON
( i)
I x0 ; f x0
x ( a; b ) : f ( x ) = 0; f ( x ) 0 0 0 0 f ( x ) oi dau khi x i qua x 0
( ) ) : la iem uon cua ( C) : y = f ( x )
f">0 (T) I (C)
( )
i 2
I x0 ; f x0
x ( a; b ) : f ( x ) = 0 0 0 f ( x ) khong oi dau khi x i qua x 0
f"<0
(C) I f">0 (T)

III. TIEM CAN: Tiem can ng x = x0
f"<0
x a; b ) :gt m rong f x = ( i3 ) : f (0x) (oi dau khi x i qua x( 0 )
( i4 )
(
0 gia tr m rong f ( x 0 ) = : f ( x ) khong oi dau khi x bang qua x 0 f x oi dau khi x i qua x 0 ( )
hoac
I x0 , f x0

Tiem can xien y = ax+b
Tiem can ngang y = y0
xx 0
lim y =
lim y = y 0
x
y a = lim x x b = lim [y (ax + b )] x lim = x lim [y (ax + b )] = 0 x
Chu y:
y = ax + b + (x ) vi lim (x ) = 0 th y = ax + b la tiem can xien

x
15
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat P (x ) 1. Ham phan thc y = : Q (x )

TC: x = x0 Tm nghiem x0 cua Q(x) = 0 TCN Bac P(x) Bac Q(x)
2
LHQ
TCX Bac P(x) > Bac Q(x) 1 bac
TC cong la Parabola Bac P(x) > Bac Q(x) 2 bac
2.
Ham hu ty:
b' P ax + bx + c P (x ) a a' b ab' a' = = x+ + y= 2 a' x + b' Q (x ) a' a' a' x + b'
b' P a a' b ab' a' =0y= x+ lim : TCX x a' x + b' a' a'2
3. Neu Ham vo ty (ham can thc): y = f(x)
f x =
( )
2 ax + bx + c =
a x+
b 2a
+ x . Vi lim x = 0 x
( )
( )
b Nhanh trai : y = - a x + b 2a TCX : y = a x + = 2a b Nhanh phai : y = a x + 2a p 2 Neu f (x ) = ax + b + x + px + q = ax + b + x + + (x ) 2 p Nhanh trai : y = ax + b- x + p 2 TCX : y = ax + b + x + = 2 p Nhanh phai : y = ax + b + x + 2
4. ac biet:
( C)
y= f x =g x + x
( )
( ) ( )
ma
lim f ( x ) = x xlim f ( x ) g ( x ) = xlim ( x ) = 0
( )
y = g x la tiem can cong.
( )
CHU E 6: KHAO SAT HAM SO

I. Goi
(P ) : y = f (x ) = ax2 + bx + c (a 0) 2 (a 0) Tam thc bac hai co dang: (P ) : y = f (x ) = ax + bx + c

HAM BAC HAI:
= b 2 4ac; khi 0, at x1,2 =
hai nghiem cua phng trnh bac hai: ax2+bx+c = 0). Tnh chat cua cac nghiem so x1; x2 (quy c x1 < x2)
-b 2a
, ta co f(x1) = f(x2) = 0 th x1, x2 la hai nghiem cua tam thc bac hai (cung la
b S = x1 + x 2 = a (nh ly Viete thuan) P = x x = c 1 2 a
16
( ) Menh e : x1 - x 2 = a
LHQ
c < 0 x1 < 0 < x 2 (hai nghiem trai dau) a b S = a < 0 x1 > x 2 Ta co hai trng hp nho: S = b > 0 x < x 1 2 a c P = a > 0 x1 < x 2 < 0 (hai nghiem eu am) Neu b S = < 0 a c P = a > 0 0 < x1 < x 2 (hai nghiem eu dng) Neu S = b > 0 a 2 Tnh chat o th (P ) : y = f (x ) = ax + bx + c b ; la mot Parabola (ng) co nh S 2a 4a b b e y x S = ; la nghiem kep cua tam thc bac hai, th d : x = 2a 2a
Neu
() He qua (nh ly Viete ao): Neu hai so thc co tong la S, co tch la P; th hai so o la nghiem cua phng trnh: f (x ) = x 2 Sx + P = 0 (Vi : S2 - 4P 0 )
P=
la truc oi xng cua (P).
Dau tam thc bac hai:

2 2
Viet tam thc di dang:
4af (x ) = (2ax + b ) + 4ac b2 4af (x ) = (2ax + b )
4af (x ) = 4a2 x 2 + 4abx + 4ac
(a 0)
(*); vi = b2 - 4ac
T (*) ta co nh ly thuan ve dau tam thc bac hai nh sau: Tam thc bac hai luon co dau cua he so a; vi moi gia tr cua x va ch loai tr hai trng hp: Neu Neu
b = 0 af = 0 2a < 0 af (x ) < 0; x (x1; x 2 )
>0
Ton tai (x1;x2) ma trong o f(x) trai dau a
2 f x = ax + bx + c
x1 | 0 | Trai dau a
x2 | 0 |
b 2a
+ Cung dau a
+ Cung dau a
[x1; x 2 ] ;{0}
( )
x
Cung dau a
=0
Khong ton tai (x1;x2) ma trong o f(x) trai dau a
Cung dau a
x1 = x 2 = | 0 |
[x1; x 2 ] = {0}
S trai dau b suy bien
2 f x = ax + bx + c
( )
17
LHQ
x 2 f x = ax + bx + c Cung dau a +
<0
Khong ton tai (x1;x2) ma trong o f(x) trai dau a
[x1; x 2 ] =
( )
S trai dau b bien mat Gia tr ln nhat, gia tr nho nhat cua tam thc bac hai: Dau a a>0 Dau
y (P)
a<0
y
>0
x1 4a
y
b 2a 0 S x2 x
4a x1 0
S x2 b 2a x
(P)
y 0
(P)
b 2a x
<0
4a 0
4a
S (P)
b 2a
(P)
0 4a
S b 2a x (P)
=0
4a
S 0 b 2a x
max min
GTNN f (x ) =
xR
b ; khi x = 4a 2a
GTNN f (x ) =
xR
b ; khi x = 4a 2a
nh ly ao ve dau cua tam thc bac hai: Neu ton tai so thc Neu ton tai hai so He qua:
thoa af ( ) < 0 , th tam thc B2 co hai nghiem phan biet x1, x2 va x1 < < x 2 .
va sao cho f ( )f ( ) < 0 th tam thc B2 co hai nghiem phan biet x1; x2 va co mot nghiem nam trong khoang (; )(vi < ) . Chang han: x1 < < x 2 < hay < x1 < < x 2
T nh ly ao tren ta co s so sanh mot so thc vi hai nghiem x1, x2 cua tam thc nh sau: TH1:
f (x ) = ax2 + bx + c
(a 0)
af (x ) < 0 x1 < < x 2
(khong can xet dau , v luon luon co > 0).
TH2: < 0: viec so sanh khong at ra.
18
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat > 0 TH3: af ( ) > 0 < x1 S > 0 2
LHQ
< x2
( xem hnh 1)
(hnh 1)
x1
// // S x1 + x2 = 2 2
x2 x
TH4:
> 0 af ( ) > 0 x1 < x 2 < (xem hnh 2 ) S <0 2
(hnh 2)
x1
// // S x1 + x2 = 2 2
x2
Tam thc
f (x ) = ax2 + bx + c
co t nhat ba thc nghiem
a=b=c=0
Hai tiep tuyen phat xuat t mot iem bat ky M en tren ng chuan (d) en Parabola eu vuong goc vi nhau va ong thi oan noi cac tiep iem T1T2 luon luon i qua tieu iem F cua (P).
(P) (t2)
(t1)
T2 M
II.
T1 (d)
(C) : y = f (x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d (C) : y = f (x ) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d (a 0) MX: D = ( ;+ )

HAM BAC BA: Cac ao ham:
(a 0) Hoc sinh xem phan nay trong Sgk
y = 3ax2 + 2 bx + c va y = 6ax + 2b
b b I ; f 3a 3a
Tam oi xng la iem uon: Xet
= y ' = b2 3ac . Ta c bang tong ket.

x + y + + y
y I x (C)
a>0 < 0
b 3a
19

x + y + y
y (C) I
LHQ
a<0 < 0
0
y
b 3a
(C) I
a>0 = 0
x y' y
b 3a
+ + +
0
y (C)
b 3a
a<0 = 0
x y' y
b 3a
I 0 b 3a x
a>0 < 0 (y = 0 co 2 nghiem x1 < x 2 )
x y' + y
x1 0 C
x2 0 CT
+ + +
0
(C) I
b 3a
a<0 < 0 (y = 0 co 2 nghiem x1 < x 2 )
x y' + y
x2 + + 0 C CT
x1 0
I (C) 0 b 3a x
Chu y: Xem them phan 7 CHU E 3 1. ieu kien can va u e o th (C) tren co iem cc tieu va iem cc ai (ham so co cc tr) la:
y' = f ' (x ) = g(x ) = 3ax2 + 2 bx + c co = b2 3ac > 0 g

Goi (x0;y0) la toa o cac iem cc tr tren no thoa:
2. Phng trnh ng thang qua 2 iem cc tr. Ba iem A, I, B thang hang.
y 0 = f (x 0 ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx 0 + d 0 0 2 g(x 0 ) = 3x 0 + 2 bx 0 + c = 0 I (d )
y 0 = f ( x 0 ) = ( Ax 0 + B) g ( x 0 ) + x 0 + 0
Vay, thang hang.
Thc hien phep chia hai a thc a sap xep f(x0) : f(x0), ta co:
(d ) : y = x + la ng thang i qua iem cc ai va cc tieu cua (C). iem uon cua (C) la
y 0 = x 0 + 0 v g ( x 0 ) = 0
hay A, I, B
20

Do o toa o cac iem cc tr va iem uon la:
LHQ
x AI = x C A ; y A = x C +
x A = x CT B ; y A = x CT +
b x1 = 3a I y = b + 1 3a
3. Quy tch cua cc tr, iem uon ham bac ba T cac toa o A, B, I cha tham so m, ta tm c quy tch cua chnh cac iem o. Kh tham so m. Gii han khoang chay cua toa o t ieu kien ton tai m vi moi gia tr tham so Quy tch cua A, B hay I la
(d ) : y = x +
m D m .
4. nh tham so e ham bac ba cat truc hoanh trong cac trng hp TH1: (C) tiep xuc Ox th he sau co nghiem:
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0 y = 0 2 =0 3ax + 2 bx + c = 0 y
TH2: (C) cat Ox tai 3 iem phan biet:
TH3: (C) cat Ox tai 2 iem phan biet:
g = b 2 3ac > 0 y C .y CT = (x C + )(x CT + ) < 0 = b 2 3ac > 0 g y C .y CT = (x C + )(x CT + ) = 0
TH4: Luon cat Ox tai t nhat mot iem hay phng trnh:
ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d = 0
(a 0) : khong the vo nghiem.

= b2 3ac 0 g = b2 3ac > 0 g y C y CT = (x C + )(x CT + ) > 0
a > 0 a < 0 y y < 0 y y < 0 C CT C CT hoac f (0 ) > 0 f (0 ) < 0 x C > 0 x CT > 0
y fC f(0)
TH5: (C) cat Ox tai 1 iem duy nhat:
TH6: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co 3 nghiem dng:
y fC x1 0 fCT f(0) xC x2 (C) x3 x
x1
fCT
xCT
x2
x3 (C)
TH7: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co 3 nghiem am:
a > 0 a < 0 y y < 0 y y < 0 C CT C CT hoac f (0 ) > 0 f (0 ) < 0 x CT < 0 x C < 0
y fC f(0) x 0 fCT
x1 (C)
xC
x2
x3
fC f(0) x 0 fCT (C)
x1
x2
x3 xC
21

a < 0 a > 0 ' > 0 ' > 0 g g hoac y C y CT < 0 y C y CT < 0 x CT > 0 x CT > 0 y y
LHQ
TH8: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co ung 2 nghiem dng:
y yC x2 xCT x3
yC f(0) x1 yCT
yC
x
yC xCT 0 yCT x2 x3 xC
0 xC
x1 f(0)
TH9: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co ung 2 nghiem am:
a < 0 a > 0 ' > 0 ' > 0 g g hoac y C y CT < 0 y C y CT < 0 x CT < 0 x C < 0
y
yC x1 xC x2 xCT 0 x3 f(0) yCT x

x1 xCT
f(0) x2 0 xC
yC x3 x
yCT
5. Phng trnh bac 3 cat Ox lap thanh cap so cong TH1: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co ba nghiem tao thanh mot cap so cong hay x1 + x3 = 2x2 hay
(C) Ox = {A; B; C} ma AB = BC.
'g = b2 3ac > 0 b f = 0 3a
: (C; CT ) : (iem uon I Ox )
TH2: nh ly Viete: Khi ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co ba nghiem x1, x2, x3 va khong ch ung mot nghiem n th:
b x1 + x 2 + x 3 = a c x 1x 2 + x 2 x 3 + x 3 x 1 = a d x1x 2 x 3 = a
6. Dang ac biet cua ham bac 3: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 co mot nghiem x0 =
Co 3 nghiem n
g(x ) 0 g > 0
x = 2 g(x ) = ax + (b + )x + (a + b ) + = 0
22
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat g(x ) 0 g(x ) = 0 Co ung hai nghiem g = 0 g > 0
Co ung mot nghiem
LHQ
g(x ) 0 g < 0 g = 0
7. Dang khong ac biet cua ham bac 3 TH1: Phng trnh: ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0
3
(a 0 ) (*) khong tm c nghiem ac biet th (*) co nghiem kep:

2
ax + bx + cx + d = 0 He sau co nghiem : 2 3ax + 2 bx + c = 0

TH2: Giai (*) bang o th hoac s dung trong (*) nh ly Bolzano Cauchy.
f lien tuc tren [a; b] f (x ) = 0 co nghiem x 0 = c (a; b ) f (a )f (b ) < 0
Neu gia thiet nh ly Bolzano Cauchy cho them f n ieu th x0 = c la nghiem duy nhat cua f(x)=0. TH3: o th (C): y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 Qua moi
(a 0 ) co:
He so goc cua tiep tuyen tai iem uon be, ln khi a > 0, a < 0 so vi he so goc cua moi tiep tuyen co c vi (C).
(x 0 ; y 0 ) I (iem uon cua (C)) ch ke ung c mot tiep tuyen vi (C). Xet iem tuy y M(x 0 ; y 0 ) (C ) th qua M ke ung c hai tiep tuyen vi (C).
III. HAM BAC BON - HAM TRUNG PHNG: (Xem them Phan 8 CHU E 3) 1. Dang 1: Ham bac bon
3 2
(C) : y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c
(a 0)
ao ham: y = 4ax + 3bx + 2cx + d la mot a thc bac ba nen t nhat mot nghiem thc . Nh vay ao ham y(x) co the viet di dang: y=(x - ).g(x). Trong o: g(x) la mot a thc bac hai px2 + qx + r (ma cac he so p, q, r phu thuoc vao , a, b, c, d). Neu g(x) vo nghiem, g(x) ch co nghiem duy nhat va oi dau qua y(x) ch co mot cc tr. Neu g(x) co nghiem kep, y oi dau khi qua nghiem ham so ch cung co mot cc tr. Hoac la g(x) co mot nghiem bang va mot nghiem
x 2 ham so y cung ch co mot cc tr. Neu g(x) co hai nghiem phan biet x1 , x 2 th ham so co ba cc tr.
(t)
(C) T1
Tiep tuyen vi o th tai hai tiep iem: B1: Goi (t): y = x + la dang tiep tuyen khong thang ng cua: (C): y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (t) va (C) la:
T2
4 3 2 ax + bx + cx + dx + e = x +
4 3 2 ax + bx + cx + d x + e + = 0
( 1)
2 2
B2: Ap at (t) tiep xuc (C) tai hai tiep iem T1(x1;y1) va T2(x2;y2) hay tao ieu kien cho (1) co 2 nghiem kep
x = x1 x = x 2
so:
ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + (d )x + e + a(x x1 ) (x x 2 )
(2 ) co nghiem.
Ket luan:
= 0 ; = 0 va hoanh o tiep iem x = x1; x = x2. (t ) : y = 0 x + la tiep tuyen can tm.
B3: Can bang he so hai ve cua (2) (hay ong nhat khong hai ve cua (2)), ta tm c cac gia tr thc cu the cua cac he
(C)
(d)
Xet o th
(C) : y = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + c (a 0 ) vi gia s (C ) Ox = {A; B; C; D} th ieu kien can e AB = BC = CD la (C) nhan (d) : x = la
f (x ) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + c (a 0 ) co bon nghiem tao thanh mot cap so cong.
2. MX: Dang 2: Ham trung phng
o th ham bac bon va truc oi xng song song Oy:
D 0
mot truc oi xng song song Oy. Hay:
D = ( ;+ )
(C) : y = ax 4 + bx 2 + c (a 0)
Ham so chan (truc oi xng cua (C) la Oy) S bien thien: Xet ao ham y = 4ax3 + 2bx = 2x(2ax2 + b)
23
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat LHQ Neu ab 0 y' = 0 ch co mot nghiem va oi dau khi x qua nghiem Ham so co cc tr, o th khong co iem
uon. Neu
ab < 0 y' = 0
co ba nghiem, ham so co ba cc tr, luc nay o th co hai iem uon. o th nhan mot trong
bon dang sau:

y (C)
a < 0 ab 0
y (C)
a > 0 ab 0 0 x
a > 0 ab > 0
y (C)
a < 0 ab > 0
y (C)
Bai toan o th
(C ) Ox = {A; B; C; D}: AB = BC = CD
hay phng trnh:
ax 4 + bx 2 + d = 0 (*) (a 0 )
co 4
at:
Nen IV.
t 0 t = x 2 0; x . Luc o: (*) 2 g(t ) = at + bt + c = 0 0 < t 1 < t 2 ycbt t 2 < t1 < 0 < t1 < t 2 9 t1 = t 2
ieu kien can e t mot iem tren truc oi xng ke en o th ham trung phng (C) ba tiep tuyen la ba tiep tuyen phai co mot tiep tuyen nam ngang. HAM PHAN THC NHAT BIEN
nghiem tao thanh cap so cong.
(C) : y = f (x ) = ax + b (c 0 ad bc 0 )
cx + d
ieu kien (c 0 ad bc 0 ) cx + d d d D = ; ;+ c c a ad bc y= : (C ) la Hyperbola khi c 0 ad bc 0 d c 2 c x + c ad bc y' = : co dau la dau cua D = ad - bc 2 d c2 x + c d a va tiem can ngang (d 2 ) : y = Giao iem cua hai tiem can ng (d 1 ) : x = c c
D = ad - bc > 0: ham f tang tren tng khoang xac nh
(C ) : y = f (x ) = ax + b
la tam oi xng
d a I ; cua o th (C). c c
24

x y' y a c + + d c || || + +
(C) b a
y x 0
LHQ
a c
(d 2 ): y =
a c
(d1 ): x =
d c
b d
x y' y
a c
D = ad - bc < 0: ham f giam tren tng khoang xac nh y (d1 ): x = d c d
(C)
c || ||
+ a c
b d
(d 2 ): y =
0 b a
a c
y I S A d1 (C)
(t) d2 B M (tuy y) x
y I H d1 S K M (tuy y) d2
(C)
Goi M la iem tuy y tren (C):
ax + b (c 0 ad - bc 0 ) con (t) la tiep tuyen tai M vi (C). Ha cx + d d a MH (d1 ) : x = va MK (d 2 ) : y = theo th t o. Xac nh cac giao iem: (t ) (d1 ) = A; (t ) (d 2 ) = B; c c y=
(neu
co), th: AB luon nhan M lam trung iem. Dien tch tam giac: SAIB = const. Tch so MH.MK = const. Dien tch t giac IHKM = const. ng thang tuy y (): y = x + co phng trnh hoanh o giao iem vi (C) la:
ax + b = x + b cx + d
d x - c
g(x ) = (c)x 2 + ( c + d a)x + d b = 0
d g 0 c
M, N hai nhanh phan biet th cac hoanh o xM = x1; xN = x2 nam ve hai pha cua tiem can ng.
( d1 ) : x =
x0 d c
d d ag < 0 c c min (MN ) = M 0 N 0 xay ra khi va ch khi ng thang () cha MN la phan giac goc XIY cha (C).
Nhac lai cong thc di truc bang phep tnh tien vect
V.
HAM PHAN THC HU TY
x = X + x I OI T OI : (Oxy ) (IXY ); vi y = Y + y I 2 2 (C ) : y = f (x ) = P2 (x ) = ax + bx + c 1 b' x + c b' x + c'
( )
25
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat c' ab' 0 P2 0 (Xem them Phan 2 CHU E 3) b'
LHQ
c' c' D = ; ;+ b' b' 2 aa' x + 2ab' x + bb'a' c (aa' 0 ) ao ham: y' = (a' x + b')2 c' Tiem can ng (d 1 ) : x = Tiem can xien (d 2 ) : y = Ax + B b x 0
Ve tiem can xien:
b' c' (Tam oi xng ) Ab' y = Ax + B B +B c'

a>0
y (C)
x y' y
x1 0 C
c' b' || || ||
x2 + 0 CT
a<0
+ + +
x O
(C)
x y' y
x1 0 C + +
c' b' || || ||
x2 +
a > 0, y > 0
x O
0 CT b' x a'
(C)
x y' y
+ +
c' b' || || ||
+ + +
a > 0, y < 0
b' a'
26
LHQ
(C)
x y' y
c' b' || || ||
+ +
x O
o th
(C) : y = ax
cx + d
(C ) : y = ax + b (c 0 ad bc 0 ) la mot Hyperbola vuong goc nen co cung mot so tnh chat o th nh sau:
(d1) A (C) M S (d2)
*
+ bx + c c' ab' 0 P2 0 b' x + c' b'

2
la mot Hyperbola xien goc, trong khi o o th
(d1) (C) M F v H
(t)
u (d2)
K E S I
(t ) (d1 ) = A; (t ) (d 2 ) = B; I = (d1 ) (d 2 ) MH (d1 ); MK (d 2 ), ve M u // (d 2 ), M v // (d1 ) M u (d1 ) = E; M v (d 2 ) = F *

MA = MB: khi M lu ong tren (C). Dien tch IAB la S = const; khi M lu ong tren (C). Tch so: MH.MK = const; khi M lu ong tren (C). Dien tch hnh bnh hanh MEIF la S = const; khi M lu ong tren (C). Xet ng thang xien (D): y = x + , co phng trnh hoanh o giao iem M va N vi (C) thoa: g x = a b ' x 2 + b b ' c ' x c ' = 0
Goi (t) la tiep tuyen vi (C) tai iem M tuy y (C)
ax 2 + bx + c = x + b' x + c'
c' x b'
c' g 0 : b'
( ) (
ham khong suy bien
M, N ton tai 2 nhanh khac nhau cua (C)
c' (a b')g < 0 b' ng thang cha MN la phan min MN = M 0 N 0 c' x giac goc (d1; d 2 ) cha (C) b'
2 c' g(x ) = ax + bx + c ; at : b' h(x ) = ab' x 2 + 2ac' x + bc' b' c = 0 : t so cua f' (x ) = 0
Quy tch cac iem M trong mat phang, co the ke c t o en (C) hai tiep tuyen (t1); (t2) sao cho: (t1) (t2), la ng tron chuan () co tam I cua Hyperbol tr 4 giao iem cua (C) va (d1), (d2): A, B, C, D.
o th (C) ton tai C va CT trai dau: y Cy CT < 0
o th (C) ton tai C va CT trai dau: y C y CT
g < 0 : ( C ) khong cat Ox 'h > 0 g < 0 : ( C ) cat Ox tai hai iem phan biet <0 'h > 0
o th (C) khong ton tai C va CT: C Ox = A; B : x A <
( )
c' b'
< x B ab ' g
( )
c' b'
<0
27
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat o th (C) co C va CT: M (Oxy ) : e hai tiep tuyen ke c en (C) ma (Mt 1 ) (Mt 2 ) c' (ab )' g > 0 b'

LHQ
Mot cat tuyen tuy y (D) cat hai tiem can tai A, B cat Hyperbol tai P, Q theo th t o th AB va PQ co cung mot trung iem M.
( ) : y = 2a x +
b'
b b'
la ng thang i qua hai iem cc ai va cc tieu cua (C).
VI.
HAM PHAN THC KHONG CO TIEM CAN XIEN
(C ) : y = Ax 2 + Bx + C VA CAC HAM KHAC

ax + bx + c
Vi gia thiet
a 0 , t va mau khong co nghiem chung. D = R \ x | ax2 + bx + c = 0
ao ham:
y' =
A B 2 A C B C x 2 x+ a b a c b c
(ax
+ bx + c
Tuy theo tam thc bac hai t thc y ham so co the n ieu (ong bien hay nghch bien) tren tng khoang cua mien xac nh. Co the co mot cc tr (neu tam thc co nghiem kep) hay hai cc tr (neu tam thc co hai nghiem phan biet). Tiem can: ham so luon co tiem can ngang:
y=
So tiem can ng phu thuoc vao so nghiem cua: ax2 + bx + c = 0. o th tuy theo so tiem can ng, so cc tr, o th cua ham so se co cac dang khac nhau.
A a
CHU E 7: BIEN LUAN PHNG TRNH BANG O TH - PHEP SUY O TH

I. BIEN LUAN SO NGHIEM CUA PHNG TRNH - BAT PHNG TRNH: 1. Phng phap 1: Dang c ban f(x) = m Ve o th (C) : y= f(x) (Neu cha co san o th) Xet s tng giao cua ng thang lu ong song song vi truc hoanh (d): y = m vi (C) y = f(x). Tuy theo so giao iem cua (d) va (C) tng ng vi gia tr m truc tung ta lap c bang bien luan. (Nghiem ac biet, tnh chat nghiem tm bang phng phap chieu xuong truc hoanh). 2. Phng phap 2: Cac dang bien luan bang o th trong trng hp phc tap khac Can ket hp mot trong cac tnh chat sau: at an phu tm bien thien cua an phu. Gii han o th va tm tng quan so cac an so gia nghiem phu va nghiem chnh. Xet dau nghiem so phng trnh bang o th. So sanh nghiem so vi so bang o th ieu kien cua an so va gii han o th. Ngi ta con co the bien luan bang cach s dung tiep tuyen song song hay cho mot ng thang (Dm) quay quanh mot iem co nh e xet s tng giao cua no vi o th (C). 3. Phng phap 3: Bien luan bat phng trnh f(x) > g(x) (C): y = f(x) han pha tren (C): y= g(x). Hai trng hp ac biet: f(x) m co nghiem tren [;] neu minf m. f(x) m co nghiem tren [;] neu maxf m.
II. CHNG MINH BAT ANG THC: B1: a ham ac trng f vao bat ang thc gia thiet, bien oi bat ang thc ve dang:
f (x ) 0; x D
B B
B2: Lap bang bien thien cua y = f(x); xD va chu y khi

Ghi chu:
min f (x ) 0;
xD
th bat ang thc c chng minh xong.
Tng t khi bien oi BT gia thiet ve dang Cung co the a BT gia thiet ve dang:
f (x ) > 0; f (x ) 0; f (x ) < 0; x D
28
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat f (a) f (b ) va can chng minh mot trong hai menh e la u:
f ong bien tren [a; b] (pcm) f nghch bien tren [a; b] (pcm)
LHQ
CHU E 8: S TNG GIAO

I. S TNG GIAO 2 O TH (C1): y = f(x) VA (C2): y = g(x): Lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem f(x) = g(x) (*). Giai va bien luan phng trnh (*). So nghiem cua (*) la so giao iem cua (C1) va (C2). Chu y: e (C1) tiep xuc (C2) th (*) co nghiem kep. Tm ieu kien e phng trnh co nghiem kep m = ?. Hoac he sau co nghiem x0 (x0 la hoanh o tiep iem).
f (x ) = g(x ) f ' (x ) = g' (x )
(1) 1) hoac x 0 ( (2 ) m = ? (2 )
S TNG GIAO CUA NG THANG (d) VA O TH (C): y = f(x): ng thang (d) qua M(x0,y0) co dang y = g(x) = k(x - x0) + y0 (1) Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (d) va (C): f(x) = g(x) (*) 1. Neu (*) la phng trnh bac 2: ax2 + bx + c = 0: Xet dau So giao iem. Tiep tuyen cua (C) khi = 0 k1, k2 PT tiep tuyen.
Chu y:
II.
(d ) (C) k1k 2 = 1
2.
Neu (*) la phng trnh bac 3: x
) ( ax 2 + bx + c ) = 0
( * *)
x = 0 ax
2
( 2) + bx + c = 0 ( 3 )
Bien luan (3) So giao iem. (d) TX (C) (**) co nghiem kep
( 3 ) ( 3 )
co = 0 va a 0 k pt co nghiem : x = k
III. NH THAM SO E (Cm) TIEP XUC TRUC HOANH: Vi (Cm):y=f(x,m) (Cm) TX truc hoanh f(x,m) = 0 (*) co nghiem kep ( = 0) m = ? Hoac he sau co nghiem x0 (x0: hoanh o tiep iem).
f (x, m ) = 0 f ' (x, m ) = 0
(1)
(2)
1) hoac x 0 ( (2 ) m = ?
Chu y: (*) la phng trnh bac 3.
1)
Phan tch (*)
(x x 0 )(ax 2 + bx + c) = (x x 0 )g(x ) = 0
x = x 0 g(x ) = 0
(1) (2 )
(Cm) TX Ox (2) co nghiem kep hoac 1 nghiem 2)
= 0 m = ? x = x0 g(x 0 ) = 0 m = ?
(*) khong co nghiem ac biet x0 th f(x,m) = y. Cho y = 0. Tnh y.
(Cm) TX Ox
y' > 0 m =? y max y min = 0
IV. NH THAM SO E (dm) CAT (Cm) TAI 2 IEM THUOC 1 HOAC 2 NHANH: Cho: (C): y = f1(x) (Ham nhat bien hoac hu ty) va (dm): y = f2(x,m). Lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem f1(x) = f2(x,m) g(x) = f1(x) - f2(x,m) = 0. Tnh ag() vi x = la tiem can ng (TC). 1) Neu ag() < 0 th x1 < < x2 (dm) cat (C) tai 2 iem thuoc 2 nhanh khac nhau.
29
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat < x1 < x 2 ag ( ) > 0 ( dm ) th 2) Neu x1 < x 2 < > 0
LHQ
cat C tai 2 iem cung thuoc 1 nhanh.
( )
CHU E 9: TIEP TUYEN

I. TIEP TUYEN (T) TAI M(x0,y0) (C): y = f(x) CO DANG y = f(x0)(x - x0) + y0 (*) (T) // (d) co he so goc a (T) (d) co he so goc a (T) co he so goc k cho trc
f ' (x 0 ) = a x 0 , y 0 y = f ' (x 0 )(x x 0 ) + y 0

II.
1 f ' (x 0 ) = x 0 , y 0 a y = f ' (x 0 )(x x 0 ) + y 0
f ' (x 0 ) = k x 0 , y 0 y = f ' (x 0 )(x x 0 ) + y 0
TIEP TUYEN (T) T M(x0,y0) (C): y = f(x): 1. Neu ham so la bac 2, nhat bien, hu ty:
Cach 1: Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua M: y = g(x) = k(x - x0) + y0 (*) Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (d) va (C): f(x) = g(x) (1) Neu (1) la phng trnh bac 2, tnh .
(d) TX (C)
a 0 k PT tiep tuyen. = 0
Cach 2: Goi M(x0,y0) la tiep iem, pt tiep tuyen co dang y = f(x0)(x - x0) + y0 (*) Tiep tuyen qua A(xA,yA) nen: yA = f(x0)(xA - x0) + y0 (1) (1) x0, y0 = f(x0) PT tiep tuyen.
2. Neu ham so la bac 3, bac 4: (thng ke 3 tiep tuyen en (C)) Viet phng trnh ng thang (d) qua A(xA,yA): y = g(x) = k(x - xA) + yA. Hoanh o tiep iem la nghiem cua he:
3.
(C) tiep xuc Ox:
f (x ) = g(x ) f ' (x ) = k f (x ) = 0 f ' (x ) = 0
(1) Kh (2 )
k x 0 PTTT
III.
NH THAM SO E T 1 IEM KE C 2 TIEP TUYEN EN (Cm): Viet phng trnh (d) qua A(x0,y0): y = g(x) = k(x - x0) + y0. PT hoanh o giao iem cua (d) va (Cm): f(x,m) = g(x) (*) (thng bac 2). (d) TX (Cm) (*) co nghiem kep
a 0 an k Ak 2 + Bk + C = 0 = 0
(2 )
nh m e (2) co 2 nghiem
> 0 k1 , k 2 k m A 0
TIEP XUC - TIEP TUYEN: 1. Dang th nhat: Tiep tuyen tai M(x0,y0) vi o th (C) B1: Neu M (C): y = f(x): Khong ton tai tiep tuyen nao ca. B2: Neu M (C): y = f(x) (T): y = f(x0)(x - x0) + y0 (y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham)
B B
IV.
30

y y0
(C) : y = f(x) (T) M x

x0 (T)
y (C) : y = f(x) y0 x O k = tg R
LHQ
x0 k = tg R
ac biet trong trng hp tren neu:
f (x ) f (x 0 ) = x x x0 lim
Ta c tiep tuyen thang ng nh sau: (T): x = x0. 2. Dang th hai: Tiep tuyen dng t M(x0;y0) en (C) va tiep tuyen cua (C) co phng khong oi B1: Goi k (he so goc) cua tiep tuyen khi qua M(x0;y0) y = gk(x) : (T). B2: Thiet ke dang tng giao: f(x) = gk(x) (*) (hoac fm(x) = gk(x); neu m la tham so cua ham f).
B B
Th:
f (x ) = g k (x ) (II ) co nghiem f ' (x ) = g'k (x )
Trong he (II) neu gk(x) co o th la ng cong (C) th phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua (C) va (C) la: (T2) : y = f(x0)(x - x0) + y0. Luc o ta noi (C) va (C) tiep xuc.
CHU E 10: HO NG CONG

I. O TH (Cm) : y = f(x,m) QUA IEM CO NH: 1. Goi M(x0; y0) la iem co nh ma (Cm) qua m, ta co: y0 = f(x0,m) (*) Fx(m) = 0 (1) (m: tham so) (1) nghiem ung m ng cong (Cm) eu i qua M. Khi o M(x0; y0) la iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm). (1) co n nghiem phan biet Co n ng cong (Cm) qua M. Bien oi (*) ve dang: Am + B = 0; m A = B = 0 Am2 + Bm + C = 0; m A = B = C = 0 Acosm + Bsinm = C; m A2 + B2 C2 2. Goi M(x0; y0) la iem co nh thuoc (Cm) ta co y0 = f(x0,m) (*)
dy 0 =0 at g(m ) = f (x 0 , m ) = y 0 hang so x 0 = a M(a, b ) la cac iem co nh dm Lay ao ham theo m : g' (m ) = 0 y = f (x , m ) y 0 = b 0 0

II. O TH (Cm) : y = f(x,m) KHONG QUA IEM CO NH: Goi M(x0,y0) la iem ma ho ng cong (Cm) khong qua:
M(x 0 , y 0 ) (Cm ) y 0 = f (x 0 , m )
(*) co an m vo nghiem.
Bien (*) ve dang: Am + B = 0 vo nghiem A = 0 va B 0 Am2 + Bm + C = 0 vo nghiem
Acosm + Bsinm = C vo nghiem A2 + B2 < C2 Fm = Am3 + Bm2 + Cm + D = 0 vo nghiem
A = B = 0 < 0 hay C 0 A 0 A = B = C = 0 D 0
Chu y: Neu ho (Cm) co iem uon co nh la A(x0,y0) th cac iem M(x0,y) vi y y0 la nhng iem ma ho ng cong khong qua.
31

dang
Trong cac tiem can co the co c cua (C) : y = f(x) ch co tiem can ngang la co giao iem vi (C). Do o oi vi ham hu ty
LHQ
y=
um (x ) th: v m (x )
+ Bx + C ta a ve dang: bx + c 0 (C ) : y = x + + bx + c , , b, c hang so c y = x + ; x = la tap hp nhng iem ma moi (Cm) khong the i qua. b
ac biet khi
Tiem can co nh khong nam ngang cua (Cm) luon la tap hp cac iem ma (Cm) khong the i qua m. Viec tm them cac iem co nh ma (Cm) khong the i qua m; c quy ve ap at phng trnh sau vo nghiem: yvm(x) - um(x) = 0 G(x) = 0 vo nghiem.
(C ) : y = Ax
III. NG CONG (Cm) QUA IEM CHO TRC: Cho ho ng cong (Cm) : y = f(x,m) va M(x0,y0) M(x0,y0) (Cm): y0 = f(x0,m) (*) Bien oi (*) ve:
Am + B = 0 2 Am + Bm + C = 0 A cos m + B sin m + C = 0
( 3)
( 1) ( 2 ) So nghiem (1), (2), (3) la so iem ma (C
m)
i qua.
Chu y: Neu (1), (2), (3) vo nghiem th khong co (Cm) nao qua M(x0, y0).
IV. NG CONG (Cm) TIEP XUC NHAU TAI 1 IEM CO NH: Tm iem co nh M(x0,y0) cua ng cong (Cm). CM f(x0) = hang so m tiep tuyen cua (Cm) tai M co nh. Chu y: 1. Tm M co nh neu he A = B = 0 co nghiem kep x0 (Cm). 2. CM o th y = f(x,m) tiep xuc vi 1 ng thang co nh tai 1 iem co nh. V. CHNG MINH (Cm) TIEP XUC VI 1, 2 NG THANG CO NH: Cho (Cm): y = f(x,m) va (d): y= g(x) = ax + b la ng thang co nh. Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (Cm) va (d) la: f(x,m) = g(x) (*) ieu kien e (*) co nghiem kep m
= 0, m (dang Am + B = 0 ) f (x.m ) = g(x ) f ' (x, m ) = g' (x ) = k
VI.
f (x, m ) = g(x ) (ax + b ) Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem.

2
CHNG MINH (Cm) TIEP XUC VI 1 NG CONG CO NH: 1. Cach 1: Phan tch
f(x,m)=g(x) co nghiem kep y = g(x) la ng cong co nh phai tm.
y = f (x, m ) Kh m g(x ) f 'm (x, m = 0 )(ao ham theo m )

VII.
B
2.
Cach 2:
CM 2 O TH y = f(x) VA g(x) TIEP XUC NHAU TAI 2 IEM CO NH: Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem f(x) = g(x) co bac 4 va co 2 nghiem kep x1 va x2 khac nhau. Trng hp bac 4.
2
B1: Viet phng trnh hoanh o giao iem di dang: f(x) - g(x) = 0 B2: Hoac a f(x) - g(x) = 0 ve dang:
B
(x x 0 )2 (ax2 + bx + c) = 0
32
f (x ) g(x ) = a(x x1 ) (x x 2 ) x1 , x 2
2
Phng trnh ax2 + bx + c = 0 co nghiem kep x0.

VIII.
CHNG MINH HO NG THANG TIEP XUC MOT PARABOL CO NH: 1. Cach 1: Cho ho ng cong (Dm): y = f(x,m) Goi (P): y = g(x) = ax2 + bx + c la Parabol co nh can tm. Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua (Dm) va (P): f(x,m) = g(x) (*). (Dm) tiep xuc (P) co nghiem kep, m = 0; m (1). Am2 + Bm + C = 0 A = B = C = 0; m.
LHQ
2. Cach 2: Bien oi ham y = f(x,m) ve dang: f(x,m) = g(x) + (x + m)2 vi g(x) = ax2 + bx + c (P). Phng trnh hoanh o giao iem (Dm) va (P) la f(x,m) = g(x) ((x + m)2 = 0 PT nay co nghiem kep nen (Dm) TX (P).
3.
Cach 3: Xet he phng trnh
y = f (x.m ) Kh m (P ) : y = ax 2 + bx + c f 'm (x, m )
IX.
NG DUNG CUA IEM CO NH HO NG CONG: Phu tr cho viec tm nghiem cua phng trnh bac cao phan c n gian hn: Bai toan iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm) nam tren Ox. Dng ng thang cha tham so trong mat phang toa o: Bai toan bien luan quay - bang o th so nghiem mot phng trnh. Tm tiep tuyen co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm): Bai toan tiep tuyen co nh cua (Cm) tai iem co nh. iem co nh cua cac ng cong trong Hnh hoc giai tch: Bai toan cc tr va quy tch. Khi co vo so iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm) sap xep, em ay tren mot ng cong (T) co nh, ta co: Bai toan bao hnh cua ho ng cong.
X.
BAO HNH CUA HO NG CONG: nh ngha: Bao hnh cua ho ng cong (Cm); m Dm, la ng (), ma tai moi iem tren () th chnh () lai tiep xuc vi t nhat mot ng (C0) cua ho ng cong (Cm). Muon tm bao hnh bang phng phap (PP1) cua ho (Cm); m Dm, ta thc hien ba bc: B1: Goi (x0,y0) la nhng iem ma (Cm) qua: y0 = fm(x0) F(m) = 0; x0 Df (1) B2: Ap at (1) co nghiem kep hay nghiem boi y0 = g(x0); x0 Df.
B B B
B3: Ket luan
( ) :
y = g(x ) la bao hnh cua ho (C m ) x 0 D f
Ghi chu: e ap at F(m) = 0; x0 Df; co nghiem kep ta con dung ao ham (ieu kien tiep xuc) nh sau:
(PP1) :
F (m ) = 0; x 0 D f F' (m ) = 0
Khi biet c dang () (hay d oan c) ta con hai phng phap e tm bao hnh na la: (PP3) Dang () : y = g(x) (ta ch biet dang cua no la ham bac nhat, bac hai, bac ba, bac bon, nhat bien hu ty...) Ap at phng trnh hoanh o giao iem: fm(x) = g(x) co nghiem kep; m Dm, e suy ra phng trnh chnh xac cua () : y = g(x). Goi la phng phap kinh ien. (PP4) Biet dang () : y = g(x). Phan tch: fm(x) = [Gm(x)]2 + g(x). Luc o: fm(x) = g(x) [Gm(x)]2 = 0 (co nghiem kep) Nen: () : y = g(x) la bao hnh can tm. Goi la phng phap phan tch oan nhan.
CHU E 11: O TH CO TAM HOAC TRUC OI XNG

I. TAM OI XNG: nh ngha: iem I(x0;y0) goi la tam oi xng cua o th (C) neu:
f (x 0 x ) + f (x 0 + x ) = 2y 0 , x D (1) ao ham bac chan co nghiem chung f" (x 0 ) = 0 4 f (x 0 ) = 0

1. Chng minh I(x0;y0) la tam oi xng:
33

II. oi truc bang tnh tien theo vect
LHQ
x = X + x 0 OI = (x 0 ; y 0 ) y = Y + y 0
(2 ) Y = f (X )
Chng minh f(X) la ham so le. 2. Chu y: Chng minh 1 iem I(x0;y0) cho trc lam tam oi xng dung (2). Tm tam oi xng cha biet dung (1). TRUC OI XNG:
nh ngha: ng thang x = x0 la truc oi xng cua (C) khi:
f ( x x ) = f ( x + x ) 0 0 f' ( x ) = 0 ao ham 0 f ( x 0 ) = 0
( 1)
1.
Chng minh x = x0 la truc oi xng:
oi truc bang tnh tien f(X) la ham chan.

2.
x = X + x 0 (2 ) Y = f (X ) OI = (x 0 ;0 ) y = Y
Chng minh (d) co truc oi xng x = 0 // Oy:
Goi I(x0,0) x = x0,
OI f (X ) : ham chan, he so bac le bang 0.
(d): y = ax + b lam truc oi xng cua (C): y = f(x). Chon () (d). Tm () (C). I la trung iem AB I (d). III. MOT SO TNH CHAT THNG GAP:
Phng phap di truc tnh tien:
x = X + x 0 y = Y + y 0
I ( x ; y ) f1 ( X ) = f1 ( X ) ; d : x = x 0 : truc oi xng 0 0 Y = f ( X ) f2 ( X ) = f2 ( X ) ; I ( x 0 ; y 0 ) : tam oi xng
[TT(OI )]: Oxy TT : OI IXY
b b b I ;0 . Truc oi xng: x = ; qua nh S 2a 2a 2a 4a b b 2. Ham bac 3: Tam oi xng la iem uon I ; f 3a 3a 3. Ham bac 4: Ham chan I 0 . d a 4. Ham nhat bien: Tam oi xng I ; giao iem cua TC va TCN. c c 2 b a' b 2ab' giao iem cua TC va TCX. 5. Ham hu ty : I ; 1 a (a')2
1. Ham bac 2:
Chu y:
CHU E 12: KHOANG CACH

I. KHOANG CACH:
B
1. Khoang cach gia 2 iem A(xA,yA) va B(xB,yB) la
AB =
(x B x A )2 + (y B y A )2
Ax 0 + By 0 + C
2. Khoang cach t M(x0;y0) en (): Ax + By + C = 0 la: 3. Trng hp o th co ABC:

Chu y:
dt ABC
A 2 + B2 1 1 = AB.AC. sin AB, AC = det AB, AC 2 2
d [M , ] =
)
34

1. Tch khoang cach t 1 iem di ong tren o th en 2 ng tiem can khong oi. Tm TC (1), TCX (2). M(x0,y0) (C). Tnh d1[M, (1)] va d2[M, (2)] d1d2 = hang so. 2. Tong cac khoang cach t 1 iem tren o th en 2 ng tiem can hoac en 2 truc toa o ngan nhat dung BT Cosi. 3. Khoang cach 2 iem tren o th ngan nhat dung BT Cosi. II. TM IEM NGUYEN TREN (Cm): y = f(x): B1: Goi (x0;y0) la iem ma (C) i qua y0 = f(x0) (1) B2: Quan sat (1) e co cac phan tch theo cac loai ham nh sau: oi vi ham phan thc:
LHQ
y = f (x ) =
ax + b cx + d
chia Horner e a (1) ve dang:
y0 = +
; hoac : y 0 = x 0 + + cx 0 + d cx 0 + d
+ (11 ) ;hay: y = f (x ) = Ax cx Bx + C +d
2
(2 1 ) ; ta s dung phep
Ap at:
d x 0 Z \ y 0 Z ; th phai co: c
Z x + Z cx 0 + d = US( ); (vi US( ) la c so cua ) 0 1 oi vi ham a thc la gia phan thc (mau so la hang): y 0 = (a0 x n0 + a1x n0 1 + a2 x n0 2 + ... + an +1 ) n n 1 n 2 Ap at: a 0 x 0 + a1x 0 + a2 x 0 + ... + a n +1 ; x 0 Z y 0 Z
B3: Tm (x0;y0) e ket luan so iem nguyen cua (C).
CHU E 13: NH THAM SO E (Cm) CAT Ox LAP THANH CAP SO CONG. TAP HP
I.
(Cm ) Ox y = 0 (*)
y = f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (Cm):
(*) co 3 nghiem lap thanh cap so cong.
x + x = 2x 2 Neu (*) co 1 3 x + x + x = b x 2 m Neu (*) co 1 2 3 a y' = 0 y C ,y CT hoac f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) < 0 y " = 0 f b = 0 3a

II. y = f(x) = ax4 + bx2 + c (Cm):
3 nghiem m = ? nhan 1 nghiem m = ? loai
(Cm ) Ox y = 0 (*) . at t = x
0 th:
> 0 P > 0 S > 0 t1 = 9t 2
( t x2 ) he
t1 = 9t 2 b t1 + t 2 = a t t = c 12 a
III. TAPHP: Tm tap hp cac iem M di ong (nh Parabol, tam oi xng, iem cc tr, trung iem day cung...) 1. QUY TCH MOT IEM LU ONG TRONG KHAO SAT HAM SO:
35
T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat x M = g1 (m ) B1: Xac nh toa o M y M = g 2 (m )

B B
LHQ
(1); m R
B2: Kh tham so m trong (1) bang phep the, phep so sanh, phep cong cac phng trnh thanh phan e rut ra mot phng trnh he qua cua (1) la: F(xM;yM); m Dm. B3: Gii han khoang chay cua xM hay yM da vao Dm, luc o ta a gii han cho quy tch. B4: Ket luan quy tch la: Ca ng cong (): F(x;y) = 0 (neu khong co gii han cua cac khoang chay). Mot phan ng cong (): F(x;y) = 0 (neu a bo i cac khoang ma xM hay yM khong chay tren o, do bc gii han quy tch ma co). Ghi chu: Cac dang quy tch thng gap Dang 1: Quy tch trung iem mot day cung lu ong tren (C): y = f(x). Dang 2: Quy tch iem uon - iem cc tr cua (C): y = f(x). Dang 3: Quy tch tam oi xng cua (C): y = f(x). Dang 4: Quy tch iem lien hp ieu hoa vi cac iem tng giao tren (C): y = f(x). Dang 5: Cac loai quy tch khac. oi khi ngi ta con tm quy tch bang nh ngha nh sau qua ba bc c ban: B1: Lay M(x0;y0) co tnh chat p(1) F(x0;y0) = 0. B2: Gii han khoang chay neu co. B3: Ket luan quy tch la toan bo ng (): F(x0;y0) hoac mot phan () neu nh co gii han.
B B B B B
2. NH m E M TON TAI: (x,y c xac nh) Gii han quy tch. Chu y: 1. Neu M 2. Neu
Quy tch M la ng x = c // Oy. y = g(m) Gii han quy tch (neu co). x = f (m) Quy tch M la ng y = c // Ox. M y = c (khong oi) Gii han quy tch (neu co).
x = c (khong oi)
3. QUY TCH TRUNG IEM DAY CUNG: Neu (d) cat (C) tai 2 iem A, B. Toa o trung iem I cua AB.
xA + xB b x = = I 2 2a Kh y = PT cua (d)
4.
Tiem can ng x = ? Tiem can xien y =
m gia x va y Quy tch I (gii han neu co).
QUY TCH CC TR HAM HU TY:
u' ( x 0 ) Kh v ' ( x0 )
tham so Quy tch
36

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T.

s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat CHU E 1: HAM SO AO HAM

B(x ) > 0 0 < A(x ) 1

arcsin x y= arccos x y = [A(x )]

* [A(x )] + a a a, x lam A(x ) xac nh. * BT Cosi : a + b 2 ab . Bunhiacop sky : ac + bd

anh gia bieu thc bang cac BT:

g o f la ham hp cua hai ham f : D f Z

* x D g o f : [g o f ](x ) = g[f (x )] va fog g o f ; {x | x D f f (x ) Dg } Tf D g * Dg o f = D f , {(Tf 0 ) (Tf Dg )}

HAM CHAN LE y=f(x) OI XNG QUA O:

f ( x ) = f (x ) x D : f chan f ( x ) f (x ) : Ham khong chan khong le x D f (- x ) = f (x ) x D : f le

GII HAN HAM SO: 1.

T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

lim f (x )g(x ) (dang 0 theo th t o)

x + ax 2 + bx + c ~ x a ; (a > 0) 2/ x ax 2 + bx + c ~ x a ; (a > 0) b + (x ); vi a > 0 va lim (x ) = 0 3 / ax 2 + bx + c ~ a x + 2a x 3. Phng phap 3: Kh dang vo nh

Khong loai tr nhan cac lng lien hp lng giac.

llh ( 1 + cos u ) ( 1 cos u )

TH2: Khi at: Khi:

x x 0 ham lng giac co dang vo nh (x tnh bang raian)

Ghi chu: khong s dung ham tng ng cho tong so. 5.

T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

Cong thc gii han:

lim =1 x 0 x lim U x = 0 x 0 lim x 0 sin U x

Quy tac Lopitan: AO HAM:

f (x ) f ' (x ) = lim x x 0 g (x ) x x 0 g' (x ) lim

x + lim a = 0 x x lim e = + x+ + x lim e = 0 x x e = + lim x+ x x lim x.e = 0 x + x lim a = 0 x+ x lim a = + x

lim log a x = + x + lim log a x = x 0+

lim ln x = + x 0 ln x + =0 lim x + x lim x. ln x = 0 x 0+ lim log a x = x + lim log a x = + x 0

B3: So sanh (1) va (2); neu

lim f (x ) = f (x 0 ) = b , ham f lien tuc tai x = x0.

f lien tuc tai x0.

f lien tuc trai tai b

Tm ao ham tai mot iem:

y = f ' (x ) R; x D ta lam ba bc c ban: x 0 x lim

y x y lim = g(x ) R ; th ket luan: f(x) = g(x). x 0 x

Quy tac vi phan:

v' u u'.v u.v' 1 = = 2 2 v v v v

d (u.v ) = v.du + u.dv

f : D f (D ) . Kha ao ham theo x va co ham x y = f (x )

; (u(x ) > 0 ) u' y' = y(v ln u )' = u' v' ln u + v u

4. Bang tnh ao ham: Ham so f(x) ao ham f(x)

Ham so f(x) sinx cosx tgx ex ax

ao ham f(x) cosx -sinx

T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

k = tg = f ' (x 0 ) (la y ngha hnh hoc cua ao ham)

f ' (x ) = 0; f ' (x ) 0; f ' (x ) 0;

(1) (2) (3)

T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

(C):y=f(x) f'(x0)>0 B A f'(x0)=0 f'(x0)<0 a x0 (h.10) b

x 0 V(x 0 ) e f lien tuc tai x0; th M van la iem uon.

f tang ngat tren D f (x ) = x; x D f (D ) 1 f (x ) = f (x )

T.s Nguyen Phu Khanh- a Lat

Tnh loi lom cua ham so trong ang thc Jensen.

f lien tuc tren 0 tren

Dau ang thc trong BT xay ra khi x1 = x2 = ... = xn. * nh ly Lagrance:

f lien tuc [a; b] c (a; b ); f (b ) f (a ) = (b a)f (x ) f kha ao (a; b )

[ ] () f co ao ham tren ( a;b )

f lien tuc tren a;b va f a = f b

TNH TANG - GIAM (N IEU) CUA HAM SO:

(x ) 0 Neu max f ' (x ) 0

f(x) la ham bat ky

(x ) 0 f luon giam: f ' (x ) 0

Tnh chat n ieu

f(x) ham bac 3 a > 0 va 0 a < 0 va