2010

I HC S PHM K THUT TP.HCM THS. NGUYN VN HIP

IN T NG DNG

LI NI U
Ngy nay c th ni lnh vc in t v ang mang n cho chng ta nhng sn phm cng ngh ci thin ng k trong i sng vt cht v tinh thn. Cc ng dng ca n tr nn qu gn gi v nh l mt nhu cu gn nh khng th thiu trong cuc sng hin i. Cc sn phm tn ti v ang hon thin pht trin mt cch nhanh chng. Th tng tng mt ngy no bng dng xung quanh ta khng cn chic tivi, my vi tnh, my in thoi, ni cm in, my iu ha hay mt ci my qutth cuc sng bng tr nn kh khn hn n mc no?! Tuy nhin mc d nhng thit b trn thn thuc, gn gi nh th nhng hu ht ngi s dng khng bit bn trong n l g, nguyn l hot ng ra sao, cng l iu d hiu bi v u phi ngi s dng no cng c kin thc, s hiu bit nht nh v lnh vc in t. Quyn sch ny khng mang tham vng s a n cho ngi c nhng kin thc bch khoa, ton din, chuyn su v tt c cc thit b in t hin nay v l iu khng th! Quyn sch c thit k cho sinh vin h khng chuyn (lnh vc in t) nh ngnh K thut cng nghip, c kh, cng ngh thng tin.., n trang b cho ngi c mt phn nhng kin thc c bn, nn tng v c trnh by sao cho d c, d hiu v khng qu tru tng. Mc d ni dung khng chuyn su nhng qua quyn sch ngi c c th hiu c nhng linh kin c bn, cc ng dng v pht trin ca n. V thi gian v kin thc cn hn hp nn chc chn quyn sch ny cn rt nhiu sai st, rt mong s gp chn thnh ca qu thy c, ng nghip v cc bn sinh vin. Lin h email: thewind030282@gmail.com

Tc gi Ths. Nguyn Vn Hip

Chng 1
Cc Linh Kin Giao Tip
Trong phn ny, cc kin thc c trnh by c bn, khng qu chuyn su v mt l thuyt nhng n em n ngi c mt s khi qut cn thit v c th vn dng. Sau chng ny, ngi c c kh nng: - Nhn dng c cc s mch, m t hot ng v tnh ton ng ra b khuch i o, khng o, b cng (Op-amp) v mch khuch i transistor lng cc. - Nhn dng s mch tch phn, mch vi phn dng Op-amp v v dng sng ng ra khi tn hiu ng vo khc nhau c a vo. - Vi cc tn hiu vo cho trc, v kt qu ng ra ca mch khuch i vng h, khuch i sai bit v b so snh dng s. - M t kh nng to dng sng v c tnh hot ng ca mch Schmitt trigger. - Gii thch cch ng ngt ca transisstor v thyristor bn dn, v tn hiu ng ra b iu ch. - Lp rp mch n n v dao ng a hi dng mch tch hp 555 v tnh ton xc nh ng ra. Gii thch c nguyn l hot ng ca mch.

1 B KHUCH I:
khuch i l mt hm iu khin c s dng bi nhiu loi thit b cng nghip. Khuch i bao gm vic chuyn i tn hiu yu tr thnh tn hiu cng sut cao. V d, ng ra ca b iu khin, chng hn nh b vi x l my tnh, dng iu khin mt van servo i hi tn hiu iu khin ln vn hnh. B khuch i c thc hin bi mt vi thit b trng thi rn. Mt s b khuch s c m t bao gm transistor lng cc v b khuch i thut ton.

1.1 Transistor
Transistor c cu trc xp, mt lp mng ca mt loi vt liu bn dn nm gia hai lp ca mt loi vt liu bn dn loi khc. V d, transistor NPN hnh 2-1(a) cu to bi mt lp vt liu P (positive) nm gia hai lp vt liu N (negative). Transistor PNP hnh 2-1(b) c dng ngc li. Ba lp ny c nh ngha gm emitter (E)(cc pht), base (B)(cc nn), v collector (C)(cc thu). Hnh 1-1(c) l k hiu cu trc ca NPN v PNP transistor. im khc nhau duy nht l s nh hng mi tn cc E. Mi tn cc E ca transistor NPN hng t B sang E, trong khi transistor PNP c hng ngc li. Transistor c hai mi ni PN nn c gi l transistor lng cc. Mt mi ni c cho l base-emitter, mi ni cn li l base-collector. b iu khin hot ng, hai mi ni PN phi c mt chnh lch in p DC.

Hnh 1-1: Transistor lng cc

Hnh 1-2, transistor NPN vi mi ni B-E phn cc thun v mi ni B-C phn cc nghch. Dng in chy qua mi ni B-E c hng nh phn cc thun diode, t cc m sang cc dng ca ngun 1. Tuy nhin, nu vng B mng v c tp cht th n c gii hn s lng l trng. Cho nn s ch c mt s t phn trm trong tng s electron cc E lin kt vi l trng chy qua cc B. S electron cn li khng c ch i ngoi tr i xuyn qua mi ni B-C. Chng tip tc i qua vng C n cc dng ca ngun 2. Khi in p ngun 1 thay i th dng in qua cc B thay i. ln dng in cc B quyt

nh in tr gia E v C. in p ti B cng cao th dng in qua B cng nhiu tng ng vi in tr gia E-C cng thp. Transistor hot ng ging nh vi nc Hnh 1-3. Cc E l ng vo, C l ng ra. Cc B l van iu khin dng in chy qua. Dng B-E iu khin ng dng in chnh gia E v C. Mt vi mili-ampe ca dng B c th iu khin vi trm mili-ampe ca dng in C.

Hnh 1-2: S phn cc ca transistor NPN

Hnh 1-3: Transistor hot ng nh vi nc.

- Thay th cho vic dng ngun pin phn cc cho mi ni transistor, mt mng in tr v mt ngun DC (hnh 2-4(a)) c s dng. in tr R1 v R2 l mch phn p cung cp in p cho cc B. in tr RL mc ni tip vi trasistor dn in. Tn hiu ng vo Vin cp vo cc B. Ng ra b khuch i c xc nh l gia cc C v mass, kt qu l in p ti C bin thin. - Khi Vin cng dng, th hin gia thi gian T1 v T2 ca dng sng trong Hnh 1-4(b), dng in B tng ln. Dng in C tng ln, st p Ic.Rc cng tng, lm cho in p cc C gim xung (v Vout = Vcc Ic.Rc). Tng t, khi in p ng vo gim xung, dng in B thp, dng in C gim. Kt qu l Ic.Rc gim nn in p cc C tng ln.

Hnh 1-4: B khuch i Transistor NPN.

- Dng sng th hin s o pha 180 gia in p vo v tn hiu ng ra. Dng sng ch ra s khuch i t khi in p bin i nh ng vo lm cho in p bin i ln ng ra. in p dng cng cao cp cho transistor NPN lm cho transistor cng dn mnh. Khi in p t mc ngng cao, transistor s ch bo ha v n khng th dn c dng in cao hn na. Khi in p gn bng 0V s c c ng ra. Ging nh vy, khi ng vo gim in p, B-E khng th phn cc thun v dng in C cng khng cn. in tr gia E-C tng n v cc. Ch gi l ch ngt do Transistor gim in p cung cp, ging nh mt cng tc m. - Mt transistor PNP hot ng theo hng ngc li. in p m cp vo ng vo B lm cho transistor dn mnh. in p dng s lm transistor dn yu hn. Tm li: phn ny, tc gi ch mun nhc li nguyn tc c bn nht hot ng ca mt transistor lng cc. Nhng phn tnh ton cc mch khuch i c th khng phi mc ch chnh phn ny.

1.2 B khuch i thut ton:

Mt b khuch i rt linh hot l b khuch i thut ton: operational amplifier (op-amp). Op-amp ph bin nht l uA741 c tch hp sn trong mt IC 8 chn. N c 3 c tnh quan trng ca Op-amp l to ra cc b khuch i l tng c: o Tng tr ng vo cao. o H s khuch i in p cao. o Tng tr ng ra thp. Hnh 1-5 th hin k hiu chun ca op-amp uA741. c biu din bi hnh tam gic, op-amp c hai ng vo gn cnh bn tri v mt ng ra gn nh ca hnh tam

gic. Thng thng, op-amp c hai chn cp ngun ring bit. Mt chn gn cnh trn tam gic, kt ni vi ngun dng, chn cn li ni vi ngun m. Hai ngun ny cho php in p ng ra dao ng vi mt trong hai in p m hoc dng so vi mass.

Hnh 1-5: K hiu chun ca OP-AMP Mt ng vo c du tr gi l ng vo o, v bt c tn hiu DC hay AC cp vo n cng b o pha 180 tn hiu ng ra. Ng vo cn li c du cng gi l ng vo khng o; bt c tn hiu DC hay AC cp vo n cng cng pha vi tn hiu ng ra. Khi linh kin ngoi kt ni vi ng vo v ng ra, op-amp c kh nng lm vic vi nhiu chc nng . Cch kt ni linh kin s xc nh chc nng lm vic ca op-amp.

1.2.1 B khuch i o:
c tnh ca op-amp l c th khuch i in p khong 200,000 ln. Tuy nhin, in p ng ra khng th vt qu 80 phn trm in p ngun cung cp. V d, in p ti a ng ra ca op-amp hnh 1-5 l +5V v -5V v in p ngun l +6.26V v 6.25V. Cho nn, n ch khuch i t 25uV ng vo thnh +5V hay -5V ng ra ty thuc vo chiu phn cc tn hiu ng vo v u cp tn hiu a n opamp. Tuy nhin, op-amp c s dng cho nhiu ng dng yu cu khuch i in p nh hn 200,000. Trong k thut gi l hi tip (Feedback) c dng iu khin khuch i ca thit b, n c hnh thnh bng cch ni in tr t ng ra tr n mt ng vo. Mch hi tip m c th hin bi hnh 1-6. N hot ng nh sau: o C hai ng vo u c tr khng cao; cho nn n khng cho php dng in chy vo hoc ra.

Hnh 1-6: Khuch i o

p dng nh lut K1 ti nt VG ta c : IIN = IF

M VG = V+ = 0 v nn ta c o in p ng vo tr gi l 0-volt virtual ground (tm dch l mass 0V o) (v n tc ng ging nh mass 0V). Ng vo cng kt ni vi mass 0V thc t. o V im VG l 0V, c in p 2V ri trn in tr 2 kilohm (Rin) v dng in chy qua l 1mA. o Dng in 1mA khng th chy vo bn trong op-amp, do n chy qua in tr hi tip 10 kilohm (RF) v to nn in p 10V t trn 2 u RF. o V Vout c o so vi mass o nn in p l -10V - li in p ca op-amp c xc nh bng cng thc:

- khuch i ca mch khuch i o lit k hnh 1-6, v tn hiu 2V t ln ng vo c o thnh -10V ng ra. t in p m ti ng vo b khuch i s to nn in p dng ng ra. khuch i b nh hng bi t s gia in tr RF v Rin. RF cng ln so vi Rin th khuch i cng ln. - in p ng ra c th xc nh bng cng thc:

Bng 1-1 cung cp v d v b khuch i o vi khuch i 10 ln vi nhiu gi tr in p ng vo.

Bng 1-1

1.2.2 B khuch i cng:

Khi hai hay nhiu ng vo c ni vi nhau v cng t ln ng vo ca b khuch i op-amp, b khuch i cng c hnh thnh. Dng khuch i ny c th cng i s cc tn hiu DC v AC. Mch in hnh 1-7 l mch khuch i cng o. N bao gm in tr hi tip RF 20k, ba in tr 20k mc ng thi v ni chung vi nhau vo ng vo o ca op-amp, ba ngun +2V, +1V, +3V cp n u cn li ca 3 in tr. S tnh ton trn s th hin cch xc nh in p ti ng ra. Dng in ca mi ng vo c tnh ton sau cng li thu c kt qu l dng in chy qua RF. Tip n in p ng ra c xc nh bng php nhn IRF vi RF.

Hnh 1-7: B khuch i cng o.

Cng thc in p ng ra ca mch in trn c th c chng minh n gin nh sau: p dng nh lut K1 ti VG ta c:
I1 + I2 + I3 = IF <=> Ta c VG = 0 V = V+ Nn

Bng 1-2 cung cp v d v b khuch i cng o nhiu gi tr in p ng vo.

Bng 1-2

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1.2.3 B khuch i khng o:

Mt s ng dng i hi tn hiu ng ra b khuch i phi cng pha vi tn hiu ng vo. Ngi ta dng op-amp kt ni nh sau: a tn hiu vo ti ng vo khng o ca op-amp, trong khi ng hi tip iu khin khuch i c kt ni t ng ra n ng vo o qua in tr RF. Mt u in tr Rin gn vo ng vo khng o, u cn li ni vi mass. Hnh 1-8 th hin s nguyn l ca mch khuch i khng o. khuch i ca mch nh hng bi in tr RF v Rin. Cng thc xc nh khuch i (Gain) nh sau:

in p ng ra c xc nh bng cng thc:

khuch i lun ln hn 1 Bng 1-3 cho v d v gi tr ca mch khuch i khng o hnh 1-8 vi nhiu gi tr in p ng vo.

Hnh 1-8: Mch khuch i khng o.

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Bng 1-3

Sinh vin t chng minh cng thc tnh in p ng ra ca mch khuch i khng o.

2. B X L TN HIU
B x l tn hiu l thit b c bit lm thay i hoc iu chnh cc tn hiu c t ti ng vo. Cc tn hiu ng ra ca thit b c th c s dng vi nhng chc nng ring bit. Ba b x l tn hiu s c m t l: mch tch phn, mch vi phn v mch Schmitt trigger

2.1 Mch tch phn dng op-amp:

Mch tch phn l mt mch khuch i, n tng lin tc h s khuch i trong mt khong thi gian ca chu k tn hiu. ln ng ra thun t l vi khong thi gian m tn hiu ng vo ang tn ti. Mch tch phn c cng dng mch vi mch lc thng thp. Nn c th xem mch tch phn dng op amp l mt dng c bit ca mch lc thng thp tch cc. Mch Hnh 1-9 th hin s nguyn l ca mch x l tn hiu dng op-amp. Mch tng t vi mch khuch i o. im khc bit l t in thay th in tr lm phn t hi tip. Dng sng biu din bi hnh 1-9(b) minh ha hot ng ca mch khi c cc ngun DC khc nhau t ln ng vo.

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Hnh 1-9: Mch tch phn dng op-amp

Khi in p ng vo thay i t 0V n 5V, ti thi im T1 ca dng sng, t in lc ban u c in p thp v n khng c np. khuch i ca op-amp l zero v t s ca in tr hi tip vi in tr ng vo bng 0. iu ny c din t bi cng thc ca mch khuch i o: VOUT = RFB/RIN.Vin Khi t in bt u np in, tr khng tng. V in tr hi tip tng ln nn t s CFB/RIN tng ln. Kt qu l ng ra ca op-amp tng ln gn nh tuyn tnh. Bi v, ng vo o c s dng, dng sng ng ra b o li. Thm ch, dng sng c th dng nm ngang v op-amp b bo ha, th hin thi gian T2 ca biu . Ti thi gian T3, in p ng vo thay i t 5V v 0V. T in ngng np lm cho ng ra tr v 0V. Nu t in p m ng vo, tn hiu s tng dng ln ng ra. Nu t vo sng vung th dng sng rng ca c to thnh ng ra, biu din hnh 1-9(c). Khong gi tr ng ra b nh hng bi gi tr ca t in v in tr Rin.

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Dng sng ng ra c tnh nh sau:

(Trong , Vin v Vout l cc hm s theo thi gian, Vinitial l in p ng ra ca mch tch phn ti thi im t = 0.)

2.2

Mch vi phn dng op-amp:

C th ni nm na, Mch vi phn l mch khuch i to tn hiu ng ra t l vi tc thay i ca tn hiu ng vo. Mch vi phn l mt dng c bit ca mch lc thng cao tch cc. Mch vi phn dng Hnh 1-10(a) biu din s nguyn l ca mch vi phn dng op-amp. Cu to ca n khc vi mch tch phn v t in thay th in tr ng vo trong khi phn t hi tip l in tr. Biu dng sng c biu din hnh 1-10(b) minh ha s p ng ca mch vi phn khi cc tn hiu ng vo khc nhau. Khi ng vo o c s dng, tn hiu ng ra s p ng theo chiu ngc li ca tn hiu ng vo.

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Hnh 1-10: Mch vi phn dng op-amp Khi in p ng vo l DC v phn cn li l hng s, biu din trong khong thi gian T1 n T2 ca dng sng, ng ra mch vi phn l 0V. Nu ng vo thay i chm, tc thay i n nh, ng ra s l hng s nh ca in p DC, biu din trong khong thi gian T2 n T3. Nu ng vo thay i nhanh, tc thay i n nh, ng ra s l hng s kh ln ca in p DC, biu din trong khong thi gian T3 n T4. Khi sng rng ca cung cp cho ng vo th mt sng vung c to ra ng ra (hnh 1-10(c)). Hnh 1-10(d) biu din khi sng vung cp cho ng vo th mt chui sng gai c to ra ng ra. Cc tnh ca gai nhn c xc nh khi c s thay i m-dng ca sng vung. Ng ra ca mch vi phn c th c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

(Trong , Vin v Vout l cc hm s theo thi gian) Mch tch phn v mch vi phn thng c s dng iu khin ng ra b tc ng cc h thng t ng khp kn.

2.3 Mch nn sng Schmitt Trigger:

Mch Schmitt Trigger l mch dng to ra tn hiu sng ch nht. N thng chuyn i sng sin hay dng sng bt k thnh tn hiu c nh dng sng vung. N khi phc li sng vung b bin dng trong qu trnh truyn dn, cc qu trnh sau

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i hi dng sng vung c nh hnh. Mch Schmitt Trigger s dng hi tip bn trong tng tc qu trnh chuyn i. N s dng hiu ng tr, ngha l ngng chuyn mch ca tn hiu ng vo theo hng dng gi tr in p cao hn ngng chuyn mch ca tn hiu ng vo theo hng m. Mch Schmitt Trigger chuyn i nhng tn hiu sau y thnh tn hiu c dng sng ch nht: Sng AC in p thp. Tn hiu vi tng chm, nh l sn phm ca vic np v x ca t in, b chuyn i cm bin nhit . Hnh 1-11(a) minh ha hot ng chuyn i ca b chuyn i Schmitt Trigger th hin cch thit lp li c tnh tr ca sng vung bin dng.

Hnh 1-11: Schmitt Trigger

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Hot ng: Khong thi gian 1: mc logic 0 c pht hin ng vo v mc 1 pht sinh ng ra o. Khong thi gian 2: mc logic 1 c pht hin ng vo nu in p vo vt qu 1.7V theo chiu dng ca mc ngng lm cho ng ra chuyn sang mc logic 0. Ch rng nhng gai nhn g g trong tn hiu ng vo l do nhiu h thp di 1.7V to nn tr sut khong thi gian 2. Ng ra s khng thay i nu tn hiu vo khng thp hn 0.9V theo chiu m ca mc ngng. Khong thi gian 3: mc logic 0 c cng nhn ng vo nu in p vo h thp hn 0.9V theo chiu m ca mc ngng lm cho ng ra chuyn sang mc logic 1. Ch rng nhng gai nhn g g trong tn hiu ng vo l do nhiu tng cao hn 0.9V to nn tr sut khong thi gian 3. Ng ra s khng thay i nu tn hiu vo khng tng cao hn 1.7V theo chiu dng ca mc ngng.

K hiu logic cho b chuyn i Schmitt Trigger biu din hnh 1-11(b). N bao gm mt dng sng tr thu nh bn trong k hiu ch ra l mch Schmitt Trigger thay th cho b chuyn i bnh thng.

3. B SO SNH:
Chc nng ca b so snh l to ra mt tn hiu sai lch ng ra, c xc nh bi s khc nhau gia hai ng vo. Tn hiu vo v ra c th l tn hiu s hoc tng t. B so snh v b khuch i vi sai u c th so snh tn hiu tng t, v cc b so snh ln so snh cc tn hiu s. iu ny s c cp n phn di.

3.1

So snh dng Op amp:

Hnh 1-12 th hin mt op-amp hot ng so snh in p. Thit b ny so snh in p ti t trn 1 ng vo vi in p trn 1 ng vo khc. S chnh lch gia cc in p ti ng vo lm cho ng ra op-amp bo ha hoc l +5V hoc -5V. Chiu phn cc ng vo c xc nh bng cc tnh in p t trn cc ng vo ca op-amp. Khi in p t trn ng vo o cng dng hn in p ti ng vo khng o, ng ra s chuyn thnh in p -5V bo ha. Ging nh vy, khi in p t trn ng vo o cng m hn in p ti ng vo khng o, ng ra s chuyn thnh in p +5V bo ha. Tuy nhin, khi in p hai ng vo c bin bng nhau th ng ra bng 0.

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Hnh 1-12: B khuch i so snh. Cng thc sau y cung cp mt cch tm tt ngn gn hot ng ca b khuch i so snh: in p ng vo o < in p ng vo khng o = in p m ng ra. in p ng vo o > in p ng vo khng o = in p dng ng ra. in p ng vo o = in p ng vo khng o = in p ng ra bng 0. Bng 1-4 cho v d v cc hot ng ca op-apm nh l mt b so snh vi nhiu in p ng vo.

Bng 1-4: Hot ng ca b so snh Op Amp C rt nhiu Op amp c th dng hot ng tt nh mt mch so snh, cc IC op amp thng dng nh 741, TL081, TL082,Tuy nhin y tc gi xin gii thiu lot IC hot ng so snh vi b Offset thp:

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V hot ng ca mch mch so snh c bn nh sau:

Hnh 1.12(s) : Hot ng so snh ca LM139

3.2

B khuch i vi sai:

B khuch i vi sai (hnh 1-13) tm ra hiu s i s gia hai in p ng vo. C ng vo o v ng vo khng o u khng ni mass. Thay vo , tn hiu a vo c hai ng vo cng mt lc v hiu s gia chng c khuch i. Nu tn hiu ging nhau th ng ra bng 0.

Hnh 2-13 Mch khuch i vi sai. (tt c in tr bng 10k)

p dng nguyn l xp chng ta s xc nh c Vout: Xt trng hp V2 = 0 ta c mch khuch i o vi tn hiu vo l V1 nn: Vout1 = - ( RF/RA ). V1

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Xt trng hp V1 = 0 ta c mch khuch i khng o, vi tn hiu a vo u cng ca op amp chnh l tn hiu V2 c phn p t V2: Khi tn hiu ng ra l Vout2: Vout2 =. V2

T ta xc nh c Vout nh sau: Vout = Vout1 + Vout2 Vout = ( 1 + RF/RA) (

- ( RF/RA ). V1

Nu chn RF = RA = RB = RN th Vout = V2 V1 Ch rng, mch s dng h hi tip vng kn, vi kt qu l in p ng ra c iu khin. Nu tt c in tr bn ngoi bng nhau th khng c s khuch i trong mch. Thay vo , mch khuch i in p vi sai thc hin php tr i s. V d, 3V t vo ng vo o v 6V t vo ng vo khng o th hiu in p gia chng l 3V c to nn ng ra. Ng ra c th tnh theo cng thc sau y:

Nu in p ng vo o cng m hn in p ng vo khng o th ng ra s dng, v ngc li. Bng 1-5 cho v d v cc ng vo khc nahu v kt qu in p ng ra ca mch hnh 1-13.

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Bng 1-5

Nu t s gi tr cc in tr trong mch thay i, mch khuch i vi sai s khuch i. in p ng ra c th xc nh bng cng thc bn trn.

3.3 B so snh gi tr s:
B so snh ny c th so snh hai s nh phn v ch ra mt s ln hn, nh hn hoc bng s kia. Hnh 1-14 biu din s ca b so snh 4bit. N c 4 ng tn hiu vo A, 4 ng tn hiu vo B v 3 ng trng thi ng ra. Ng ra A>B s ln mc cao nu A ln hn B; ng ra A<B s ln mc cao nu A nh hn B; ng ra A=B s ln mc cao nu A bng B.

Hnh 1-14: S khi b so snh gi tr IC TTL 7485 l b so snh ln (hnh1-15(a)). N hot ng ging nh s khi hnh 1-14. C 3 ng vo m rng, ng vo A<B, A=B, v A>B. Nu ch 4bit c so snh th ng vo A=B c ni mc cao, hai ng cn li ni mc thp. Hnh 1-15(b) v (c) l s chn v bng gi tr ca IC 7485.

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Nhiu IC 7485 c th kt ni vi nhau so snh s nh phn ln hn 4bit. S khi hnh 1-16 trnh by cc hai IC 7485 ghp ni tng so snh hai s nh phn 8bit. 4bit thp ca mi s 8bit ni vo A0-A3 v B0-B3 ca b so snh bn tri, 4bit cao ca mi s 8bit ni vo A0-A3 v B0-B3 ca b so snh bn phi. 3 ng ra A<B, A=B, v A>B ca b so snh 4 bit thp ni tng ng vi 3 ng vo m rng A<B, A=B, v A>B ca b so snh 4 bit cao.

Hnh 1-15: IC 7485

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Hnh 1-16: B so snh 8bit.

4 THIT B IU KHIN BN DN:

Nhiu hot ng trong cng nghip i hi phi iu khin cng sut in cung cp cho ti. Linh kin khng ch cng sut c cho l c cu iu khin. Ti c th l motor, h thng lm nng, mch cng sut. Cch hiu qu iu khin cng sut l ng ngt in bng bn dn. Chng chuyn i tn hiu in p thp t b iu khin thnh in p cao n nh, ngun dng ln cho ti. Bi v bn dn l mt phn ca ng dng iu khin, hot ng ca chng s c m t trong phn ny.

4.1 Chuyn mch transistor:

Transistor thng c dng lm mch khuch i. Tuy nhin, n c th to chuyn mch mt cch hu hiu. s dng nh mt cng tc chuyn mch, transistor c iu khin bi dng Ib, lm cho n hot ng lun phin ch ng ngt v iu kin bo ha. Hnh 1-17 th hin cc base ni t. Nu khng phn cc thun mi ni B-E, s khng c in p hnh thnh dng in nn (base current). Kt qu l transistor ngt l tng, khng c kt ni gia cc C v cc E. iu c th c xc nh l transistor c dn in hay khng bng cch o in p trn gia cc C v mass. Ch s th hin gi tr in p ngun.

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Hnh 1-17: Transistor s dng nh mt chuyn mch.

Hnh 1-17(b) biu din s phn cc thun ca mi ni B-E khi cc B ni vi in tr RA. Nu dng in nn (base current) ln th, dng in collector s t gi tr cc i hay bo ha. Vi iu kin trn, mt cch l tng,coi nh ngn mch gia cc C v cc E, iu ny ch ra rng transistor hon ton bt (ON). Thay th cho vic dng switch ti cc nn, tn hiu c iu khin c th c cung cp bi vi x l, my vi tnh, b iu khin c th lp trnh, hay mch in t (hnh 118). y, ng vo transistor l tn hiu 5V t b iu khin, l l do lm cho transistor bo ha. Ng vo 0V s iu khin transistor chuyn sang ch ngt (cut off). in tr Rb gii hn dng in nn gi tr an ton. in tr Rc th hin mt ti nh l r-le hay ng c.

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Hnh 1-18: Transistor chuyn mch on-off bng b iu khin.

4.2 Thyristor
Transistor c nhiu hn ch. V d, chng c th iu khin dng thp, thit b in p thp nh l r-le, cun dy, ng c DC in p thp, ng c bc Mt phng php hiu qu iu khin ngun in chuyn ti ti bng cch dng thit b chuyn mch on-off c tn l Thyristor. Ci tn ny xut pht t n phng in kh thyratron (the thyratron gas-tube) c cng c im. Thyristor bt v gi sau khi n c kch hot bng tn hiu tc thi ng vo. c im ny to cho thyristor kh nng iu khin ngun cng sut ln cp cho ti trong khi ngun iu khin kch hot rt nh. Thyristor c dng cho ti s dng ngun cp c in p DC v AC.

4.2.1 DC Thyristor 4.2.1.1 Silicon-Controlled Rectifier (SCR - b nn in silicon)

Mt dng ti s dng ngun DC l ng c DC. ng c DC thng c dng trong cc ng dng yu cu tc chnh xc v mmen xon khng i. S iu chnh hay thay i tc hoc m men xon ca ng c DC xc nh bng cch thay i gi tr in p t vo ng c. Tng in p ngun c th lm ng c tng tc hay m men xon bng cch rt dng. Gim in p ngun s lm tc ng c chm li hay gim m men xon hay c hai.

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Phng php thng thng iu chnh in p ng c l thay i in p ngun thnh nhng on xung ngn DC. S chnh lu v xn s dng thyristor c tn l silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). SCR l thit b c 4 lp vi ba u cc: anode, cathode, v gate (cc cng) hnh 1-19. N hot ng tng t mt diode thng thng, dng in chy qua ch khi phn cc thun v b kha nu phn cc nghch. Cho nn SCR c th dng chnh luu. Tuy nhin, s dn ca SCR khng xy ra cho n khi n c phn cc thun v kch hot bng cc gate. Mt cc gate c th kch hot SCR dn, n hot ng nh mt ci cht chuyn mch. Khi cc Gate khng cn iu khin SCR, th SCR vn dn nu dng in chy qua SCR khng gim thp hn mt gi tr xc nh c th(i vi tng loi SCR). Gi tr dng in c gi l dng duy tr.

Hnh 1-19: SCR

Hnh 1-20 miu t cch SCR iu khin ngun cung cp cho ng c a nng. Mt k thut c gi l iu khin pha c dng iu chnh gc dn SCR, l lm cho SCR chuyn mch vi t l thi gian ON (dn) v thi gian OFF ( ngng dn) c th iu chnh c, cho php ngun trung bnh n ti b thay i. Thut ng iu khin pha c cho l mi quan h v thi gian gia hai s kin. Trong trng hp ny, n chnh l mi tng quan v thi gian gia s xut hin xung kch v bn k dn bt u.

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Hnh 1-20: Pha iu khin ca SCR iu chnh tc ng c.

Khi bn k m xut hin, SCR phn cc nghch v s khng dn. Diode D2 phn cc thun cho php dng in vng qua R1 v np in cho t in. Ngc vi qu trnh np ca t, dng in vo ng c nh khng c tc dng vi ng c. Khi bn k dng xut hin, in p xoay chiu bt u tng, SCR bt u phn cc thun, v t in x nng lng nhn trong sut bn k m. Ngay khi n x th n np in theo chiu ngc li. Tc np v x c xc nh bng gi tr linh kin ca mch RC. Khi in tch dng np vo bn trn ca t in ln, D1 phn cc thun v cho php dng in chy vo cc gate v kch SCR. Kt qu l ngun dng cp vo ng c trong sut thi gian cn li ca bn k. Sut bn k m tip theo, SCR phn cc nghch v tt, in p ri trn ng c bng 0. SCR c bt tr li ti thi im bn k dng k tip. Nu bin tr v tr A, in tr bng 0 v t in x v np ngay lp tc. Kt qu l dng in chy qua ng c gn nh 100% bn k dng. Khi bin tr iu chnh xung di, in tr tng ln, lm cho t in x v np chm hn. Kt qu l pht sinh thi gian tr, lm gim gi tr dng in vo ng c. S A n D hnh 1-20 biu din dng sng hin th trn dao ng k m hng s thi gian RC thay i bng cch iu chnh v tr cn gt ca R1.

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4.2.1.2 Unijunction Transistor (UJT - transistor n mi ni)

C hai bt li khi s dng mch RC thi hnh chc nng iu khin pha cho SCR. u tin l t in cn phi x trc khi np theo chiu ngc li. N chim ton b 180 trong bn k dng. Th hai l n i hi ngun AC cp ngun cho ti. Mt linh kin bn dn c th trn c s SCR l unijunction transistor (UJT transistor mt lp chuyn tip). Trong ng dng thc tin, thit b iu khin nh l vi x l, my vi tnh, thit bi iu khin c th lp trnh, cm bin sn sinh ra tn hiu in p thp DC bt SCR ti thi im chnh xc. UJT c s dng ghp ni b iu khin vi SCR cng sut ln. Cu trc UJT th hin hnh 1-21(a). N c lm bng tm silicon loi N gi l base, vi mt lng nh vt liu loi P ph ln. Cc cc base kt ni vi mi bin v nh du l B1 (base 1) v B2 (base 2). Vt liu loi P l emitter v nh du l E (hnh 1-21(b)). Ngun cung cp kt ni vo cc cc base vi cc m l B1 v cc dng l B2. in tr ni ca base to ra chnh lch in p hnh 1-21(c). Bi v thanh ny l bn dn, n ch cho php dng in nh chy qua. Cng vi iu , cc E v B1 c dng l mi ni P-N ca UJT. Mt mch tng ng hnh 1-21(d) c c tnh bn trong ca mt UJT. in tr gia B1 v im X l rB1, v in tr gia B2 v im X l rB2. Tng ca hai in tr ny l RBB. Diode biu din cho mi ni PN gia emitter v vt liu loi N.

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Hnh 1-21: UJT in p phn cc t ln mi ni vi cc E dng hn B1. Ti trng thi bnh thng, khng c dng in chy t B1 n E. Khi in p phn cc t n 7.7V ( VrB1 + VD), UJT bt (ON) lm tng dng in chy t B1 n B2, v t B1 n E. Dng in tip tc chy qua cho n khi in p phn cc mi ni h xung thp hn 3V. UJT tt (OFF) cho n khi in p phn cc tr li 7.7V. Mch in hnh 1-22 minh ha hot ng ca UJT. Bin tr iu khin tc np ca t in. Khi in p t vt qu 7.7V, vng ngho qua mi ni b nh thng. ng x in ca t xuyn qua mi ni v in tr R1. Xung in tng t ngt lm cho xung pht sinh chy qua R1 ln kch SCR bt. Khi t in x v in p di 3V, UJT tt, cho php t bt u np li. Mch ny c gi l b dao ng tch thot (a relaxation oscillator), sn sinh ra dy xung lin tip. Tn s c xc nh bi s iu chnh bin tr v tnh ton theo cng thc bn tri s .

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Hnh 1-22: B dao ng tch thot (a relaxation oscillator). Hnh 1-23(a) biu din b iu khin s dng kch UJT khi ng SCR. Tn hiu iu khin c ng b vi s bt u ca mi bn k dng cp cho SCR. Khi dng sng AC qua im 0V theo chiu dng, b nh thi trong vi x l iu khin phn cc bt u. B iu khin c lp trnh sn sinh ra xung trong thi im c trng ca bn k khi ng in p trung bnh mong mun. Hnh 1-23(b) cung cp dng sng mu ch ra bn k m xung xut hin, kt qu l tn hiu na sng v in p trung bnh DC dng xung c to ra.

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Hnh 1-23: B iu khin UJT.

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4.2.2 AC Thyristor 4.2.2.1 Triac

SCR s dn dng in ch mt chiu lm cho n l thit b n hng. Mt s dng ti dng ngun AC i hi ngun dng chy qua c theo c hai hng. Trong ng dng i hi iu khin ton b tn hiu AC, thit b thyristor hai chiu c tn l TRIAC c s dng. Triac l SCR hai chiu vi mt cc gate. c tnh chuyn mch ca n ging vi nhau c 2 chiu. K hiu triac hnh 1-24. Cc cc ca n c nh du l MT1 (main terminal 1), MT2, and G (gate). Khi in p t trn MT1 v MT2 mt trong hai c cc tnh, n s bt u dn khi in p dng hay m t ln cc gate. in p hiu dng t ln ti c th thay i bng cch thay i thi im cc gate ca triac c kch trong bn k.

Hnh 1-24: K hiu Triac.

4.2.2.2 Diac
Mt loi Thyristor pht trin kch Triac l DIAC. Diac l thit b hai chiu nhng khng c cc gate. K hiu ca diac hnh 1-25(a). Cc cc ca n c nh du l anode 1 v anode 2. Khi in p y t ln cc cc hoc theo chiu ny hoc chiu kia v vt qu 15V th diac bt (ON). Sut qu trnh dn, n c in tr rt nh dng chy chy qua. Trn mc kch, in tr diac gim v n dn ti mc in p thp hn (khong 5V), dng sng mt t hnh 2-25(b).

Hnh 1-25: Diac bn dn.

Mch iu khin pha c bn hnh 1-26(a) th hin cch diac v triac iu khin dng in vo ng c AC. Mt mch RC hot ng ging vi chc nng iu khin pha v c dng trong mch cng sut SCR hnh 1-20. Bng cch iu chnh trn bin tr, thi gian np in ca t in thay i. Khi np t in vt qu in p breakover ca diac, n s c kch. Khi diac c bt (ON), n kch triac dn. Hnh ng ny xut hin

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sut c hai bn k m v dng. Dng sng ca mch gn ng ti v tr chin lc trn mch hnh 1-26(b). Ngun iu khin s gia cng bi triac th nh hn so vi SCR. Tn s hot ng ca n b gii hn xp x 400Hz. c tnh ny thu hp ng dng dng triac.

Hnh 1-26: Diac-triac iu khin ng c

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Hnh 1-26: Diac-triac iu khin ng c (tip theo)

Theo s lin tc ca vn , th phn tip theo s trnh bi v b ghp quang-in, tuy nhin cc vn c lin quan n cc cm bin quang nn c trnh by tch ra mt chng ring.

5. THIT B NH THI: (Timing Device)

Thit b nh thi c s dng to ra tn hiu c dng ch nht (c so snh vi tn hiu sng vung chun). Thit b nh thi c th pht ra ch mt xung hoc mt chui xung lin tc. Cc xung n c th c dng t trc d liu vo b nh hay xa d liu. Nhng tn hiu ny c to ra bi b a hi n n (monostable multivibrator). Chui xung lin tc c dng lm xung clock nh nhp tim ca my vi tnh. Khi chng c a n cc thit b trn my tnh, tt c s kin khp h thng my tnh u c thi gian chnh xc v ng b. Nhng tn hiu ny c to ra t b a hi t dao ng (astable multivibrator). Mch tch hp tuyn tnh thit k c trng cho ng dng nh thi l Chip IC 555. S chn ca chip ny hnh 1-27.

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Hnh 1-27: IC 555.

Vi s lng rt t in tr v t in bn ngoi c kt ni vi cc chn khc nhau ca IC 555, n s c tc dng nh l mt b a hi n n hoc lng n. Hnh 128 th hin s nguyn l ca mch IC 555. N bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Mch chia in p: in tr R1, R2, R3 u bng 5k. Chng to thnh b chia in p phn cc ng vo o ca b so snh A ti 2/3 gi tr in p ngun (3.3V), v ng vo khng o b so snh B ti 1/3 gi tr in p ngun (1.65V). B so snh in p: Mi b so snh c mt ng vo kt ni vi chn bn ngoi. Ng vo khng o ca b so snh A kt ni vi chn s 6, gi l cc ngng (Threshold terminal). Ng vo o ca b so snh B kt ni vi chn 2 gi l cc kch (Trigger terminal). Ng ra b so snh A mc thp nu in p cc ngng thp hn 3.3V. Ng ra b so snh B mc thp nu in p cc kch thp hn 1.65V. Mc logic ti ng ra b so snh iu khin Flip-Flop. R-S Flip-Flop: ng ra b so snh A kt ni ng vo R ca flip-flop, v ng ra b so snh b kt ni ng vo S ca flip-flop. Ng ra ca hai b so snh khng bao gi chuyn mch ng thi. Ch ng ra Q\ (Q o) ca R-S flip-flop c s dng. Chn Q\ kt ni vi cc base ca transistor v ng vo ca b m ng ra. Khi ng ra b so snh A ln mc cao s lm cho Flip-flop reset, to mc logic cao ng ra Q\. Khi ng ra b so snh B ln mc cao s lm cho Flip-flop set, to mc logic thp ng ra Q\. S 0 0 1 R 0 1 0 Q Q0 0 1 Q\ Q0 \ 1 0

36

Chuyn mch ng ra ca FF c cho nh bng bn trn, khi c hai ng vo R v S u bng 1 ta bo y l trng thi cm bi khi ng ra s khng c xc nh. Transistor: transistor NPN hot ng nh mt switch. Khi ng ra Q\ ca flip-flop mc cao, transistor c bt v hot ng nh cng tc ng. Khi ng ra Q\ ca flipflop mc thp, transistor tt. B m ng ra: chc nng ca b m ng ra l to ra in p dng cao ln cung cp tn hiu cho mch in bn ngoi. B m mc thp khi Q\ mc cao, v chuyn sang mc cao khi Q\ mc thp.

Hnh 1-28: S khi b nh thi 555.

5.1 B 555 dao ng a hi bt n:

B 555 dao ng a hi bt n c m t hnh 1-28 c trng thi ng ra khng n nh. N c kch hot bi h mch in bn trong bn thn n; do vy, b t dao ng ny khng c tn hiu ng vo. Khi ngun c cp, n s chuyn mch ti lui gia hai trng thi vi mt tc mong mun, to ra mt sng vung ng ra. Hot ng ca b t dao ng nh sau:

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Gi s: Do d: Khi ngun c cung cp cho mch, dng in s i qua mch RC qua RA, RB v C. Khi t in np ti 1.66 volts, in p ny s ri trn ng vo trigger (chn 2) v v th ng ra ca b so snh B xung mc thp. Khi t in np ti 3.34 volts, in p ny ri trn ng vo ngng (chn 6) v ng ra ca b so snh A ln mc cao. Ng vo S ca Flip-flop mc thp, ng vo R mc cao, nn ng ra Q\ ln mc cao. Ng ra Q\ ln mc cao lm cho ng ra ca b m xung mc thp. ng thi, ng ra Q\ mc cao lm cho transistor dn, cho php t x in qua RB. T in x, khi in p ca t nh hn 3.33 volts, in p ny ri trn cc ngng (6) s lm cho ng ra ca b so snh A xung mc thp. Khi in p ca t nh hn 1.65 volts ti ng vo trigger (2) s lm cho ng ra ca b so snh B ln mc cao. Ng ra b so snh A mc thp, ng ra b so snh B mc cao lm cho ng ra Q\ ca Flip-flop xung mc thp. Ng ra Q\ xung thp lm cho ng ra ca b m ln cao. ng thi, Q\ xung thp cng lm cho transistor ngng dn, t in s np li v bt u chu k tip theo. Tn sut ng v dn ca cc thnh phn bn trong ca IC c xc nh bi gi tr ca cc linh kin c kt ni bn ngoi vi IC. Tn s sng ng ra c xc nh bi cng thc: T in c x. B so snh A ng ra mc thp. B so snh B ng ra mc cao. Ng ra Q\ ca Flip-flop mc thp. Transistor ng.

38

Ban u, t in bn ngoi np thng qua RA v RB, sau th x qua RB. Thi gian np v x ca t c gi l chu k lm vic (duty cycle). Duty cycle l t s gia thi gian ng ra mc cao vi tng thi gian ca mt chu k. Duty cycle c t mt cch chnh xc bi t s quan h ca hai in tr. Thi gian t np (ng ra b m mc cao) l T1, thi gian t x (thi gian b m mc thp) l T2, tng thi gian ca 1 chu k l T. Cc gi tr c tnh theo cng thc:

Duty cycle l:

Bi v, t in np thng qua RA v RB, sau th x ch qua RB, nn duty cycle lun lun ln hn 50%, hnh 1-29(a) m t dng sng ng ra. Tuy nhin, iu ta mong mun l c c mt sng vung i xng, c ngha l thi gian na chu k dng bng vi na chu k m, nh dng sng hnh 1-29(b), nh vy duty cycle l 50%. Trng thi ny ch c th t c nu khong thi gian np v x ca t l nh nhau. Bng vic chn RA v RB ging nhau, v t mt diode ngang qua RB vi anode ni vi chn s 7 v cathode ni vi chn s 6 th ng ra s l dng sng vung i xng. S b tr diode r nhnh qua RB cho php t np ch qua RA. Khi t x, dng in b kha bi thin p ngc ca diode, v ch chy qua RB . Do d, vic np v x ca t phi qua in tr c gi tri ging nhau. Do ph thuc vo t s quan h ca RA v RB nn cho php duty cycle thay i khong t 5% n 95%, nh dng sng hnh 1-29(c).

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Hnh 1-29: Dng sng ca Duty cycle.

5.2 B 555 dao ng a hi n n.

B dao ng a hi n n, c bit nh l mch dao ng mt xung (one-shot), c c trng ch c mt trng thi n nh. Ng ra ca n thng l 0. Khi tn hiu trigger c cp ng vo, ng ra s thay i t trng thi bnh thng n nh ln mc logic 1 (trng thi khng n nh) trong mt khong thi gian xc lp trc khi quay tr v trng thi n nh. Tn hiu trigger c a n t mt cng tc c kh hoc t mt mch khc. Khong thi gian ca dao ng a hi n n cn li trong trng thi khng n nh c xc nh bi mch nh thi RC bn ngoi. Xung ng ra c th di hn hoc ngn hn xung ng vo. Hnh 1-30 biu din s kt ni theo yu cu IC 555 hot ng ch mt xung. N hot ng nh sau:

40

Gi s: T in c x. Ng ra khi so snh A mc thp. Ng ra khi so snh B mc thp. Ng ra Q\ ca Flip-flop mc cao. Transistor dn. Ng ra ca b m mc thp. in p mc cao +5V c cp ng vo trigger.

Hnh 1-30: S nguyn l mch nh thi 555 vi linh kin ngoi to mach a hi n n. Do : Trong lc tn hiu trigger c chuyn t mc cao xung mc thp tm thi in p 0 volt khi nt nhn c nhn, ng ra ca b so snh B s ln mc cao. Mc thp c cp cho ng vo R ca Flip-flop t b so snh A v mc cao c cp cho ng vo S t b so snh B lm cho ng ra Q\ ca Flip-fop xung mc thp. Ng ra Q\ ca Flip-flop mc thp lm cho ng ra ca b m ln mc cao.

41

ng thi, mc thp Q\ lm cho transistor ngng dn cho php t in bt u np li ln n +Vcc. Khi t in np ti 3.34 volts, ng ra ca b so snh A ln mc cao. Mc cao ng ra b so snh A v mc thp ng ra b so snh B lm cho Fipflop RS reset v Q\ ln mc cao. Mc cao Q\ lm cho ng ra ca b m tr li trng thi thp bnh thng v thi gian xung one-shot c hon thnh. Ng ra Q\ mc cao kch cho transistor dn lm cho t x. Khi t c x, ng vo trigger ch ln nhn tip theo to mt xung khc. T in nap t ti gi tr 3.34 volts sau 1.1 ln thi hng. Khong thi gian ny xc nh rng xung ng ra one-shot. Khong thi gian ca xung c tnh bi cng thc: T = 1.1 RC vi: T (s); R (); C(F) Xung one-shot c th iu chnh t micro giy n vi pht.

42

BI TP:
1. Transistor NPN s dn mnh bng cch ... (tng, gim) in p dng t vo cc base. 2. in p .. (m, dng) t vo cc base ca transistor NPN s lm cho n chuyn sang ch ngt (cutoff); in p (m, dng) ln t vo cc base ca transistor PNP lm cho n chuyn sang ch bo ha. 3. Mt mch khuch i o c Rf=5k v Rin= 1k. H s khuch i ca mch bng bao nhiu? 4. in p ng ra ca mch in hnh 2-43 bng bao nhiu?

Hnh 2-43 5. Mch khuch i khng o vi in tr ng vo bng 10k v in tr hi tip bng 50k , in p ng vo l 0.4V. Tnh in p ng ra. 6. Ti thi im tn hiu ng vo t trn b tch phn thay i t 0-3V, n c li (ln nht, nh nht). 7. Khi tn hiu mu hnh rng ca t ln ng vo ca b vi phn, tn hiu sng . c hnh thnh ng ra. 8. Qu trnh ngng chuyn mch theo chiu dng ca tn hiu ng vo mch Schmitt trigger th cao hn theo chiu m th c gi l . 9. in vo bn trong mi du ngoc di y vi du <, > hoc = din t cch op-amp hot ng: a. in p ng vo o (....) in p ng vo khng o = in p ng ra dng. b. in p ng vo o (....) in p ng vo khng o = in p ng ra bng 0. c. in p ng vo o (....) in p ng vo khng o = in p ng ra m. 10. Gi s gi tr tt c in tr kt ni vi mch khuch i sai bit u bng nhau, in p ng ra bng bao nhiu nu in p +3V t ln ng vo o v in p +3V t ln ng vo khng o.

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11. C ba kt lun g m b so snh ln s dng khi so snh hai s nh phn khc nhau? 12. Triac c s dng iu khin tc ng c AC. (ng hay sai) 13. Thyristor (SCR, triac) c th gia cng c ong in c gi tr ln. 14. UJT c th kt ni trc tip vi ng c DC hoc AC. (ng hay sai) 15. Diac l thit b hai chiu. (ng hay sai) 16. M t ngha ca cm t optoisolator. 17. Khi nh sng p vo cc base ca cm bin quang in phn cc . (thun, nghch) s lm cho n bt (on). 18. Duty cycle ca sng vung l t s ca thi gian ti ng ra l mc .. (cao, thp) vi tng thi gian ca mt chu k. 19. Bng cch no m mch a hi bt n 555 iu ch ra sng vung c duty cycle trong khong 5% - 95%. 20. Hnh 1-28, tn s ng ra l bao nhiu nu RA = 100k, RB = 10k, v C = 10 F? 21. Hnh 1-30, khong thi gian ca xung one-shot trng thi khng bn vi RA = 2 k, and C = 1 F?

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CHNG 2
CM BIN QUANG
y l thit b cm nhn tn hiu nh sng, bin chng thnh tn hiu in gip mch in x l tt cc tnh hung trong thc t. nh sng y phi c hiu l nh sng vi mt dy tn s rt rng m trong nh sng thy c ch nm trong mt dy tn s kh hp. Xem hnh 1.1 s thy r hn v cc dy tn ca nh sng.

Hnh 2.1 Ph ca nh sng

1. Hiu ng quang in
Hiu ng quang in c th c chia thnh hai loi: hiu ng quang dn v hiu ng quang ni. Hiu ng quang dn(cn gi l hiu ng quang in ni) Khi vt dn in c nh sng ri vo th dn in ca n s thay i. Hng thay i tu thuc vo tnh cht ca vt liu cu thnh. V d: khi ri sng cht bn dn s lm gia tng cc ht ti in a s (l trng v ht electron), do tng tnh dn in cho khi bn dn ny, trong khi cng lm nh trn cho kim loi hay hp kim th li lm gim dn in ca vt dn.

45

Hiu ng quang ni Mt mi ni P-N khi c ri sng s pht ra mt sc in ng. Sc in ng ny t l vi cng nh sng ri vo mi ni v c gi tr ngng tu thuc vo vt liu cu thnh nn mi ni (Silicium hay Germanium).

2. Quang tr:
L phn t th ng c gi tr in tr ph thuc vo cng chiu sng, cn c gi l in tr c gi tr tu thuc vo nh sng LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
Hnh 2.2. Hnh dng thc t:

Hnh 2.3 K hiu v c tuyn quang tr:

Ta c th xt mt mch phn cc n gin nh sau s dng quang tr:

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Hnh 2.4 Mt mch phn cc c bn khi s dng quang tr Ta thy vi mch in trn in p V s thay i khi gi tr in tr ca quang tr thay i. M gi tr in tr quang tr li ph thuc vo cng nh sng chiu vo n. Cho nn ta c da vo V mch x l c th cm nhn c nh sng. Theo hnh trn ta tnh V nh sau:

3. Diode quang:
Cu to t mt lp tip gip P-N lm vic ch phn cc nghch, do iu kin bnh thng linh kin gn nh khng dn in. Khi nh sng ri vo kch thch cc l trng v in t bt khi mng lin kt, gia tng ht ti in a s dn n thay i ng k gi tr dng in ngc chy qua diode. C rt nhiu yu t nh hng n hot ng ca diode quang, nhng ta ch xt hai yu t quang trng l cng v bc sng nh sng chiu vo. K hiu v cu to ca quang diode:

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Hnh 2.5 : K hiu v cu to ca quang diode

S thm nhp su ca nh sng vo b mt silicon ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng theo gin sau:

Hnh 2.6 S thm nhp ca nh sng ng vi cc bc sng Xt s thay i ID v VAK ca photo diode khi c chiu nh sng vi cc cng khc nhau ta c:

48

Hnh 2.7 : c tuyn diode quang theo cng nh sng

4. Photo transistor (Transistor quang)

Vn c 3 lp bn dn nh cc BJT thng thng nhng cc B h mch. Ngi ta thay i dng IC bng cch thay i cng nh sng chiu vo (thay v iu khin dng IB khng ch IC nh cc BJT bnh thng khc). K hiu v c tnh voltampe ca mt phototransistor in hnh nh hnh 2.8:

Hnh 2.8 : K hiu v c tuyn quang transistor.

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Qua c tuyn ta nhn thy vai tr ca cng nh sng ri vo tng t nh vai tr ca IB. Do dn in gia C v E tu thuc vo cng ri sng trn min B. Cng ri sng cng ln th mt bc x cc ht in t v l trng cng mnh khin cho dng qua hai cc C v E cng d dng hoc ngc li.

5. Diode pht quang (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE LED)

Cu to t mt mi ni P-N c cu to c bit sao cho khi c dng in phn cc thun chy qua, LED s pht ra nh sng. Tu vo vt liu ch to m nh sng pht ra c tn s khc nhau. V d LED ch to t GaAs s pht ra nh sng hng ngoi; t GaAsP (c phosphor) s pht ra nh sng hay vng LED c tn s ng ct, hiu sut pht sng v tui th rt cao; mu sc pht ra rt a dng nh xanh, lc, vng, , ph tn s pht rng, gi thnh thp Chnh v cc l do ny LED tr thnh mt linh kin hin th thng dng nht hin nay cho cc thit b in - in t.

Hnh 2.9 : K hiu LED

Diode pht quang v c bn l cc thnh phn bn dn, bao gm mt mi ni PN (PN junction). Khi c in p thun, cc electron di chuyn d dng t N sang P. Cht liu bn dn loi Gallium Arsenide thng c dng lm diode pht quang v c hiu sut cao. Cht ny to ra nh sng c bc sng =0.9 m. Bc sng ny gn vng hng ngoi, cho nn GaAs rt thch hp ch to diode pht hng ngoi (ILED) c hiu sut lng t cao. Mt cht gn ging bn dn l GaP khi kt hp vi Nit hoc Km Oxit (ZnO) s to nn cc cp l trng-in t c th pht quang, mc pht quang ty thuc vo nng tp cht. Phn nng lng b mt cui cng l nhit nng. Ngi ta thy rng hiu sut pht quang ca bn dn c tp cht nh hn bn dn thun khit. Cho nn bng cch ch to pha trn nng cc cht thch hp, ta c th iu chnh c di ca bc sng pht ra. Hiu ng lng t ca LED pht sng to ra rt nh so vi con LED hng ngoi. Chng ta c th kim sot vic to ra mt cng sut tiu tn ti hn hoc lm cho nhit mi ni ln bng cch cp dng dng xung I d, cng sut tiu tn nht

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thi cho php ln hn nhiu ln cng sut tnh cho php. Diode pht hng ngoi c dc cnh ln v cnh xung t 400ns n 1s nn c th dng phng php iu ch quang. Mt im phn bit gia hai loi linh kin l mt loi dng knh cn loi kia c mt h thng thu knh. Loi u tin c gc m quang hc ln. (large aperture angle) (xem hnh 2.10)

Hnh 2.10 : LED c mt knh bng gng. Bn tri: hnh v phc ca linh kin tht Bn phi: th phn b cng pht sang (theo gc pht). Nhng linh kin ny ch c cng pht sng tng i nh, nhng vi mt h thng gng b tr, n s c mt biu phn b cng sng kh tt. p ng yu cu cm ng cng xa cng tt ca cm bin quang, diode pht cn gn thm h thng gng ny. Trong mt s trng hp, linh kin c sn thu knh v cng pht sng c nh tng i cao nhng gc m quang hc li nh.Lnh vc ng dng cho loi linh kin ny l cm bin pht x trc tip cho khong cch tm trung v tm thp, c th thch hp vi thit b dn quang.

Hnh 2.11. Led c kt hp gng hi t

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6. Thit b ghp quang in

Trong nhiu trng hp, in p ng ra ca b iu khin khng th tng thch vi in p ti. Ngoi ra, vn n nh ca h thng, gim nhiu cng c t ra. V vy thng phn iu khin v ti c cch ly v in. Thit b quang in t (Optoelectronic Devices) c s dng to nn ng ra ca mt b phn tng thch vi ng vo ca mt b phn khc. Thit b quang in t truyn tn hiu in t mt b phn sang mt b phn khc bng phng php nng lng nh sng v cht bn dn. Thit b quang in t bao gm mt ngun sng v mt b cm bin nh sng, hnh 212(a). Ngun sng chuyn i nng lng in thnh quang. Cm bin chuyn i nng lng quang thnh nng lng in. Ngun sng thng s dng dng c bn dn l n LED (light emitting diode). Trng thi phn cc thun, nh sng pht ra khi in t lin kt vi l trng xung quanh mi ni PN, hnh 2-12(b). Trong sut qu trnh ny, electron(in t) b ri t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn v nng lng di dng photon c gii phng. Photon l nhng im sng nh v c truyn i. nh sng ny c truyn n thit b bn dn. Khi photon p vo vt liu bn dn ca mi ni PN, cc electron lp vin c gii phng, hnh 2-12(c). Khi cc electron trong vt liu bn dn c kch hot v sau dng in c kh nng chy qua mi ni PN. S pht hin nh sng v chuyn i thnh dng in c thc hin bng thit b hot ha nh sng nh l photodiode, phototransistor, photo SCR, v phototriac.

Hnh 2-12(a): S khi ca optoisolator.

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Hnh 2-12(b-c): Cu trc nguyn t ca thit b quang in t.

6.1 Optocoupler diode:

Cp ghp quang in ny c th l gii hot ng n gin nh sau: Led khi c phn cc thun th n s pht ra nh sng. nh sng s c truyn qua Diode quang. Diode quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch. Nu nhn c nh sng t led pht qua th diode s cho dng in i qua, nu khng n s tt khng cho dng in i qua. Cp ghp quang in ny c dng trong cc ng dng i hi thi gian p ng nhanh cho s pht hin chuyn mch nhanh. Hn ch ch yu ca chng l ch cho php dng in trong gii hn micro-ampe t 50-500uA chy qua.

Hnh 2.13 : Diode quang trong optocoupler.

6.2 Optocoupler transistor

Transistor quang ph thuc vo ngun sng cho n hot ng. Thng thng, transistor quang khng c cc base bn ngoi, hnh 2.14. Cho nn n khng c ngun phn cc cho iu khin bn ngoi. Thay vo , ngun sng kch hot transistor c cch thc ging nh ngun phn cc. Khi photon t LED p vo mi ni C-B ca transistor,

53

dng ti ph tng ln. Tc ng ny lm cho dng E-C tng ln. Nu cng sng cng tng th Dng E-C chy qua cng mnh. V transistor khuch i, gi tr dng in ng ra m n sn sinh cao hn diode quang vi cng mt cng sng. Tuy nhin, thi gian p ng chm hn diode quang .

Hnh 2.14: Transistor quang trong optocoupler.

6.3 Optocoupler PhotoSCR

Photo SCR c xem nh SCR kch hot bi nh sng(Light Ativated SCR- LASCR). Hot ng ca LASCR tng ng vi SCR thng thng ngoi tr n c kch hot bng nh sng thay v bng in p ti cc gate. K hiu LASCR hnh 2.15.

Hnh 2.15: LASCR trong optocoupler. SCR bnh thng trong iu kin tt (OFF). Ta c th kch SCR theo 1 trong 3 cch sau: 1. Chiu sng vo mi ni PN. 2. t in p dng ln cc gate. 3. Kt hp gia in p cc gate v chiu sng. Cng sut ng ra iu khin ca SCR cao hn nhiu gi tr yu cu kch n. Gi tr ca cng sng dng bt LASCR c th iu khin bng cch iu chnh in tr phn cc gate_cathod. V d, in tr c gi tr ln ngn chn LASCR dn cho n khi t c cng sng mnh. LASCR gi trng thi bt sau khi nh sng hay in p cc gate b g b. Khi dng in chy qua n gim xung thp hn gi tr dng duy tr ca n, SCR s tt.

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Bi v kh nng chu ti (ni v cng sut) ca n vt xa cc thit b ghp ni quang in khc nn Optocoupler SCR thng c dng li cc thit b cng sut ln. Photo SCR c kh nng chuyn mch dng in 2 ampe v chu c in p cao khong 200V.

6.4 Optocoupler Triac

Photo Triac l thit b hai chiu thit k c dng chuyn mch tn hiu AC v dng in chy qua theo c hai hng. K hiu ca photo triac hnh 2.16. Photo Triac ch bnh thng tt nu mi ni PN ca n khng c chiu sng. Sut mi bn k, n bt khi c kch bng mt cng sng xc nh, v tt i khi dng in dn gim xung di mc di tr. Kh nng chu dng ca photo triac khng cao nh LASCR.

Hnh 2-16: Photo triac bn trong optocoupler.

7. Cc cm bin quang in t:
:

Hnh 2.17 Cm bin quang in thu-pht ri

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2.17 100m. L

Hnh 2.18 Cm bin quang in kiu truyn thng

ng dng

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Hnh 2.19 Mt s ng dng ca cm bin quang in thu-pht ri nhau

7.2

Hnh 2.20 Cm bin quang in c gng phn x .

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. ng dng

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Hnh 2.21 Cc ng dng cm bin quang in c gng phn x

7.3

Hnh 2.22 Cm bin quang in phn x trc tip

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Hnh 2.23 ng dng Cm bin quang in phn x trc tip

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Chng 3 B chuyn i tng t - s

1. GII THIU TNG QUT V MCH S V MCH TNG T
Mch tng t l thit b thao tc cc i lng vt l c biu din di dng tng t. Trong h thng tng t, cc i lng c th thay i trong mt khong thi gian lin tc. V d bin tn hiu u ra ca loa trong my thu v tuyn c th l gi tr bt k gia z-r v gi tr gii hn ln nht. Mt vi h thng tng t thng gp nh: b khuch i m tn, thit b thu pht bng t. Cc i lng x l ca mch tng t gi l Tn hiu tng t. Tn hiu tng t c cc c im sau: - Thng do cc hin tng t nhin pht sinh v c mt cm bin chuyn thnh tn hiu in. - Lin tc v bin , c ngha l trong khong bin thin ca n t bin min n max lun c in y bi cc gi tr nm gia. - Tn hiu thng lin tc theo thi gian.
Bin

t
A (s)

t Hnh 3.1: V d v tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s

Mch s l tp hp thit b c thit k thao tc thng tin logic hay i lng vt l c biu din di dng s, tc l cc i lng ch c hai gi tr ri rc. Cc i lng trong mch s c gi l tn hiu s. Tn hiu s xt v bin ch c hai mc gi tr ri rc khc nhau, c gi l mc thp(Low: logic 0) v mc cao (High : logic 1). Mt vi

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h thng k thut s ta thng gp nh: my vi tnh, my tnh tay, camera s v h thng in thoi Hnh 3.1 m t mt v d v tn hiu tng t v tn hiu s theo thi gian. Nhn thy rng vi tn hiu tng t c nhiu mc gi tr (VTT) khc nhau. Cn vi tn hiu s tn ti hai mc gi tr tng ng vi hai mc logic 0 v 1. * Mt s u v nhc im mch s so vi mch tng t: u im ca h thng s so vi h thng tng t : - Nhn chung thit b s d thit k hn v h thng s khng i hi gi tr hiu in th hay cng dng in chnh xc m n ch cn ri vo khong qui nh. V vic lun l cc gi tr s c v d dng hn so vi vic x l cc tn hiu tng t. - D liu c lu tr d dng: Vic lu tr n gin nh vo cc IC chuyn dng. Cng ngh b nh bn dn pht trin khng ngng lm cho vic kh nng lu tr dung lng ln, nn d liu, gii nn, m ha, truy xut nhanh v chnh xc m mch tng t gn nh khng th lm c. - chnh xc v tin cy cao hn. H thng k thut s tng chnh xc bng cch thm nhiu mch chuyn dng. Trong khi thit b tng t chnh xc thng b gii hn v gi tr ca hiu in th v dng in, ph thuc trc tip vo gi tr mach in thnh phn, ngoi ra n cn chu tc ng bi cc xung nhiu. - C th lp trnh hot ng ca h thng k thut s. Hot ng ca h thng k thut s c th c iu khin theo cc qui lut c nh trc bng mt tp hp lnh gi l chng trnh. Khi cng ngh pht trin vic ny cn tr nn d dng hn. H thng tng t cng c th lp trnh, nhng chng trnh rt n gin, khng a dng. - Mch s t b nh hng bi nhiu. Gi tr chnh xc ca dng in trong mch khng quan trng i vi h thng k thut s, ngha l nhiu khng ln lm sai bit mc cao hay mc thp. - Nhiu mch s c th c tch hp trn mt chip IC. Tht ra s pht trin vt bc ca cng ngh IC cng mang li nhiu thun li cho mch tng t. Nhng do mch tng t kh phc tp v li s dng nhng thit b khng c hiu qu kinh t nn khng th t c hiu qu tch hp cao nh mch s Nhc im ca h thng s so vi h thng tng t: -Th gii thc m chng ta ang sng l th gii tng t. Hu ht i lng vt l u c bn cht tng t v chnh nhng i lng ny thng l ng vo v ng ra ca mt h thng theo di iu khin. V d nh cc i lng nhit , p sut, v tr, vn tc mc cht lng , tc tri ...chng ta c thi quen s ha nhng i lng ny, v d nh khi ni nhit ang 32o, thc ra ta a ra mt con s gn ng cho i lng tng t. -Trong thc t chng ta thng phi bin i thng tin qua li gia dng tng t v dng s c th xem l khuyt im v n lm cho thit b thm phc tp v gi thnh

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cao hn. Mt nhn t quan trng khc l cn thm thi gian thc hin cc bin i ny. nhiu ng dng nhng bt li nh trn thng b ln lt bi v s u im ca k thut s v do vy vic bin i qua li gia cc i lng tng t v s tr thnh chuyn thng ngy trong cng ngh hin nay. Tuy nhin cng c mt s trng hp ch nn s dng k thut tng t, v n gin hn, c hiu qu kinh t hn. tn dng u th ca c hai loi, ngi ta thng s dng c k thut s v k thut tng t trong cng h thng. nhng h thng ny khu quan trng nht trong giai on thit k l quyt nh cho phn no ca h thng k thut tng t v phn no dng k thut s.

2. S H GIAO TIP H THNG S V TNG T

Tn hiu tng t Tn hiu s 0,1 Tn hiu s Tn hiu tng t

Tn hiu vt l

Cm bin

ADC

H thng s

DAC

m iu khin bin vt l

Hnh 3.2: S khi giao tip ADC v DAC

B cm bin l thit b dng chuyn i tn hiu vt l (l i lng khng mang in) thnh tn hiu tng t (mang in). Mt s b cm bin thng gp: in tr nhit, t bo quang in, cm bin nhit...ng ra ca cm bin l tn hiu tng t nh dng hoc p t l vi bin vt l m n ang gim st. B ADC l b chuyn i tn hiu ng vo tng t thnh tn hiu ng ra s. V d ADC c th chuyn i tn hiu cc gi tr tng t t 800mv n 1500mv ca b cm bin thnh nhng gi tr nh phn trong khong 01010000 (80) n 10010110 (150). Ng ra nh phn ca ADC t l vi mc in th ng vo tng t. H thng s. Tn hiu s c a ra t b ADC c a ti b x l trong h thng s x l n da theo mch logic c thit k sn hoc theo cc lnh c lu tr a ra mt kt qu s. B DAC c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu ng vo s thnh tn hiu ng ra tng t. Tn hiu tng t ng ra c th l dng in hoc in p tng t theo t l. V d my tnh c th to ng ra s bin thin t 00000000 m 11111111, c DAC chuyn i thnh mc in th trong khong 0 n 10V.

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 B m tn hiu tng t: thng l mch tng t nng cng sut ng ra giao tip vi cc i tng tng t v cch ly ti vi mch iu khin.

3. B CHUYN I S SANG TNG T (Digital-to-Analog Converter)

B chuyn i s sang tng t (DAC hay D/A converter) c s dng chuyn i tn hiu biu din bi s nh phn tr thnh in p tng t tng ng. Mc d nhng thit b ny c sn trong IC, nhng chng c phn tch ring bit m t chc nng ca chng.

Hnh 3.3: Mch DAC 4 bit

B DAC ng vo 4bit th hin hnh 3-1. N bao gm b khuch i cng vi in tr hi tip RF, bn in tr cng v bn Switch dng cp tn hiu vo 4bit. Mi switch v tr m to tng ng mc 0, v tr ng tng ng mc 1. S phn b ca mi switch tng ng vi gi tr trng s 8-4-2-1 ca s nh phn 4bit. in tr R1 n R4 c chn vi mt trng s tng ng trc . in tr R4 = 12.5k kt ni vi bit nh phn cao nht (MSB) ng vo. Gi tr cn li ca in tr c chn bng cch ly gp i gi tr in tr trc n. in p tng t lun c ng ra b khuch i. Mch in c thit k (hnh 3-1) hot ng sao cho gi tr s nh phn 4bit biu din bng 4 switch c chuyn i thnh in p. V 16 t hp khc nhau ca cc switch (0-15) m c 16 gi tr in p tng t tng ng c to ra. V d, khi tt c cc switch v tr m biu din s nh phn ng vo l 0000, ng ra l 0V. Nu switch 1 chuyn sang v tr ng (s nh phn 0001) th ng ra op-amp l -1V. Nu switch 1 v switch 3 ng (s nh phn 0101) th ng ra op-amp l -5V. Nu c 4 switch ng (s nh

64

phn 1111) th ng ra op-amp l -15V. in p tng t ng ra ng vi mi t hp switch c xc nh bng cng thc dng cho b khuch i cng. V d 3-1: in p tng t ng ra b DAC hnh 2-33 l g khi s nh phn t vo l 1001? Li gii:

Bng s liu hnh 3-2(a) cung cp tt c cc ng vo s c th v in p ng ra tng ng cho mch in hnh 3.1. Hnh 3-2(b) cung cp cc thng tin dng biu . B DAC 4bit chia ng ra tham chiu thnh 15 phn bng nhau. Cc DAC trong IC tn ti di dng 8, 12, 16 ng vo s nh phn. S ng vo c th tng ln v ng ra in p tham chiu c chia thnh nhng phn nh hn. V d, DAC 8bit chia ng ra tng t thnh 255 phn bng nhau, b chuyn i 12bit chia thnh 4095 phn bng nhau, 16bit chuyn i thnh 65535 phn bng nhau. Gi tr in p tham chiu ca DAC chia cho s cc phn bng nhau gi l resolution ( phn gii). phn gii ca DAC c xc nh bng cng thc di y:

S 2 trong ng thc biu din cho h m nh phn. S m n l s ng vo nh phn c dng ca DAC. Php tr 1 t gi tr nh phn ln nht xc nh c s bc ( phn gii) gia gi tr nh phn ln nht v nh nht.

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Hnh 3-4: Ng ra tng t v ng vo s ca mch hnh 3-1. V d 3-2: Xc nh phn gii ca DAC vi in p tham chiu l 30V v 4 ng vo. Li gii: Gii hn in p tham chiu l 30V C 4 ng vo nn n=4.

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Ta c 24 = 16. 30/(16-1)= 2V : phn gii. Thng thng, phn gii biu c biu th bng s bit nh phn ng vo c chuyn i. DAC vi phn gii ln yu cu in p chun chnh xc v bt k s thay i nh c th to ra li. phn gii hin nhin l ch s quan trng c xem xt khi la chn DAC. Ngoi ra, yu t quan trng khng km l tc lm vic v chnh xc ca DAC.

IC chuyn i s - tng t (IC DAC)

Mt DAC 8 bit ph bin l DAC0808. Ngun bn trong linh kin t l vi dng in ti ng ra ca n. Hnh 3-5 th hin kt ni bn ngoi gia DAC0808 vi op-amp 741. Phm vi dng in c iu khin bng cch kt hp in p 10V v in tr 10k ni vo chn 14 ca DAC. Dng in 2mA chy qua in tr Rf l gi tr ln nht ca dng in chy qua ng ra chn s 4 (Iout). Khi s nh phn ng vo l 0000 0000 th dng in nh nht l 0mA chy qua chn s 4. Khi s nh phn ng vo l 1111 1111 th dng in ln nht l 2mA chy qua chn s 4. Bng cch dng in tr hi tip Rf= 5k, ng ra in p tng t ca op-amp trong khong 0-10V. in p 10V sinh ra khi c dng Iout= 2mA. Nu in p ng ra trong khong yu cu khc, khuch i ca op-amp phi c iu chnh bng cch thay i in tr Rf sang gi tr khc.

Trong K Vref/ Rref

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Hnh 3-5: DAC0808 kt ni vi op-amp 741

Mt s thng tin v DAC 0809 ca National

68

69

70

4. B CHUYN I TNG T SANG S

(Analog-to- Digital Converter)

B chuyn i tng t sang s (ADC hay A/D converter) c kh nng chuyn i tn hiu in p ng vo tng t thnh gi tr s tng ng ng ra.

4.1 Cc phng php chuyn i

4.1.1 Mch ADC dng in p tham chiu nc thang(Ramp ADC)
Khi u VA VA So snh + VCOMP CK To mc logic Trng thi gi nguyn

D0 D1 DAC Dn-1

Q0 Q1

Qn-1

B m nh phn

Kt thc

FF-D

FF-D

FF-D

D0

D1

Dn-1

Hnh 3.6 ADC vi tham chiu nc thang Nguyn l hot ng: - Trc thi im t1 l thi im xung iu khin mc thp, trng thi ca mch nh sau: Xung CK b kha B m b xa v 0 Ng ra ca DAC c VA= 0 VCOMP = +VCC Ng ra ca mch to mc logic 1 - Ti thi im t1 l thi im xung iu khin t 0 ln 1 (Start) cng And cho xung CK di qua kch b m lm vic cc ng ra Q0Q1. Qn-1 c gi tr tng dn theo tc ca xung CK.Cc ng ra Q0Q1.Qn-1 thng qua DAC lm cho VA tng v khi VA ln hn

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VA th VCOMP = -VCC khi ng ra mch to mc logic tr v 0 kha cng And v b m ngng lm vic(Dng li, gi nguyn trng thi). - Ti thi im t2 l thi im m xung Start t cao xung thp th b m b xa. Lc ny cc FF-D xut d liu chuyn i c ra ngoi. Nh vy khi in p ng vo cng cao, tc ca xung m l khng i th thi gian VA t ngng VA cng chm c ngha m s ra cng ln. 4.1.2 Mch ADC gn ng ly lin tip (SAR) Mch ny c im khc vi ADC dng in th tham chiu bc thang l mch SAR khng s dng b m cung cp ng vo cho ADC, thay vo li dng thanh ghi xp x lin tip (A successive approximation register: SAR), ni dung lu trn thanh ghi thay i theo tng bit mt, cho n khi d liu thanh ghi cho gi tr s tng ng vi ng vo tng t trong phm vi phn gii ca b chuyn i.

Hnh 3-7: B chuyn i ADC SAR rt gn.

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Hnh 3-5 (a) trnh by s khi n gin ca ADC s dng SAR. Tm ng tn hiu ra D0-D7, to ra tn hiu ng vo DAC chuyn i thnh cc gi tr in p khc nhau, hnh 3-5(b). Nhng in p ny s c to ra nu in p ngun 10V t ln ng vo Vref. N hot ng nh sau: 1. Khi nhn nt Start, SAR c reset cnh xung ca xung cp vo ng vo chn WR\ . 2. Qu trnh chuyn i bt u cnh ln ca xung chuyn i sau khi bung nt Start. 3. Khi cnh dng ca xung Clock u tin xut hin, SAR to ra mc cao ti ng ra MSB (D7). l l do DAC to ra in p tng t bng mt na gi tr ln nht. 4. Nu ng ra DAC cao hn in p cha bit (n s Vin), ng ra SAR chuyn sang mc thp, nu ng ra DAC thp hn in p cha bit (n s Vin), ng ra SAR cho php D7 ln mc cao. 5. Xung clock th hai lm cho bit thp k tip (D6) ln mc cao. Nu ng ra DAC cao hn in p cha bit (n s Vin), D6 chuyn sang mc thp. Nu khng, SAR cho php D6 ln mc cao. 6. Qu trnh ny c tip tc cho cc bit cn li t D5-D0. 7. Cui qu trnh, SAR cha 8 bit nh phn ng ra, lm cho DAC to ra ng ra tng t bng vi n s ng vo tng t. S vn hnh ny xy ra ti xung clock th 8. S nh phn 8bit c cha trong SAR biu th cho tn hiu ng vo tng t v c hin th 8 ng ra. 8. Ti thi im m qu trnh chuyn i 8 bc hon tt, ng tn hiu ra INTR\ (End-of-Conversion) chuyn sang mc thp. V ng ra ADC thng chia s vi cc thit b khc trn ng d liu chung, b m 3 trng thi 8bit c kt ni vi ng ra s. Khi mc thp, tn hiu INTR\ c dng d cho php b m s m ca ADC xut ra ng tn hiu. Khi ng ra INTR\ ln mc cao, ng ra b m chuyn sang trng thi tng tr cao cho php thit b khc s dng ng d liu chung ny. V d 3-2: V dng sng xut hin nu SAR A/D converter hnh 3.5(a) c s dng chuyn i in p tng t 5.59V thnh ng ra s 8bit. Li gii: Nhn hnh 3.6, SAR rt nhanh v 8bit SAR ch yu cu 8 xung clock thc hin ton b qu trnh.

73

Hnh 3-8:

Biu thi gian cho SAR ADC

74

4.1.3 Mch ADC chuyn i song song(FLASH ADC)

VCC

3R 7V1 R 6V1 R 5V1 R 4V1 R 3V1 R 2V1 V1 R R VA

C7 C6 C5 C4 C3 C2 C1

To mc logic 1-0

I7

D2

D1 M HA 8 SANG 3

D0

To mc logic 1-0

I1

Hnh 3.9 : S mch FLASH ADC Ta c quan h ng vo v ng ra nh sau: VA VA< V1 V1< VA< 2V1 2V1< VA< 3V1 3V1< VA< 4V1 4V1< VA< 5V1 5V1< VA< 6V1 6V1< VA< 7V1 7V1< VA C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 vcc 0 0 0 0 0 0 vcc vcc 0 0 0 0 0 vcc vcc vcc 0 0 0 0 vcc vcc vcc vcc 0 0 0 vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc 0 0 vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc 0 vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc vcc I1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 I3 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 I4 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 I5 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 I6 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 I7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D2 D1 D0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

75

Mch m ha u tin tc dng mc cao c ng vo l I1, I2,, I7 , mc u tin theo th t tng dn t I1 I7. Hm ng ra:
D0 D1 I1 I 2 I3 I 4 I5 I 6 I 2 I 3 I3 I 4 I6 I7

D 2 I4

ng vi mi mc in p VA ng vo tng t nm trong gii hn no ta c mt trng thi ng ra s. FLASH-ADC l ADC tc cao nht, nhng i hi s mch phc tp hn cc loi khc.V d ADC 6 bit i hi 63 b so snh tng t v 64 in tr, ADC 8 bit i hi 255 b so snh tng t v 256 in tr.Ni chung ADC n bit cn 2n-1 b so snh tng t v 2n in tr

4.2 IC chuyn i tng t sang s (IC ADC)

4.2.1 ADC 0804 Hnh 3-10 l s khi ca IC ADC0804. Mch in c th chuyn i in p tng t thnh ng ra s 8bit tng ng. Khong in p tng t chuyn i c xc nh bng cch a in p mong mun vo VDC. tinh chnh, phn na in p VDC cp cho ng vo VREF/2. Mt in p thay i nh ti VREF/2 s to s iu chnh ADC. Bng cch t in p 5.12V ln VDC v 2.56V ln VREF/2 , mch c th chuyn i tn hiu in p tng t kt ni vi chn Vin(+) v Vin(-) trong khong 0V n 5.12V. Vi 8 ng ra, c 256 mc in p tng t c chuyn i thnh ng ra s. Vi in p vo ti a l 5.12V, mi 0.02V (5.12 x 0.0039) tng ln s lm cho s m nh phn tng ln 1.

76

Hnh 3-10: S khi IC ADC0804

IC ADC0804 c cha clock ni. hot ng, in tr v t in c kt ni n ng vo CLK R v CLK IN. IC ADC0804 lun cha SAR 8bit cho qu trnh chuyn i. SAR reset ti cnh xung xung ng vo WR\ bng cch nhn nt START. Khi bung nt, xung a n ng vo WR\ tr li mc cao v qu trnh chuyn i bt u. Cui qu trnh vi 8 xung clock, ng ra INTR\ xung mc thp. 8 ng ra biu din in p tng t ng vo s c m t ti ng tn hiu ra tch cc mc cao DB0-DB7. tip tc cp nht in p tng t t trn ng vo, chn INTR\ kt ni vi chn ng vo WR\. Bng cch lm nh vy, 5000 n 10000 s chuyn i c thc hin trong 1 giy. IC ADC 0804 l thit b CMOS c thit k kt ni trc tip vi vi loi vi x l. Cho nn, mt s chn nh RD\, WR\, CS\ v INTR\ tng ng vi cc chn c cng tn ca vi x l.

77

4.2.2 ADC 0809

Hnh 3-11 Hnh dng thc t ca ADC0809 ADC 0809 l mt thit b CMOS tch hp vi mt b chuyn i t tng t sang s 8 bit, b chn 8 knh v mt b logic iu khin tng thch. B chuyn i AD ny dng phng php chuyn i xp x lin tc. B chn knh c th truy xut bt k knh no trong cc ng vo tng t c lp.Thit b ny loi tr kh nng cn thit iu chnh im 0 bn ngoi v kh nng iu chnh t s lm trn. 4.2.2.1. S chn

Hnh 3-12 S chn ADC0809

78

ngha cc chn: IN0 n IN7: 8 ng vo tng t ADD A, ADD B, ADD C: chn 1 trong 8 ng vo. 2-1 n 2-8: 8 ng ra song song. ALE: Cho php cht a ch. START: Xung bt u chuyn i. CLOCK: Xung ng h. VREF(+): in th tham chiu dng. VREF(-): in th tham chiu m. EOC: Bo hiu qu trnh chuyn i xong. OUTPUT ENABLE: Cho php c d liu. VCC: Ngun cung cp. GND: Mass 4.2.2.2 S khi:

Hnh 3-13 S khi ADC0809

79

4.2.2.3 c tnh k thut ADC0809 phn gii 8 bit Tng sai s cha chnh nh 1 2 LBS , 1LBS Thi gian chuyn i:100us tn s chun 640kHz. Ngun cung cp:5V. Tn s xung clock: 10kHz 1280kHz. Nhit hot ng: -40oC n 85oC. D dng giao tip vi vi x l hoc dng ring. Khng cn iu chnh zero hoc y thang. 4.2.2.4 Nguyn l hot ng ADC 0809 c 8 ng vo tng t, ng ra 8 bit, c th chn 1 trong 8 ng vo tng t chuyn i sang s nh phn 8 bit. Cc ng vo c chn bng cch cc chn chn knh. Vic chn 1 trong 8 knh ng vo c thc hin bi 3 chn: ADD A,ADD B,ADD C nh sau: A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Ng vo c chn IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7

Sau khi kch xung Start th b chuyn i bt u hot ng cnh xung ca xung Start. Ng ra EOC s xung mc thp sau khong 1 xung clock(tnh t cnh xung c ng s ln nht(MSB) c t ln mc 1, tt c cc bit cn li mc 0, ng thi to ra in th c gi tr Vref/2,in th ny c so snh vi VIN: Nu VIN> Vref/2 th MSB vn mc 1. Nu VIN< Vref/2 th MSB chuyn thnh mc 0. Tng t nh vy bit k tip c t ln mc 1 v tao ra in th Vref/4 v cng so snh vi ng vo VIN. Qu trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n khi xc nh c bit cui cng. Khi chn EOC ln mc 1 bo cho bit kt thc chuyn i. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn i chn OE c t mc 1, mun c d liu ra ta a chn OE xung mc 0. Trong sut qu trnh chuyn i nu c 1 xung start tc ng th ADC s ngng chuyn i.

80

M ra N cho 1 ng vo ty l 1 s nguyn. Trong : VIN l in p vo. Vref(+) l in p ti chn VREF(+). Vref(-) l in p ti chn VREF(-). Khi :
N 256. VIN Vref ( ) Vref ( ) Vref ( )

Nu chn Vref(-)=0V th N

256.

VIN Vref ( )

Vref(+)=VCC=5V th y thang l 256. Gi tr nh nht l:

1LBS 5 2
8

0.0196 V / byte

p vo ln nht ca ADC 0809 l 5V. Biu thi gian ca ADC 0809:

81

Chng 4
Cm Bin Nhit v ng Dng
Nhit l i lng trong mi trng thng c o nht. N c yu cu t khi nhng ngnh vt l, in, ha hc, c kh, sinh hc b nh hng bi nhit . Mt vi qu trnh ch c hot ng tt trong phm vi nhit hp,chc rng nhng qu trnh sinh hc, phn ng ha hc, ngay c nhng mch in tt nht cng b gii hn trong vng phm vi ca nhit . Khi m nhng qu trnh c yu cu tnh kh thi th h thng iu khin vic gi nhit gii hn c th l rt hu ch. Cm bin nhit to ra cc gi tr ng vo ca cc h thng ny. Nhiu linh kin in t c th b ph hy khi nhit cao, hoc nhit thp. Thit b bn dn v mn hnh tinh th lng LCD l nhng v d c th ca vic b nh hng ca nhit cao, khi m nhit gii hn b vt qu, vic bo v h thng l cn thit. Trong nhng h thng ny, nhit cm bin gip p ng tin cy. Mt v d c th nh l my tnh c nhn. Bo mch ch v cc a cng to ra mt lng nhit ng k. Nhng qut bn trong gip lm mt h thng, nhng nu qut b hng hoc dng khng kh b kha th nhng linh kin c th b tn hi vnh vin. Bng cch cm bin nhit bn trong my tnh, nhng tnh trng nhit cao c th b pht hin v khi gii php s c thi hnh gim nhit hoc thm ch l tt h thng ngn nga cc ri ro. Nhng ng dng n gin khc i hi thng tin v nhit m nhng tc dng nhit c th c c lng. V d l cc b np pin ( pin np nng lng vi cc gi tr nhit bin thin v nhit pin c th gip xc nh thi im tt nht kt thc qu trnh sc), b dao ng tinh th( tn s dao ng bin thin vi nhit ), v LCD ( tng phn l s ph thuc nhit v c th c b nu nh nhit c bit). Chng ny mang li nhng kin thc v cm bin nhit, c th l cm bin nhit silic, bao gm mt s vi mch tng trng, c trch dn t nhng bi tiu lun mu, v mt s hng dn gip chn c cm bin nhit ph hp vi cng vic ca bn.

82

Mt vi cm bin nhit c xc nh da trn cch dng ph bin. Ph bin nht l b d nhit in tr (RTDs), cp nhit ngu, b d nhit, v cm bin IC bn dn. S chnh xc trong cch dng cm bin l ph thuc vo phm vi nhit , tuyn tnh, s chnh xc, chi ph,im c trng, s d dng trong thit k h tr cho cng ngh lm mch. phn ny, chng ta tho lun v nhng c im ca nhng k thut cm bin nhit ph bin k thut .

1. RTDs (ResistanceTemperature Detectors):

Cm bin in tr s dng yu t in tr bin thin theo nhit . Mt Platin RTDs hoc mt nhit in tr Platin (PRTs) bao gm mt cun Platin cun quanh mt ng dy, hoc mt mng Platin c ph trn mt cc nn. Cng trong trng hp ny, ng cong nhit in tr ca cm bin gn nh l mt ng tuyn tnh nh hnh 4-1. ng cong in tr ca RTDs th thp hn ng thng tham chiu, v n khng tuyn tnh nhit cc cao. S ko tuyn tnh ny c th c hiu chnh bi mt mch tuyn tnh ha hoc bng vic s ha cc gi tr in tr o c v s dng bng tra hiu chnh. Bi v nhit ti v tr ca ng cong on gn tuyn tnh rng ( xp x - 250C ti + 750C) v s n nh ca Platin( thm ch khi nng) nn RTDs c dng trong hng lot nhng ng dng cm bin chnh xc.

Hnh 4.1 Gi tr in tr theo nhit ca RTD v ng tham chiu 83

S phc tp ca mch x l tn hiu nhit RTDs v cn bn ph thuc vo cc ng dng. Cc vn nh s chnh xc ca dng in qua cm bin, v in p c o lng c quan tm ch yu. Mt vi linh kin cn thit trong mch, mi th u gy ra sai s ca n. Cc cm bin nhit tr c th hot ng tt in p thp v c th xem nh khng c gii hn in p nh nht, v nhng b khuch i c th khuch i cc in p nh ln tng tnh chnh xc. Hot ng vi nng lng thp l kh khn hn, nhng vn c th thc hin c c bng mt k thut phc tp l k thut gin on nng lng. Khi cn s dng th mi cp ngun cho cm , nng lng tiu th l nh nht. RTDs c s gim st vi ng dng. C th, chi ph ca mt ng truyn Platin RTDs tng i cao. Mt khc, mt mng mng RTDs v cc cm bin c lm t nhng kim loi khc ch tn t hn mt vi $. Ngoi ra, s t ta nhit cng xy ra trn nhng thit b ny. Nng lng p ng cho cm bin lm tng nhit ca n, v nh hng n chnh xc trong o lng. Cc mch iu khin cm bin vi dng vi mA c th lm tng nhng li ta nhit vi . ng cong khng tuyn tnh ca nhit in tr l nhc im trong mt vi chc nng, nhng iu c th d on c v gn chnh xc.

2 Thermistors:
Mt loi cm bin in tr khc l Thermistor. Nhng loi Thermistor gi thnh thp thng c dng o lng cc i lng n gin hoc kim tra pht hin nhng im li trong cc h thng chi ph thp. Nhng Thermistor t chnh xc l khng t, cc thit b c gi thnh cao hn th c th c s dng cho vic o chnh xc cc nhit n. Hm ton hc ca mt nhit in tr Thermistor l khng tuyn tnh c th c thy hnh 4_2. Bi vy, nu mt phm vi nhit ln c yu cu, n cn thit phi c tuyn tnh ha. Mt la chn khc l mua nhng thit b c tuyn tnh ha, thng thng bao gm mt dy hai Thermistor vi vi in tr c kt hp vi nhau. Nhng thit b ny thng t v km nhy hn cc thit b Thermistor n, nhng chng li hng ti s chnh xc hon ho. Cc ng dng iu khin nhit hoc thit lp nhit n gin c th c thc hin bng cch s dng Thermistor, nhng chng i hi rt nhiu linh kin nh b so snh, m, v in tr ri.

84

Hnh 4.2 S thay i in tr Thermistor theo nhit Khi i hi v tnh nng cao hn, phc tp hn( v d l nu nhiu im sai st hoc vic i t tng t sang s l cn thit) th kt cu mch in v chi ph tng nhanh. Do m nhng Thermistor gi thnh thp s ch chuyn dng cho nhng tc v yu cu vi chc nng ti thiu, nhng Thermistor ny c th b nh hng bi s t ta nhit, thng l nhit cao th in tr ca chng nh. Khng c l do g cho rng Thermistor khng nn dng in p thp. Nhng linh kin tch cc bn ngoi nh l b so snh hoc b khuch i s thng gii hn mc in p thp nht ca b ngun. Cc ng dng ngun thp thng yu cu tng phc tp ca mch nhm b tr khng t nhin cao(nhy cm vi li 85

nhiu gy ra). Chng ta vn nhn thy vi Thermistor lm vic vt qu phm vi nhit cho php t - 150C ti +550C mc d l phm vi ph bin nht cho vng nhit hot ng l t 100C ti 150C

3. Thermocouples(cp nhit in):

Mt cp nhit in th bao gm mt s ni lin gia 2 dy c cht liu khc nhau. V d, mt cp nhit ngu loi J c lm t st v dy ng-niken,nh hnh 4-3. Mi ni 1 l ti nhit o c, mi ni 2, 3 c gi mt nhit khc. in p ng ra t l thun vi s khc bit nhit mi ni 1 v cc mi ni 2,3. Thng thng, dng mt cm bin th 2 khc o nhit mi ni 2,3 nh hnh. Cm bin th 2 ny cho php kh nng pht trin mt in p u ra t l thun vi chia thch hp(v d theo nhit ) bng cch thm mt in p cho ng ra cp nhit c dc tng t cp nhit in nhng c lin quan n nhit ca cc mi ni 2 v 3.

Hnh 4-3 S dng LM35 b mi ni cp nhit in Do nhy ca cp nhit in l kh nh khong 10V/ C, mt b khuch i offset thp c s dng in p ng ra t mc yu cu. S khng tuyn tnh trong phn ln hm truyn nhit - in p (nh hnh 4-4), nhiu th vt qu phm vi lm vic ca cp nhit in, nh vi RTDs v thermistor, thng bt buc c mch b hoc bng tra. D c nhng mt hn ch, tuy nhin, cp nhit in vn rt ph bin, bi v dy nhit lm vic ln, thng thng ln n 1700C, bng 4-5 cho bit h s Seebeck v dy nhit lm vic ca mt vi cp nhit in. 86

Hnh 4-4. (a) Ng ra in p nh mt hm truyn nhit i vi cp nhit loi J (b) Sai s ca cp nhit in

87

Bng 4-5 S dng LM 35 b mi ni lnh ca cp nhit

4. Cm bin nhit loi Silic:

Cc cm bin nhit IC rt khc so vi nhng loi cm bin khc 2 kha cnh sau. u tin l phm vi nhit lm vic. Mt IC cm bin nhit c th lm vic tt ngoi phm vi nhit t -55C ti +150C( ca mt IC cm bin nhit nh b). Mt vi thit b th vt qu xa phm vi ny, trong khi mt s loi khc do hn ch v chi ph hoc ng gi nn phm vi lm vic hp hn. Th hai l chng khc v mt chc nng. Mt cm bin Silic l mt mch tch hp, v c th do vy m bao hm c mch in x l tn hiu m rng trong cng mt ng gi v c xem nh l mt cm bin. Hn na, mt cm bin Silic n gin, nh mt diode t xa c th o nhit mi ni ca mt IC s c tch hp cao (Vi x l, FPGA) mt cch d dng. Khng cn thit to ra nhng mch b mi ni lnh hay mch tuyn tnh ha cho nhng IC cm bin nhit, v nu khng c nhng yu cu v h thng cc k chuyn bit th s khng cn thit thit k cc b so snh hay chuyn i tng t sang s (ADC). Nhng ng dng c xy dng thnh cc IC thng mi. Chi tit s c trnh by ngay phn sau.

88

5. IC cm bin nhit
Cc IC cm bin khc nhau nhiu v phc tp, phn loi t cm bin c ng ra tng t cho n cc cm bin s vi nhiu c trng khc nhau. Ngi ta to ra rt nhiu loi IC cm bin nhit nhm d tr cho vic s dng mi cm bin mi khong nhit ph hp. l cc mch tng t, ng ra c th l p hoc dng in. Kt hp nhng mch cm bin tng t vi b so snh in p mang li nhng chc nng b iu nhit hay chung cnh bo. Mt s IC cm bin khc kt hp mch cm bin tng t vi ng I/O s v cc thanh ghi iu khin mang li nhng gii php s n gin cho cc h thng tch hp cao. Thm ch l nhng s tch hp cao hn cng thnh cng bao gm cc cm bin diode t xa, s qun l in p, v b iu khin qut gi,.. khin chng tr thnh mt gii php l tng cho cc h thng nn tng vi x l, t nhng h thng nn tng vi iu khin cho ti my tnh c nhn, ni yu cu cc qut gi c iu khin t ng cho vic gim thiu ha ting n v lm mt.

5.1 Cm bin nhit ng ra tng t - in p:

5.1.1 Cm bin nhit tng t cho php la chn li LM94022: LM94022 l mt cm bin nhit loi CMOS c ng ra tng t, gi tr in p ng ra t l nghch vi nhit . Cm bin c sai bit ti a l 1,5C khi o t 20C ti 40C v 1,8C khi nhit o t 0C ti 70C. N lm vic vi in p ngun cung cp thp l 1,5V v cao l 5,5V, v n l th h sau ca LM20, cm bin nhit tiu chun cng nghip. Dng in cung cp thp v ng gi SC-70 nh gn ca cm bin LM94022 khin n tr nn l tng trong cc ng dng ca h thng cm tay, di dng v cc ng dng thng dng. Hai ng vo logic, GS0 v GS1 dng chn li ca hm (rt) tuyn tnh nhit sang in p ng ra. C 4 li cho php la chn l: - 5.5mV/C, -8.2 mV/C, -10.9 mV/C, -13.6 mV/C. V d, cu hnh c li thp nht th c GS0 v GS1 c ko xung mc thp, cm bin LM94022 c th lm vic vi ngun cung cp l 1.5V, khi n c th o lng c nhit t 50C ti +150C. Vi in p ngun cao, th li cao hn c th c dng ti u nhy nhit v s gim nhiu h thng

89

Hnh 4-5 IC cm bin LM94022 Nhiu ng dng ca cm bin nhit tng t s dng ADC ly mu in p ng ra t l thun vi nhit tng t. Nhng ADC ny c th tch ri hay c tch hp bn trong mt x l hay mt vi i khin. Ng ra ca LM94022 c ti u iu khin tng ng vo ca ADC v t lc thng c ng vo ca ADC. LM94022 c th iu khin mt ti in dung ti a l 1100pF( ging nh mt t lc ln 1nF 10%) m khng cn in tr mc ni tip bn ngoi n nh ng ra ca n. Hn na, ln ca ngun dng 50 A c th c thit k p ng yu cu dng ng vo ca ng vo t chuyn mch ca ADC m khng cn cng m.Vic loi tr cc linh kin thm vo ny c th tit kim chi ph cho h thng v kch thc ca board.

Hnh 4.6 Cm bin nhit LM94022 th l tng cho vic li ng vo ca ADC 90

Trch ngang mt s c tnh t datasheet ca LM94022

5.1.2 Cm bin nhit LM20:

LM20 t lu l mt thit b tiu chun trong cng nghip trong lnh vc cm bin nhit. N l mt cm bin nhit CMOS chnh xc v c in p ng ra t l nghch vi nhit . Ng ra tng t th c tnh cht tuyn tnh hn hn, vi hnh dng parabol nh v c h s qui i b -11.7 mV/C. LM20 c th o c t -55C ti +130C vi ngun cung cp l in p n t 2.7V ti 5.5V. LM20 thch hp cho nhng ng dng v h thng c vng lm vic ln, LM20 l c th trong nhng module SC70-5 hoc SMD.

91

Hnh 4.7 Cm bin LM20 v mt s c tnh 92

5.1.3 Cm bin nhit Kelvin LM135, LM235, LM335:

Cc cm bin ny c in p ng ra c t l thun vi nhit tuyt i vi mt h s nhit nh l 10mV/K . in p ng ra nh vi 2.73V tng ng 0C v 3.73V tng ng 100C. Nhng cm bin ny lm vic thng thng nh 2 u in p shunt chun v c kt ni nh hnh 4-8. u th 3 cho php hiu chnh chnh xc s dng mt bin tr tinh chnh nh hnh v. Sai s ca cm bin LM135 khi lm vic trong khong nhit t -55C ti +150C khng s dng bin tr tinh chnh l 2.7C. Khi s dng bin tr tinh chnh bn ngoi iu chnh chnh xc th sai s l 1C vi cng khong nhit lm vic. Cc cm bin loi ny thng c trong ng gi lastic nh l TO-92 hay SO-8 hoc trong hp kim loi nh TO-46.

Hnh 4-8 Kt ni in hnh ca LM135, LM235 v LM335

93

5. 1.4 Cm bin nhit Celsius loi LM35 v LM45:

Cm bin LM35 v LM45 c ba chn ra, in p ng ra c t l thun vi C(10mV/C), v th m in p ng ra l 250mV 25C v 1000mV 100C. Chng c kh nng o nhit m bng cch s dng in tr ko xung t chn ng ra ti mt in p thp hn mass (<0V) . LM35 th chnh xc hn LM45(LM35: 1C khi lm vic t -55C ti +150C, LM45: 3C khi lm vic 20C ti +100C). LM35 c trong ng gi plastic nh l TO-92 hay SO-8 hoc hp kim loi nh TO-46.

Hnh 4.9 Cm bin LM35 v LM45 trong cch mc in hnh

5.1.5 Cm bin nhit Fahrenheit loi LM34:

LM34 ging vi LM35, nhng in p ng ra c t l thun vi F(10mV/F). chnh xc tng t LM35( 2F t -50F ti +300F), v n cng c th trong cc linh kin ging vi LM35 nh: TO-92,SO-8, TO-46. 94

Hnh 4.10 LM34 v hnh dng thc t

5.1.6 Cm bin nhit Celsius ngun n LM50:

LM50 c gi l cm bin ngun n v n khng ging LM35 hay LM45, n c th o c nhit m m khng cn dng mt in tr ni chn ng ra ko xung in p m. iu ny gip n gin kt cu mch in. in p ng ra ca LM50 c dc 10mV/C v b offset 500mV. Do vy, in p ng ra l 500mV 0C,v 100mV -40C, v 1.5V +100C. chnh xc l khong 3C trong khong t -40C ti +125C. LM50 c th nm trong SOT_23

95

Hnh 4.11 Cm bin LM50

5.1.7 LM60 - Cm bin nhit Celsius ngun n 2.7V:

LM60 ging vi LM50, nhng n c xu hng s dng trong cc ng dng lm vic vi in p thp 2.7V. Ngun dng cc mng 110A ca n nh LM60 l mt linh kin l tng trong nhng h thng s dng pin. in p ng ra ca LM60 c dc l 6.25mV/C v b offset 424mV. Kt qu ny trong th hin nh sau: in p ng ra l 424mV l 0C, 174mV -40C, v 1.049V 100C. LM60 thng c ng gi SOT-23.

Hnh 4.12 Cm bin LM60

96

in p ng ra c tnh nh sau:

5.2 Cm bin ng ra tng t - dng:

Cm bin nhit ng ra dng loi LM134,LM234,LM334:
Mc d datasheet ca chng gi chng l ngun dng c th iu chnh, chng cng l mt cm bin nhit vi ng ra l dng v dng ng ra t thun vi nhit . nhy c thit lp vi mt in tr bn ngoi. nhy in hnh l t 1A/C ti 3 A/C. Bng cch iu chnh gi tr ca bin tr tinh chnh bn ngoi, th nhy c th c tinh chnh vi chnh xc tt trong khong nhit lm vic(t -55C ti +125C i vi LM134, t -25C ti +100C i vi LM234, t -0C ti +70C i vi LM334). Ba loi cm bin ny ch cn in p ngun l 1.2V, v th m chng rt c ch trong nhng ng dng vi nhng ni c in p b gii hn. Nhng loi ny c cc kiu ng gi l TO_92, SO-8, TO-46.

97

Hnh 4.13

Kt ni thng thng LM134. RSET iu chnh dng ng ra theo nhit

98

5.3 Cm bin nhit c b so snh ng ra:

5.3.1 LM26LV: Chuyn mch nhit chnh xc, ngun nui thp:
LM26LV l mt cm bin analog chnh xc, in p thp, mt chuyn mch nhit th nh, 2.2 mm x 2.5 mm. Hot ng vi in p cung cp thp l 1.6V v cao l 5.5V, n bao gm mt b cm bin nhit analog (ging nh cm bin LM94022) in p ng ra t l nghch vi nhit o. LM26LV cng c tnh nng ca mt chuyn mch nhit , u ra tch cc c mc cao v mc thp, khi hot ng nhit o ngng gii hn (hnh 2-10).

Hnh 4.14 LM26LV c cc thuc tnh ca mt chuyn mch nhit v ng ra nhit tng t Nhit ngng c thit lp ti nh my, cho bt k nhit trong khong 0 C n 150 C, vi cch bit l 1C. Khi cm bin LM26LV c t vo h thng, n c th c kim tra trong khi ang hot ng bng cch a xung cnh ln n chn TRIPTEST (hnh 4.15). Th nghim ny cho kt qu l cc u ra u c tch cc, xc minh s hot ng tt ca b so snh bn trong. 99

Th h tip theo LM26LV, l cm bin ngun thp rt ph bin LM26 v LM27. Thit b LM26LV l rt thch hp cho cc ng dng ni nhit hin ti phi c theo di v s bo ng qu nhit l cn thit. Ngoi hot ng in p thp, n cng c mt ng ra analog c tng cng . Ng ra VTEMP l ngun mnh, kh nng ht dng cng ln , c th hot ng tt vi ti dung ln, rt thch hp lm ng vo cho mt ADC.

Hnh 4.15 Ng vo TRIP TEST cho php kim tra cc chn OVERTEMP d dng

5.3.2 Chuyn i nhit LM26 v LM27 :

Cc cm bin LM26 v LM27 l cc chuyn mch nhit chnh xc, tch hp cao. C hai thit b c ng gi SOT -23. Gi tr cc im ngng c c trc ti nh my . Chuyn mch LM26 c tm hot ng rng t -55C n 125C. Chuyn mch LM27 s hot ng t -40 C n 150 C v c ti u ha ti gi tr t 120C n 150C. Ng ra tn hiu logic c th c t nh l mt tn hiu bo qu nhit hoc thp nhit. N cng l mt cc mng h tch cc thp hoc mt ng ra y-ko tch cc cao. Ng vo s HYST cho php la chn gi tr tr hoc l 2C ( kt ni vi VDD) hoc l 10C (kt ni vi GND). Ng ra cm bin nhit analog (VTEMP) l in p t l nghch vi nhit o. Ng ra 100

ny c kh nng iu khin ti rt yu v c th b qu ti vi dng 1,5 mA. Mt trong nhng cch n gin kim tra mch so snh bn trong v chc nng mch ng ra sau khi lp rp l tc ng ln chn VTEMP xem s thay i trng thi ng ra.

Hnh 4.16: Chuyn mch nhit LM26/27

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5.3.3 LM56 : Thit b iu nhit cng sut thp

Thermostat(thit b iu nhit) LM56 bao gm mt cm bin nhit (tng t nh LM60), mt in p tham chiu 1.25V, v hai l so snh cho php thit lp thi gian tr. in p ngun cung cp cho n hot ng t 2.7V n 10V, v dng tiu th ti a 200A t ngun cung cp. Phm vi nhit hot ng l -40C n 125C. Sai s ca tt c cc khi bao gm tt c cc tham chiu b cm bin v b so snh (nhng khng bao gm li in tr bn ngoi) l 2C t 25C n 85C v 3C t -40C n 125C. Cm bin nhit bn trong c ng ra l: 6,2 mVxT ( C) + 395 mV. Ba in tr bn ngoi thit lp cc ngng cho hai b so snh

Hnh 4.17

(a) S khi c n gin ca LM56 (b) ng cong p ng nhit ca LM56

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5 .4 Cm bin u ra digital :
Ngy nay vi cng ngh tch hp ngy cng cao, yu cu ca mt cm bin khng ch l mt cm bin n thun. Mt s cm bin tch hp sn cc b chuyn i ADC bn trong, ng ra l s v c xy dng theo cc tiu chun: 2 dy, 1 dy, SPI. Do phn ny i hi mt kin thc kh chuyn su, nn tc gi xem lt b bt v ch trnh by mt s thit b tng ph hp vi mc tiu xy dng ban u ca quyn sch ny. Phn chi tit bn di xin trnh by mt cm bin ng ra s, kh hay trong lnh vc iu khin hin nay l DS12B08 5.4.1 M t chc nng v s chn

103

Hnh 4.18 S chn v hnh dng thc t DS18B20 DS18B20 l cm bin nhit s c phn gii t 9-12bit giao tip vi vi iu khin(master) thng qua 1 dy duy nht (1 wire communication). DS18B20 hot ng vi in p t 3V-5.5V c th c cp ngun qua chn DQ- chn trao i d liu. N c th o nhit trong tm -55 n 125 0C vi chnh xc 0.5 OC. Mi DS18B20 c mt Serial code 64bits duy nht, iu ny cho php kt ni nhiu IC trn cng ng bus.

Hnh4.19 DS18B20 s dng ngun k sinh trong sut qu trnh chuyn i

104

Hnh 4.20 DS18B20 s dng ngun bn ngun * Chun 1 wire c nhng c im sau: - Ch c mt master trong h thng. - Gi thnh thp. - Tc t c ti a 16kbps. - Khong cch truyn xa nht l 300m. - Lng thng tin trao i nh. DS1820 thng c ng dng trong cc b iu khin HVAC, h thng gim st nhit trong cc ta nh, thit b my mc DS18B20 thng c 3 chn chc nng chnh: 1. Chn GND: chn ni t. 2. Chn DQ: chn trao i d liu, ng thi l chn cp ngun cho ton b hot ng ca IC, nu chn Vcc khng s dng. Khi kt ni vi vi iu khin th cn phi c in tr ko ln khong 4.7k. 3. Chn Vcc: chn cp ngun. S khi IC iu khin nhit DS18B20.

105

5.4. 2 Nguyn tc hot ng: Bn trong DS18B20 s c b chuyn i gi tr nhit sang gi tr s v c lu trong cc thanh thi b nh scratchpad. phn gii nhit o c th c cu hnh ch 9 bits, 10bits, 11bits, 12bits. ch mc nh th DS18B20 hot ng phn gii 12bits. bt u qu trnh c nhit , v chuyn i t gi tr tng t sang gi tr s th vi x l gi lnh Convert T [44h], sau khi chuyn i xong th gi tr nhit s c lu trong 2 thanh ghi nhit b nh scratchpad v IC tr v trng thi ngh. Nhit c lu bn trong DS18B20 c tnh nhit C (Celcius) nu tnh nhit Fahrenheit cn phi xy dng thm bng chuyn i nhit . Gi tr nhit lu trong b nh gm 2bytes-16bits: s m s c lu di dng b 2. Bit cao nht l bit du (S) nu S=0 th gi tr nhit dng v S=1 th gi tr nhit m. Nu cu hnh phn gii l 12bits th tt c cc bit u c s dng. Nu phn gii 11bits th bit 0 khng c s dng. Tng t nu cu hnh l 10bits th bit 1, 0 khng c s dng, nu cu hnh l 9 bits th bit 2,1,0 khng c s dng.

nh dng gi tr nhit lu khi phn gii l 12bits.

Quan h gia nhit v gi tr lu trong b nh phn gii 12bits. Nhit sau khi c lu vo trong 2 thanh ghi b nh s c so snh vi 2 thanh ghi ngng nhit TH v TL. Cc gi tr ngng nhit do ngi dng quy

106

nh, v n s khng thay i khi mt in.

Thanh ghi ngng nghit TH, TL. Nh vy ch c phn nguyn, cc bit 11-4 ca gi tr nhit c so snh vi cc thanh ghi ngng, bi v TH, TL l nhng thanh ghi 8 bit . Nu gi tr nhit c v nh hn hoc bng TL hay ln hn hoc bng mc TH th c bo cnh bo s c bt ln, v n s thay i mi qu trnh c nhit . Vi x l c th kim tra trng thi c cnh bo ca tt c cc DS18B20 trn bus bng lnh Alarm Search [ECh]. Bt k cm bin no c c cnh bo c set s p ng li vi lnh ny. 5.4.3 T chc b nh:

Mi IC DS18B20 c mt m 64bit ring bit bao gm: 8 bit Family code, 48 bit serial code v 8bit CRC(cyclic redundancy check ), code c lu trong Rom. Cc gi tr ny gip phn bit gia cc IC vi nhau trn cng 1 bus. Gi tr Family code ca DS18B20 l 28h v gi tr CRC l kt qu ca qu trnh kim tra 56 bits trc . T chc b nh Scratchpad: B nh DS18B20 bao gm 9 thanh ghi 8bits:

107

Byte 0 v 1 lu gi tr nhit sau khi chuyn i. Byte 2 v 3 lu gi tr ngng nhit . ( gi tr ny c lu khi mt in). Byte 4 l thanh ghi cu hnh cho hot ng ca DS18B20. Byte 5,6 v 7 khng s dng. Byte 8 l thanh ghi ch c lu gi tr CRC t byte 0 n byte 7. D liu trong byte 2,3,4 c ghi thng qua lnh Write Scratchpad [4Eh] v d liu c truyn n DS18B20 vi bit LSB ca byte 2, sau khi ghi d liu c th c c li thng qua lnh Read Scratchpad [BEh]. Khi c Scratchpad th bit LSB ca byte 0 s c gi i trc Tt c cc byte u c c, nhng ch ghi c byte 2,3 v 4. chuyn gi tr TH v TL v d liu cu hnh t scratchpad vo EEPROM th cn gi lnh Copy Scratchpad [48h] n DS18B20. V d liu t EEPROM cng c th c chuyn vo scratchpad bt c lc no thng qua lnh Recall E2 [B8h]. * Thanh ghi cu hnh:

Byte th 4 ca b nh Scratchpad chnh l thanh ghi cu hnh. Ngi dng c th thit lp phn gii ca DS18B20 thng qua hai bit R1, R0. Mc nh R1, R0 l 1 (mc nh phn gii l 12 bit).

5.4.4 Trao i d liu gia vi iu khin v DS18B20 thng qua ba bc sau:

1. Khi to. Qu trnh khi to bao gm 1 xung reset do master gi n slave DS18B20, sau l xung presence t DS18B20 gi n master, ch ra s hin din ca DS18B20 v qu trnh hot ng trao i d liu c th bt u. 2. Lnh iu khin ROM. Cc lnh ny lm vic vi 64bits serial code ROM, lnh ny c pht ra sau qu trnh khi to. Lnh cho php master bit c bao nhiu thit b v thit b loi g trn bus. C 5 lnh iu khin ROM: a. SEARCH ROM [F0h] Khi h thng bt u hot ng, th master s dng lnh ny kim tra code ROM ca tt c cc thit b c trn bus cho php master bit c s thit b v loi ca thit b trn bus. Nu trn bus ch c 1 thit b th c th s dng lnh Read_ROM thay cho lnh Search_ROM. Sau mi qu trnh Search_ROM th cn phi quay li qu trnh khi to reset h thng.

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b. READ ROM [33h] Lnh ny c s dng khi ch c 1 thit b trn bus. Lnh ny cho php vi iu khin c 64bit ROM code ca thit b. Nu trn bus c nhiu thit b th lnh ny s gy ra s xung t bus d liu gia cc thit b. c. MATCH ROM [55h] Lnh ny theo sau bi 64 bit ROM code cho php master nh a ch thit b cn giao tip. Ch thit b c ROM code ph hp s tr li, cc thit b cn li s i xung reset tip theo. d. SKIP ROM [CCh] Lnh ny cho php master gi ng thi n tt c cc thit b trn bus m khng cn bt c thng tin no v ROM Code. V d, mun gi lnh Convert_T n tt c cc thit b trn bus, th u tin ta gi lnh Skip_ROM sau tip theo l gi lnh Convert_T. Tng t nh vy, nu theo sau lnh Skip_ROM l lnh Read_Scratchpad th d liu trn DS18B20 c c v, v lu rng lnh ny ch thc hin c khi trn bus c 1 thit b, nu trn bus c nhiu thit b th s gy ra xung t bus. e. ALARM SEARCH [ECh] Lnh ny gn ging vi lnh Search_ROM, nhng lnh ny ch tc ng n thit b m c alarm c bt ln s tr li. Lnh ny cho php xc nh cc thit b m nhit o c vt qua ngng nhit , v sau khi lnh ny c thc thi th master phi lp li qu trnh khi to quay li bc 1. 3. Lnh iu khin DS18B20. Sau khi master nh a ch thit b cn giao tip thng qua cc lnh ROM, master s gi cc lnh iu khin hot ng ca DS18B20. Nhng lnh ny cho php master ghi v c d liu t b nh Scratchpad ca DS18B20, bt u qu trnh chuyn i nhit , v xc nh ch cp ngun. Sau khi master (thng l mt vi iu khin) s dng cc lnh ROM nh a ch cho cc cm bin mt dy ang c u vo bus, master s a ra cc lnh chc nng DS1820. Bng cc lnh chc nng master c th c ra v ghi vo b nh nhp (scratchpath) ca cm bin DS1820, khi to qu trnh chuyn i gi tr nhit o c v xc nh ch cung cp in p ngun. Cc lnh chc nng c th c m t ngn gn nh sau: + WRITE SCRATCHPAD (4Eh): Lnh ny cho php ghi 2 byte d liu vo b nh nhp ca DS1820. Byte u tin c ghi vo thanh ghi TH (byte 2 ca b nh nhp) cn byte th hai c ghi vo thanh ghi TL (byte 3 ca b nh nhp). D liu truyn theo trnh t: u tin l bit LSB v k tip l nhng bit c trng s gim dn. C hai byte ny phi c ghi trc khi master xut ra mt xung reset hoc khi c d liu khc xut hin. + READ SCRATCHPAD (BEh): Lnh ny cho php master c ni dung b nh nhp. Qu trnh c bt u t bit c trng s thp nht ca byte 0 v tip tc cho n byte th 9 (byte 8 CRC). Master c th xut ra mt xung reset lm dng qu trnh c bt k lc no nu nh ch c mt phn ca d liu trn b nh nhp cn c c. + COPY SCRATCHPAD (48h): Lnh ny copy ni dung ca hai thanh ghi TH v TL (byte 2 v byte 3) vo b nh EEPROM. Nu cm bin c s dng trong ch d cp ngun l bt u vic o.

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+ CONVERT T (44h): Lnh ny khi ng mt qu trnh o v chuyn i gi tr nhit thnh s (nh phn). Sau khi chuyn i gi tr kt qu o nhit c lu tr trn thanh ghi nhit 2 byte trong b nh nhp. Thi gian chuyn i khng qu 200 ms, trong thi gian ang chuyn i nu thc hin lnh c th cc gi tr c ra u bng 0. + READ POWER SUPPLY (B4h): Mt lnh c tip sau lnh ny s cho bit DS1820 ang s dng ch cp ngun nh th no, gi tr c c bng 0 nu cp ngun bng chnh ng dn d liu v bng 1 nu cp ngun qua mt ng dn ring. Cc lnh iu khin c m t qua bng di y.

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6. MT S LU KHI S DNG CM BIN NHIT 6.1 V tr cm bin nh hng n chnh xc ca php o Mt cm bin nhit d ng ra l tng t hay s, th ng ra u ph thuc vo nhit ni t cm bin. Hi nng c dn ti thnh phn cm bin nhit thng qua v ng gi ca n. Thng thng, cc cm bin ng gi kim loi(nh cm bin LM35trong kiu TO-46) s c mt ng nhit xuyn qua lp v ny. i vi cc cm bin ng gi plastic nh TO-92, SO-8, SC-70, and SOT23, ch c thit k to ng dn nhit ny. Do , khi cc IC cm bin nhit t trn mt board mch,chng s lm tt vic o lng nhit ca bng mch, c bit nhng ni ch c hn. Nu nh nhit ca board mch rt gn vi nhit khng kh xung quanh, iu ny c ngha l board khng pht sinh nhit, th cm bin nhit s cho ng ra nhit xp x nhit mi trng. s o lng nhit ca mt phn t khc trn board mch, th cm bin v ch dn ca n phi c t ni c nhit cng nhit vi i tng ang c o. Nu i tng cn o nhit l cht lng, v cht lng ny dn in, th cm bin c th c t bn trong mt ng kim loi ng kn. ng c th c nhng vo b hoc c vn vo trong mt l ren trong mt bnh cha. Cm bin nhit v bt k dy km theo phi c cch in v sy kh trnh s r r v s n mn. Nh vy cm bin nhit t u, l iu rt quan trng. Hy xem cc v d sau: V D 1.B khuch i cng sut m thanh Thng thng ta o nhit trong b khuch i cng sut m thanh bo v cc phn t qu nhit hoc bng s kch hot cc qut lm mt hoc tt h thng. Thm ch, mt s IC khuch i c cha sn mch bo v qu nhit bn trong tt b khuch i trong trng hp c s c qu. Bng s kch hot qut lm mt khi nhit ln cao, h thng c th tiu th nhiu nng lng hn v gy ra ting n, do khi nhit xung thp th qut s b tt. Nhit ca IC khuch i cng sut thng c o bi mt cm bin gn trn cnh tn nhit, do nhit o c thp hn nhit thc t ca IC. V ta phi cho ngng iu khin qut sao cho ph hp ch khng phi ly nhit cht ca IC khng ch. 111

Khi thn cm bin c gn trn cnh tn nhit, nhit ny s c truyn qua lp v vo phn t cm nhit tt hn. Ngoi ra cn mt yu t rt quan trng na l cc chn hn ca IC cm bin nn t gn IC khuch i cng sut. Bi v khi hot ng th chn hn ca IC khuch i cng sut s nng ln, nhit board mch ti ni rt nng, c bit l cc ng mch. IC cm bin nhit t gn vng th nhit s theo cc ng ch hn vo phn t cm nhit v qu trnh o lng s chnh xc hn rt nhiu.

Hnh 4.21: B khuch i cng sut v IC cm bin nhit V D 2. X L Cc b x l tnh nng cao (nh CPUs,GPUs,ASICs,v FPGAs) tiu ph ngun ng k v c th tr nn nng chu s ph hy thm hi do s tng qu mc ca nhit . tng tin cy ca h thng, yu cu thng thng l phi c b iu chnh x l nhit nhm kch hot qut lm mt, gim h thng xung clock, hoc tt hon ton h nu nhit ca b x l qu nng. Hu ht cc thit b tch hp cao c nhng mi quan tm v cng sut ngun c diode nhit c tch hp c th c s dng o lng nhit mi ni ca chng. iu ny lm n gin cc kt ni vt l ca cm bin, v sn sng c th o nhit . National ch to mt vi thit b c gi cm bin nhit diode t xa c th o c nhit mi ni ca x l. Bi v khng phi tt c cc b x l u c mt diode nhit c tch hp sn, nn vic s dng mt cm bin nhit bn ngoi l rt cn thit. V mt v tr thch hp t cm bin nhit l trong mt l khoang gia ca cnh tn nhit vi x l, c m t ti v tr (a) nh 112

hnh bn di. B gp nhit c th c ghp cht vi mt trn ca vi x l. S thun li ca v tr ny l nhit ca b cm bin s ch chch lch vi nhit ca b vi x l mt vi . Mt iu bt li l dy dn ng ra ca vi x l ti bng mch s di. Mt s bt li khc na l nu kt ni nhit gia vi x l v cnh tn nhit b gim i, b ph hy( bi v epoxy xu, mt cnh tn nhit tr nn li ln v khng cn tip xc cht vi vic x l na),th iu c ngha rng cm bin o c nhit thp hn nhit bnh thng, trong khi thc t nhit ca vi x l ang nng cao ti mc nguy him. v tr in p khc l hc gia socket vi x l(v tr b trong hnh). Mt iu thun li v tr ny cm bin c gn cht vi board mch s dng linh kin dn, nn c th cm nhit tt. Hn na l cm bin c cch ly t dng kh bn ngoi v s t b nh hng qu ng bi s thay i t nhit bn ngoi, lung gi ca qut. Cm bin s ch dn vic tng nhit ca vi x l. im bt li l tip im nhit gia cm bin v x l khng tt bng nhau v tr (a) trc , v vy kt qu ca nhit o c ca cm bin v vi x l chch lch t 5 ti 10C. iu ny ch l mt bt li nh v cch tip cn ny l c p dng trong nhiu h thng. Mt v tr khc c th t cm bin nhit l t gn socket vi x l(v tr c trong hnh). y l k thut khc thch hp vi vic sn sut s lng ln nhng s tng quan gia nhit cm bin v nhit vi x l l qu yu, nhit vi x l c th cao hn nhit cm bin khong 200C.

Hnh 4.22 V tr cm bin nhit cho cc thit b x l Cui cng l trong mt vi h thng gi thp,vi x l c th c hn ti bo ch, vi b gp nhit c t i mt vi bo ch c trnh by hnh 4.23

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Trong h thng ny, cm bin c th c hn ti bo ti vin ca cnh tn nhit. Bi v vi x l trong tip xc cht vi bo ch, nn nhit ca cm bin s gn vi nhit ca vi x l.

Hnh 4.23 Cm bin nhit nm cnh mi hn vi x l 6.2 S nh x nhit ti din p v dng in ra Cm bin nhit ng ra tng t sm nht c pht trin bi National c ng ra t l thun nhit d tuyt i(K). Lot IC cm bin LM 135c in p ng ra tng ng 10mV/K, trong khi lot IC cm bin LM 134 (thit b dng ng ra) to ra dng in t l vi nhit tuyt i. H s t l c xc nh bi in tr ngoi. Bi v t l theo C v Fa-ren-ht c nhiu tin li trog nhiu ng nn ba trong cc cm bin ca National c in p ng ra t l vi mt trong cc i lng . Cm bin LM 35 v LM45 c in p ng ra hiu dng bng 10mV/C, trong khi in p ng ra hiu dng ca LM 34 bng 10mV/K. Trong khi cm bin theo C v nhit Fa-ren-ht c nhiu thun li trong s nh x nhit thnh in p hn cm bin theo nhit tuyt i, chng li c mt cht bt li khi s dng nhit di 0C hay 0K. o nhit m vi nhng thit b ny th hoc l ngun m phi c cp nh hnh 4.24 hoc chn mass cm bin c phn cc v in p chnh lch gia ng ra v t nn c thc hin nh hnh 4.25

114

Hnh 4.25 Hai cch o in p m bng cc cm bin s dng ngun n (a) Nu c ngun m th ta s dng mt in tr ko ng ra ca cm bin xung ngun m. (b) Cch khc, phn cc chn mass ca cm bin bng mt diode, mt ngun tham chiu hoc mt ngun khc Khi ng ra in p ca cc cm bin s l m nu nhit o l m Cm bin LM50 v LM60 s dng mt cch tip cn khc. y l nhng thit b c xy dng vi in p b dng, iu cho chng to ra in p ng ra ng vi nhit m trong khi chng ang s dng ngun cung cp n dng. LM 50 c h s t l l 10mV/C, nhng in p ra l 500mV 0C. Cm bin ny c thit k o nhit thp n -40C(100mV). H s t l ca LM 60 l 6.25mV/ C v in p ra l 424 mV 0 C. Cm bin LM 60 cng c thit k o nhit thp l -40 C(174mV).

6.3 Kh nng li cc ti dung

Nhng IC cm bin nhit ca National l cc mch cng sut rt nh, ni chung chng c kh nng hn ch i vi ti dung ln. LM94022 c th li 1100pF m khng cn in tr ni tip ng ra, cm bin LM 34 v LM 35 c th li 50 pF m khng c s phng nga c bit no, trong khi LM 45 c th li ti 115

500pF. Nu nhng ti dung ln hn, thng thng ta c lp hay tch ring ti vi mt in tr nh hnh 4.27 (a). Ch rng in tr ni tip s lm yu tn hiu ra tr khi tng tr ti l rt cao. Nu y l mt vn , th kh nng li ti c th c ci thin (khng cn tng in tr ng ra) bng cch d dng mt mch R-C nh hnh 4.27(b).

Hnh 4.26 Cm bin LM94022 c th li ti dung 1100pF m khng cn dng in tr ni tip. iu ny tht l tng c th li mt t lc, thng c gn cc ng vo ca ADC

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Hnh 4.27 Cc cch ci thin kh nng li ti dung. Cm bin LM 50 v LM 60 c in tr cch in bn trong v c th li ti dung ln m khng b vn v s bt n. Tng tr ti s cao trnh s suy gim ca tn hiu ng ra.

6.4 Lc nhiu ca cm bin analog

Bt k mch analog no c gn ti nhng dy dn trong mt mi trng thc t c th c nhng nh hng in t ca cc ngun nh r-le, my pht v tuyn, ng c vi s to h quang hoc ngt dn SCRKhi dy c th hot ng nh mt ng-ten nhn v cc mi ni bn trong ca n th hot ng nh b chnh lu. Trong mt s trng hp, mt t 0,1F c ni ngun cp xung t s gip gim bt nhiu ng k. Lc ng ra c th c thm vo ci thin thm. Mt s cm bin nh LM50 v LM60 c th li trc tip ti in dung ; mt t ng ra 1F ti 4.7F ni chung lm vic tt, tuy nhin kh nng p ng s b gim i. Khi s dng cm bin khng nn trc tip dn ti in dung ln, b lc in dung c th c cch ly bng in tr nh hnh 4-27(a), hoc mch R-C c th c s dng nh hnh 3-7 (b). in tr ni tip thng thng l 75 vi gi tr t l 0.2 F ti 1 F.

117

6.5 So snh thermistor(cm bin nhit) vi IC cm bin nhit ng ra Analog

Hnh 4.28 Vic kt ni mt Thermistor hoc mt cm bin LM20 n mt ADC Thermistor khi c phn cc nh hnh 4.28, c mt thun li l khng yu cu mt in p tham chiu n nh hoc chnh xc trong h thng. V vy khi , sai s nh hng bi in p tham chiu c th c loi b. Trong mt s trng hp, chng hn mt s IC tch hp cao nh vi iu khin, ASIC c ADC bn trong, v chn in p tham chiu li khng a ra ngoi, th khi nhng IC ging nh LM20 s c kt qu chnh xc hn trong ton b h thng. Nhng thit b nh LM20 ch ht dng 10mA,trong khi dng qua thermistor ph gi tr ca R. National tin hnh th nghim mt nhit in tr c th, Murata NTH 5G10P/16P33B103F. y l nhit in tr c chnh xc 1% 25C. Tin hnh s dng ADCs vi cc phn gii khc nhau kim tra chnh xc tng qut. chnh xc tng ny m ph thuc trn chnh xc ca ADC, li ca ADC( phn gii, lch v li phi tuyn tnh hay tng sai s khng th hiu chnh,.). Bi v nng lng tiu tn ph thuc vo R, mc tn hiu c th b gim trm trng. hnh 4-29, l th ng ra ca in p thermistor trong hnh 4-28 c a vo ng vo ACD. Ch rng in p ng vo ADC gim theo hm logarit khi nhit tng. in tr 97,6k cho s ti u v cng sut tiu tn trn thermisstor. iu cho php thermistor kch hot mc nng lng khng vt qu mc nng lng nh mc trong khi vn duy tr c chnh xc nht nh.

118

Hnh 4-29 Ng ra Thermistor vi cc gi tr nhit khc nhau Khi gim gi tr ca in tr R, th vng lm vic tuyn tnh ca thermistor cng gim. Vi gi tr in tr 4.7k dc tng nhit cao, do cng sut tiu tn trn thermistor s tng. th 4-20 so snh chnh xc ca ton b h thng khi s dng mt thermistor vi mt ADC 8bit v in tr 1K; mt thermistor vi ADC 10bit v in tr 33K; cm bin LM20 vi ADC 8bit. Li lng t ha v tng sai s khng hiu chnh ADC (offset, khuch i v li tuyn tnh) c xem xt xc nh chnh xc ca ton b h thng. Nh trong th, chnh xc ton b h thng khi dng cm bin LM20 c gi l hng s khi nhit thay i. nhit trn 60C, cm bin LM 20 hot ng tt hn hn so vi thermistor v ADC 8 bit.

119

Hnh 4-30 : Sai s ca h thng khi dng thermistor v LM20

7. Cc mch ng dng cm bin nhit

7-1 My tnh c nhn
Cc th h gn y ca my tnh c nhn tiu tan rt nhiu nng lng, c ngha l chng c xu hng nng ln khi hot ng. Cc b vi x l, b nh v a cng l im ng ch nng. Qut lm mt c th hot ng gi nhit trong kim sot, nhng nu qut b h hoc nu vic thng gi khng tt do b bi hoc dy kt ni chn cht, nhit bn trong thng (case) ca my vi tnh c th b tng cao lm gim ng k i sng ca nhng thnh phn bn trong. i vi my tnh xch tay my tnh vn ny cn kh khn hn. My tnh c nhn, my tnh xch tay, v my ch s dng b cm bin nhit trn bo mch theo di nhit h thng nhm ngn nga s ph hy do qu nhit hoc kim sot tc qut gim thiu m thanh ting n. V tr thng thng cho cm bin nhit l gn (v i khi di) cc b vi x l, bn trong a cng, hoc trong chnh b vi x l thng qua vic s dng mt diode nhit. Trong cc my tnh Intel, khi cm bin pht hin s qu nhit, h thng c th lm gim tn s xung clock gim thiu s tiu tn nng lng. Nhit tng nhanh trong mt my tnh bn hoc my ch c th do mt qut lm mt b hy v mt h thng cng c thit k tt c th cnh bo cho ngi s dng v li ny. Nu nhit tip tc tng, h thng c th t tt. Nu nhit o lng khng 120

chnh xc khin vic iu khin cc qut lm mt chy nhanh hn mc cn thit s to ra nhiu ting n hn. B iu khin qut n gin Mch trong hnh 4-31 l h thng cm nhit v m mt qut lm mt khi nhit b cm bin nhit vt qu mt gi tr chn trc. IC cm bin nhit LM56 cho s nh x in p ng ra theo nhit v so snh in p u ra vi cc in p ngng ti cc chn VT1 v VT2, c thit lp bng cch s dng ba in tr bn ngoi. in p tham chiu ca h thng l 1.25V c thit k bn trong. Khi nhit vt qu 50 C th ng ra ca cm bin nhit bn trong s cao hn in p trn VT1, v qut c bt(thng qua kt ni trn chn Out1). Nu nhit ca cm bin tng trn 70 C, VT2 s i thp ng ra ca cm bin nhit bn trong v lc ng ra OUT2 c tch cc, c th c s dng lm chm ng h h thng ( gim cng sut x l) hoc gy ra mt ngt b vi x l shutdown my. Nu ng ra th hai (out2) l khng cn thit, ta c th ngn mch in tr 9.09k , v in tr 2.67k c thay th bng mt in tr 11.8k. VT1 vn s thp hn in p ng ra cm bin bn trong khi T = 50 C, nhng VT2 s vn khng hot ng. Thng thng, cm nhit LM56 s c t trn bo mch cng gn vi x l cng tt. y l mch c thit k cho mt qut 12V. Mt cch tip cn khc, s dng mt MOSFET knh p v v qut 5V c trnh by trong hnh 4-32

Hnh 4.31 Qut c bt khi nit vt 50oC. Out2 xung Low khi nhit vt 70oC. Cc ng ra b so snh l Open collector, v vy cn mt in tr ko ln Out2 nu s dng out2 li mt ng vo logic. 121

Hnh 4.32 Mch thc hin chc nng tng t mch 4.31 nhng thit k iu khin qut 5V.

122

7.2 B iu khin qut nhanh/ chm:

Mch trong hnh 4-33 li mt ln na s dng b iu nhit dng LM56 , nhng trong trng hp ny th qut lun c bt. Khi nhit ca board mch thp, qut chy vi tc tng i chm. Khi nhit vt qu 50C, th tc qut tng ln ti gi tr ti a. Ging mch trong hnh 4-31 v 4-32, OUT2 l mt ng ra th hai mc logic cho thy nhit ca b iu nhit dng LM56 l ln hn 70C. Hn na, nu OUT2 khng cn thit, th chn VREF v VT2 c th c kt ni vi nhau v hai in tr c th c thay th bi 1 in tr n c gi tr bng vi tng hai in tr .

Hnh 4.33 Mch iu khin qut nhanh chm khng cn thm cc phn t cng sut bng cch iu khin ng dn th ba ca qut. Bnh thng khi nhit thp hn 50oC ng ra OUT1 l 5V, qut quay tc chm, khi nhit vt 50oC, OUT1 l 0V, qut quay tc ti a Mt cch khc na trong phng thc tip cn ny l mch dng MOSFET bt qut hot ng mt ngng nhit thp hn v khi nhit vt qua ngng th 2 th ng ra out2 s l ng vo iu khin tc qut chy nhanh hn.

123

Hnh 4.34. Khi nhit o c vt ngng th nht th qut s c m vi tc thp. Nu nhit vt qua ngng th hai th qut c iu khin chy tc cao hn.

7.3 H thng cng sut thp:

Cm bin nhit cng sut thp, in p thp vi ch shutdown Nhng thit b di ng hot ng bng pin nh in thoi khng dy phi hot ng vi in p thp v dng nh ko di tui th ca pin, mch trong hnh 4-35 l mt cm bin nhit h LM94022 v n c xem l kh ti u vi nhng ng dng di ng lm vic in p thp t 1.5V. Trong cc h thng dng ngun pin, mc d dng ti a ca cm bin LM94022 l 9A nhng n vn b xem nh mt linh kin tiu tn cng sut v nu vic s dng lin tc trong thi gian lu n c th gp phn lm cho pin mau ht. V th, cm bin dng y c cp ngun bi mt cng logic CMOS, ngha l chn cp ngun ca LM94022 cng c xem l chn shutdown. Do nhit bin i chm, v c th o nhanh chng, nn ta khng cho LM94022 hot ng lin tc. Trong chu k 2 pht, ta ch cp ngun khong 1s LM94022 hot ng v thu thp gi tr nhit , khi dng tiu th trung bnh ca cm bin s thp hn 75pA

124

Hnh 4.35 Cm bin nhit 1.5V c cp ngun t cng logic

Trong nhiu thit b di ng hot ng bng pin, vi iu khin c th cha ADC bn trong. Cm bin nhit LM26LV l mt linh kin u tin quan trng cho mt h thng c in p ngun t 1.6V ti 5.5V v dng ti a l 16A. Nhit c th c o lng da vo chn Vtemp thng qua ADC ca vi iu khin. Cng lc th LM26LV tch cc ng ra OVERTEMP khi nhit ca LM26LV vt qu mt gii hn c lp trnh sn. Mc gii hn ny c th c t ra bi nh sn xut National trong sut qu trnh kim tra sn phm vi bt k gi tr no t 0C ti 150C. Ng ra OVERTEMP trong hnh 4-36 a ti vi iu khin cho php cnh bo nhit nhanh chng. Ng ra OVERTEMP c th d dng c kt ni ti chn shutdown ca b iu chnh, t tt h thng v trnh nhng hu qu khng lng.

Hnh 4.36 Kt ni LM26V vi vi iu khin hoc vi x l

125

Qun l pin: Mch dng sc pin kh l phc tp t in p ngun n vi in tr hn dng cho ti h thng tinh vi da trn pin thng minh bao gm cc vi iu khin, cc cm bin nhit, ADCs, v vng nh khng bay hi lu tr d liu sc v lch s s dng. Trng thi np ca pin o lng bng vic s dng in p u cc v theo di dng sc vo v ra khi pin. B sc nhanh cho pin Nicad v NiMH cng thng da trn nhit ca pin xc nh khi no kt thc qu trnh sc. Trong cc pin Nicad, Sc l mt qu trnh thu nhit,vi vy pin Nicad hoc vn cng nhit hoc lnh hn trong qu trnh sc. khi pin y, th nhit ca n tng tng i nhanh, iu cho ta bit nn ngng dng sc(nh hnh 437a). Qu trnh sc l qu trnh ta nhit i vi pin NiMH, v vy nhit tng chm trong sut chu k sc. Vi cc loi pin c lm t Niken, th nhit v in p thng c kim sot trnh s ph hy t vic sc qu y. Tuy nhin, i vi pin NiMH, s thay i trong in p pin chm hn nhiu so vi pin NiCad,v th nhit tr thnh s ch dn u tin ca vic sc qu y.

126

Hnh 4.37 ng cong sc nhanh ca pin NiCad. C nhit v in p u ch bo v s np qu y.

7.4 B iu khin qut v pht hin nhit cnh tn nhit ca mch khuch i cng sut m tn:
Hnh 4-38 m t b pht hin s qu nhit cho cc linh kin cng sut. Trong phn ny , th mt IC khuch i cng sut m tn c kt hp ti mt ming tn nhit v mt cm bin nhit Celsius LM35 cng c kt dnh ti ming tn nhit ny gn IC khuch i cng sut, hoc c gn ln bo mch in mt i din ca ming tn nhit. Ng ra ca b so snh s xung mc thp nu nh nhit ca ming tn nhit tng trn ngng c xc nh bi R1,R2 v in p tham chiu. Ng ra pht hin li t b so snh bt qut lm mt. R3 v R4 to ra hin tng tr trnh vic qut b bt/ tt qu nhanh. Theo mch in thit k, Qut s c hot ng khi nhit ming tn nhit vt qu 80C v tt khi nhit xung di 60C

127

Hnh 4-38 Mch iu khin qut lm mch b khuch i cng sut m tn Mt mch tng t c ch ra trong hnh 4-39. Trong mch ny, cm bin, in p tham chiu,v b so snh c thay th bi mt cm bin LM56. Qut s bt 80C v vic tr 5C c kt cu trong LM56 lm qut li tt khi nhit ca cm bin li rt xung di 75C

Hnh 4-39: Mch iu khin qut lm mt b khuch i cng sut dng LM56, qut c bt nu nhit vt 80oC v tt nu nhit di 75oC.

128

7.5 S dng cm bin ba dy to cm bin nhit 2 dy :

Khi nhit cm bin nm ti a im cch xa, iu mong mun l ti thiu s dy kt ni gia cm bin v bo mch chnh. Mt cm bin ba cc cn ba dy kt ni ngun, mass v ng ra tn hiu, i vi cm bin hai dy th ngun v tn hiu phi cng tn ti trn cng mt dy. Mt cm bin hai cc ging nh LM334 hoc LM335 c th c s dng, nhng chng cho ra mt ng tn hiu c t l tng ng vi nhit , ci ny rt l bt tin. Nu ng ra tn hiu c t l tng ng vi C v khng hn hai dy c yu cu, mch trong hnh 4-40 c th l mt gii php hay. in p ng ra ca cm bin l DC, v nng lng c truyn pht nh l tn hiu AC . Ngun AC cho cm bin l mt b dao ng sng sin (A1 v A2) kt hp vi ng truyn 2 dy thng qua t C6. Ti cm bin LM45, D1, D2, C1 v C3 bao gm mt b chnh lu p i na sng v n cung cp ngun cho cm bin. R2 cch ly ng ra cm bin khi ti in dung, v L1 vi tn hiu ng ra to thnh ng truyn. L1 v C2 bo v ng ra cm bin khi ng truyn AC trn 2 dy. Ti ng ra ca cui ng truyn, R2, L3, v C4 hnh thnh b lc thng thp loi b thnh phn AC khi tn hiu ng ra. C5 ngn nga dng DC qua R3, s lm gim tn hiu nhit. Ng ra nn iu khin ti tr khng cao (100K or cao hn).

129

Hnh 4-40 Cm bin nhit t xa hai dy truyn pht ng ra DC m khng lm gim chnh xc ca n.

130

Chng 5
IC thu pht ng m
Cung vi ISD2560, cac Ic ISD2575/2590/25120 , la loat cac Ic chuyen dung dung e thu (record) va phat lai(playback) am thanh. ay la cac Ic chuyen dung chat lng cao, co nhieu ng ieu khien cung nh nhieu mode chc nang hoat ong co the ap ng c mot so yeu cau nhat nh trong lnh vc thu va phat lai tieng noi.
1. S O CHAN ISD2560:

Hnh5.1 : S o chan IC ISD2560

2. S O KHOI BEN TRONG ISD2560 :

131

Hnh 5.2: S do khoi ben trong cua ISD2560

3. MOT SO THONG SO C BAN:

Ten thong so ien ap nguon cung cap Nhiet o hoat ong ien ap at Tan so lay mau Loc dai thong Ngo ra loa ien ap cung cap max 4.5V 6.5V 00C 500C 0V 8 KHz 3.4 KHz

Gia tr

50 mW oi vi loa 16 7V

132

4. MO TA CHC NANG CAC CHAN:

Ten chan A x / Mx

So chan 1-10/1-7

Chc nang Address/Mode inputs : Cac chan nay co hai chc nang phu thuoc vao mc ien ap tren hai bit co trong so cao nhat cua cac chan a ch (A8 va A9) Neu mot trong hai bit nay mc thap, tat ca cac ngo vao c xem nh cac bit a ch va c s dung nh a ch bat au cho chu ky ghi hoac phat. Cac chan a ch nay ch la cac ngo vao khong xuat ra bat ky thong tin a ch nao ben trong trong suot qua trnh van hanh. Cac ngo vao a ch nay th c chot bi canh xuong cua CE . Neu ca hai chan A8 va A9 mc cao, cac ngo vao Address/Mode c xem nh cac bit che o. Co 6 mode che o van hanh ( se trnh bay sau ) t M0M6. Ta co the s dung nhieu mode van hanh ong thi. Cac mode van hanh cung c chot moi canh xuong cua CE . V vay cac che o van hanh (mode) va kieu nh a ch trc tiep loai tr lan nhau. Noi cac khac ta khong the s dung cung luc kieu nh a ch trc tiep va cac mode.

AUX IN

11

Auxiliary Input ( Ngo vao bo tr ) : Chan nay ghep ngo ra cua mach khuech ai vi chan ngo ra loa khi CE = high, P/ R = High , va playback hien khong c tch cc hoac neu thiet b ang trang thai tran trong playback. Khi ghep nhieu thiet b ISD2560 vi nhau, chan AXU IN e noi tn hieu phat lai t thiet b pha sau en ngo ra cua mach thuc loa cua thiet b pha trc. e tranh nhieu, chan nay c yeu cau khong c lai khi mang lu tr ang la tch cc.

Vssa, Vssd

13,12

Ground ( at ) : Cac IC loat ISD2500 dung cac bus at so va bus at tng t rieng. Cac chan nay nen c noi rieng le bang cac ng tong tr thap en mass nguon. Speaker Outputs : loat IC ISD2500 co the lai mot loa co

SP+/SP-

14/15

133

tr khang la 16 , cong suat 50mW. Cac ngo ra loa c gi mc Vssa trong suot qua trnh ghi. Khong c noi song song nhieu ngo ra loa cua cac IC ISD2500 hoac ngo ra cua cac thiet b lai loa khac. Viec ket noi cac ngo ra loa song song co the pha huy IC. Mot ngo ra ket thuc n co the c s dung ( bao gom mot tu ien noi gia chan SP va loa ). Cac ngo ra nay co the c s dung rieng le vi ngo ra tn hieu cua chan con lai. Tuy nhien, viec s dung ngo ra n se lam cho cong suat ngo ra giam i 4 lan. Vcca, Vssd 16,18 Supply voltage : e giam nhieu cac mach ien so va tng t trong loat IC ISD 2500 s dung cac bus nguon rieng. Cac bus ien ap nay c a en cac chan rieng va nen c noi vi nhau tai iem cang gan iem nguon cang tot. Hn na cac nguon cung cap nay nen at gan chan linh kien. Microphone : Chan MIC truyen tn hieu ngo vao en mach tien khuech ai tren chip. Mot mach AGC ( t ong ieu chnh o li ) ieu chnh o li cua mach tien khuech ai nay khoang -15 en 24 dB. Microphone Reference : la ngo vao ao cua mach tien khuech ai microphone. ieu nay cung cap mot s triet nhieu hoac ngo vao a ra mot mode chung en thiet b khi noi vi mot microphone khac. Automatic gain control: ieu chnh o li cua mach tien khuech ai e phu hp ien ap ngo vao cua microphone. Mach AGC cho phep khoang rong u e am thanh cua mot tieng coi ln c ghi lai vi s meo dang nho nhat. Analog input: Ngo vao Analog truyen tn hieu analog en chip e thc hien viec ghi. Khi ngo vao la microphone chan ANA OUT nen c noi vi tu ngoai en ANA IN. Gia tr cua tu cung vi 3 K tong tr ngo vao cua ANA IN se qui nh tan so cat di va bang thong cua giong noi. Neu tn hieu s dung t nguon khac

MIC

17

MIC REF

18

AGC

19

ANA IN

20

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microphone no co the a trc tiep en chan ANA IN ( viec them mot tu gia co the lam cho tn hieu xau i ). ANA OUT 21 Analog output: Chan nay la chan ngo ra cua mach tien khech ai c thiet ke a ra cho ngi dung. o li ien ap cua mach tien khuech ai c xac nh bi mc o ien ap tren chan AGC. Overflow :Tn hieu nay tao ra xung mc thap tai iem cuoi cua mang bo nh, ch nh rang bo nh IC a ay va thong tin a b tran. Ngo ra chan OVF sau o theo ngo vao chan CE cho en khi xung PD reset lai thiet b . Chan nay co the s dung e ghep cascade nhieu thiet b ISD 2500 lai vi nhau e tang them thi gian ghi hoac phat.
CE

OVF

23

23

Chip Enable : Ngo vao CE xuong thap e cho phep tat ca cac s van hanh ghi va phat. Nhng chan a ch va chan ghi / phat lai c chot bi canh xuong cua xung
CE . Chan CE con co them chc nang khac trong che o

hoat ong 6 ( mode 6 ). PD 24 Power down ( nguon giam) : Khi khong co ghi cung nh khong co phat lai chan PD nen c keo len mc cao e a IC vao che o stanby. Khi OVF tao ra xung LOW cho ieu kien tran, PD nen c noi len HIGH e reset lai con tro a ch tai a ch bat au cua mang bo nh. Chan PD con co them chc nang trong mode 6 (pushbutton).
EOM

25

End Of Message : iem dau khong mat c t ong chen vao tai ni cuoi cua moi thong tin ghi. No duy tr o cho en khi co mot thong tin khac ghi e len. Ngo ra
EOM tao ra mot xung thap cho giai oan ket thuc cua

mot thong tin. Khi IC ang hoat ong trong Mode 6, chan nay cung cap mot tn hieu tch cc mc cao ch nh rang IC ang trong trang thai ghi hoac phat. Tn hieu nay co the thuan li e thuc mot led cho thiet b hien th trc quan trang

135

thai IC ang ghi hoac ang phat. XCLK 26 External Clock : Thng th tan so lay mau ta s dung dao ong tren chip. Vi loai ISD2560, tan so lay mau la 8kHz th xung clock yeu cau la 1024 KHz. He so cong tac cua xung clock ngo vao khong quan trong lamv xung clock ngay lap tc c chia hai. Neu ta khong s dung xung clock ben ngoai th nen noi chan nay xuong mass e tranh nhieu. Playback/Record: Ngo vao P/ R c chot bi canh xuong cua xung tren chan CE . Mot mc cao tren chan nay se chon che o phat lai con mc thap tren no se at IC vao che o thu. e thc hien viec ghi, cac chan a ch cung cap a ch bat au va qua trnh ghi c tiep tuc cho en khi PD hoac CE c keo len mc cao hoac co dau hieu tran c phat hien ( bo nh b ay ). Khi viec ghi c tac ong bi viec keo PD hoac CE len mc cao, dau ket thuc thong tin ( EOM ) c lu tr tai a ch hien hanh trong bo nh. e thc hien viec phat lai tn hieu, cac ngo vao a ch cung cap a ch bat au va thiet b se phat lai cho en khi gap dau EOM . Thiet b co the vt qua dau EOM neu CE c gi mc thap trong mode a ch.
5. MO TA CHC NANG:

P/ R

27

5.1 Mo ta chi tiet : Toc o / Chat lng am thanh: Loat IC ISD2500 bao gom cac thiet b co tan so lay mau tai: 4.0, 5.3, 6.4 va 8 KHz, cho phep ngi dung la chon toc o chat lng ve toc o. e tang thi gian ghi / phat th buoc phai giam tan so lay mau va bang thong, va ieu nay lai anh hng en chat lng cua am thanh. D lieu lay mau c lu tr trc tiep tren bo nh khong bay hi cua chip khong co bat ky s so hoa va s ket hp nen d lieu nh cac giai phap khac.Viec lu tr trc tiep tn hieu analog cung cap mot am thanh t nhien, trung thc cua tieng

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noi, nhac, cac tone va cac hieu ng am thanh th khong ap ng vi hau het cac giai phap so trang thai ac. Thi gian : Co nhieu he thong c yeu cau, nhng san pham ISD2560/75/90/120 cung cap mot giai phap chip n vi thi gian lu tr la 60, 75, 90, 120 giay. Cac IC nay co the ghep noi vi nhau e co thi gian dai hn. Ten IC ISD2560 ISD2575 ISD2590 ISD25120 Thi gian lu tr 60 s 75 s 90 s 120 s Tan so lay mau 8.0 KHz 6.4 KHz 5.3 KHz 4.0 KHz Loc thong dai 3.4 KHz 2.7 KHz 2.3 KHz 1.7 KHz

Bo nh EEPROM : Mot trong nhng li cua cong nghe Winbonds ChipCorder la s dung bo nh khong bay hi, ien ap cung cap cho viec lu tr la Zero. Thong tin co the c lu tr tren 100 nam ma khong can nguon cung cap. Hn na thiet b co the ghi lai tren 100,000 lan. 5.2 Cac MODE van hanh : Loat IC ISD2500 c thiet ke nhieu che o ( mode ) van hanh c xay dng ben trong cung cap toi a cac chc nang vi cac thanh phan ben ngoai t nhat. Cac mode nay c mo ta chi tiet trong bang ben di. Mode van hanh c truy cap bang cac ng a ch ben ngoai khi A8 va A9 mc cao. Khi A8 va A9 mc cao th cac chan A0 A7 c hieu la nhng bit mode ch khong con la nhng bit a ch na. V vay che o mode va cach nh a ch trc tiep khong the tng hp hay noi cach khac chung khong the s dung ong thi. Co hai van e quan trong can xem xet khi s dung che o mode. Mot la, tat ca cac che o van hanh eu bat au t a ch 0 cua bo nh. S van hanh sau o co the bat au t mot a ch khac, ieu nay phu thuoc vao mode van hanh a chon. Them vao o con tro a ch se reset ve 0 khi thiet b thay oi t ghi sang phat, t phat sang ghi ( ngoai tr trng hp s dung mode 6 ) hoac khi chu ky nguon giam c thi hanh (power down). Hai la, cac mode van hanh c thi hanh khi CE xuong mc thap. Mode van hanh se duy tr anh hng cho en khi tn hieu tai chan CE xuong mc thap lan na.

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BANG CAC MODE VAN HANH Mode M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 Chc nang Gi nhac thong tin Xoa dau EOM Khong ng dung Lap vong a ch lien tuc Kch hoat Cach dung tieu bieu Tng hp

Hng nhanh ve thong tin M4, M5,M6 pha trc at v tr dau EOM tai iem M3,M4,M5,M6 cuoi cung cua thong tin cuoi. at trc Tiep tuc phat lai t a ch 0 N/A M1, M5, M6

Ghi/ Phat lai nhieu thong tin M0, M1, M5 lien tuc M0, M1, M3, M4

bang Cho phep dng thong tin

mc CE ieu khien Push n gian cach giao tiep vi M0, M1, M3 Button IC

* Mo ta cac mode van hanh: Cac Mode van hanh co the c s dung lien ket vi mot vi ieu khien, hoac chung co the kiem soat bang mach ien t e cung cap mot he thong nh mong muon. M0 Message Cueing: Mode cho phep ngi dung bo qua thong tin nay e en thong tin khac ma chung ta khong can biet a ch vat ly thc s cua moi thong tin. Moi mot xung CE mc thap la nguyen nhan khien con tro a ch ben trong bo qua thong tin hien hanh nhay en mot thong tin ke tiep. Mode nay ch s dung cho che o phat lai va no thng c s dung ket hp vi mode 4. M1- Delete EOM Markers: Mode M1 cho phep ghi mot cach tuan t thong tin e ket hp thanh mot thong tin rieng le vi ch mot dau ket EOM at tai v tr cuoi cua thong tin sau cung. Khi Mode nay c cau thanh th nhng thong tin a ghi mot cach tuan t se c phat lai nh mot thong tin lien tuc. M2- Unused Khi van hanh cac mode a chon chan 2 nen c noi xuong mc thap. M3- Message Looping:

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Mode nay cho phep t ong, tiep tuc lap lai thong tin phat tai a ch bat au cua khong gian a ch . Mot thong tin co the hoan toan lam ay ISD2560 va se lap lai t au en cuoi ma OVF khong i xuong mc thap M4 Consecutive Addressing: Trong suot che o van hanh bnh thng, con tro a ch se c reset khi mot thong tin ang chi xuyen qua dau ket EOM . Mode M4 ngan cam con tro a ch reset khi gap dau ket EOM , cho phep thong tin c phat lai lien tuc. M5 CE - Level Activated: Mode mac nh cua ISD2560 cho phep CE tac ong canh khi phat lai va tac ong mc khi ghi. Che o M5 lam cho chan CE c hieu la tac ong mc thay v tac ong canh trong suot qua trnh phat lai. ay la mot hu ch ac biet e ket thuc viec phat lai s dung tn hieu CE . Trong mode nay mc thap chan CE bat au cho mot chu ky phat lai, tai v tr bat au cua bo nh. Chu ky phat lai c tiep tuc mien la chan CE c gi mc thap. Khi CE len mc cao th viec phat lai se c dng ngay lap tc. Khi mot mc thap mi CE xuat hien, no se khi ong lai thong tin t a ch bat au ( ngoai tr M4 luc nay cung mc cao ). M6 Che o Push Button Tat ca cac IC loat ISD2500 eu cha che o van hanh Push-Button. Che o M6 chu yeu c s dung trong cac ng dung gia rat thap va c thiet ke vi cac mach ien va thanh phan ben ngoai giam en mc toi thieu v the lam giam gia thanh cua he thong. e cau thanh mode 6 th hai chan A8 va A9 phai mc cao va chan at che o M6 cung phai mc cao. Mot IC s dung mode nay th luon luon nguon giam tai v tr cuoi cua moi chu ky ghi/phat sau khi CE mc cao. Khi mode nay van hanh ba chan cua IC co chc nang ieu khien c mieu ta trong bang sau: Ten chan
CE

Chc nang hien hanh trong che o Push - Button Khi ong/Dng Push-button(Tac ong xung thap) Dng/Reset Push-button( Tac ong xung mc cao ) mc cao ch nh thiet b ang ghi/phat

PD
EOM

Chan CE (Start/Stop): Trong mode van hanh Push-Button tn hieu tac ong xung LOW tren chan CE c xem la tn hieu Start/Stop. Neu khong co he thong hien hanh ang c x ly,

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xung mc thap tren chan CE se khi ong chu ky ghi hoac phat lai tuy thuoc vao mc ien ap tren chan P/ R . Mot xung sau na cua chan CE xuat hien, trc khi gap dau ket EOM trong khi phat lai hoac trc khi d lieu b tran trong che o ghi, no se lam dng s van hanh, va bo em a ch khong b reset. Mot xung CE tiep theo na se lam cho thiet b tiep tuc van hanh tai ni ma no a dng. Chan PD ( Stop/ Reset ): Trong che o van hanh Push Button, tn hieu xung mc cao cua chan PD c xem la tn hieu Stop/Reset. Khi mot chu ky ghi hoac phat lai ang c x ly, mot xung cao tren chan PD, chu ky hien hanh se c dng va con tro a ch se c reset ve 0, a ch bat au cua khoang khong thong tin.
EOM (RUN):

Trong che o van hanh Push-Button, tn hieu EOM tr thanh tn hieu tch cc chay mc cao co the c s dung e thuc mot led hoac mot thiet b ben ngoai khac. Chan nay mc cao bat c khi nao he thong ghi hoac phat lai ang c x ly. Ghi trong che o Push-Button: 1. Chan PD mc thap, thng s dung mot ien tr keo xuong. 2. Chan P/ R mc thap. 3. Chan CE la xung mc thap. Bat au ghi, EOM t ong len mc cao ch nh rang he thong van hanh ang c x ly. 4. Khi CE co xung mc thap tiep theo, viec ghi b dng, EOM t ong xuong mc thap. Con tro a ch ben trong khong b xoa, nhng dau EOM c lu tr lai trong bo nh ch nh khi mot thong tin ket thuc. Chan P/ R co the len mc cao trong thi gian nay va bat ky mot xung CE nao tiep theo se lam cho he thong phat lai tai a ch 0. 5. Khi chan CE la mot xung thap. Viec ghi lai tiep tuc tai a ch tiep theo sau dau EOM at pha trc. Chan EOM lai quay tr lai mc cao. 6. Khi viec ghi lan lt c hoan thanh, xung thap CE cuoi se ket thuc chu ky ghi sau cung, bang viec at dau EOM tai thong tin ket thuc. Viec ghi co the ket thuc bang viec at chan PD len mc cao, ni ma no se e lai mot dau ket EOM . Phat lai trong che o Push-Button: 1. Xung PD mc thap. 2. Chan P/ R at mc cao. 3. Tac ong xung thap len chan CE . Qua trnh phat lai bat au, chan EOM t ong len mc cao cho biet he thong ang x ly.

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4. Neu CE co mot xung mc thap hoac dau EOM c phat hien trong qua trnh van hanh, phan nay se b dng lai. Con tro a ch ben trong khong b xoa va EOM chuyen xuong mc thap. Chung ta co the thay oi trang thai chan P/ R trong thi gian nay, khi o mot chu ky ghi sau o se khong reset con tro d lieu va viec ghi se bat au tai ni phat va ket thuc. 5. Tac ong mot xung thap tren chan CE mot lan na, qua trnh phat lai se bat au tai ni ma no va ri khoi, va EOM lai len mc cao ch nh he thong ang x ly. 6. Viec phat lai tiep tuc nh bc 4 va bc 5 cho en khi PD c tac ong bi xung mc cao, hoac c tran c phat hien. 7. Neu b tran, viec keo CE xuong mc thap se reset con tro a ch va bat au phat lai t a ch bat au. Sau khi chung ta tac ong xung tren chan PD th phan nay c reset ve a ch 0. 6. GII THIEU HAI MACH NG DUNG ISD2560 6.1 Mach ng dung ien hnh ( Dung cach truy cap a ch trc tiep )

Hnh 5.2: S o mach ien thu/phat tieng noi dung cach nh a ch trc tiep

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Bc ieu khien 1 2 3A 3B 4A 4B

Chc nang at chip vao che o Ghi/Phat lai at a ch cho viec ghi hoac phat Bat au phat lai Bat au ghi Ket thuc viec phat Ket thuc viec ghi

Tac ong 1.PD=Low, 2. P/ R = theo yeu cau at a cac chan A0A9 P/ R =High, CE = Pulse Low P/ R =Low, CE = Low T ong PD hoac CE = High

6.2 Mach thu phat tieng noi s dung che o Push Button :

Hnh 5.3 : S o mach ien thu/phat tieng noi s dung che o Push-Button

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Bang mo ta chc nang cac nut ieu khien: Bc ieu khien 1 2A 2B 3 4A 4B Chc nang Chon che o ghi/phat Bat au viec phat lai Bat au ghi Dng viec ghi hoac phat Ket thuc viec phat lai Ket thuc viec ghi Tac ong at mc ien ap P/ R theo yeu cau P/ R = High, CE = xung mc thap P/ R =Low, CE = xung mc thap

CE = xung mc thap
T ong tai EOM hoac PD= xung mc cao. PD = xung mc cao

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Chng 6
B nh Bn dn
1. Thut ng lin quan n b nh
tm hiu cu to, hot ng ca b nh chng ta bt u vi mt s thut ng lin quan n b nh - T bo nh: l linh kin hay mt mch in t dng lu tr mt bit n (0 hay 1). Th d ca mt t bo nh bao gm: mch FF, t c tch in, mt im trn bng t hay a t. . . . - T nh : l mt nhm cc bit (t bo) trong b nh dng biu din cc lnh hay d liu di dng mt s nh phn. Th d mt thanh ghi 8 FF l mt phn t nh lu tr t 8 bit. Kch thc ca t nh trong cc my tnh hin i c chiu di t 4 n 64 bit. - Byte : t 8 bit, y l kch thc thng dng ca t nh trong cc my vi tnh. - Dung lng : ch s lng bit c th lu tr trong b nh. Th d b nh c kh nng lu tr 4.096 t nh 20 bit, dung lng ca n l 4096 x 20, mi 1024 (=210) t nh c gi l 1K, nh vy 4096 x 20 = 4K x 20. Vi dung lng ln hn ta dng 1M hay 1meg ch 220 = 1.048.576 t nh. - a ch : l s nh phn dng xc nh v tr ca t nh trong b nh. Mi t nh c lu trong b nh ti mt a ch duy nht. a ch lun lun c biu din bi s nh phn, tuy nhin thun tin ngi ta c th dng s hex hay thp phn, bt phn - Tc v c : (Read, cn gi l fetch ), mt t nh ti mt v tr no trong b nh c truy xut v chuyn sang mt thit b khc. - Tc v vit : (ghi, Write, cn gi l store ), mt t mi c t vo mt v tr trong b nh, khi mt t mi c vit vo th t c mt i. - Thi gian truy xut (access time) : s o tc hot ng ca b nh, k hiu tACC . l thi gian cn hon tt mt tc v c. Chnh xc l thi gian t khi b nh nhn mt a ch mi cho ti lc d liu kh dng ng ra b nh. - B nh khng vnh cu (volatile) : B nh cn ngun in lu tr thng tin. Khi ngt in, thng tin lu tr b mt. Hu ht b nh bn dn l loi khng vnh cu, trong khi b nh t l loi vnh cu (nonvolatile).

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- B nh truy xut ngu nhin (Random-Access Memory, RAM) : Khi cn truy xut mt a ch ta ti ngay a ch . Vy thi gian c hay vit d liu vo cc v tr nh khc nhau trong b nh khng ty thuc vo v tr nh. Ni cch khc, thi gian truy xut nh nhau i vi mi v tr nh. Hu ht b nh bn dn v nhn t (b nh trong ca my tnh trc khi b nh bn dn ra i) l loi truy xut ngu nhin. - B nh truy xut tun t (Sequential-Access Memory, SAM) : Khi cn truy xut mt a ch ta phi lt qua cc a ch trc n. Nh vy thi gian c v vit d liu nhng v tr khc nhau th khc nhau. Nhng th d ca b nh ny l bng t, a t. Tc lm vic ca loi b nh ny thng chm so vi b nh truy xut ngu nhin. - B nh c/vit (Read/Write Memory, RWM) : B nh c th vit vo v c ra. - B nh ch c (Read-Only Memory, ROM): l b nh m t l tc v c trn tc v ghi rt ln. V mt k thut, mt ROM c th c ghi ch mt ln ni sn xut v sau thng tin ch c th c c ra t b nh. C loi ROM c th c ghi nhiu ln nhng tc v ghi kh phc tp hn l tc v c. ROM thuc loi b nh vnh cu v d liu c lu gi khi ct ngun in.

2. Gii thiu cc loi b nh

SRAM hay DRAM, EEPROM hay flash? Bn s s dng loi b nh no cho ng dng ca mnh? C nhiu loi b nh p ng trong cc h thng my tnh hin i. Mt k s phn mm nhng cn hiu bit s khc nhau gia chng v lm th no s dng hiu qu cc loi b nh. Trong phn tho lun ny, chng ta s xem xt cc loi b nh ny trn phng din ngi pht trin phn mm. Hy nh rng s pht trin ca cc loi b nh ny mt mt vi th nin v phn cng ca chng c s khc nhau ng k. Tn ca cc loi b nh cng phn nh tnh cht lch s ca qu trnh pht trin v thng to nn s nhm ln hn l s su xa v tnh cht. Hnh 6.1 phn bit cc loi b nh chng ta s tho lun nh RAM, ROM, hoc mt loi lai ca chng.

Hnh 6.1 Cc loi b nh thng thng ca cc h thng nhng

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2.1 Cc loi RAM H RAM bao gm hai thit b nh quan trng l : RAM tnh(SRAM) v RAM ng(DRAM). S khc nhau c bn gia gia hai loi ny l thi gian d liu c lu tr. SRAM di tr ni dung ca n min l ngun in c cp cho chip nh. Nu ngun b tt hoc b gin on th ni dung d liu b mt mi mi. DRAM th li khac, thi ian d liu tn ti cc ngn khong 4 ms mc d ngun cung cp vn cn. SRAM c tt c tnh nng ca b nh RAM. Khi so snh iu vi DRAM dng nh khng phi nh vy. Vi mt phn cng n gin kt ni thm gi l b iu khin DRAM(DRAM controller) c th c s dng lm DRAM ging nh SRAM. Nhim v ca b iu khin DRAM l lm ti (refresh) d liu cha trong DRAM theo chu k. Bng vic lm ti d liu trc khi n mt, ni dung d liu trong DRAM s c di tr min l cn in ngun cung cp. Do vy DRAM th hu dng nh SRAM sau tt c! Khi quyt nh chn loi RAM no s dng, mt ngi thit k h thng nn xem xt thi gian truy cp v gi ca n. Cc thit b SRAM cho thi gian truy cp cc nhanh(xp x gp 4 ln so vi DRAM) nhng gi thnh th mc hn nhiu sn xut. Nhn chung, SRAM ch s dng ti nhng ni tc truy cp l rt quan trng. Khi s dng s lng ln th DRAM cho gi thnh gim ng k. y ta chia phn bit hai loi RAM nguyn thy, hin nay cc loi RAM pht trin rt nhiu, tc c ci thin v gi thnh ngy cng h. 2.2 Cc loi ROM Cc loi b nh h ROM c phn bit da vo phng php ghi d liu mi ln chng(c gi l lp trnh) v s ln chng c th rewritten (vit li). Mt thuc tnh chung ca tt c cc loi ROM l d liu c di tr trong sut thi gian ngun cung cp b gin on hoc b mt. - Masked ROM Loi ROM nguyn thy u tin l cc thit b cha c d liu hoc cu lnh c lp trnh sn ti nh my. Ngi ta gi l ROM ny l ROM mt n (masked ROM). Mt yu t thun li ca loi ROM ny l gi thnh thp. Nhng cng tht khng may mn l gi thp ch tht s thp khi s lng ln cc ROM nh vy c sn xut. Hnh 6.2 l m hnh ca mt MROM trong cc vung l ni cha (hay khng) mt linh kin (diod, transistor BJT hay MOSFET) to bit. Mi ng ra ca mch gii m a ch gi l ng t v ng ni t bo nh ra ngoi gi l ng bit. Khi ng t ln mc cao th t bo nh hoc t nh c chn.

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Hnh 6.2 M hnh MROM

Nu t bo nh l Diod hoc BJT th s hin din ca linh kin tng ng vi bit 1 (lc ny ng t ln cao, Transsisstor hoc diod dn, dng in qua in tr to in th cao hai u in tr) cn v tr nh trng tng ng vi bit 0. i vi loi linh kin MOSFET th ngc li, ngha l s hin din ca linh kin tng ng vi bit 0 cn v tr nh trng tng ng vi bit 1 (mun c kt qu nh loi BJT th thm ng ra cc cng o).
PROM:

Mt bc pht trin tip theo ROM mt n l PROM (programmable ROM), c ngi s dng mua trng thi cha c lp trnh. Nu bn c th nhn vo ni dung ca PROM bn s thy ch ton trng thi 1. Vic ghi d liu ln PROM c thc hin bi mt thit b c bit c gi l b lp trnh. B lp trnh ghi d liu ln lt tng t d liu n PROM bng cch np in vo cc chn ng vo trn chip. Mt PROM c th lp trnh theo cch ny. D liu cha trong n sau khi lp trnh s khng bao gi thay i. Nu m hoc d liu cha trong PROM bt buc phi thay i, c ngha l PROM hin ti phi b b i. V vy, PROM cn c bit nh nhng thit b ch th lp trnh mt ln (OTP :one time programmable devices). C cu to ging MROM nhng mi v tr nh u c linh kin ni vi cu ch. Nh vy khi xut xng cc ROM ny u cha cng mt loi bit (gi l ROM trng), lc s dng ngi lp trnh thay i cc bit mong mun bng cch ph v cu ch cc v tr tng ng vi bit . Mt khi cu ch b ph v th khng th ni li c do loi ROM ny cho php lp trnh mt ln duy nht s dng, nu b li khng th sa cha c (Hnh 6.3). Ngi ta c th dng 2 diod mc ngc chiu nhau, mch khng dn in, to bit 0, khi lp trnh th mt diod b ph hng to mch ni tt, diod cn li dn in cho bit 1.

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Hnh 6.3 Cu to PROM - EPROM Mt EPROM (erasable and programmable ROM) c th c lp trnh chnh xc nh PROM. Tuy nhin EPROM c th c xa v lp trnh li nhiu ln. xa mt EPROM, n gin bn ch cn cho thit b tip xc vi ngun tia cc tm mnh (mt ca s trn IC cho php nh sng tip cn vi silicon bn trong). Khi lm vic ny, c ngha l bn reset EPROM v trng thi khi to-trng thi cha c lp trnh. Mc d gi mc hn PROM nhiu, nhng vic c th lp trnh nhiu ln lm cho EPROM tht s cn thit cho cc qu trnh kim tra v pht trin phn mm. Mt ln na chng ta c mt mng li cc ct v cc hng. Trong mt EPROM, cc t bo mi im c hai transistor bn dn. Hai transistor bn dn c phn cch nhau bi mt lp oxit mng. Mt trong hai transistor c cc cng th ni v v transistor cn li c cc cng c iu khin. Lin kt duy nht ca cc cng th ni vi hng (wordline) l thng qua cc iu khin. Khi lin kt ny c t ra, t bo c gi tr 1. thay i gi tr thnh 0 i hi mt qu trnh kh th v gi l ng hm FowlerNordheim. ng hm c s dng thay i v tr ca cc in t trong cc th ni. Mt in p np, thng l 10-13 volt, c a n cc cng th ni. in p np ny c a ra t ct (bitline), i vo cc th ni v chy xung mass. in p np khin cc transistor cc cng th ni hot ng nh mt sng in t. Cc Electron c y qua v b mc kt pha bn kia ca lp oxit mng, cho n mt in tch m. Cc electron tch in m hot ng nh mt ro cn gia cng iu khin v cng th ni ni. Mt EPROM trng c tt c cc cng hon ton m, nn mi t bo ca n c gi tr l 1

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Hnh 6.4 Nguyn tc hot ng ca mt t bo nh EPROM ghi li EPROM, u tin bn phi xa n. xa EPROM, ngi ta chiu tia U.V. vo cc t bo trong mt khong thi gian xc nh electron trn cng ni nhn nng lng vt qua lp cch in tr v vng nn ti hp vi l trng xa in l P v transistor tr v trng thi khng dn ban u.

2.3 Cc thit b lai (Hydrids)

Khi cng ngh b nh trng thnh trong nhng nm gn y, ranh gii gia RAM v ROM b lu m. By gi, mt s loi b nh kt hp cc tnh nng ca c hai. Cc thit b ny khng thuc mt trong hai nhm v c th c gi chung l cc thit b b nh lai. Cc loi b nh lai c th c c v ghi nh mong mun, ging nh RAM, nhng ni dung ca chng c th di tr m khng cn ngun cung cp, ging nh ROM. Hai trong s cc thit b lai, EEPROM v flash, l th h sau ca cc thit b

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ROM. y l nhng thng c s dng lu tr m. Thit b lai th ba, NVRAM, l mt phin bn sa i ca SRAM. NVRAM thng cha d liu lin tc. - EEPROM (Electrically erasable and programmable ROM) L thit b nh c th c lp trnh v xa bng in. Bn trong n tng t EPROM nhng hot ng xa d liu c thc hin hon ton bng in. Bt k byte no trong EEPROM u c th xa v vit li. EPROM khc phc c nhng nhc im quan trng ca EPROM, n khng cn phi xa ghi li, khi thay cn thay i mt phn d liu khng cn phi xa hon ton chip, v vic thay i ni dung khng cn cc thit b chuyn dng. EEPROM thay i mt byte ti mt thi im, nn n tr nn qu chm trong mt s thit b yu cu tc lu tr d liu nhanh. - FLASH ROM EPROM l loi nonvolatile, c tc truy xut nhanh (khong 120ns), mt tch hp cao, gi thnh r tuy nhin xa v np li phi dng thit b c bit v ly ra khi mch. EEPROM cng nonvolatile(khng bay hi), cng c tc truy xut nhanh, cho php xa v np li ngay trong mch trn tng byte nhng c mt tch hp thp v gi thnh cao hn EPROM. B nh FLASH ROM tn dng c cc u im ca hai loi ROM ni trn, ngha l c tc truy xut nhanh, c mt tch hp cao nhng gi thnh thp. Hu ht cc FLASH ROM s dng cch xa ng thi c khi d liu nhng rt nhanh (hng trm ms so vi 20 min ca U.V. EPROM). Nhng FLASH ROM th h mi cho php xa tng sector (512 byte) thm ch tng v tr nh m khng cn ly IC ra khi mch. FLASH ROM c thi gian ghi khong 10s/byte so vi 100 s i vi EPROM v 5 ms i vi EEPROM

3. Gii thiu mt s IC RAM, ROM thng dng:

3.1 RAM 6264(RAM tnh):
3.1.1 Mt s c tnh quan trng: - Thi gian truy cp 50,7 ns. - Cng ngh CMOS ti u ngun, tc . - D dng m rng b nh vi cc chn v - Ng vo v ng ra tng thch vi chun TTL. - T ng vo ch ngun gim khi khng c chn(gim n 70% cng sut tiu th). - Cc chn I/O c gi trng thi tng tr cao tr khi : chip c chn + cc chn ng ra c cho php v chn cho php ghi (WE\ ) mc cao.

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3.1.2 S khi v s chn CY6264

3.3 Bng cc thng s chnh:

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3.4 Qu trnh c/ghi Ram 6264: Qu trnh c

Qu trnh ghi

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