Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

LI M U
Vit Nam l mt trong nhng quc gia c sn lng xoi ln trn th gii, tuy nhin xoi ch yu c dng n ti v mt t xut khu nn thng b ng vo lc chnh v. Vi sn lng ln do thu hoch ng lot nn vn t ra l cn phi x l nh th no gii quyt tnh trng ng trn, ng thi m bo gi tr kinh t, cht lng dinh dng, cung cp thng xuyn cho ngi tiu dng v gii quyt tnh trng gi c bp bnh cho ngi trng xoi. Do iu kin cng ngh bo qun cn nhiu hn ch nn gi c sn phm ti trong thi gian di rt kh khn. Chnh v vy xoi cn c ch bin, bin i thnh cc dng sn phm khc nhau phc v nhu cu ngi tiu dng ang ngy cng cp thit. V nectar l mt dng sn phm c o lm t nguyn liu xoi, Ngy nay, i sng kinh t c nhiu ci thin nn xu hng s dng cc sn phm tri cy ngy cng tng. Ngoi mc ch to ra nhiu sn phm phc v th trng, sn phm cn cung cp cht dinh dng v Vitamin. Bn cnh vi tiu ch thn thin vi mi trng v lun gi gi sn phm mt mc hp l cn phi c mt bin php hiu qu v sn xut sch hn chnh l bin php cn thit . Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng.

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

CHNG 1

GII THIU CHUNG

1.1. Tng quan v nguyn liu sn xut: 1.1.1. Xoi: Ngun gc: - Xoi thuc h o ln ht Anacardiaceae c tn khoa hc l Mangifera indica. y l loi qu nhit i rt thm ngon, c hng v tng hp ca u , da, cam. Xoi xut x t ng Nam khong 4.000 nm li y. T th k 16, ngi B o Nha gii thiu xoi n Nam Phi v Brazil v ngy nay xoi c mt rng ri trn khp th gii. Mc d vn cn tp trung Chu , nhng n m rng mt s quc gia. Trong tt c cc lc a, n tr nn ph bin Chu Phi, Chu M v c mt t hn Chu u. Vit Nam hin c khong gn 70.000ha xoi, ngoi BSCL, Khnh Ha l va xoi th hai ca c nc. c im mt s loi xoi. - c im cu to ca qu xoi :

Hnh 1.1 Cu to qu xoi

Hnh 1.2 Cu to ht xoi

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- S chuyn mu khi xoi bt u chn : theo th t t 1 n 6

Hnh 1.3 S chuyn mu khi xoi bt u chn S dng ph phm trong ch bin xoi. - Trong khi ch bin qu xoi, v v ht l ph phm. Chng giu cc cht dinh dng v c th lm c mt s sn phm c gi tr. - C th chit xut t v xoi chn ra pctin l mt loi thch cht lng tt (6,1%) v x n c (5,4%). Gim n c th lm t v xoi thng qua qu trnh ln men vi sinh. Cht lng gim n chp nhn (5,2% axt axtc) v axt xitrc (20g/kg v). - V xoi c protein thp (3.9%) l ngun thc n cht lng km cho gia sc. Tuy nhin v xoi c th lm giu prtin ln gp trn 5 ln (20%) bng s ln men th rn dng chng Aspergillusniger. - Ht xoi cha cht bo v tinh bt hm lng cao. Du chit t ht xoi l loi cht lng tt c th dng trong m phm v trong cng nghip lm x phng. Bt ht xoi (tinh bt) sau khi trn vi bt la m hoc bt bp c dng trong bnh phng chapatty. - C th ly ra khong 10% cn t ht xoi bng s ln men cng cy vi khun. Trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, nhiu enzim khc nhau c dng ha lng tht
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

qu xoi, lm trng xir,. C th sn xut ra cc enzim nh xenlula v pectina t v xoi v amila t ht xoi bng s ln men vi sinh. 1.1.2. Nc: Bng 1.1 Cc ch tiu yu cu ca nc Ch tiu Hm lng mui canxi Hm lng mui Magie Hm lng mui Clorua Hm lng Fe+2 Hm lng permanganate pH NO2, NH3 NO3 Tng s vi khun hiu kh E.coli Cm quan Yu cu 130-200mg/l 100mg/l 75- 150 mg/l 0,3 mg/l 20 mg/l 5.5-8.5 nhng tt nht l 6.2-6.5 Khng c php c Khng ln hn 50mg/l Khng ln hn 100 t bo/cm3 nc Khng c php c Nc trong, khng mi v l Thc t nc dng trong sn xut hin nay nc ta ph bin nht c hai ngun : nc cp t cc nh my cp nc sinh hot v nc ging - Nu l nc sinh hot, phi x l s b lm gim pH v hm lng chlorine d - Nu l nc ging th phi x l tn b t n tiu chun nc k thut . V trong nc ging c nhiu hm lng cc mui ho tan trong nc dng ion : HCO3-, CO32-, SO42-, NO2-, NO3-, SiO32-, Fe2+, Mn2+, ... nh hng xu n qu trnh sn xut. 1.1.3. ng: ng l hn hp hydro,oxy v cacbon cc phn t ng glucose v fructoso kt hp vi nhau to thnh ng 68% ng ly t ma cn li t c ci ng. ng saccharose l mt loi dissaccaride cu to t glucose v fructose lin kt vi nhau nh 2 nhm OH glucozit ca chng, khng c tnh kh Mi v :ngt, khng c mi v l

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Mu sc: tinh th ng c mu ng nh, v khi pha trong nc ct cho dung dch c mu trong sut V ng c v ngt nn lm du v mn ca mui tinh Cng dng: - Tng kh nng kh mi ca mi trng, cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi khn c kh nng kh nitraat thnh nitrit - Bo v cht kh chng vic gia tng hm lng nc cu sn phm - Ngoi ra ng cn c kh nng lm du v mn ca mui Bng 1.2 Tiu chun dng ng Cc ch tiu Hnh dng Mi v Yu cu Dng tinh th tng i u, khng vn Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nc ct c v ngt, khng c mi Mu sc v l Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh. Khi pha trong nc th thu c dch trong sut Bng 1.3 Tiu chun Vit Nam v cc loi ng Tiu chun % ng W% RS % Tro mu ( IU) ng Tinh Luyn 99.8 < 0.05 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 124 ng ho hng 99.75 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 145 Loi 1 99.62 < 0.07 < 0.1 < 0.07 < 260 Loi 2 99.48 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 520

1.1.4. Axit ascorbic: Axit ascorbic cn c gi l vitamin C c tm thy nhiu nht trong tri cy l cht dinh dng rt cn thit cho s sng ca sinh vt. lnh vc ha sinh, n l cht chng oxi ha, tham gia vo cc qu trnh tng hp enzyme, tng sc khng, phc hi sc khe, c bit ngn nga bnh scurvy ngi. Axit ascorbic cn c dng lm cht bo qun thc phm, hng v cho mt s nc ung lm tng gi tr dinh dng. Lng
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

vitamin C hin nay c tm thy nhiu nht l trong qu Billy Goat plum (3150mg/100g). Trong 100g t c 1900mg, trong u , du, cam, chanh c t 40-60mg. Hnh 1.4 Cng thc cu to axit ascorbic Thng tin tng qut: Tn theo IUPAC: 2-oxo-L-threo-hexono-1,4- lactone-2,3-enediol - Tn thng thng: axit ascorbic, vitamin C - Cng thc phn t: C6H8O6 - Khi lng phn t: 176,13 g/mol - C dng: bt mu trng n vng nht (khan) - Nhit nng chy: 193oC (phn hy) - Kh nng ha tan trong nc: Cao Tnh cht: - D trong cng thc cu to khng c nhm COOH nhng vitamin C vn c tnh axit. l do trong phn t c h lin hp p- , - t O ca nhm OH n O ca C=O lm cho H ca nhm OH gn trn C c ni i tr nn rt linh ng, c kh nng tch ra, v th c tnh axit. Mt khc, khi ha tan vo nc, 1 lng nh s b thy phn to thnh axit. - nhit phng, axit ascorbic dng khan c mu trng cho n vng nht. N c tnh cht ha hc chung ca cc axit thng thng, c kh nng b oxi ha v b phn hy thnh CO2 v nc 193oC. 1.1.5. Axit citric: Axit citric l mt axit hu c thuc loi yu v n thng c tm thy trong cc loi tri cy thuc h cam qut. N l cht bo qun thc phm t nhin v thng c thm vo thc n v ung lm v chua. lnh vc ha sinh th axit citric ng mt
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

vai tr trung gian v cng quan trng trong chu trnh axit citric ca qu trnh trao i cht xy ra trong tt c cc vt th sng. Ngoi ra axit citric cn ng vai tr nh l mt cht ty ra, an ton i vi mi trng v ng thi l tc nhn chng oxy ha. Axit citric c mt trong nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu nhng trong tri chanh th hm lng ca n c tm thy nhiu nht, theo c tnh axit citric chim khong 8% khi lng kh ca tri chanh.

Hnh 1.5 Cng thc cu to axit citric Thng tin tng qut - Tn theo IUPAC: 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid - Tn thng thng: Axit chanh - Cng thc phn t: C6H8O7 - Khi lng phn t: 192.13 g/mol - Tinh th mu trng - Khi lng ring: 1665 kg/m3 - Nhit nng chy: 153oC - Nhit si: phn hy 175oC Tnh cht: - Mt vi tnh cht vt l ca axt citric c lit k bng trn, tnh axt ca n l do nh hng ca nhm carboxyl -COOH, m mi nhm carboxyl c th cho i mt proton to thnh ion citrat. Cc mui citrat dng lm dung dch m rt tt hn ch s thay i pH ca cc dung dch axt.

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- Cc ion citrat kt hp vi cc ion kim loi to thnh mui, ph bin nht l mui Canxi Citrat dng lm cht bo qun v gi v cho thc phm. Bn cnh ion citrat c th kt hp vi cc ion kim loi to thnh cc phc dng lm cht bo qun v lm mm nc. - nhit phng th axt citric tn ti dng tinh th mu trng dng bt hoc dng khan hay l dng monohydrat c cha mt phn t nc trong mi phn t ca axt citric. Dng khan thu c khi axt citric kt tinh trong nc nng, tri li dng monohydrat li kt tinh trong nc lnh. nhit trn 74C dng monohydrat s chuyn sang dng khan. - V mt ha hc th axt citric cng c tnh cht tng t nh cc axt carboxylic khc. Khi nhit trn 175C th n phn hy to thnh CO2 v nc. 1.1.6. CMC (Carboxy Methyl Cellulose): Thng thng, Ds: 0 3 (max)
Ra Xoi

Ch s Ds (Degree of substitution: mc thay th nhm chc)

Ct, gt

- CMC dng thng phm c Ds: 0.4 - 1.4

Chn - CMC dng cho thc phm c Ds:0.65-0.95

- CMC c Ds<0.4 khng ho tan trong nc Tnh cht ca CMC

Ch

- C th s dng CMC dng nng v lnh

Phi ch - pH 5-9 dung dch t thay i tnh cht, nhng pH <3 nht gia tng hoc kt

ta. Do , khng s dng CMC cho sn phm c pH <3 S dng CMC v cc dn xut: ng ha - Gp phn ci to tnh cht sn phm (lm chm qu trnh kt tinh lm mn tinh th, ci thin bng, ngn cn kem chy, nRt hp rn, ngn cn s phn ly tinh du-nc, nh pha gi m, chng dnh, ) - Pht trin sn phm mi
Bi kh

- Da vo kh nng gi nc, to c, n nh, tr phn tn

Thanh trng - Liu lng s dng thng thng 0.1-0.5%

1.2. Quy trnh sn xut nectar xoi:

Lm ngui -8Nectarxoi

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

1.2.1. Quy trnh cng ngh:

1.2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh cng ngh:

1.2.2.1 Ra:

Nhm loi b cc loi tp cht cn dnh trn qu xoi nh: l cy, ct , gim lng vi sinh vt ngoi qu. Thit b ra xi: lu lng 30 m3/h v c gn qut cao p st kh Bm nc tun hon tit kim nc, c h thng phn phi nc v kh nn t qut tang hiu qu ra.

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Cui bung ra cn c h thng sng rung - tch nc v vn chuyn nguyn liu ra khi my. C 2 ng c rung 0.3Kw/ci. Sng c nng bng 4 ng cao su ln xung bng kh nn. C 3 ca v sinh, c 1 ca s mica theo di. Tt c c ch to bng Inox khng r. Hot ng: xoi c qua my ra ti y nh qut cao p st kh nn mi tp cht cn dnh trn nguyn liu s c loi b, qua h thng sn rung- tch nc ra bng chuyn n b phn ct gt. 1.2.2.2. Ct Gt: Mc ch: loi b v cung v ht xoi. Cng on ny c ngi cng nhn lm bng th cng dng dao gt v xoi. Gi li phn tht qu. 1.2.2.3. Chn: Mc ch: nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ha trong nguyn liu xoi, tng thm thu, lm mm tht xoi trc khi em qua qu trnh xay nghin. Thng s k thut: to nc = 75- 85oC, Vnc = 4000- 4500 lt, lng mui = 6 kg Thit b chn: ni 2 v, hnh tr y cn, lm bng thp khng r, c b gia nhit nc nm bn hng. Dung dch chn: nc: mui c t l 2: 0,3 Hot ng: khi nc c gia nhit n nhit thch hp, xoi c cho qua dung dch chn trong 8- 10 pht. 1.2.2.4. Ch: Mc ch: tch phn tht tri xoi v phn x ra hai phn ring bit. Thit b ch cnh p: s dng ry chia nh dch xoi, pha trn ry c cnh p p nguyn liu qua ry, sau mi ln p phn x s c tho ra ca tho b. Thng s k thut: kch thc ry = 1,0- 1,5 mm 1.2.2.5. Phi trn:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Khi ch bin nectar, ngi ta thng pha thm ng, acid thc phm v nc vo dch qu sn phm t c yu cu v hng v, mu sc v c cn thit. Sn phm phi c hng thm r rt ca nguyn liu, v ngt chua thch hp. Sn phm thng c kh 15 - 20% v c acid tng ng vi acid ca nguyn liu (0,2 - 0,5%) Lng vitamin C cho vo khi phi ch cn c ch cc men xc tc phn ng bin mu v cn d khong 100 mg/l nc qu. Nu d qu, sn phm c v chua gt v hc. Sn phm cn c c va phi, nu lng qu th km gi tr dinh dng v km hng v, nu c qu cng khng hp dn. sn phm c c va phi, ngi ta thm nc ng vi t l Pur qu/nc ng = 1/0,5 - 1/2 tu loi nguyn liu. 1.2.2.6. ng ha: Mc ch: n nh h paste, hn ch hin tng tch pha, Nguyn tc thc hin: s dng p lc cao. Thng s k thut: T=70-80oC, P = 100-250 bar. Hot ng: puree xoi c cho vo thit b ng ha 2 cp, di tc dng ca nhit v p lc cao puree xoi s c chia nh, phn tn vo h paste. 1.2.2.7. Rt hp - bi kh: Mc ch: to nhiu mu sn phm p ng yu cu. My chit: l mt h thng bao gm b phn ra hp, ra np, trng hp, load chit, vi chit. Thng s k thut: to rt hp = 75oC Hot ng: sn phm sau khi qua qu trnh ng ha s c vn chuyn vo my chit, sau sn phm s a ti cc vi chit chit vo hp. trong qu trnh rt hp vi nhit cao thnh phn khng kh trong hp s thot ra ngoi qu trnh bi kh s thc hin trong giai on ny. 1.2.2.8. Ghp m:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Ngay sau khi rt vo bao b phi c ghp m ngay.Trc khi ghp m cc loi bao b, th np cn phi c ra sch, thanh trng v ghp kn ngay. 1.2.2.9. Thanh trng: L qu trnh quan trng c tc dng quyt nh kh nng bo qun v cht lng sn phm. Tiu dit phn ln vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi, gy hi cho sn phm Qu trnh x l nhit nhm n nh c cho dch qu v n v hot enzym pectinase c trong dch qu Qu trnh x l nhit thng gy oxy ho sn phm.Do vy qu trnh ny thng c din ra trong thi gian ngn. 1.2.2.10. Lm ngui: Sau khi thanh trng sn phm phi lm ngui ngay n nhit 30-50oC gy sc nhit v ngn chn qu trnh sm mu ca sn phm. 1.2.2.11. Bo n: Sau mt thi gian bo qun t 1-2 tun.Kim tra li sn phm xem c hp no khng t tiu chun ( phng hp, mo m) th loi b.Sau khi tin hnh lau chi, dn nhn , bao gi v cui cng l xut xng.i vi nhng dy chuyn hin i, v sinh cng nghip cao, thit b v k thut tin tin, m bo an ton v cht lng gn nh l tuyt i c h khng cn bo n m tin hnh sy hp v dn nhn, ng gi sau ngay khi thanh trng. 1.3 Thit b: 1.3.1. Thit b ra: Ra xi l dng tc dng chy ca dng nc ko cc cht bn cn li trn mt nguyn liu sau khi ngm.Thng dng tia nc phun (p sut 1.96-2.94,105 N/m2 tc 23 at) hay hoa sen xi. Nc ra li phi l nc sch, lnh, lng Cl2 cn li trong nc trng l 3-5 mg/l. Thi gian ra li cng nhanh cng tt. nc ra t b nhim bn, ngi ta dng nc ra chy lin tc trong cc b.

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Hnh 1.7 My ra tri cy, rau qu Thng s k thut: - Th loi : Thit b ch bin tri cy v rau qu - Nhn hiu : TURATTI (ITALYA) - Serial Number : 9222 - Kch thc /sc cha: 4300*1110*1800 - Quc gia sn xut : Italya - My ra tri cy lin tc, bao gm bm nc 5HP, 30m3/h v qut cao p st kh 3HP. - Kch thc bung ra: 4300x1110x1050. bm nc tun hon tit kim nc, c h thng phn phi nc v kh nn t qut nhm tng hiu qu ra. - Cui bung ra cn c h thng sng rung - tch nc v vn chuyn nguyn liu ra khi my. C 2 ng c rung 0.3Kw/ci. Sng c nng bng 4 ng cao su ln xung bng kh nn. - C 3 ca v sinh, c 1 ca s mica theo di. - Thit b bm y, cn. - Tt c c ch to bng Inox 316. 1.3.2. Thit b chn:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Hnh 1.8 Thit b chn Thng s k thut: - Lng x l: 1000- 3000Kg/h - M t: 2 Hp c th iu chnh tc bin tn. - Vt liu ch to: + Chn my ch to bng thp khng g SUS304#, ng vung 40*80. + Thn my c ch to bng thp khng g SUS 304 #. + Bng ti bng nha cng c bit km tm cch rng 610Wmm + Chiu di on trn: 4500Lmm, my hn hp nc kh dng ng cch m, km b phn ON/OFF. + Chiu di b phn lm ngui: 3000Lmm + T in bng thp khng g SUS 304#. 1.3.3. Thit b ch:

Hnh 1.9 Thit b ch Thng s k thut:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- Thn may ch tao bng inox ng vung - Thung loc ch tao bng inox tm - B li loc quy cach f 280*910Lch tao bng inox, kich thc li loc 0.8mm - Vo hp bao v b phn chuyn ng ch tao bng inox tm 1.3.4. Thit b ng ha:

Hnh 1.10 Thit b ng ha Nguyn tc lm vic ca my l dng p lc cao, y sn phm i qua cc khe h rt nh (p sut ca sn phm vo khong 150 kg/cm2 v khi ra khi khe nh ch cn khong 2 - 3 kg/cm2) Khi thay i p sut mt cch t ngt v tc tng ln nhiu, lm cho sn phm b ti nh ra. Kch thc ca khe h c th iu chnh c t 0,1 - 0,15 mm. Tc chuyn ng ca sn phm qua khe h: 150 - 200 m/s. 1.3.5. Thit b chit - Tc chit: 20- 50 chai/ pht - Sai s khi chit: <1% - in ngun cung cp: 220/ 110V, 50/60 Hz - p sut kh: 0,5- 0,7 Mpa - Cng sut: 500 W - Gii hn dung tch chit: 25- 60 ml 50- 125 ml, 100- 250 ml, 200- 500 ml, 4001000 ml, 900- 2500 ml, 2200- 5000 ml. Khi cho sn phm v bao b, phi t cc yu cu sau :
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo t l quy nh. - C hnh thc trnh by p. - m bo h s truyn nhit. - Khng ln cc tp cht.
1. Thng cha cht lng 2. Bm chn khng 3. ng dn cht lng v thng 4. Phao 5. Mm 6. ng ray 7. Bnh xe 8. Piston 9. Soupap 10. L xo 11. ng dn cht lng v chai

Hnh 1.11 Cu to h thng rt cht lng ca my rt chn khng 1.3.6. Thit b ghp m:

Hnh 1.12 Thit b ghp m

Thng s k thut:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn - Cng sut (W): 5000 - Sn lng: 12000 lon/gi - Tnh nng: Cht lng dn ming tt, Th tch nh, Nhiu loi hp c kch c khc nhau

1.3.7. Thit b thanh trng

Hnh 1.13 Thit b thanh trng Thng s k thut: - Kch thc ngoi my: 4500L*2000W*1800H - Lng x l: 3000Kg/h (i vi nguyn liu) - Nhit nguyn liu u vo: 45-55oC - Nhit nc lm lnh u vo:20oC - p lc hi: 0.5-0.6Mpa - Nhit thanh trng: 137oC - Thi gian bo n: 4 giy - Nhit nguyn liu u ra: 85-88oC 1.4. Cn bng nng lng 1.4.1. Lng nc s dng cho sn xut Chn ngun nc: - Nc dng cho sn xut v nc dng cho sinh hot l nc sch do nh my nc cung cp. Bng 1.4 Bng ch tiu cht lng ca nc s dng
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Ch tiu Hm lng cn ha tan pH cng hon ton Nitrite St Tng lng vi sinh vt hiu kh Tng Coliform Lng nc s dng: dng cho qu trnh ra l 3,6m3/ ca

Yu cu < 10 mg/l 6-7 < 300 mg CaCO3/l < 0.1 mg/l < 0.3 mg/l Khng c < 220 khun lc/ml

- Qu trnh ra 1,2 m3/ tn xoi. Mt ca sn xut ra 3 tn xoi. Vy lng nc - Nc dng cho qu trnh v sinh dng c 1m3/ ca - Nc dng cho sinh hot ca cc cng nhn 20l/ ngi/ ca. Do nh my c 30 cng nhn. Vy lng nc cn dng cho sinh hot l 0,6m3/ca - Nc r r: 2,5% tng nc cn dng. Vy lng nc r r l 0,015 m3/ca - Nc trong qu trnh chn: 1,5 m3/ ca - Nc trong qu trnh ct gt: 3m3/ ca - Nc phi ch: 0,019 m3/ ca - Nc thanh trng: 0,4 m3/ca - Nc cha chy: 0,6 m3/ ca - Tng lng nc s dng l: 10,734 m3/ca X l nc thi: - Nc thi cha cc cht hu c v mt s ha cht ri vi nn ta x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc - Nc thi sinh hot c nhp cung vo cng vi nc thi sn xut v em i x l chung 1.4.2 in nng cho sn xut Din tch phn xng: S = 400 m2 in nng chiu sng:

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- Chn cng sut chiu sng ring p = 20 W/m2. Do cng sut cn cho c phn xng l: P = p x S = 20 x 400 = 8000W - Chn bng n loi 40W - S bng n trong phn xng l: 8000/40 = 200 bng n - Thi gian sn xut l 8h - Cng sut chiu sng l: Acs = 40W x 200 bng n x 8h = 64000Wh = 64KWh in nng dng cho ng lc: Bng 1.5 Bng tnh ton in nng s dng cho thit b Loi my My ra My chn My ch My phi trn My ng ha My chit My ghp m My Thanh Trng Tng (Al) Cng sut 0,7 KW 4,5 KW 1,8 KW 5,8 KW 1,5 KW 0,5 KW 0,5 KW 12 KW Thi gian ti a/ ca 0,75 h 2,5 h 2,3 h 1,5 h 1,8 h 2.7 h 2.1 h 1h Cng sut/ ca 0,525 KWh 11,25 KWh 4,14 KWh 8,7 KWh 2,7 KWh 1,33 KWh 10,5 KWh 12 KWh 51.145 KWh

in nng dng cho h thng lnh ton phn xng l 6,5 KWh. H thng c bt lin tc trong sut 1 ca (8h). Vy in cho h thng lnh l: Aml = 6,5 KWh x 8h = 52 KWh A = Acs + Al + Aml = 64 + 51,145 + 52 = 167,145 KWh in nng tiu th hng nm: A1nm = A x 300 ngy = 50143,5 KWh in nng tiu th cho phn xng trong 1 ca sn xut l

CHNG 2

THC HIN SN XUT SCH HN

-19-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

2.1. Khi ng: Thnh lp nhm thc hin sn xut sch hn Bng 2.1 Nhm thc hin sn xut sch hn H v tn Nguyn Tin Dng Hunh Th Thy Trinh Ng in Bo Ty Lu Hong Thy An L Nguyn ng Khoa Trn Anh Kit Chc v Ph Gim c K s cng ngh mi trng Nghin cu qun l d n Trng phng k thut Trng phng ti chnh Qun c xng Vai tr trong i Trng nhm Chuyn gia sn xut sch hn Thnh vin Thnh vin Th k Thnh vin

Bng 2.2. Phiu cng tc s 1 cc thng tin chung Thnh phn Nguyn liu chnh: Xoi - Nc Nguyn liu ph: ng Vitamin C Axit citric Bt nng n v Kg M3 Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kw/h S lng 3000 10,734 46,81 17,96 40,45 75,04 130,53 167,145

- Bt photphate Ngun nng lng s dng in dng cho chiu sng, lm lnh v sn xut Cng sut Phng php x l cc dng thi

lon/ngy

3000 lon (1 lon/300ml) X l s b

Bng 2.3 Phiu cng tc s 2: Cc thng tin thu c Thng tin S nh my Kh nng thu thp thng tin Nhn xt Khng Khng c cung cp
-20-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

S cng ngh S cng ngh th hin dng thi

C C

c cung cp Khng y (s dng v tiu hao nng lng khng c cung cp chi tit)

Bng 2.4 Phiu cng tc s 4: Hin trng mi trng ca cng ty Phn xng Chun b nguyn liu Ra Ct gt
Nc Xoi

Cc sai st trong qun l mt bng B tr khng gn gng Nc ra nguyn liu chy trn ra nn B tr khng gn gng V cn ln tht qu Nc chy xung sn ra, cn, l cy, Nc sau
Ra

B tr khng gn gng
b vc. Lm mt v sinh Lng ph nhit lng

ct sn, nc v sinh thit b

Nc

Cc ph phm khng v, nc v sinh thit c tp kt theo khu Cun,

Ct, gt

Chn
Nc, Nhit

Ch Rt hp
Nc, ng, Vitamin C, Axid Citric, Bt Phi ch photphate nng, Bt

Chn

Nhit tha, nc, hi Khng tnh ton c lng nc tht thot nc, B tr khng hp l nc v sinh thit b

Ch

Tht thot tht qu B, ht, nc v sinh thit B tr khng hp l. Qung ng t ng b ha -> thanh trng -> rt hp qu di Nguyn ph ln sn Ri vi cc nguyn liuliu dnh vo thnh my, nc v Cng sut ln, gy ting n sinh thit b Nc ra my mc v cc dngvo chy trn c thnh Nguyn liu dnh nn lm mt vmy, nc v sinh thit b sinh Nit kh r r ln lm nng phn xng
Np hp khng t yu cu, nc v sinh thit b Sn phm khng t yu u ra cu, nc v sinh thit b Sn phm khng t yu cu, nc v sinh thit b

Cc my mc thit b

Phi ch

ng ha

My thanh trng
Hp, np Rt hp u vo Nc, nhit Thanh trng Quy trnh Bi kh

Bng 2.5 Phiu cng tc s 3: Quy trnh cng ngh th hin dng thi

Lm ngui -21Nectarxoi

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

2.2 Phn tch cc giai on trong quy trnh cng ngh: 2.2.1 Cn bng nguyn liu: Tnh ton lng thnh phm thu v t 100kg xoi Bng 2.6 Bng thnh phn nguyn liu, ph liu cho 100kg xoi Th t Thnh phn 1 Xoi 2 Axit citric 3 Vitamin C 4 B nng 5 Tinh bt photphate Tn tht ca qu trnh ra: 2% Tn tht ca qu trnh ct gt: 4% Tn tht ca qu trnh chn: 2%
-22-

Khi lng (kg) 100 kg 1,35 kg 0,6 kg 2,5 kg 4,35 kg

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Tn tht ca qu trnh ch: 80% Tn tht ca qu trnh phi ch: 0,5% Tn tht ca qu trnh ng ha: 1% Tn tht ca qu trnh rt hp: 1,5% Bng 2.7 Tnh ton tn tht nguyn liu qua cc qu trnh Qu trnh Ra (Tn tht 2%) Ct gt (Tn tht 4%) Chn (Tn tht 2%) Ch (Tn tht 80%) Phi ch (Tn tht 0,5%) Pure xoi: 18,440 kg Nc: 0,019 m3 = 18,440 kg ng: 1,56 kg Axit Citric: 1,35 kg Vitamin C: 0,6 kg Bt nng: 2,5 kg ng ha (Tn tht 1%) Rt hp (Tn tht 1,5%) Tinh bt photphate: 4,35 kg u vo: 47,004 kg u vo: 46,534 kg Tng u ra: 46,534 kg Tng thnh phm: 45,836 kg = 57,295 lt Tng u ra: 47,004 kg u vo Xoi: 100 kg Xoi sau ra: 98 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 94,08 kg Xoi sau chn: 92,198 kg u ra Xoi sau khi ra: 98 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 94,08 kg Xoi sau chn: 92.198 kg Pure xoi: 18,440 kg

Tnh ton lng nguyn liu cn dng thu c 90 lt nectar xoi thnh phm Bng 2.8 Tnh ton lng nguyn liu cn qua cc qu trnh trong 1 m sn xut Qu trnh Rt hp (Tn tht 1,5%) u ra Tng thnh phm: 90 lt = 112,5 kg
-23-

u vo u vo: 114,21 kg

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

ng ha (Tn tht 1%) Phi ch (Tn tht 0,5%)

Tng u ra: 114,21 kg Tng u ra: 115,36 kg

u vo: 115,36 kg Pure xoi: 45,26 kg Nc: 0,04526 m3 = 45,26 kg ng: 3,83 kg Axit Citric: 3,31 kg Vitamin C: 1,47 kg Bt nng: 6,14 kg Tinh bt photphate: 10,68 kg Xoi sau chn: 226,3 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 230,92 kg Xoi sau ra: 240,54 kg Xoi: 245,45 kg

Ch (Tn tht 80%) Chn (Tn tht 2%) Ct gt (Tn tht 4%) Ra (Tn tht 2%)

Pure xoi: 25,748 kg Xoi sau chn: 226,3 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 230,92 kg Xoi sau khi ra: 240,54 kg

Bng 2.9 Bng thnh phn nguyn liu ban u sn xut 90 lt nectar xoi Th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thnh phn Xoi Nc ng Axit Citric Vitamin C Bt nng Tinh bt photphate Tng nguyn liu Tng sn phm Khi lng 245,45 kg 45,26 kg 3,83 kg 3,31 kg 1,47 kg 6,14 kg 10,68 kg 316,13 kg 112,5 kg (90 lt)

Chn nng sut cho phn xng: Nectar xoi l sn phm gii kht thng thng, ng thi cng l mn qu trong nhng dp l Tt. Cc nh my thng thng khng ch sn xut mi mt loi thc ung

-24-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

m cn sn xut nhiu mt hng thc ung khc. V vy, chn thi gian sn xut: 6ngy/tun v 1 ca sn xut/ngy, nng sut l 900 lt/ ca sn xut Do trung bnh mt nm sn xut c: 900 lt x 300 ngy/nm = 270000 lt

Tnh ton lng nguyn liu cn dng cho 1 ca sn xut (900 lt) Bng 2.10 Tnh ton lng nguyn liu cn qua cc qu trnh trong 1 ca sn xut Qu trnh Rt hp (Tn tht 1,5%) ng ha (Tn tht 1%) Phi ch (Tn tht 0,5%) u ra u vo Tng thnh phm: 900 lt = 1125 u vo: 1142,13 kg kg Tng u ra: 1142,13 kg Tng u ra: 1153,67 kg u vo: 1153,67 kg Pure xoi: 452,6 kg Nc: 0,4526 m3 = 452.6 kg ng: 38,29 kg Axit Citric: 33,13 kg Vitamin C: 14,73 kg Bt nng: 61,36 kg Ch (Tn tht 80%) Chn (Tn tht 2%) Ct gt (Tn tht 4%) Ra (Tn tht 2%) Bng 2.11 Bng thnh phn nguyn liu ban u sn xut 900 lt nectar xoi Pure xoi: 452,6 kg Xoi sau chn: 2263 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 2309.18 kg Xoi sau khi ra: 2405,40 kg Tinh bt photphate: 106,77 kg Xoi sau chn: 2263 kg Xoi sau ct gt: 2309,18 kg Xoi sau ra: 2405,40 kg Xoi: 2454,49 kg

-25-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Thnh phn Xoi Nc ng Axit Citric Vitamin C Bt nng Tinh bt photphate Tng nguyn liu Tng sn phm

Khi lng 2454,49 kg 0,4526 m3 = 452,6 kg 38,29 kg 33,13 kg 14,73 kg 61,36 kg 106,77 kg 3161.36 kg 1125 kg (900 lt)

Bng 2.12 Phiu cng tc s 5: Cn bng nguyn liu ST T 1 Cng on Ra Vt liu u vo Loi Xoi Nc Lng 2454,49kg 3,6 m3 Vt liu u ra Loi Xoi Lng 2405,40 kg Dng thi Cht thi Nc rn 49,09 kg ct sn) 2 Ct gt Xoi Nc 2405,40kg 3 m3 Xoi sau ct gt 2309,18 kg 96,22 kg
(Cun, v)

Kh thi

thi 3,6 m3 ra thit b 3 m3 + Nc ra thit b 1,5 m3 + Nc ra thit b Nc ra thit b

(cn, l cy, + Nc

Chn

Xoi Nc

2309,18kg 1,5 m3

Xoi sau chn

2263 kg

46,18 kg (B)

Hi, nhit tha

Ch

Xoi

2263 kg

Pure Xoi

452,6 kg

1810,4 kg (B, ht) 5,80 kg (B xoi, ha cht d tha)

Phi ch Pure xoi Nc ng Axit Citric

452,6 kg 0,4526 m3 38,29 kg 33,13 kg

Hn hp sau phi trn

1153,67 kg

Nc ra thit b

-26-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Vitamin C Bt nng Tinh bt 6 ng ha photphate Hn hp sau phi trn 7 Rt hp Hn hp sau ng ha 8 Bi kh Sn phm c rt hp 9 Thanh trng Sn phm sau bi kh Nc 10 Lm ngui Sn phm sau thanh trng

14,73 kg 61,36 kg 106,77 kg 1153,67kg Hn hp sau ng ha 1142.13kg Sn phm c rt 1125 kg hp Sn phm sau bi kh 1125 kg 0,4 m3 1125 kg Sn phm sau thanh trng Sn phm 1125 kg 1125 kg 1125 kg 1125 kg 1142.13 kg 11,54 kg (Hn hp dnh vo thnh my) 17,17 kg (Hn hp dnh vo thnh my) Sn phm khng t yu cu (nu c) Sn phm khng t yu cu (nu c) Sn phm khng t yu cu (nu c) Nc ra thit b Nc ra thit b Nc ra thit b 0,4 m3 + Nc ra thit b Nc ra thit b Hi, nhit tha

2.2.2 Phn tch dng thi: Bng2.13 Phiu cng tc s 6: Phn tch dng thi Dng thi Cht thi rn d phn hy c im dng thi Xoi khng t tiu chun V xoi, b xoi trong qu trnh ct gt, ch.

-27-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Cht thi rn kh phn hy Nc thi

D bc mi, gy mt v sinh Vt t sn xut h hng, bao g giy, bao b PE v cc bao b kim loi Khu x l: hm lng cht nhim thp (BOD, COD thp). Nc thi do v sinh cc thit b (ch, phi trn) c hm lng cht hu c cao Nc thi sinh hot c cha cn vi sinh vt Nc thi ti thit b chn, thanh trng khng c s dng li lm lng ph Nng lng in chy my sinh ra nhit nng R r hi ni chn, thanh trng

Kh thi

2.3. xut c hi sn xut sch hn 2.3.1. Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh: Lp t h thng x l nc thi Lp t h thng nc ra tay t ng Tn dng nc, ti s dng nc v m bo v sinh cho mi trng lm vic S dng vi phun p lc ln cho vic v sinh cc thit b, my mc. m bo tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm, tiu hao t nc, ch s dng khi cn thit, tuyt i khng nc chy lng ph. S dng nc trong qu trnh chn vo qu trnh thanh trng 2.3.2. Tit kim in Lp t cc thit b, cng tc ring cho tng khu vc. Lp t cc m t th h mi c hiu qu cao Lp t cc bin tn c th kim sot tt hn tc xoay v p sut lm vic ca cc m t 2.3.3. Tit kim ph thi

-28-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Xoi khng t tiu chun, v xoi, ht xoi, cc cht d phn hy c thu gom li. y l ngun thi c hm lng Protein cao c dng ln men, dng lm thc n cho gia sc v phn bn Ht xoi cha cht bo v hm lng tinh bt cao, du chit t ht xoi c cht lng tt dng lm m phm v trong cng ngh sn xut x phng. Bt ht xoi (tinh bt) sau khi trn vi bt la m hay bt bp c s dng trong vic sn xut bnh phng chapaty 2.3.4. Duy tr, bo tr v ci tin thit b Ci tin thit b nh lng Vic duy tr v bo tr thit b mang ngha ln trong vic duy tr mc tiu hao in, nc mc thp. ng thi c tc dng lm tng hiu qu dy chuyn sn xut v gim thi gian gin on sn xut do s c. Bn cnh thi gian hon vn ca cng vic ny thng rt ngn. Bng 2.14 Tnh ton s b chi ph cho dng thi Dng thi Nc thi nh lng dng thi 10,7m /ngy
3

c tnh dng thi Hm lng cht nhim thp (BOD, COD thp), hm lng cht hu c cao, cn vi sinh vt

nh gi dng thi Cc chi ph lin quan: Mt mt lng nc sch Chi ph x l cao

Cht thi rn 2 tn/ngy

Hm lng cht hu c khng cao, SS, BOD

Cc chi ph lin quan: Mt mt nhiu thit qu

- Chi ph x l cao Bng2.15 Phiu cng tc s 7: Tm tt cc dng thi v kh nng sn xut sch hn Dng thi Kim Kh nng Gim ngun thi Thay Kim Ci Tun hon Ti s To

Thay

-29-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

sot mt bng sn xut

i vt liu

sot quy trnh tt hn Khng

tin thit b

i cng ngh

dng, tun hon ti ch

sn phm ph

Xoi khng t tiu chun V, ht xoi Nc ra nguyn liu Nc v sinh thit b Nc trong qu trnh chn Nc trong qu trnh thanh trng Bao b h hng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

C C

Khng Khng

Khng C

C C

C C

Khng C

C Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Khng

Bng 2.16 Phiu cng tc s 8: La chn cc phng n sn xut sch hn c kh nng thc hin STT Kh nng sn xut sch hn I. Qun l tt mt bng sn xut 1 Hp l ha cc cng on V tr sn xut Phn loi, Phn loi Thc hin Cn xem ngay X xt thm Loi b

-30-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

phn loi, ra nguyn liu Lm mng nc thu hi, ti s dng

ra Ra, Ct gt

3 4 5 6 7 8

Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu ring bit B tr dy chuyn thit b my mc lin tc B tr thit b thu hi Xy dng h thng thu hi nc thi V sinh nh xng Kim tra bo dng my

Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on La chon X X

X X X X

mc, thit b II. Thay i nguyn liu 9 Thay i cc ging xoi trong sn xut ty vo thi 10

im Thay i cng thc phi ch Phi ch Rt hp Tt c cc cng on X

X X

ty vo tng loi xoi 11 Thay i bao b sn phm III. Kim sot quy trnh 12 Kim sot cht ch cc cng on v sinh thit b, nh xng, chng lng ph 13 14 15 Kim sot vn tc bng

Ra

X X X

chuyn Kim sot h thng gia nhit Chn Kim sot u ra sn phm v cht lng sn phm Thanh Trng Thanh Trng ng gi
-31-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

IV. Ci tin thit b 16 Tng nng sut hot ng 17 ca thit b B sung cc ha cht h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh

Tt c cc cng on Tt c cc cng on

X X

V. Ti s dng, tun hon ti ch 18 Nc ra nguyn liu u Ra 19 20 vo Nc cng on chn cho cng on thanh trng Nhit cng on chn cho cng on thanh trng VI. To sn phm ph 21 Thu hi xoi khng t tiu chun, v xoi v ht xoi m phm, x phng... Chn Thanh Trng Chn Thanh Trng

X X X

La chn Ct gt

lm thc n gia sc, sn xut Ch

Thng qua phiu cng tc s 8 nhng phng n sn xut sch hn c la chn thc hin ngay l: - Hp l ha cc cng on phn loi, ra nguyn liu - Lm mng nc thu hi, ti s dng - V sinh nh xng - Kim tra bo dng my mc, thit b - Kim sot cht ch cc cng on v sinh thit b, nh xng, chng lng ph - Kim sot vn tc bng chuyn - Kim sot h thng gia nhit - Kim sot u ra sn phm v cht lng sn phm - Nc ra nguyn liu u vo
-32-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- Nc cng on chn cho cng on thanh trng - Nhit cng on chn cho cng on thanh trng - Thu hi xoi khng t tiu chun, v xoi v ht xoi lm thc n gia sc, sn xut m phm, x phng... Bn cnh nhng phng n cn xem xt thm s c nh gi kh thi v k thut, mi trng v kinh t 2.4. La chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn Bng 2.17 Phiu cng tc 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut TT Bin Php Sn Xut Sch Hn cn phn tch v mt k thut 1 Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu 2 3 4 5 ring bit B tr dy chuyn thit b my mc lin tc B tr thit b thu hi Xy dng h thng thu hi nc thi Thay i cc ging xoi trong sn xut ty 6 vo thi im Thay i cng thc phi ch ty vo tng 7 8 9 loi xoi Thay i bao b sn phm Tng nng sut hot ng ca thit b B sung cc ha cht
-33-

Yu cu K Thut

nh hng v mt k thut nh hng Tit kim Tnh kh Nng Vt liu nng sut, thi lng cht lng + + + + + + + + + Trung bnh Cao Cao Cao

+ + + +

Trung bnh

+ + +

+ +

Trung bnh Thp Trung bnh

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh

Cao

Bng 2.18 Phiu cng tc 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t TT Bin Php Sn Xut Sch Hn cn phn 1 tch v mt kinh t Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu 2 3 4 5 ring bit B tr dy chuyn thit b my mc lin tc B tr thit b thu hi Xy dng h thng thu hi nc thi Thay i cc ging xoi trong sn xut ty 6 vo thi im Thay i cng thc phi ch ty vo tng 7 8 9 loi xoi Thay i bao b sn phm Tng nng sut hot ng ca thit b B sung cc ha cht h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh 30 50 3 4 Trung bnh Cao Trung bnh 70 5 Trung bnh 70 15 15 40 5 1 2 3 Trung bnh Cao Cao Trung bnh 45 u T Thi gian hon vn (nm) 1 Cao Mc kh thi

-34-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Bng 2.19 Phiu cng tc 11: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mi trng TT Bin php sn xut sch hn cn phn 1 tch v mi trng Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu 2 3 4 5 Dng nhim tn ti Cht thi rn, nc v ha cht 10% 40% 30% 10% Trung bnh Cao Cao Trung bnh Mc gim nhim 25% nh gi chung v mi trng Cao

ring bit B tr dy chuyn thit Nc, cht thi rn b my mc lin tc B tr thit b thu hi Cht thi rn, nc

v ha cht Xy dng h thng thu Nc hi nc thi Thay i cc ging vo thi im Thay i cng thc phi ch ty vo tng loi xoi Thay i bao b sn phm Tng nng sut hot ng ca thit b B sung cc ha cht h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh Cht thi rn, nc

xoi trong sn xut ty v ha cht 6 Cht thi rn, nc v ha cht Bao b Cht thi rn, nc v ha cht Cht thi rn, nc v ha cht 5% 5% Thp Thp Thp 10% Trung bnh

7 8 9

Bng 2.20 Phiu cng tc s 12: im la chn cho cc bin php sn xut sch hn TT Phng n sn xut sch hn Tnh kh thi K thut Kinh t Tng Mi trng s im Xp hng chung

-35-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu ring bit B tr dy chuyn thit b my mc lin tc B tr thit b thu hi Xy dng h thng thu hi nc thi Thay i cc ging xoi trong sn xut ty vo thi im Thay i cng thc phi ch ty vo tng loi xoi Thay i bao b sn phm Tng nng sut hot ng ca thit b B sung cc ha cht h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh

12 24 24 22 17 18 10 18 23

40 25 45 42 26 25 27 47 26

21 13 24 23 14 14 7 7 3

73 62 93 87 57 57 44 72 52

3 5 1 2 6 7 9 4 8

2.5. Thc hin gii php sn xut sch hn 2.5.1. Tnh ton chi ph u t thit b v nh xng Gi s chi ph u t xy dng nh xng l 2000 triu VN Gi thnh u t thit b v cc dng c phc v sn xut

Bng 2.21 Bng tnh ton gi thnh cc thit b v dng c STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Thit b, dng c My ra (1) My chn (1) My ch (2) My phi ch (1) My ng ha (1) My rt hp (1) My bi kh (1) Gi thnh (VN) 110 triu x 1 = 110 triu 350 triu x 1 = 350 triu 953,53 triu x 2 = 1907.06 triu 450 triu x 1 = 450 triu 100 triu x 1 = 100 triu 150 triu x 1 = 150 triu 20 triu x 1 = 20 triu

-36-

Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

My ghp np (1) My thanh trng (1) Cn (5) Bn lm ngui (1) K cha sn phm (1) X cha (25) Xe y (10) Tng

27 triu x 1 = 27 triu 245 triu = 245 triu 1 triu x 5 = 5 triu 2,5 triu x 1 = 2,5 triu 2,5 triu x 1 = 2,5 triu 0,1 triu x 25 = 2,5 triu 0,4 triu x 10 = 4 triu 3375,56 triu

2.5.2. Tnh ton chi ph sn xut v gi thnh sn phm: Chi ph khu hao cho thit b v xy dng: 0,9 triu/ca sn xut (Tnh trong vng 10 nm) Chi ph nc (tnh cho 1 ca sn xut) 10,74 (m3/ca) * 7000 (VN) + 10%VAT = 82698 (VN) Chi ph in (tnh cho 1 ca sn xut) 167,145 KWh * 3000 (VN) + 10% VAT = 551579 (VN) Chi ph nguyn ph liu (tnh cho 1125 kg 900 lt sn phm)

Bng 2.22 Bng tnh ton chi ph nguyn liu sn xut 900 lt nectar xoi Th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thnh phn Xoi Nc ng Axit Citric Vitamin C Bt nng Tinh bt photphate Lon Nhm Khi lng 2454,49 kg 452,6 kg 38,29 kg 33,13 kg 14,73 kg 61,36 kg 106,77 kg 3000 lon Tng Gi/kg 20000 VN 7000 VN 20000 VN 24000 VN 50000 VN 4000 VN 30000 VN 500 VN/ 1lon Thnh tin 49089800 VN 3168200 VN 765800 VN 795120 VN 871500 VN 245440 VN 3203100 VN 1500000 VN 59638960 VN

Chi ph lao ng: Tnh bnh qun 70000 VN/1 ngi/ 1ca. S lng cng nhn l: 30 ngi nn tin phi tr cho cng nhn l: 2100000 VN/1 ca Chi ph x l cht thi: 2200000 VN

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

Vy tng s chi ph cho 1 ca sn xut l: 59638960 + 2100000 + 82698 + 551579 + 900000 = 5834277 VN/3000 lon Chi ph sn xut 1 lon nectar xoi: 2000 VN Tnh li nhun sn xut: 50% Vy gi thnh sn phm bn ra: 3000 VN/lon 2.5.3 K hoch thc hin sn xut sch hn Bng 2.23 Phiu cng tc s 13: K hoch thc hin sn xut sch hn Thi gian bt Phng n sn xut sch hn Ngn hn Tng nng sut hot ng ca thit b Xy dng khu tp trung cc loi ph liu ring bit Xy dng h thng thu hi nc thi B tr thit b thu hi Trung hn Thay i cc ging xoi trong sn xut ty vo thi im Thay i bao b sn phm Di hn B tr dy chuyn thit b my mc lin tc Thay i cng thc phi ch ty vo tng loi xoi B sung cc ha cht h tr cc quy trnh cng ngh 2.6 Duy tr sn xut sch hn: Vic duy tr cng c chng trnh sn xut sch hn thc s l mt thch thc. Vic cn phi lm l hp nht chng trnh sn xut sch hn vi quy trnh sn xut bnh thng ca doanh nghip. Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s tham gia ca cng nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c mt ch khen thng cho nhng ngi c bit xut sc, lm cho sn xut sch hn tr thnh mt hot ng lin tc trong nh my. u thc hin 6/2010 6/2010 6/2010 6/2010 10/2010 10/2010 2/2011 2/2011 2/2011 Kinh t + + + + + + + + + Li ch Mi trng + + + + + -

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

S c gng cho sn xut sch hn khng bao gi ngng. Lun lun c nhng c hi mi ci thin sn xut v cn phi thng xuyn t chc vic nh gi li sn xut sch hn. Nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn ti nh my sn xut bia cn la chn mt chin lc to s pht trin sn xut bn vng v n nh cho nh my. Chin lc ny bao gm nhng ni dung sau: - B nhim mt nhm lm vic lu di v nh gi sn xut sch hn, trong c nhng ngi ng u l cp lnh o ca nh my. - Kt hp cc c gng sn xut sch hn vi k hoch pht trin chung ca nh my. - Ph bin cc k hoch sn xut sch hn ti cc phng ban ca nh my. - To ra mt phng thc cn nhc tc ng ca cc d n mi v cc cng tc ci t v sn xut sch hn trong nh my. Cc d n v nhng thay i cng c th dn ti lm tng nhim hay gim hiu qu trong cng vic s dng nguyn vt liu v nng lng trong nh my. - Khuyn khch nhn vin c nhng sng kin mi v nhng xut cho c hi sn xut sch hn. - T chc cc tp hun cho cn b v cc lnh o nh my. Ngay sau khi trin khai thc hin cc gii php sn xut sch hn, nhm chng trnh sn xut sch hn nn quay tr li bc 2: Phn tch cc bc thc hin, xc nh v chn la cng on lng ph nht tip theo trong nh my. Chu k ny tip tc cho ti khi tt c cc cng on c hon thnh v sau bt u mt chu k mi

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

CHNG 3

KT LUN V KIN NGH

3.1 Kt lun: Mc d hu ht cc nh gi sn xut sch hn u dn n doanh thu tng, tc ng xu ti mi trng gim v c cc sn phm tt hn. Tuy nhin, nhng c gng sn xut sch hn c th b gim dn hoc bin mt sau giai on hng khi ban u. Nhng yu t gy tc ng xu cho chng trnh sn xut sch hn thng bao gm: - Cc tr ngi v ti chnh trong vic thc hin mt s cc phng n mong mun, iu ny dn ti gi thit ng lo ngi l khng nn lm cc nh gi sn xut sch hn nu nh khng c vn thc hin cc phng n. - C nhng thay i trong trch nhim ca cc thnh vin ca nhm dn ti mt s gin on v mai mt kin thc ca nhm sn xut sch hn. - Cc thnh vin ca nhm chng trnh sn xut sch hn i lc sang cc nhim v khc m h cho l khn cp hn. - Tham vng qu nhiu dn ti vic rt nhiu phng n cng c thc hin mt lc, lm mt mi nhm cng tc. - Kh khn trong vic lm cn bng cc h s v kinh t ca cc gii php sn xut sch hn. - Thiu chuyn nghip v kinh nghim. 3.2 Kin ngh: Do khc phc nhng yu t gy cn tr trn ta cn phi c nhng yu t h tr thc hin thnh cng sn xut sch hn sau:
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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

- S hiu bit y v cam kt ca cc lnh o nh my trong vic thc hin sn xut sch hn. - C s trao i gia tt c cc cp ca cng ty v nhng mc tiu v li ch ca sn xut sch hn. - Cn c mt chnh sch r rng ca cng ty v nhng u tin v u t cho sn xut sch hn v kim sot mi trng. - Cn nng cao trch nhim thc hin sn xut sch hn, vi cc mc tiu khng thay i, lun xem xt li qu trnh tin hnh v phng thc thc hin, trn c s thc hin chin lc pht trin cng ty. - Tch hp v hnh ng hi ha vi cc h thng qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm, h thng qun l cht lng, h thng qun l mi trng, an ton lao ng v phng chng chy n. Li ch ca tt c cc h thng mang li nm trong s thng nht ca mc ch v hnh ng. Mt trit l sn xut sch hn phi c cao trong ni b cng ty l s hp nht trong cc hot ng. Cho ti nay tt c cc chng trnh sn xut sch hn thnh cng u thc hin theo nguyn tc ny.

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Cng ngh sn xut sch hn

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Bi ging Sn Xut Sch Hn, ThS V Hi Yn, Trng i Hc K Thut Cng Ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh 1. Ngn nga v gim thiu nhim cng nghiep, L Thanh Hi, Vin Mi Trng-Ti Nguyn, 2007. 2. Ti lieu tp hun Kha o To Thu Li t sn xut sch hn, S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh v Mi Trng, 2002. 3. Ti liu tp hun cho cn b T vn Sn Xut Sch Hn 4. n Phm CP 5. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_Xo%C3%A0i 6. www.tailieu.vn 7. www.ebook.edu.vn 8. http://news.forvn.com/show/ 9. http://vietbao.vn/ 10. http://vietbao.vn/Suc-khoe/ 11. www.ducbao.marofin.com/gioi_thieu.html 12. www.evitco.com/webplus/viewer.print.asp?aid=486&l=VN 13. www.hoavien.vn/aboutus/home.php 14. www.vnnavi.com

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