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Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun

Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 95 -


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5.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V PHN LOI
1.1-Khi nim chung:
-Cc btng c ti ch c thi cng bng cch o t, ng khun hay khoan l su
trong t ti cao trnh thit k ri btng lp y l to ra cc ngay ti v tr thit k.
-C nhiu cch to l:
o th cng.
ng 1 ng thp hay ng vch lm khun.
Khoan bng cc t hp my khoan hin i.
-i vi nhng cc c ng knh nh, c th dng ng vch bt y bng mi dn
c kh nng btng sau khi h ng ti su thit k hoc c th hng chn ri
ly t ra theo cc phng php khc nhau.
-Nhng loi cc ny c th khc nhau v c im cng ngh:
Khng hoc c ng vch.
Khng hoc c chn m rng.
Khc nhau v cng ngh to l, ly t, c cc,...
-C th phn ra cc ln nh theo ng knh cc D:
Cc loi nh th D < 76cm 3in.
Cc loi ln th D > 76cm.
-Cc c ti ch c thi cng theo cng ngh khc nhau:
Cng ngh hn hp ng khun v c cc ti ch, gi l cc nhi.
Cng ngh khoan v c cc, gi l cc khoan nhi.
-Mt s cc btng c ti ch:

Hnh 5.1: Cc c ng knh nh
a.Cc Franki b.Cc Franki m rng chn 3.Cc Franki c vch m rng chn
d.ng vch mng e.Cc Monotube f.Cc Raymond tiu chun g.Cc Raymond ng lng
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 96 -
Hnh 5.2: Cc btng c ti ch ng knh ln
a.Loi c vch b.Loi khng dng ng vch c.Loi m rng chn
d.Loi tng cng ma st xung quanh cc
-c im ca cc c ti ch:
u im:
Rt bt c cng on c sn cc khng cn khu xy dng bi c,
lp dng vn khun, ch to mt bch hoc ni cc.
Khng cn iu ng nhng cng c vn ti, bc xp cng knh, cu lp
phc tp nht l i vi cc di hoc cc ng thnh mng d nt v; khng
cn ng cc v n rut l 2 cng on kh phc tp nht l khi gp
chng ngi vt hoc d vt.
V cc c ngay ti mng nn c kh nng thay i kch thc hnh hc
ph hp vi thc trng ca t nn c pht hin chnh xc hn trong qu
trnh thi cng.
Cao u cc cng c th quyt nh li cho ph hp iu kin a hnh
v a cht nhm mc ch trnh lng ph khi phi p u cc lin kt
vi b mng.
Trong t dnh ti bt k phn no, im no trn thn cc vn c th m
rng thm gp 2-3 ln ng knh tng kh nng chu lc; phn trn
nh cng d dng m rng ng knh tng kh nng chu ti ca cc
theo vt liu nhm chu c mmen ln c th pht sinh nh cc.
C kh nng s dng trong mi a tng khc nhau, d dng vt qua
chng ngi vt. Nu d vt < 1/3 ng knh c th loi trc tip; nu ln
hn dng nhng cng c c bit ph b nh u khoan chong, my
ph , n mn hoc dng ho cht,...
Thng tn dng ht kh nng chu lc theo vt liu gim c s
lng cc trong mng; cc c ng knh ln c th thay th cho nhm
cc ngto iu kin thi cng tp trung, gim thi gian v vt liu; ct
thp c b tr yu cu khai thc nn lng thp gim nhiu hn.
Khng gy ting n v chn ng mnh lm nh hng cng trnh v mi
trng xung quanh l iu kin rt quan trng khi xy dng cng trnh
trong thnh ph.
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Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 97 -
C th trc quan kim tra cc lp a tng bng mu t ly ln t h o;
c th th nghim ngay ti hin trng, nh gi kh nng chu lc ca t
y h khoan.
Nhc im:
Sn phm trong sut qu trnh thi cng nm su di lng t, cc khuyt
tt xy ra khng kim tra trc tip bng mt thng kh xc nh cht
lng sn phm; cht lng ph thuc ch quan vo trnh k thut, kh
nng t chc v kinh nghim chuyn mn ca nh thu mc d c trang
b cc thit b kim tra cht lng hin i.
Thng nh cc nhi phi kt thc trn mt t, kh c th ko di thn
cc ln pha trn phi lm b mng ngp su di mt t hoc y
sng khng c li v mt thi cng nht l xy dng trn bin do phi
lm vng vy tn km so vi mng b cao.
Rt d xy ra cc khuyt tt, nh hng n cht lng cc nh:
o Tht hp cc b thn cc hoc thay i tit din khi qua cc lp t
khc nhau.
o Btng xung quanh d b ra tri lp ximng khi gp nc ngm gy r
v c khi c ng vch nhng rt ln khi btng cha ng cng.
o Nu cht lng khoan to l khng ng kch thc, nghing lch, st
l vch khoan,... va tn km btng cc va c, va khng theo
di c kh nng to ra l rng trong btng.
o Khi xc ra y l khoan cha tt cn st nhiu cn lng, btng khng
xung ti cao thit k v phi ta ln 1 lp vt liu ri rc, d ln.
o Do cht lng btng khng ng quy cch, b gin on, tc nghn,
ming ng dn ngp su trong btng, tc btng xung qu nhanh,
thi gian tho lp ng qu lu btng b gin on to ra nhng im
dng v phn tng.
o Nu rt ng vch khng ng quy nh qu sm hoc qu muncng
lm kch thc v hnh dng cc thay i.
Thi cng ph thuc vo thi tit, c khi phi dng thi cng v lp l khoan
tm thi.
Hin trng thi cng d b ly li khi s dng va st do b btng trng
cc y ra ngoi cn c phng n thu hi va st vo b cha.
Ring i vi t ct, nhiu kh khn phc tp c th xy ra:
o M rng cc rt kh thc hin ng vi kch thc mong mun v thanh
vch d b st l.
o Khi khoan lm cho ct si b ri lng, cu trc t nhin d c cht ch
cng d b ph hu.
o Cc nhi nu b ln trong ct s gy hin tng st mt t v nh
hng xu cho c nhng cng trnh xung quanh.

Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 98 -
1.2-Phn loi:
1.2.1-Phn theo kh nng chu lc do t nn:
-Cng nh cc loi cc khc, cc khoan nhi phn loi theo 2 thnh phn l lc ma st
xung quanh cc v lc chng di chn cc do vy thi cng phi nm vng thit
k v cng t nh hng rt nhiu vo cht lng thi cng.
-Ta c th phn thnh 3 trng hp sau:
Cc khoan nhi trong nn t ng nht: kt hp 2 thnh phn lc ma st v lc
chng di chn cc.

Cc chng trn t cng: lp trn tng i yu do lc ma st c th khng
xt; khi khoan qua lp t cng, ngoi lc chng ch xt thm lc ma st nm
trong t cng.

Cc chng trn : lp t trn khng tnh lc ma st. Ni chung vi cc khoan
nhi khi thi cng phi m bo lc chng l ch yu cn xc nhn cng
nn t di chn cc; nu c xt n lc ma st cn lu bin php bo m h
s ma st gia cc c ti ch v t, t nht phi bng s liu thit k.

1.2.2-Phn loi theo kch c:
-C 2 loi sau:
Cc c ng knh nh: thi cng c ng vch tm thi hoc v tr c nh kt
hp cng ngh ng ng li v ng vchcc nhicc chu ma st l ch yu.
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Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 99 -
Cc c ng knh ln: thi cng bng cc t hp my khoan to lthng l
cc va ma st va chng chn v c ng knh ln.
1.2.3-Phn loi theo hnh dng cc:
-C 2 loi sau:
Cc thng, c tit din hnh tr trn c, tit din khng i.
Cc m rng chn nhm gim chiu di cc, cc c th m rng thm 1 s t ti
1 s im trn thn cc.
1.2.4-Phn loi theo cng ngh:
-Phn theo 3 nhm chnh:
1.2.4.1-Cng ngh c kh:
-Trnh t thi cng:

Hnh 5.3: Cng ngh c kh
a.Khoan l b. btng bt y c.t lng thp
1.t dnh 2.u khoan 3.ng btng 4.Ct thp
Khoan to l v m rng chn cc nu yu cu.
btng bt y bng ng theo chiu thng ng hoc bng ng vi voi (ch
trnh phn tng) bin php ny p dng nu thy ht nc nh hng trng
thi n nh l cc).
t lng thp phn trn cc v khng nht thit phi b tr sut chiu di cc
nhng lng thp khng c ngn qu 1 na su ca l khoan.
-Phng php ny c p dng:
Trong trng hp t dnh, st cht trong sut chiu su khoan cc.
i vi ct pha st th mc nc ngm thp hn y l khoan hoc nc thm
vo khng ng k v c kh nng bm ht cn, khng sp vch, khng nh
hng cht lng btng trc tip.



Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 100 -
1.2.4.2-Cng ngh dng ng vch:
-Trnh t cng ngh:

Hnh 5.4: Cng ngh dng ng vch
1. t dnh 2.t ri 3.u khoan 4.Va st 5.ng vch 6.Mt btng ti
7.Dung dch khoan trn ra t khe gia ng vch v t.
Trnh t cng ngh
Khoan to l trong t dnh.
Thm va st vo l khi khoan n lp t ri, thm nc.
H ng vch khi qua lp t ri.
Ly ht va st v lm kh l khoan.
Tip tc khoan n cao thit k.
M rng chn bng cnh xn g lp ti u khoan.
btng ng thi ko ng vch ra khi l khoan.
-ng vch c s dng trong trng hp:
Thi cng c nc mt.
L khoan cc xuyn qua cc tng t st nho, ct si cui ri rc d gy bin
dng ngang v pha trong l khoan.
Qua cc hang ng v bn cnh nhng cng trnh c.
Khi khoan gp nc ngm, t c mch nc ngm d st l.
-ng vch c th li hoc rt i:
Khi ng vch li:
Khong cch gia ngoi ng vch v t c y va st hoc dung dch
khoan phi c thay th bng cch bm va ximng c cht ph gia vi
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 101 -
p sut cao trong 1 ng dn a su vo khe, xung tn y lp va st.
Va ximng s thay ch dn v y va st cn st li trong khe ra ngoi.
Khi rt ng vch:
Cn tin hnh ngay khi btng vn cn th nho.
Mt thong ca btng ti trong ng phi cao hn mt thong ca va
st thay th va st cn tn ng bn ngoi chung quanh ng vch.
Phi tnh ton chi tit khi lng btng lp y l khoan:
o Nu tha chng t tn ti ch tht, rng v khong trng trong
chn ccnh hng n kh nng chu ti ca cc.
o Nu thiu btng chng t c nhng tht thot ra ngoi kch thc thit
k do vch b st l, khe h ca phong ho chn cc (cc chng
vo ),...
1.2.4.3-Cng ngh dng va st hoc dung dch khoan:
-Trnh t cng ngh:



Hnh 5.5: Cng ngh dng dung dch
1.t dnh 2.t ri 3.Va st 4.Ct thp 5.B cha
Khoan qua lp t dnh.
Thm va st khi gp t d st l hoc c nc ngm.
t lng thp vo h khoan vn y va st.
btng di nc bng ng thng ng cho ti khi btng thay ch v dn
ht va st ra ngoi b cha.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 102 -
Cng ngh ny thay th ng vch trong mi tnh hung a cht. Trong trng hp
dng ng vch nhng khng c kh nng cn tr trit nc ngm chy vo h khoan,
chng hn bi sng, dng va st thng t hiu qu tt.
-Khi thc hin cng ngh ny cn ch :
Lng va st v dung dch khoan phi m bo to ra ct dung dch kh cao vi
t trng ln hn nc th mi thng c p lc nc ngm, p lc y ngang ca
t.
Phi c bin php duy tr cht lng va st hoc dung dch khoan theo cc tham
s quy nh 1 cch nghim ngt.
-Ngoi ra, trong 1 s trng hp c khi ch dng ct nc m bo cho vch l khoan
khng b st l. y l 1 trong cc gii php n gin v kinh t; thc cht l gia cho
mc nc thng xuyn trong l khoan lun lun cao hn mc nc sng hoc nc
ngm xung quanh to ra 1 p lc gi cho vch khoan khng b st. Tuy nhin, nu
khoan qua cc lp t ri, ht to nh ct th, si cui hoc bn nho s kh c kh nng
gi cho vch khoan v ct nc trong l khoan c n nh.

5.2 thit b khoan v m rng chn cc khoan nhi

-Dy chuyn cng ngh c cc ti ch loi ng knh ln gm 3 cng on chnh:
To l trong nn t .
Ch to v h lng thp.
btng c cc.
Trong vn khoan to l l cng on phc tp v i hi c gii ho ton b.
- m bo cht lung v hiu qu kinh t, iu ct yu l phi chn c t my
khoan ng b v chuyn dng, ph hp vi iu kin a cht, thy vn c th ni xy
dng v yu cu k thut ca cng trnh.
2.1-Thit b khoan l:
-Ty theo iu kin a cht, thy vn v yu cu k thut (ng knh, su,..), cc
nh ch to sn xut nhng t hp my khoan c tnh nng ph hp, m bo nng
sut v hiu qu cao. Mc d c nhiu loi khc nhau, nhng cn c vo nguyn tc hot
ng ni chung thit b khoan to l chuyn dng cho cc nhi c th nhm li trong 3
kiu ch yu sau:
2.1.1-My khoan dng ng vch (all casing):
-u khoan hot ng theo nguyn tc gu ngom nhng c khi lng rt nng, bo
m nng sut ph v bc t cao. Hm gu ngom c rng bt hp kim rn, c th
khoan to l trong mi loi t (tr rn).
-Trng hp lc cn ln, thng dng kt hp vi my chn ng hoc cht ti thm
trng lng,... c nng sut cao. Nu t cng rn c th dng u khoan chong
hoc khoan xoay vi mi khoan c nhiu loi cu to khc nhau: kiu li tr, kiu bnh
rng hoc mi dao cng.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 103 -

Hnh 5.6: Gu ngom kiu ba
1. ng vch 2. Gu ngom 3. Kch

Hnh 5.7: T hp khoan Benoto EDF-55
1.ng vch 2.Gu ngom 3.Kch thu lc 4.ai chong

-Cng vi my khoan trong cng ngh ny, ng vch c s dng sut ton b chiu
su cc. Nu ch dng tm thi khoan v ly t , sau rt ln dn dn ng thi
vi btng c cc, cc on ng vch c lin kt bng bulng u chm tin tho
lp; ngc li c th dng lin kt hn.
2.1.2-My khoan vn hnh ngc (Reverse Circulation Drill):
-Cc u khoan trong my vn hnh ngc cng c nhiu loi khc nhau ty theo t
. Cc hot ng o t, ht nc v mn khoan, b sung dung dch khoan,...theo
nguyn tc tun hon theo kiu PS ca hng Salzgitter. Loi ny c mmen quay thng
nh hn nhng loi my khoan xoay thuc nhm trn. Nhiu loi va khoan c trong
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 104 -
t, va khoan c trong cng. Tuy nhin, vic la chn u khoan nn cn c vo
cng chu nn ca t .

Hnh 5.8: S nguyn tc hot ng ca thit b PS-150 Salzgitter
1.Mi khoan 2.B lng 3.C cu iu khin 4.ng dn mn khoan
5.Bm x 6.Lm lnh 7.Bm 8.Thng cha

Hnh 5.9: My vn hnh ngc cu Thun Phc- Nng

-i vi t nh bn, st, st, ct, ct cc loi, ct ln si,... c tr s xuyn tiu
chun N<50 c th chn cc loi mi khoan tr u khoan bnh rng v d tc nghn.
-i vi t cng v mm nn chn cc mi khoan chuyn dng tng ng, u
khoan c 3, 4 cnh c rng cng cng khng ph hp.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 105 -
-Khoan bnh rng ch thch dng vi nham thch, ty theo cch xp t mi dao c th
khoan cng hoc mm.
-Trc khoan l nhng ng thp rng c ng knh trong 100-300mm dung khoan
vn hnh ngc tr v b cha v sau khi sng lc li cho xung l khoan.
-Hin nay, phng php khoan vn hnh ngc c xu hng pht trin v ng dng ph
bin. Cc loi khoan nhi ng knh cc ln t 4m u dng loi u khoan phng
php vn hnh ngc.
2.1.3-My khoan t (Earth Drill):
-u my khoan theo nguyn tc chn vt hoc gu xoay rt hiu qu khoan l cho
nhng cc ng knh ln trn nn t v yu:
i vi t dnh dng u khoan gung xon t sau khi xn c chuyn
lin tc ra ngoi.
Trng hp t do v ngm nc dng u khoan kiu gu t do cnh xn
ct v c gt vo gu n khi y c ko ln ra ngoi.

Hnh 5.10: My khoan t
1.Cngson 2.Cn trc chnh 3.Cn trc ph 4.Rto 5.Cn ng lng 6.u khoan
7.Gu ngom 8.u chong 9.u khoan xon 10.C cu m rng chn cc

Hnh 5.11: My khoan t thc t
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 106 -
-Kt hp vi chng vch bng va st, gu khoan xoay c th khc phc nhng kh
khn nu khoan trong nn t yu v c t xp ri m khng cn dng ng vch.
-Do khng dng ng vch v nhiu trng hp khng dng c va st, nn rt thng
dng trong cc iu kin a cht khc nhau, k c t c r cy, tng, m
ci,...Ch khi no t c kh nng st l vo l khoan mi chng tm bng 1 on ng
vch, h ng vch bng cch dng ng kelly kho y vo u ng vch vn v p
ng vch xung t.
2.2-M rng chn cc:
-Cc khoan nhi m rng chn c kh nng h gi thnh do chiu su khoan cc gim
v bt c btng cc. Tuy nhin cn so snh thi gian thi cng m rng chn cc vi
thi gian khoan tip tng chiu di cc m bo cc vn thng v sc chu ti tng
ng, t mi rt ra kt lun phng n no s mang hiu qu kinh t. i vi cc
nh (<76cm) thng khng m rng chn cc.
-Trong cc loi t ri, t st c ln thu knh ct hoc bn nho th vic m rng chn
gp kh khn v nhiu khi khng gii quyt c.
-Cng ngh khoan m rng chn cc, thng dng cc u khoan c g lp thm cnh
xn ng m cp xo v xoay quanh cn khoan hoc ng kelly. C 2 loi chnh:

Hnh 5.12: Loi xn t hnh nn ct
1.ng kelly 2.ng vch 3.Cnh xn 4.Hng m

Hnh 5.13: Loi xn t hnh chm cu
1.ng kelly 2.ng vch 3.Cnh xn 4.Hng m
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 107 -
Loi xn t hnh nn ct: gm nhng cnh xn ni khp nh u khoan, c
u im gi n nh c mi xn v khi rt cn khoan cnh t ng cp vo gu
khoan; cng c th ng m bng kch du, iu khin trn mt t.
Loi xn t hnh chm cu: gm nhng cnh xn ni khp y gu c u im
to c nhng chn m rng ng knh ln hn v y sch s hn bi cnh
xn lun lun hot ng y cc nhng vm mi km n nh v cnh xn d
b kt trong l khi ko gu khoan ra ngoi.
-Khi dng my khoan m rng chn cc trong t km n nh nht thit phi dng n
dung dch va st hoc phi gi cho ct nc trong l khoan lun cao hn mc nc
ngm khong 2m.
2.3-Cc thit b v vt liu ph tr:
2.3.1-ng vch:
-ng vch thng c dng nh 1 thit b ph tr quan trng gii quyt nhiu
trng hp kh khn, nhim v ch yu l:
Chng gi cho vch khoan c n nh, bo v cho mt t xung quanh v tr l
khoan khi ln st.
To iu kin thun li cho nhiu cng on thi cng khc nhau: o t, ht
nc, v sinh l khoan, c cc,...
-ng vch thng c h bng cch ng, rung hoc va nn va xoay v c rt dn
trong qu trnh btng cc.
ng vch phi t c nhng yu cu sau y:
cng v n nh nht l nh v chn ng, khng b mo mp.
Hnh dng phi trn u v tht thng trnh va chm vi u khoan.
Thnh ng phi kn kht (khng c l hoc khe d) chn bn ct lt vo h
khoan.
ng knh trong ng vch phi ln hn ng knh ngoi u khoan t 4-15cm
tu theo cng ngh, ng knh v su h cc.
Mt trong v ngoi ng phi nhn phng, t ma st to iu kin thun li khi h
cng nh khi nt ng c d dng.
di ng vch ty theo iu kin thu vn, a cht, su khoan cc v thit
b cng ngh s dng.
- Cu to ng thp:
Khi ng knh 1m=9-16mm, >1m=16-25mm.
ng c ch to thnh tng on t 3-4m n 8m, trong trng hp cn thit c
th ch to c chiu di cc.
Cao ming ng vch tho mn iu kin sau:
Khi dng nc, ming ng vch cao hn MNN hoc nc mt 2m c
th bm nc b sung, gi c nh mc cao hn bn ngoi 2m. Cn dng
va st cao trnh ming ng c th thp hn.
Khi MNN su qu 2m so vi mt t, ming ng cng cao trnh mt t.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 108 -

Hnh 5.14: Cao ming ng vch
a. Mc nc ngm nng b.C nc mt c.Nc ngm su
Cao trnh y ng tu thuc a im thi cng v iu kin a cht:
Khi cc bn cnh nhng cng trnh xy dng, cn ch khng xy ra
hin tng st l di l khoan lm t ln st khoan n u chng
vch n v khi cc st cng trnh nn li ng vch khng rt ln;
trng hp t chn ng vch cao hn chn cc phi c bin php x l.

Hnh 5.15: Cao trnh y ng khi c cng trnh xung quanh
Nu di cng l tng t dnh, chn ng vch c th kt thc ti trong
tng . Khi tng khng thm qu su cng c th t chn ng ti lp
trn t nht khng nh hn 1.5 ln su t mt t n MNN.
- Ty theo iu kin a cht cng trnh, kch thc ng vch, chiu su h tnh ton
v chn thit b h ng vch cho ph hp. Thit b h ng vch thng c nhng dng
sau:
S dng thit b xylanh thy lc km theo my khoan xoay lc ng vch h
hoc nh ng vch ln.
H bng kch thy lc p xung.
S dng ba rung ng ng vch xung kt hp vi vic ly t bn trong lng
ng vch bng my khoan, gu ngom hoc ht bn.
2.3.2-Va st (Bn khoan):
-Ngoi gii php dng ng vch, gi n nh l khoan chng sp l, trong cng ngh
khoan nhi thng dng va st c t trng cao: dung dch bentonite, 1 dung dch va
st c ht rt mn, hot tnh v cc xc bin cao, t trng ln hn nc.
-Ni chung, trong cng ngh cc khoan nhi va st c cc tc dng chnh sau:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 109 -
Gi cho vch khoan c n nh, khng b st l v do:
Va st c tnh xc bin cao chui vo k gia cc ht ri to thnh mng
lin kt dy 2-4mm bc quanh vch l khoan.
N c t trng ln nn to ra p lc ngang m bo iu kin cn bng
c hc cho phn t vch.

Hnh 5.16: Bao cha Bentonite
L dch th c t trng cao v trng thi st, lc y ni lm cho mt khoan v
ct khng lng chm c di y h khoan nn ly c d dng v do
khng vng mt khoan y l nn y nhanh tc khoan nht l khoan
chong. Khi m rng chn cc nht thit phi dng va st hoc dung dch
khoan.
-Dung dch va st trong cc khoan nhi phi m bo cc ch tiu sau:
T trng phi ln to ra p lc tc dng ln vch l khoan gi n nh thnh
vch dung dch bentonite c t trng 1.05-1.25kg/cm
3
, cc dung dch khc
1.15-1.35kg/cm
3
.
Ch tiu ny c o bng t trng k hin trng.
chng s lng ng ca mt khoan, dung dch c nht Marsh t 1-20s n
30-36s, y l 1 c im biu th tnh linh ng ca dung dch.
Ch tiu ny c xc nh bng cn Marsh hoc o bng thi gian chy ca
500cm
3
dung dch qua phu chun.
pH ca nc cao hay thp u c kh nng nh hng cht lng dung dch
v gy ra phn ng ho hc. pH cho php t 7-9.5. Vng nc l v nc mn
dung dch s b phn hu phi x l trc khi s dng.
phn tng ln s gy ra kt ta c hc (tch nc). phn tng 1 ngy m
khng ln hn 4-8%; y l 1 c trng cho tnh n nh cu trc ca dung dch.
o bng trng lng nc trn mt dung dch trong ng nghim sau 1 ngy m
tht thot nc biu th kh nng n nh hm lng nc khi tip xc vi t
. Tr s tht thot cho php khong 10-25cm
3
sau 30pht, nu ln hn s thay
i cht lng dung dch v to ra lp v dy bc xung quanh l khoan qu 4mm.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 110 -
Ch tiu ny o bng hiu t trng ca 2 na ct dung dch pha trn v pha
di 1ng c bit c m kho gia trong 1 ngy m.
ng sut ct tnh l c trng bn cu trc v tnh xc bin ca dung dch, tr
s ny khong 15-40mg/cm
2
.
Hm lng ct trong dung dch phi <8% theo trng lng v lng ct phi
5%.
Hm hng ny c xc nh bi s lc ra dung dch th nghim.
-Ch :
Cng khoan su va st cng gim mt v cc ht st xm nhp vo nhng
l rng to vch phi b sung v iu chnh t l thnh phn va st trong
l khoan.
Nu mc dung dch tt t ngt phi dng khoan tm nguyn nhn v c bin
php x l kp thi.
-Bm va st vo l khoan thng dng cc loi my bm chuyn dng, p sut c th
ti 49MPa, bm n 1 khi lng va st 1403lt/pht.

5.3 cng ngh khoan to l
-Qu trnh khoan c 3 vic chnh: khoan ph cu trc t , ly phi khoan ra khi l
v gia c chng st l vch khoan. Ty theo iu kin a cht thy vn c th, trong
xy dng cu c th dng cc phng php sau:
3.1-Cng ngh dng ng vch:
-ng vch thng lp chn xn bng hp kim cng v sc. Khi xoay ng, trng lng
bn thn v kch nn lm cho ng h dn xung th gu ngom kiu ba nng xung
ph v o ly t trong ng vch ra, ng vch c tc dng ngn khng cho t bn
ngoi st l vo l o.
-Trng hp gp t cht hoc , dng gu ngom khng hiu qu, tt nht dng u
khoan chong.
-t ln si cui, m ci,...thng gy kh khn cho cng vic khoan to l theo
cng ngh ny. Nhng nm gn y, gu ngom cc ch to c bit nhm lm cho
hm cng hn ph t v to l. Nu khi kch c nh t 10-50cm, d kt di
chn ng vch cng c th ngom ln c sau khi la khi vo trong ng 1 cch
kho lo (rt nh v xoay ng vch li khi vo bn trong).
-Nu gp khi ln khng a c ng vo, c th ph bng phng php khc:
dng thuc n nhng khng ch mc ti thiu t 30-100g cho mi ngi n ri dng gu
ngom o ln; trng hp khng c gy n phi dng my ph c li c tt c
nng 4tn hoc c th dng ho cht.
-Nguyn tc h ng vch ni t cng: trc khi h phi cho u khoan i tin trm 1
on nu cn cn phi o rng thm ra khong 20cm ng vch bt cn lc s d
dng tt xung. i vi t ri d ln st, t st yu hoc ph sa th trnh o tin
trm.
-Khi khoan v h ng vch thng xy ra cc trng hp sau:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 111 -
Trong lp t ct si ngm nc, nu o tin trm ct s n vo lm cho
t xung quanh b ri r v to nhng khe rng bn ngoi ng vch. Mc
nhin, ng knh cc s rng hn ng knh danh nh, nh hng ti
khi lng btng c cc sau ny. Cho nn thng phi bm thm nc
vo l khoan, to chnh mc nc trong l khoan cao hn mc nc
ngm bn ngoi khc phc hin tng trn.
Nc trong ng vch (nu c) s cn tr v lm gim nng sut ca gu
ngom: tc ri t do chm hn, ng nng khi cm vo t gim nhiu,
khng sc ngom 1 khi lng t y gu. Do cn khc phc bng
cch ghp thm 1 trng lng b sung vo gu ngom ph hp vi sc cu
ca my. Hin nay, nhng gu ngom c gn my chn ng c s
dng lm vic di nc rt hiu qu.
3.2-Cng ngh dng my khoan vn hnh ngc:
-Thc cht cng ngh ny l dng cn khoan ht dung dch hn hp mn mt khoan
v va st bng nhiu cch khc nhau: my ht thu lc, erlip, bm chm, phun nc vi
xi,...
- Trong cng ngh ny, thng dng cc u khoan c bit gm 3 phn c bn: phn
c nh, phn chuyn ng v phn cc mi dao. Trc hoc cn khoan ng knh
khong 15cm c tc dng treo u khoan v lm ng ht dung dch ln phi mt khoan
ra ngoi.
-Ty theo a cht c th s dng nhng loi u khoan:
i vi t c tr s SPT N<50, thng dng loi u khoan 4 hoc 3 cnh hm,
rng bt hp kim cng.
i vi t rn, dng u khoan kiu bnh rng c tnh nng l mi dao c
ch to t hp kim cng c kh nng khoan vo cng ti 70MPa, c khi
ti 97MPa. Cc bnh rng ca u khoan to ra cc chuyn ng quay cho muic
dao trung tm v 3 mi dao v tinh. Qu o ca cc mi v tinh c dng c
bit, m bo cc vt xn khng trng nhau, m ch chm vt sau ln vt trc;
ng thi la c phi khoan vo ng rng ca cn khoan v c ht ra ngoi
(vn hnh ngc).
i vi loi nham thch mm hn, cng khon 30MPa, c th dng u
khoan kiu gu ngom v u khoan kiu bnh rng.
Trng hp dng u khoan kiu bnh rng nu gp m ci s kh khn, cho
d ng rng ca cn khoan dng ti mc ti a khong 326mm. Do thng
phi dng gu ngom hoc u khoan bnh rng c bit ph . Nu m
ci nm tng i nng, c th dng th ln xung ph , hoc ng ng vch
v bm ht nc ph bng cc bin php thng thng.
-Trong cng ngh khoan vn hnh ngc c th khng dng ng vch m dng p lc
ct nc tnh cao hn MNN gi n nh cho vch khoan.
-Tc khoan to l v tc ca bn quay phi iu chnh ph hp loi t v
ng knh u khoan. Nu quay nhanh qu hoc trc khoan s b rung lc ( rn),
hoc l y ng ca trc khoan c th b tc ng thi khng thi gian hnh thnh
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 112 -
mng bn v cng c th ph v mng st ang lt vo bt nhng l rng trong cc ht
t.
-Nu khng m bo n nh thnh vch o, phi b sung va st bentonite ho
dung dch CMC,... cn cho khoan to l.
-Khi my hot ng s khng trnh khi hin tng vng ngang ca u khoan. V
khng dng ng vch nn ng knh l khoan thng b rng hn so vi ng knh
thit k, khi lng btng s tng thm. Trong t ri ng knh l khoan tt nhin
ln hn trong t dnh. Nhng u khoan c lp b n nh s trnh c hin tng
ny.
3.3-Cng ngh khoan to l bng u khoan o t:
-u khoan t kiu gu rt c thng dng o t. Gu c trng lng kh nng
v trang thit b cc li xn t hoc nhiu mi dao d ph vt chng ngi v m rng
l khoan, nh trng lng ny m cc mi dao v li xn khi quay quanh trc khoan s
xn t theo ng ct nht nh, cc mi dao c th tin t r cy hoc ph cc tng
chng ngi vt khc nh btng, gch vn. Tuy nhin, khi gp cc loi m ci
thng u khoan kh gii quyt m phi dng nhng bin php nu trn.
-Mi khoan ch yu xn v ct t yu thng thng, nn khi gp t cht hoc ln
nhiu cui si, li xn hay cc mi dao ca gu khoan dex b st m hoc mau mn,
tuy rng cng bt hp kim rt cng. Phi nh k thay th lp bt mi dao khi qu
mn hoc b gy, nu khng nng sut gim, ng thi trc khoan cng d b mi mn
v lch tm.
-Khi khoan trn cn, c th khng cn dung dch khoan hoc nc, vch khoan vn n
nhgu s pht huy ton b nng sut nhng nu khoan vi tc nhanh thng
li vt lm xon c trn vch l khoan kh suy ra th tch btng cn theo di.
-Khi khoan ni c nc ngm hoc nc mt, tt nht l dng dung dch va st hoc
cc loi bn ho hc gia n nh vch khoan. Nu khoan trong t st, st c th
ch dng nc bm b sung vo l, gi c nh mc nc trong ng cao hn bn ngoi
khong 2m.
-Trnh di chuyn gu khoan qu nhiu ln trong l o, nht l nhc h qu nhanh
gim bt tn hi cho vch khoan do xo trn nhiu, hnh thnh dng chy kh mnh
gia gu khoan v vch o, ng thi sinh ra s chnh lch p lc gia 2 khng gian
trn v di gu khoan.
3.4-Vn an ton lao ng v m bo cht lng khi khoan cc:
-Qua cc lp t yu v ri rc nn chng st l bng ng vch tm thi, trong khi
btng c th rt dn ln dng cho cc khc.
-Mt trong ng vch khng c c t dnh bm, nht l trc khi btng c cc.
-ng vch cn h xung lp t khng thm nc su nc khng thm vo
l khoan k t lc v sinh y l cho ti khi btng c cc cao hn mc nc ngm.
-Khi lng t ly ra phi ph hp vi th tch l thuyt, cn c vo mc nh
tha s nh gi mc n nh ca l khoan.
-Cn so snh t ly ra khi l khoan vi s liu thit k. Khi cn thit nht l khi ti
t tt t chn cc, cn ly mu t th nghim kim tra s liu thit k.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 113 -
-Nu l khoan nng v ng knh nh m ngi khng th xung c, lc phi
dng n chiu ri xung l khoan. Nu cha sch ht t , vn khoan cn v sinh li.
-Khi khoan l rng nn cho ngi xung th st ngay trc khi btng. Nu khng
kh nng btng kh (do khng ht ht nc) phi chuyn sang phng php ng
rt thng ng.
-Thi gian lc khoan n khi c cc khng ko di qu 6h. Thi gian sau khi lm v
sinh y l khoan ti khi btng cn quy nh cht ch hn.
-Nu c ngi xung lm vic y l khoan, phi treo 1 ng nh hn l khoan 1 cht
bo v an ton cho cng nhn khng b thng vong do t vch h khoan st l.
Bn thn ng treo cng phi ct buc chc chn v ming ng phi nh cao khi mt
t, bo v dng c v t khng ri vo l khoan.
-Cng nhn lm vic trong h khoan phi i m v eo dy bo him khi b thng
hoc gp hi ngt c th ko ln nhanh chng cp cu.
-Khi c ngi lm vic di y l khoan, trn mt t phi b tr ngi cnh gii, tc
trc thng xuyn, bo m khng cho 1 vt dng no gn l khoan. Phi gi tuyt
i an ton trong khi vn chuyn bt c 1 vt dng no xung l khoan do yu cu cng
vic.
-Cn kim tra thng xuyn pht hin hi c l khoan, nht l i qua lp than bn
hoc t c ln cht hu c; c bit ti cc vng khai thc kh t hoc c ng ng
dn kh c mi u xem xt. n an ton v cc my d kh c cng phi lun lun
mang theo khi kim tra v lm vic di l khoan cc.
3.5-Thi ra l khoan:
-V sinh y v thnh l khoan trc khi c cc l 1 cng vic rt quan trng v:
Cc lp mt khoan, t v dung dch va st s lng ng to ra 1 lp m yu
di chn cc khi chu lc s ln.
Nu khng n ht cn lng, khi btng s to ra nhng mn t lm gim
sc chu ti ca cc.
V vy, khi khoan xong cng nh trc khi btng phi thi ra sch l khoan.
-Phng php thi ra tu thit b v cng ngh khoan cc, nhng thng phi tin hnh
theo 2 giai on:
Giai on 1:
Ngay sau khi kt thc khoan to l, phi a ht cc mt khoan v si ct
ht th ra ngoi.
i vi cng ngh dng ng vch: sau khi khoan xong 20-30 phtch
lng ng dng gu ngom ly ln v cui cng bm ht nc ti khi
nc x khng cn ln ct si.
i vi cng ngh khoan vn hnh ngc: sau khi kt thc cng vic khoan
l cho my chy khng ti 10 pht m bm ht ti khi ch cn nc
trng thi ra ngoi.
i vi cng ngh dng u khoan kiu thng: sau 1 thi gian cn lng
ng dng li xn gt vo thng v ly ra ngoi.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 114 -
Giai on 2:
Trc khi btng cn y ra ngoi tt c cc ht mn cn li trng thi
l lng bng ng ht dng kh nn.
Ming phun kh nn t su di mt nc t nht 10m v cch ming ng
ht bn t nht 2m v pha trn.
Ming ng ht bn di chuyn lin tc di y l lm v sinh.
V dung dch v cn lng b x ra ngoi lin tc nn phi bm nc b sung
gi mc nc n nh. Nu dng va st n nh vch cn phi b
sung bn ti cho t yu cu v tnh nng chng vch.
-Ngoi nhng phng php trn, 1 s nc s dng cc bin php btng ngay sau
khi la c cn lng y l khoan tung ln bi cc vi nc cao p. Vi xi
thng b tr xung quanh chn lng ct thp hoc quanh ng btng. Cng c kho
dng bin php a va ximng xung trc tip trn vi cn lng ngay di chn l
khoan, to ra 1 lp btng m chn cc.
-Sau khi lm v sinh l khoan, cn kim tra cn thn chiu su y cc nht l trc khi
btng so snh vi su ln nht mi khoan.

5.4 cng ngh gia cng v h lng thp
4.1-Cu to v gia cng lng thp:
4.1.1-Cu to lng thp:
-Lng thp cc khoan nhi bao gm:
Ct ch: loi c g, 12-32 (thng dng 25-32), t cch nhau ti thiu 10cm,
tng din tch ti thiu { }
2
25 , 5 00 . 0 min cm F F
c a
= vi F
c
l din tch cc.
Ct ai: dng thp trn 6-16 (thng dng 10-16), un tng vng trn hoc l
xo lin tc c bc ai ti a 35cm (thng t 15-20cm tu v tr), lin kt vi
ct ch bng hn hoc buc.
Thp nh v: c ng knh xp x bng ct ch, thay th ct ai 1 s v tr v
t cch nhau khong 2-3m, hn chc chn v vung gc vi ct ch. N c tc
dng gi ng c ly ct ch v cng vi ct ch to thnh khung sn ca lng
thp.
Tai nh v hnh cung: bng thp dt 50x(3-4)mm di 400-600mm hoc bng ct
trn ng knh gn bng ct ch v hn nh 2 u vi ct ch. N thng c
b tr cn i 4 pha ti cc v tr c khung nh v, c tc dng to lp bo v u
xung quanh lng thp v trnh hin tng lch tm khi h lng thp vo l khoan.
Mc treo: dng nng h hoc treo tm lng thp khi ni cc on lng trn
ming l khoan v c hn vo ct ch.
-Lng thp c ch to ti cng trng theo tng on ngn c ng knh ngoi nh
hn ng knh cc ti thiu 6cm.
4.1.2-Gia cng lng thp:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 115 -
-Lng thp c ch to theo tng on trn gi nm ngang. Nhng tm c b tr
ccnh nhau 2-3m thng gc vi trc tim ca gi m bo ng knh, trn u
ca lng v phn b u ct do vi c ly thit k.

Hnh 5.17 Gia cng ct thp


Hnh 5.18: Gia cng ct thp ti cu Thun Phc- Nng

-Trnh t gia cng:
Lp thp nh v vo vng rnh trn cc tm c.
Lp ct ch vo nhng khc trn cc tm c.
Chong v buc ct ai c un vng trn v lng ra ngoi ct ch.
Hn thp nh v v ct ai vo ct ch tr 1 s ai u ( ni cc on lng
thp vi nhau).
Hn tai nh v v mc treo nu c.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 116 -
-Mt s im cn lu khi gia cng lng thp:
Thp s dng ng chng loi thit k, khng g, khng khuyt tt v khng dnh
bn t.
Ct ch v thp nh v phi b tr ng c ly, thng gc v hn chc chn vi
nhau; cng vi ct ai m bo khng xc xch, bin dng.
Chiu di on lng thp ch to phi ph hp vi nng lc v tay vi ca cn
cu. Theo kinh nghim cc on lng thp di khong 8m d m bo chnh xc
khi thi cng, nu di qu cn c bin php c bit (di qu lng thp b lng lo,
bin dng ln).
Gi lng thp phi chc chn, khng c ln lch, cc im phi thng hng
v trn cng 1 cao ; thun tin khi lp t cc loi ct thp thnh phn v d
dng khi gii phng gi ch to.
Mc cu c nh chc chn vo ct ch v c th dng bgay ct nh v, do n
phi cng v cng . Khi cu phi cn i nn dng t nht 2 im cu.
Trng hp dng ng vch, cn hn thm thp nh v v i khi thm c nhng
thanh ct thp nm ngang di chn lng gi cho lng thp khng b ko theo
khi rt ng vch trong lc btng.
4.2-Lp h lng thp:

Hnh 5.19: Cu lp lng thp
-Thng dng thit b cn cu h lng thp vo l khoan. Trnh t lp ni lng ct
thp:
Lp h 1 on lng thp vo trong l khoan v tm thi treo v cc mc lm
sn gn ming ng hoc n gin hn l c th dng cc thanh ngng di
vng thp nh v v k trn ming ng vch.
Cu lp on lng khc cng vo ng tim l khoan sao cho ct ch dng thng
ng vi cc ct ch ca on lng trc (dng qu di hoc my trc c dng
c 4 mt).
Dng dy thp loi to buc tht chc chn ni 2 u ct ch bng mi ni chng
hoc c th dng mi ni hn nu trong l khoan khng c kh gy chy. Sau
buc ct ai cn thiu v tr mi ni. Cc mi ni phi chu c tr s ln nht
trong 2 trng hp sau:
Trng lng ca cc on lng thp pha di mi ni cn tnh khi treo.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 117 -
Trng lng cc on lng thp pha trn khi lng thp chng vo t.
Cu c 2 on lng thp ni, tho tm thanh ngng, h lng thp nh nhng v
ng tim l khoan cc; trnh lc va vo thnh h (trng hp khng c ng
vch), trnh va qut mnh lm long mi hn ca tai nh v.
Tip tc treo, cu lp v ni cc on lng thp bn trn cho ti khi chiu di
thit k. Ton b lng thp c treo vo ming ng vch bng cc mc treo.
Kim tra lng thp sau khi h ti v tr (thng lng thp t khi bng chiu di cc
v s lng ct ch cng c th thay i theo chiu su).
-Nhng khuyt tt khi h lng thp:
Cc thanh ct ch hoc b un cong ra ngoi s va chm thnh l khoan, hoc
un vo trong s cn tr khi h ng btng,...
Cc mi ni b tut, cc lng thp b mo lch, cc on lng ni vi nhau khng
cht ch b tch ri hoc dn nn, lng thp b un cong v rt d b ko ln khi
rt ng vch; cc khc lng thp pha di ri hn xung y l khoan.
Tai nh v b long mi hn, lp bo v ct thp ch khng chiu dy quy
nh, lng ct thp s b lch tm cc.
di cc phi thay i do s khc bit v a cht gia s liu thit k v s
liu thc ti hin trng.
ng vch khng chu trng lng ca lng ct thp v c th b ln khi lng
thp treo vo ng vch.
u ct ch c th nh cao hn mc thit k cn phi ct bt khng c p
xung hoc n xung lm cho lng thp b cong vnh.
Khi rt ng vch, lng thp c th b ko v lch i, lp bo v ct ch khng
bo m l ln hn 2 ln ng knh ct liu ln nht.
- kim tra khng ph hy cc cc thi cng xong, cn phi t trc cc ng thm
d bng thp hoc bng nha c np y y, c kch thc ph hp vi phng php
thm d trn sut chiu di cc: dng ng 50/60mm thm d bng siu m v ng
102/114mm ly mu btng y l khoan. i vi cc cc khoan nhi ng knh
ln hn 1.5m hoc c chiu di ln hn 25m cn phi dng ng thm d bng thp.
-Cc ng thm d c hn trc tip ln vnh ai hoc dng thanh thp hn kp ng vo
ai.
-i vi cc ng 102/114mm dng khoan mu phi t cao hn chn lng thp 1m
v khng trng vo v tr ct thp ch.
-Phi c bit ch n cc v tr ca ng thm d ti mi ni cc on lng ct thp
m bo cho ng chc chn, lin tc. i vi cc cc khoan su khng > 20m vi ng
knh cc khng qu 0.8m th khng cn t ng thm d.

5.5 cng ngh btng thn cc ti ch
-Cng on btng nhi l khoan ng vai tr rt quan trng. Cht lng cc ch yu
ph thuc vo gii php cng ngh v k thut thi cngcn tun th quy trnh quy
phm 1 cch nghim ngt.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 118 -
5.1-Trng hp l khoan khng c nc:
-Trong cc l khoan c th ht cn nc hoc khng c nc, cc nhi c c ti ch
bng cc phng php n gin nh: xe y, b t hoc trc tip t my trn sao cho
phi gi khng cho ln t , rc bn trn mt t v btng khng b phn tng.
-Trc khi btng, l khoan phi ht cn nc, ly sch mn khoan v t cn st
li ri m cht nn t di y, nu t m nn trc 1 lp btng v m
chtsau btng c st 7.5-10cm, hm lng ximng khng <300kg/1m
3

btng.
-Thc t c cc ti ch trong trng hp ny khng phi lc no cng thun li:
Kh khn phc tp cng tng v trong l khoan vng lng thp.
Trong ng vch nu gi btng mc cao s c kh nng nghn tc trong ng,
khi rt ng vch s ko c khi btng bn trong v phn cc di ng vch
cng b lng thp ko lnc kh nng gy hiu ng vm, to thnh 1 khong
gin on hnh vm rng trong btngnhng hin tng ny rt kh gii quyt
ch c bin php ko tt c btng v ct thp ra, lm v sinh l khoan v c
cc t u.
Trong ng vch btng qu t, khi rt ng ln, p lc btng ngay di chn ng
khng sc chng gi, t xung quanh s chnf p v ln vo lm cho tit din
cc b tht hp.

Hnh 5.20: Cc khuyt tt c th xy ra khi rt ng vch
1.ng vch 2.Btng 3.Hiu ng vm
4.p lc t 5.Nc thm ln mt btng
Ngoi ra cn nhiu nguyn nhn khc c th xy ra khuyt tt trong cc btng
c ti ch, phi lu phng nga:
Nc y h khoan vn cn st, cha vt ht mn khoan,..cng l nguyn
nhn lm cho btng phn ri, cc d ln, nht chn cc c m rng.
Nc chy ngm chung quanh btng mi khi rt ng vch s lm tri
ximng lp v ngoi.
Cc khe, hc cha y nc bn ngoi ng vch (c to thnh khi h
ng), khi rt ng ln, btng s dn vo th ch v nc c p s thm thu
qua btng lm cho btng phn ri.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 119 -
5.2-Trng hp l khoan c nc hoc dung dch:
-Nu khng c kh nng ht cn nc trong l khoan hoc khi dng bn st, lc
trong l cc khoan l 1 ct cht lng rt su. Do phng php btng c hiu qu
v hay dng l btng di nc bng ng rt thng ng. Thc cht cng tng t
cng ngh btng di nc b y cc h mng, cc ng v b cc nhngc y
c nhng c im ring: l hp, nc su v c t trng cao. Do , btng cn bm
lin tc vo ming phu v ng phi kn trnh nc r lm thay i t l N/X trong
btng.
-Trnh t thi cng sau khi khoan v kim tra l nh sau:
Thi ra lm v sinh l khoan.
H lng thp n cao thit k.
Lp phu v h ng n y l khoan.
Khn trng btng lin tc vo l theo phng php rt ng thng ng.
5.2.1-V sinh y l khoan:
-Mc ch khng lng ng mt khoan v cc loi thnh phn ht cn st di y
h khoan trc khi btng. Nu dng va st v dung dch khoan c th d dng sc
ln cc thnh phn ni lng l. Nhng nu dung trong dung dch khoan ln hn
1250kg/cm3 v hm lng ct > 10% cng phi thi ra y cc. Nu khng dng va
st, phi ht sch cc cht lng ng ra ngoi bng cc my ht thy lc hoc cc erlip
cho n khi thy nc trong.
-Thi gian cho php t khi lm xong v sinh l khoan n bt u btng khng qu
3h i vi trng hp dng va st v khng qu 2h i vi trng hp c cc trong
nc khng c dung dch khoan hoc va st.
-Thng dn v sinh y l khoan t nht 2 ln:
Ln 1: ngay khi cng tc khoan cc chm dt phi ht vt ht mt khoan. C
th trc tip dng ngay u khoan nng ln 1 cht v tip tc cho quay, ng thi
ht sch mt khoan ra ngoi cho ti ming ng x ch c nc trng.
Ln 2: ngay trc khi t ng btng, dng my ht bn ln na vt sch
nhng t v tp cht ri xung h khoan v lng ng trong thi gian nhc
ba khoan, h lng thp.


5.2.2-Hn hp btng:
-Btng di nc thng thit k mc 350-400, lng ximng ti thiu 350-
400kg/1m
3
btng; st 12.5-18cm c khi ti 25cm, khi dng va st cn st ln
bo m tnh linh ng nht cui qu trnh btng.
-Dng ph gia ho do l gii php tt nht trnh c hiu ng vm nhng ph gia
khng c c phn ng ho hc vi thnh phn va st v khng tc hi n cht lng
btng ct thp; trnh nguy c btng ng kt trc khi rt ng vch c th dng
ph gia lm chm qu trnh ny.
-Ct liu th, nc, ximng u phi xt nghim kim chng km theo bin bn nghim
thu. Kch thc ln nht ca si khng c ln qu:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 120 -
Theo chiu dc: khng ln hn 1/4 khong cch gia 2 ct ai.
Theo chiu ngang: khng ln hn 1/2 khong cch gia ct ch.
Theo chiu dy lp btng bo v: khng 1/2 chiu dy.
Theo ng knh ng btng: khng ln qu 1/4 ng knh trong ca ng.
Kch c dm khong 5-20mm; ct th c ht ln nht l 5mm, hm lng ct
trong va btng phi <50%.
T l N/X khong 0.5-0.55, c th b sung ph gia ho do gim lng
ximng (8-10%) v tng tnh linh ng ca btng.
Ct liu v nc phi ong o chnh xc theo liu lng thit k, theo di qu trnh
trn kp thi iu chnh lng nc ca m trn.
5.2.3-ng v phu btng:
-Thit b cng nh thit b trong phng php rt ng thng ng sao cho khi
btng n lin tc, khng tc nghn, khng phn tng, khng phn ly ct liu v va
ximng.
-Ngoi tiu chun v cng (ng dy 6-8mm), khi lp ng phi m bo cc yu cu
sau y:
ng v cc mi ni phi kn v kht.
Mt ngoi v mt trong ng phi nhn, nu bm bn hoc btng c dnh st li
phi lm sch.
ng knh trong ng 4 ln kch thc ct liu th, ng knh ngoi 1/2 ln
ng knh thit k cc; thng dng ng knh 200mm (150mm cho cc
nh).
Chiu di mi on ng t 1-4m c ni nhau theo chiu su va ; tit in
ng phi u khng mp mo lm cn tr btng di chuyn trong ng.
Cc mi ni phi m bo cht ch, cc t thng hng khng gy khc.
Phu rt btng cng v ghp cht ch vi ng bng ren, bulng, roan cao
su,...tho lp nhanh v d dng, dc phu t 60
o
-80
o
.
Nt gi cu to theo nhiu cch khc nhau, thng bng cao su c dy treo (gi
l cu) tc dng nh y tm thi cng nh phanh hm gi cho ct btng ban
u tt xung t t trnh cho btng ri t do xung su rt ln gy tnh trng
phn ly ct liu v va ximng. Ngoi ra n nh 1 bm y nc hoc dung dch
va st trong ng v y theo c mt khoan cn st y l khoan btng ti
trn ra th chyu cu nt gi kht, v d trt.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 121 -

Hnh 5.21: Phu v ng

5.2.4-Trnh t h ng rt thng ng v btng c cc nhi:
-Ni cc on ng theo 1 t hp nht nh, lp phu, tin hnh iu chnh c h bo m
ng tm l lhoan v khng chm lng ct thp; c nh c h vo cc thanh x kp.
-Th ng cao su xung y l khoan v bm kh nn p lc 5atm sc bn ct lng
ng trong 15 pht.
-H ng c cu h xung y l khoan, sau o nng chng 20cm to ca thot
cho btng chn ng.
-t cu cch y phu khong 0.8m bo m kht v thng bng trong ng , cu
c gi chc chn bng 1 si thp 2-3mm.
-Bm btng y phu, trnh bm trc tip vo ng nt hm lm nt nghing lch hoc
lt p.
-Ct si dy thp treo nt, btng s y nt trt theo ng xung di trong khi
btng vn c bm lin tc vo phu.
-T t h ng cho ngp trong btng nhng vn m bo tc di chuyn ca btng
trong ng (thng chm btng khng b phn tng 120mm/s).
-Khi su ca ng trong btng qu 2m v tc btng trong gim nhiu c th rt
ng ln 1 cht. Tc di chuyn ca btng trong ng nhanh hay chm c iu chnh
bng cch rt hoc h ng t t theo phng ng, tuyt i khng rt ng khi btng;
ng ngp su trong btng t nht 2m v khng ln qu 5m.
-Tc cung cp btng phu cng phi gi iu ph hp vn tc di chuyn trong
ng. Nu cung ng nhanh, btng s trn ming phu v ri xung l khoan gy kh
khn vic xc nh cao ca mt btng trong qu trnh c cc. Nu chm qu gy
nhiu hu qu xu, dng btng c th b gin on...
-Nng h ng ht sc nh nhng nu khng dung dch bn t v mt khoan s trn ln
vo trong btng, nht l khi c hin tng lc ngang,...
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 122 -
-Nu btng khng di chuyn, ng b tc nghn. Lc ny cm khng c lc ngang
hoc dng x beng g, p vo ng m ch c s dng v g ng thi nng h
ng ln xung nhanh to ra lc qun tnh lm cho btng tip tc ra v khc phc c
hin tng trong ng. Ch vic nng ng khng c rt ra khi btng v lung ngp
trong btng t nht l 1m. Trong trng hp khng gii quyt c phi dng ph ho
ho do v ph gia chm ng kt btng.
-Phi lun theo di s lin tc ca ct btng trong l khoan bng cch so snh th tch
l khoan vi khi lng btng trong tng thi on thi cng.
-on 1.5m u cc phi c m rung m bo cht vi cp phi thit k.
-Mt hin tng hu ht xy ra khi c cc ti ch bng ng rt thng ng giai on
cui cng l va ximng ni ln trn mt btng 1 lp kh dy. V vy phi d kin
khc phc:
Tip tc btng cho n lc mc btng trong l khoan cao hn nh cc
m bo sau khi p u cc cht lng btng cn li t yu cu v cng .
Tt nht l ngn cn s hnh thnh lp va ximng trn bng cch m ca s trn
ng vch n t trn ra ngoi (trng hp khng rt vch).

5.6 cc s c k thut thng gp v gii php x l trong thi
cng cc khoan nhi

-Xut pht t c im cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi, nu khng c kinh nghim
trong thi cng cng nh thit k th thng gp rt nhiu s c xy ra trong qu trnh thi
cng dn n vic nh hng cht lng khai thc cng trnh v cc s c k thut
thng rt kh pht hin bng mt thng.
-Mc h hng c th t nh n ln v c th sa cha c hoc khng th m phi
thay th cc khc. V vy, nu cng trnh gp s c s gy ra hu qu nghim trng nh:
lm tng gi thnh v ko di thi gian thi cng, i khi phi hy b phng n thi cng
cc khoan nhi m phi thay th bng gii php mng cc khc c th rt tn km v
khng kinh t.
-Cc v d v s c v cc khoan nhi thi cng trong mi trng t, cng ngh khoan
to l v btng:
Cc khoan nhi ng knh 1m di 37m ca Nh lm vic 10 tng ca Tng
CTXDCT Giao thng 6 b s c: khi lng btng thc t nhiu hn rt nhiu so
vi khi lng btng tnh ton theo kch thc l khoan.
Cc khoan nhi ng knh 0.80m di 44m ca Nh my ximng Cn Th b s
c: khi lng btng thc t nhiu hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng btng theo
kch thc l khoan.
Cu Bnh in b s c: khng h ht c chiu di lng thp theo thit k, v
sau quyt nh rt lng thp ln thi ra li nhng cng khng rt ln c,
mc d trc khi h lng thp c cng on thi ra v kim tra chiu su l
khoan. Nguyn nhn ch yu do t vch h khoan b st l nhiu trong qu trnh
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 123 -
h lng thp lm tri dt ngt y h khoan chn vi 1 on lng thp trong thi
gian ch i quyt nh x l do lng thp khng rt ln c.

Hnh 5.22: M t s c cc khoan nhi

Cu MT b s c: btng b phn tng su -80m gia 2 lp btng thng l
lp st bn khoan ln bentonite. Nguyn nhn ch yu xy ra lc ma bo, s
cung cp btng khng lin tc dn n khi lng btng trc b
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 124 -
ng cng. Sau tip tc btng mi vo to nn s khng lin tc hay
khng ng nht ca khi btng thn cc.

Hnh 5.23: Li khoan cc khoan nhi

6.1-Cc h hng thng xy ra trong cc khoan nhi:
6.1.1-Cc h hng mi cc:
-H hng ny thng rt hay xy ra do bn khoan lng ng y h khoan v t di
mi b xo ng v b do nho do bentonite hp th. H hng ny rt quan trng i
vi cc c thit k lm vic c s tham gia chu lc ca sc khng mi cc, nht l
cc c m rng chn cc v lm gim cng ti btng mi cc v gim kh nng
chu lc do ln nghim trng gy ra.
-Nhng h hng ny c th l:
Btng mi cc b xp lm gim cht lng btng mi cc, c th sa cha
bng cch phun va ximng.
Gim sc khng mi cc: do s tip xc mi cc vi t nn b gin tip bi lp
bn lng y h khoan, hoc do s thay i thnh phn ca t di mi cc.
6.1.2-Cc h hng thn cc:
-Nhng h hng ny ch yu l tnh khng lin tc ca thn cc nh:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 125 -
Thn cc phnh ra hoc dng r cy lm cho khi lng btng cc tng ln rt
nhiu do s c sp thnh vch l khoan, hoc do t bin ca lp t yu di tc
dng y ca btng ti.
Thn cc c hang hc, r t ong lm gim kh nng chu ti ca cc theo vt liu
do s lu thng ca nc ngm lm tri cc b btng ti hoc do btng khng
st cn thit.
Btng thn cc b t on bi thu knh t nm ngang hoc ln bn t, ln
va bentonite trong thn cc do c s c sp thnh vch trong lc btng,
hoc nhc ng btng ln qu cao.
Thn cc tip xc gin tip vi t vch bi lp st nho t.
Cc h hng ny nu pht hin trong qu trnh siu m th phi tin hnh khoan li
cc. Nhng h hng trong cc khoan nhi ny l do ln bn t, dung dch bentonite
(btng c mu vng nht) v tt c b t gy khi khoan ly li.
6.1.3-Cc h hng phn trn u cc:
-Btng u cc b xp do bt tp cht, ximng nh ni ln trn mt btng.
6.2-Cc s c v nguyn nhn xy ra s c trong cc khoan nhi:
6.2.1-Trong cng on khoan to l:
-Cc s c:
V tr l khoan b vng phi vt cn nh cc cc thp, dm thp hnh, btng ct
thp hoc cu kin cng,... nm su trong lng t gy nhiu kh khn cho vic
khoan to l i khi khng th trc vt cc vt cn ln c.
Khng h c ng vch n cao yu cu hoc khoan khng xung do gp d
m ci hoc cc vt cn khc.
Sp thnh vch l khoan: c pht hin qua vic kim tra ng knh l khoan,
hoc s tri ln t ngt ca y l khoan; hoc khi lng btng y cc
ln hn rt nhiu so vi tnh ton,...
Dung dch bentonite ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan: c pht hin
qua vic o kim tra b dy ca lp bn lng ng y l khoan, hoc t vic
kim tra cht lng dung dch,...
Lp mng st bm quanh vch h khoan qu dy: c pht hin qua vic th ti
tnh do sc chu ti do sc khng hng rt thp,...
-Cc nguyn nhn:
S c khng h c ng vch n cao yu cu hoc khoan khng xung:
Nguyn nhn s c ny ni trn. Gp s c ny c th dng loi gu
thch hp ph vt cn ny ri tip tc h tip, hoc dng cc thit b
khoan ct, trc vt vt cn ln.
i vi nhng trng hp c bit khng th trc vt vt cn ln c phi
dch chuyn v tr cc khoan nhi hoc phi thay i phng n cc khoan
nhi bng loi mng cc khc.
S c sp thnh vch l khoan:
Khi khoan gp tng t qu yu li khng c ng vch:
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 126 -
o Tng t yu thng c mun bin dng E
o
< 50kg/cm
2
, gc ni
ma st < 10
o
, h s nn a > 0.05cm
2
/kg, st B > 0.75, sc
khng xuyn mi q
c
4kg/cm
2
, ch s xuyn tiu chun ca t N
4.
o Qua kinh nghim thi cng vng c a cht nu trn th u
trng thi do chy n chy. V vy khi khoan to l s gy hin
tng sp thnh vch nu khng c ng vch mc d c dng dung
dch bentonite gi n nh. Do vy, trong qu trnh khoan cn
kim tra li a cht i chiu vi s liu th nghim c gii
php x l kp thi chng hn nh iu chnh li chiu di ng vch.
Cc ch tiu k thut ca dung dch bentonite khng thch hp vi a tng:
o Do mi loi t c tnh cht c l ha khc nhau cng nh s khc
nhau v thnh phn v loi ca dung dch bentonite, cn thng
xuyn kim tra v iu chnh cc ch tiu k thut ca dung dch
nh t trng, nht, hm lng ct, t l cht keo, lng mt
nc, lc ct tnh, tnh n nh v pH cho ph ph hp vi cc
quy nh v chng c nh hng rt ln n vic gi n nh l
khoan.
p lc thy ng trong tng ct, ct pha st qu ln:
o Khi khoan gp tng ct c cha nc ngm vi p lc ln, nc
ngm c p ny s chy vo trong h khoan mang theo t ct vo
vch h khoan (ct chy) lm cho h khoan ti tng ny rng ra, c
th ko theo cc tng pha trn b sp. Nu gp s c ny nn a
ng vch qua tng ny, hoc dng bin php h mc nc ngm
trc khi khoan.
Do chn k thut, thit b khoan khng ph hp vi t nn:
o Do tc khoan qu nhanh va bentonite cha kp hp th vo
thnh vch, hoc vic nng h gu qu nhanh gy ra hiu ng pitng
dn n sp thnh vch l khoan. trnh sp vch phi chn loi
khoan thch hp vi thao tc khoan nh nhng, trnh nhng ng tc
t ngt.
H lng thp va vo thnh vch l khoan:
o Khi h lng thp nhanh c th va vo thnh h khoan dn n sp
vch. Do cn phi h lng thp nh nhng v ng tm l khoan
trnh sp vch.
Thi gian ko di gia khu khoan to l v btng.
S c do dung dch bentonite ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan:
Nu dung dch bentonite cha nhiu khong cht kaolinit th dung dch s
ng t mnh.
Nu pH <7 hay nc l n mn th kh nng ng t (phn hy) dung
dch khoan s xy ra.
...
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 127 -
S c do mng o st bm quanh vch h khoan qu dy:
Do nht ca dung dch bentonite tng lm b dy lp mng o st tng
theo, nguy him hn l mnh o st ny trng thi do nht dn n vic
gim ma st hng gia cc v t rt nhiu gy kh nng chu lc ca cc.
6.2.2-Trong cu to, gia cng v h lng thp:
-Cc s c thng xy ra:
Khng h c lng thp vo l khoan.
ng vch b ln.
Lng thp b ngp trong t.
-Cc nguyn nhn:
Khng h c lng thp vo l khoan do lng thp b bin dng un cong trong
qu trnh cu lp. Do vy khi ch to cn tnh ton n bin dng ca lng thp,
b tr mc cu cho ph hp, hoc nn li lng thp v b tr thm mc cu
trnh bin dng.
ng vch b ln do treo lng thp, trng lng lng thp tng i nng lm ln
ng. Khi c th gia cng chng ln cho ng vch hoc khng treo vo ng
vch
Lng thp b ngp trong t. Theo quy nh khi lng thp chm y th nng ln
5-10cm. iu ny kh thc hin v khong cch qu nh cho vic iu khin ti.
Hn na do lng thp nng nn khi chm y ln vo nn nn khi nng h lng
thp trn th lng thp vn ngp trong t. V vy cn ty theo iu kin c th
iu chnh khong cch ny.
6.2.3-Trong cng on c cc:
-Cc s c thng xy ra:
Tc nghn btng trong ng.
Mc btng b h xung khi rt ng vch ln.
Khi rt ng vch ko theo c khi btng v phn cc di ng vch cng b lng
thp ko theo hoc to thnh vng rng trong btng.
Btng thn cc b phn tng, r v c vt l nh thu knh bn, t, va
bentonite,... c pht hin qua vic o cht lng cc.
-Cc nguyn nhn:
Tc nghn btng trong ng do hin tng hiu ng vm khi btng c gi
mc qu cao trong ng vch lm cho btng khng tro ln c gy tc nghn.
Khi cn phi nng ng dn btng ln nhng ng phi gp trong btng t nht
l 2m, quy nh l 2-5m.
Mc btng b h xung khi rt ng vch ln do khi rt qua tng t yu lm t
b t bin di p lc ca btng ti lm tng thm th tch ca btng, cc s
b phnh ra.
C khi btng trong ng vch b ko ln khi rt ng vch do btng ngng kt
qu sm s bm cht vo ng vch; ngoi ra phn cc di ng vch cng b lng
thp ko theo hoc to thnh vng rng trong btng.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 128 -
Btng thn cc b phn tng, r t ong v c vt l do:
Thit b btng khng thch hp hoc tnh trng lm vic xu.
Vic btng khng lin tc, hoc do s rt ng dn btng ln qu
nhanh s lm ln bn khoan trong btng.
S dng btng c thnh phn khng thch hp, st khng t yu cu
lm btng r hoc phn tng.
S lu thng nc ngm lm tri va ximng ch cn li ct liu.
S sp thnh vch l khoan trong lc btng lm ln t trong btng.
6.3-Cc gii php x l cc s c thng xy ra trong cc khoan nhi:
6.3.1-Gii php v vic s dng ng vch gi n nh vch l khoan:
-Chc nng ng vch:
nh hng l khoan.
Gi n nh vch h khoan khi khoan qua cc a tng yu, ct chy, c nc
chy ngm.
Gi dung dch to ct p lc trong qu trnh khoan.
Lm vn khun btng cc.
-ng knh trong, chiu dy v chiu di ng vch phi chn sao cho m bo v mt
bn, cng ; ph hp vi ng knh cc, ng knh ngoi u khoan v c
im a hnh, a tng ni thi cng. C th chn nh sau:
ng knh trong ng vch:

( )

=
+ =
nk tr
nk tr
D D
mm D D
1 . 1
150 60
(5.1)
Trong :
+D
nk
: ng knh ngoi u khoan.
+60 150mm v h s 1.1: mc ch iu chnh nghing lch khi cn
thit, c bit ni c bn x, ct chy v ni c nc mt.
Chiu dy ng vch:

( )

> =
=
=
cm D if mm
cm D if mm
D
tr t
tr t
tr t
100 40 16
100 16 9
% 5 . 1 1

(5.2)
Chiu di ng vch:
Cao ming ng vch cao hn mc nc thi cng l 2m.
Cao y ng vch nm trong tng t dnh c 10
o
, B 0.75 hoc
sc khng xuyn mi q
c
4kg/cm
2
. Vi chiu dy ngm trong tng ny
sao cho ng khng b ln th chiu di nh nht c tnh theo cng thc:
m L L L
o n t
2 + + = (5.3)
Trong :
+L
o
: chiu cao tnh t MNTC n y sng (m).
+L
n
: chiu di ngm ca ng vch (m), c th chn s b thng qua vic chn
cao y ng vch ngm vo tng chu lc khng thm nc t 0.5-2m.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 129 -
Sau khi chn c L
t
, ta kim tra iu kin ln ng vch:

t i i dn
gaylun giu
P l f u P
P P

(5.4)
Trong :
+P
t
, P
dn
: trng lng v lc y ni ca ng vch.
+u: chu vi ngoi ca tit din ngang ng vch.
+f
i
, l
i
: lc ma st n v mt bn ng vch ti lp t th i v chiu dy lp t
th i m ng vch i qua.
+: h s an ton, ly bng 1.5.
Trong trng hp thi cng trn cn v c mc nc ngm th nh ng vch
cao hn mt t thi cng l 0.5m v cao hn mc nc ngm ti thiu 2m.
y ng vch nm cch mt t thi cng t 2-4m ni t tt trnh st
l ming l khoan do thit b v phng tin i li gn h khoan v khng
cho bn t ri vo h khoan. Ngoi ra phi tha mn cng thc (5.4).
Gi n nh vch l khoan bng ng vch l 1 trong nhng gii php rt ng tin cy
nhng chi ph li cao. Do ch s dng n trong nhng trng hp tht cn thit, c
th kt hp ng vch vi dung dch bentonite.
6.3.2-Gii php v vic s dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh vch l khoan:
-Thnh phn v cc c im c bn ca cc khong st ca dung dch bentonite:
Bng 5.1
Khong st
Chiu dy ht st
(A
o
-Amstron)
Tng din tch mt
ngoi (m
2
/g)
Hot tnh mt
ngoi
(kg/cm
2
)
Montmorillonite
Al
2
O
3
.4SiO
2
.nH
2
O
10-50 800 1.5-7.2
Ilit
Al
2
O
3
.SiO
2
.H
2
O
50-500 80 0.9
Kaolinit
Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O
100-1000 10 0.4
Kh nng ng t dung dch bentonite ph thuc vo chiu dy ht st, n cng ln
th cng ng t mnh, kaolinit ng t mnh nht, k n Ilit v t nht l
Monymorillonite.
-Trong cc c im ca dung dch bentonite th t trng, nht v pH khng t
yu cu th s gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi nh sp vch, gim ma st hng, gim
kh nng tnh dnh bm gia ct thp v btng v c lng ng y l khoan.
-Xc nh t trong bentonite theo iu kin cn bng n nh vch h khoan:
Phng trnh cn bng:
p lc y = p lc gi
Trong :
+p lc y: gm p lc thy tnh ca mc nc ngm
n
.z
n
, p lc ch ng
ca t
x
.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 130 -
+p lc gi: gm p lc thy tnh ca ct bentonite
b
.z
b
, lc khng ct ca
cu trc o st
s
.

s b b x n n
z z + = + (5.5)

b
s x n n
b
z
z

+
= (5.6)
Trong :
+
b
, z
b
: dung trng v chiu cao ca ct bentonite.
+
n
, z
n
: dung trng v chiu cao ca mc nc ngm.
+
x
: c xc nh theo l thuyt c hc t:

|

\
|

= =
2
45 . . .
1
2

tg z
z x
(5.7)
vi , , z: dung trng, gc ma st trong v chiu cao ca ct t;
: h s poisson.
+
x
: c xc nh theo l thuyt c hc t:
( ) c tg z c tg z
b b dn x
+ = + = ' . . 1 ' ' . . (5.8)
vi ,
dn
, , c: dung trng t nhin, y ni, gc ma st trong v lc dnh ca lp o
st.
i vi t vch l t ct: c, ca o st c th tnh i t gi tr c
u
, ca ct ban
u nh sau:
+c: c th ly bng tr s trung bnh ca lc dnh ban u c
u
v lc dnh c
s
do
t nn hp th bentonite; thng thng ly c
s
= 2c
u
:

( )
u
s u
c c
c c c
5 . 1 '
2
1
'
=
+ =
(5.9)
+: c th ly bng gc ma st trong ca t st hoc c th theo cng thc
ca Bolton:
D
o
3 3 ' + = (5.10)
vi D l cht tng i ca ct.
i vi t vch l t st: do m tng nn c, ca o st u nh hn gi tr c
u
,
ca t st ban u, lc dnh ca lp o st rt nh nn c th xem c
s
=0:
+c: c xc nh:

d u
r c c . . ' = (5.11)
vi : h s trit gim lc dnh c th ly 0.55,
c
u
: lc dnh khng thot nc ban u ca t nn,
r
d
: h s trit gim theo chiu su cc tra hnh 5.24.
+: c th ly bng gc ma st trong ca t st hoc c th theo cng thc:

o
3 ' = (5.12)

Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 131 -

Hnh 5.24: th quan h gia r
d
v H
Nhn xt:
Loi cc khoan nhi ngoi cc u im ni vn cn tn ti 1 s nhc im
c th hin qua cc s c trnh by trn. Cc s c trn i khi rt phc
tp kh sa cha khc phc, c th dn n chi ph rt cao, hoc khng sa cha
c m phi thay cc mi. Do cch tt nht l nn d phng cc s c c th
xy ra, hiu r cc nguyn nhn v c bin php phng nga.
Khi thi cng cc khoan nhi thng gp nhiu s c l do c qu nhiu yu t
nh hng n n nh:
iu kin a cht thy vn: t yu, ct, st, nc trong t,... Trong kho
st hin nay ch xt v tnh cht c - l ca n m cha quan tm n tnh
cht ha t, ha nc, hin tng ct chy v t sp.
Dung dch bentonite: cha xt mi tng tc tht y gia n vi mi
trng t nn.
6.4-Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi sau thi cng:
-Cht lng ch to cc khoan nhi c kim tra theo 3 ni dung ch yu:
Cht lng khoan to l.
Cht lng trn btng.
Cht lng cc sau khi hon thnh.
6.4.1-Kim tra cht lng l khoan:
-Kim tra v v tr tim cc trn bnh , cao mt t, cao nh ng vch,...
-Kim tra kch thc v cc c trng hnh hc ca l khoan thc t nh ng knh,
nghing, chiu su,...
-Kim tra cc c trng c l ca a tng i chiu vi ti liu thit k, c 2m chiu su
li ly 1 mu t kim tra.
-Khi khoan v thi ra lm v sinh y h xong cn kim tra nh gi ch tiu ca t
nn bng thit b xuyn.
6.4.2-Kim tra cht lng btng:
-Trc khi trn cn kim tra: cht lng ct liu, ximng, nc v cc cht ph gia.
Bi ging: Xy dng cu 1 Bin son: V Quang Thun
Chng V: Thi cng cc btng ct thp c ti ch - 132 -
-Trong khi trn cn theo di kim tra: t l thnh phn, cn ong, st tng m trn,
k thut trn,... v phi ly btng c mu i chng cho tng m.
-Trong khi cn theo di v tr v cao rt btng vo phu, tc btng tt xung,
ngp su ca y ng ng vo lp btng, kim tra s thiu ht hay d tha btng
thc t vi l thuyt,...
6.4.3-Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi sau khi thi cng:
6.4.3.1-Phng php kim tra bng p mu btng:
-Khoan thn cc ly mu ng knh 50-150mm th cng ca btng nh
gi cht lng kh chnh xc d cha phi l ton b tit din cc; tuy nhin mt nhiu
thi gian v tn km v phi khoan 10 im trn 1 cc.
-C th kim tra bng mu i chng c trc cho tng m nhng khng nh gi
ng mc cht lng btng thn cc v iu kin ca mu v cc khc nhau.
6.4.3.2-Phng php kim tra khng ph hoi:
-y l cc phng php dng siu m, dng tia gamma v dng cc phng php c
hc: tnh v ng.
-Dng 2 phng php trn phi khoan l hoc t ng nha hoc tn 100-120mm ti 4-
5 v tr cch u quanh lng thp trc khi btng, c chiu di sut thn cc v ng
chu c p lc 5atm, kn v khng d va ximng.
a/Phng php siu m:
-Sng siu m qua mi trng btng s pht hin nhng ni c khuyt tt cng nh
cng yu. u thu v u pht c th xung 2 l cho ti cng 1 su cn kim
tra, tt nht l kim tra vng quanh vi nhiu l thm 4-5 l.
-Ngoi ra cn c th dng thit b o gm 2 u thu pht gb trn cng 1 thanh bng vt
liu cch m c h xung vi tc u.
-Phng php ny kh n gin cho kt qu tin cy nhng gi thnh khng cao.
b/Phng php bc x gamma:
-u pht l ngun bc x v u thu l 1 b m, c th vo 2 l thm. Cng
bc x xuyn qua mi trng btng gia 2l. Nu cng bc x tng th trong
btng c l rng hoc mt km v ngc li.
-Phng php ny khng tn km, t thi gian (30pht cho 30m su) v kt qu ng tin
cy.
c/Phng php c hc:
-Xc nh kh nng chu lc nh cc ng hoc rung.
-Phng php p dng c th nn tnh hoc ng.

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