Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

Li ni u
Ngy nay cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut v cng ngh, cc
thit b in t ang c ng dng ngy cng rng ri trong hu ht cc lnh vc
kinh t x hi cng nh trong i sng. Trong tt c cc thit b in t vn
ngun cung cp l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht quyt nh n s
lm vic n nh ca h thng. Hu ht cc thit b in t u s dng ngun
mt chiu c n p vi chnh xc v n nh cao. Hin nay k thut ch to
cc ngun n p cng ang l mt kha cnh ang c nghin cu pht trin vi
mc ch to ra cc khi ngun cng sut ln, n nh, chnh xc cao, kch
thc nh (cc ngun xung).
T tm quan trng trong ng dng thc t ca ngun mt chiu n p v
da vo kin thc hc cng nh t tm hiu thm, nhm em xin trnh by
ti :Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V). qua
tm hiu k hn v nguyn l hot ng ca cc mch ngun ng thi cng
c thm k nng trong thit k cc mch in tng t.
Trong qu trnh thc hin n chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio
TS. Nguyn Hong Nam tn tnh gip chng em hon thnh ti ny.
Do kh nng kin thc cn hn ch, thc hin ti chc chn s khng
trnh c nhng thiu st, nhm em rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin
ca thy c v cc bn ti c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Nhm sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

Mc lc
Li ni u..................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1: TM HIU CHUNG
1.1

Khi nim chung v ngun mt chiu ............................................ 4

1.2.

Bin p ngun v chnh lu ............................................................ 4

1.2.1.

Bin p ngun ............................................................................. 4

1.2.2.

Chnh lu..................................................................................... 5

1.3.

B lc mt chiu ............................................................................... 6

1.4.

n nh in p ................................................................................ 8
CHNG 2: THIT K MCH NGUN DC
(3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

2.1.

Tiu chun k thut ca khi ngun.............................................. 9

2.2.

Phng n thit k ........................................................................... 9

2.2.1.

Bin p v chnh lu ................................................................... 9

2.2.2.

Lc ngun ................................................................................... 9

2.2.3.

To in p 24V ........................................................................ 10

2.2.4.

To in p 12V v 5V ............................................................. 10

2.2.5.

To in p 3,7V ....................................................................... 11

2.2.6.

Danh mc linh kin ................................................................... 14

CHNG 3: KT LUN

3.1.

Tng hp kt qu ........................................................................... 15

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................... 16

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

CHNG 1: TM HIU CHUNG

1.1

Khi nim chung v ngun mt chiu

Ngun mt chiu c nhim v cung cp nng lng mt chiu cho cc thit

b in t hot ng. Nng lng mt chiu ca n tng qut c ly t ngun
xoay chiu ca li in thng qua mt qu trnh bin i c thc hin trong
ngun mt chiu.
Yu cu i vi loi ngun ny l in p ra t ph thuc in p mng, ca
ti v nhit . t c yu cu cn phi dng cc mch n nh in p.
S khi ca mt b ngun hon chnh c biu din nh trn hnh 1.1:

Chnh lu

U1 Bin p
U2

n p1 chiu

Lc
UT

U01

Ti
U02

Hnh 1.1: S khi mt b ngun n p

Chc nng ca cc khi:

- Bin p bin i in p xoay chiu U1 thnh in p xoay chiu U2 c
gi tr thch hp vi yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp c th khng cn dng
bin p.
- Mch chnh lu c nhim v chuyn in p xoay chiu U2 thnh in p
mt chiu UT (c gi tr thay i nhp nh). S thay i ny ty thuc tng dng
mch chnh lu.
- B lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu p mch UT thnh in
p mt chiu U01 t nhp nh hn.
- B n p mt chiu c nhim v n nh in p u ra ca n U02 khi
U01 thay i. Trong trng hp khng c yu cu cao th khng cn b n p mt
chiu.
Ty theo iu kin c yu cu c th m b chnh lu c th mc theo
nhng s khc nhau v dng cc van chnh khc nhau.

1.2. Bin p ngun v chnh lu

1.2.1. Bin p ngun
Bin p ngun lm nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu ca mng in
thnh in p xoay chiu c tr s cn thit i vi mch chnh lu ngun v
ngn cch mch chnh lu vi mng in xoay chiu v mch mt chiu.
Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

1.2.2. Chnh lu
Chnh lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng dng in xoay chiu thnh
nng lng dng in mt chiu.
Chnh lu l thit b in t cng sut c s dng rng ri nht trong
thc t. S cu trc thng gp ca mch chnh nh hnh 1.2:

Hnh 1.2: S cu trc mch chnh lu

Trong :
- BA: Bin p. Ty vo yu cu m c th l tng p hay gim p.
- MV: Mch van. Cc van vn dn c mc theo nguyn tc tin hnh
qu trnh chnh lu.
- LSB: Lc san bng.
Trn hnh 1.3 l mt s mch chnh lu thng gp trong thc t:

Hnh 1.3: Mt s s chnh lu trong thc t

a) tia 1 pha, b) tia 1 pha c im gia
c) tia 3 pha, d) cu 1 pha
e) cu 3 pha, g) tia 6 pha

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

Bng 1.1: Tham s chnh ca cc mch chnh lu c bn

1.3. B lc mt chiu
Trong cc mch chnh lu trn in p ra ti mi c cc tnh khng i,
nhng gi tr ca in p ra thay i theo chu k, gi l s p mch (gn sng)
ca in p sau chnh lu.
Ngi ta nh ngha h s p mch Km ca in p.

Kmv

Lc

Kmr

Hnh 1.4: S khi b lc

Hiu qu ca khu lc c nh gi qua h s san bng:

H s san bng cng ln th in p ra cng n nh, cng t nhp nh, cht

lng b lc cng tt.

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

Mt s b lc thng gp l lc in cm L, lc in dung C, lc LC v lc
hnh c s nh trn hnh 1.5:

Hnh 1.5: Cc s b lc san phng c bn

a) lc in cm, b) lc LC
c) lc in dung, d) lc hnh (lc CLC)

- Lc in cm:
Gi tr in cm lc cn c h s Ksb cn thit l:

Lc in cm ph hp vi ti cng sut ln, v cng sut cng ln th in

tr ti Rt cng nh, s cng d dng thc hin iu kin lc tt nht l XL>>Rt.
- Lc in dung:
Gi tr t in c xc gn ng theo cng thc:

Lc in dung kh thc hin vi ti cng sut ln, v Rt cng nh cng kh

thc hin iu khin lc tt XC<<Rt do gi tr t C phi ln. Do lc t ch
dng cho ti cng sut nh.
- Lc LC:
y thc cht l kt hp ca hai loi lc trn, do vy lc hiu qu vn
cn tun theo nguyn tc: XL>>Rt; XC<<Rt.
Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

Ta c:

- Lc hnh (lc CLC):

y l b lc gm 2 mt lc, lc C v lc LC mc ni tip nhau.H s san
bng ca b lc bng tch h s san bng ca tng mt lc.
Lc CLC ng dng khi cn c Ksb>50.

1.4. n nh in p
C mt s phng php n nh in p mt chiu sau:
- S dng i-t Zenner
- S dng IC n p c nh: 78xx, 79xx.
Vi IC 78xx, in p ra c nh l dng xx.
Vi IC 79xx, in p ra c nh l m xx.
- S dng IC n p thay i c (mc in tr ngoi thay i gi tr
in p ra): LM317,

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

CHNG 2: THIT K MCH NGUN DC

(3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)
2.1. Tiu chun k thut ca khi ngun
Cc tiu chun k thut ca khi ngun:
- in p vo: 220Vac 50Hz.
- in p ra: 4 mc 3,7Vdc ; 5Vdc ; 12Vdc ; 24Vdc.
- Dng in ra: 2A

2.2. Phng n thit k

Da trn cc yu cu k thut trn ta la chn phng n thit k cho tng
khi ca b ngun:
2.2.1. Bin p v chnh lu
u vo l li in xoay chiu dn dng (220V 50Hz) nn s dng bin
p 220-24V, vi dng 3A.
S dng mch chnh lu cu, v chnh lu cu c h s Ku ln v c p
mch nh.
2.2.2. Lc ngun
B lc c nhim v san bng in p mt chiu p mch UT thu c sau
khi chnh lu thnh in p 1 chiu U01 t nhp nh hn.
V mch ngun ny l mch cng sut nh nn s dng phng php lc
in dung C (vi C=4700 F).

TR1

BR1

V1
VSINE
VA=220
FREQ=50Hz

C5
4700u
KBU4A
TRAN-2P2S

Hnh 2.1: S khi bin p ngun, chnh lu cu v lc

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

2.2.3. To in p 24V
S mch n p 24V c biu din trn hnh v 2.2.
Q3
TIP42

U4
7824
1

VI

VO

GND

2R2

C6

R6

470u

C7
10u

Hnh 2.2: S dng IC7824 to in p n nh 24V

in p ra sau mch cu chnh lu v lc ngun c dng nhp nh khng

n nh, ta s dng IC n p 7824 n nh in p gi tr 24V.
T in C6 lc in p trc khi vo 7824, t in C7 lc in p sau
khi qua 7824. Dng vo khng n nh nn cn t c gi tr ln C6 = 470 F,
dng qua 7824 n nh nn khng cn t gi tr ln C7=10 F.
V IC7824 ch c th cp dng ra t gi tr 1A (theo l thuyt, thc t thp
hn na) nn phi khuch i dng ra. y dng transistor TIP42 khuch
i dng in ra.
Gi tr in tr R6 quyt nh dng i qua 7824. Dng IB ca transistor
khng ng k nn dng qua 7824 xp x dng qua R6. Hiu in th hai u
in tr R6 chnh l hiu in th UEB gia hai chn transistor, UEB 0,7V.
S dng transistor dn dng, v 7824 n nh in p ra v vy khng
cn dng ln i qua 7824. Chn dng qua 7824 khong 0,3A, t xc nh gi
tr in tr R6:

Chn gi tr in tr R6=2,2, xc nh li c dng qua 7824

2.2.4. To in p 12V v 5V
Vi in p 12V v 5V ta cng s dng phng php tng t nh to in
p 24V, s mch c biu din trn hnh 2.3.
Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

10

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

R7
2R2

Q1

Q2

TIP42

TIP42

U1

U2

7812
VI

VO

C1
470u

2R2

GND

2R2

C2

VI

VO

GND

7805

R2

C3
470u

R1

C4
10u

10u

Hnh 2.3: Mch to in p n nh 12V v 5V

y, t in C1 v C3 lc in p trc khi vo IC, t in C2 v C4 lc

in p sau khi qua IC. Transistor TIP42 khuch i dng in. Gi tr in
tr R1 v R2 quyt nh dng qua IC n p.
C1=C3=470 F, C2=C4=10 F, R1=R2=2,2.
2.2.5. To in p 3,7V
Theo yu cu thit k mch n p c in p ra l 3,7V, ta s dng IC n p
LM317. Bng cch iu chnh in tr ph mc bn ngoi ta c th d dng to
in p ra trong mt khong mong mun cho php.
LM317 l mt IC n p thng dng c ng dng nhiu trong thc t vi
cc u im nh in p ra n nh cng nh cch iu chnh in p kh n
gin (ch cn thm 2 in tr bn ngoi t in p ra). LM317 l linh kin n
p b ni tip cho in p ra n nh hn so vi cc loi IC n p c nh khc.
Ngoi vic c hiu sut cao hn IC n p c nh, loi IC ny cn tch hp kh
nng hn dng khi ngn mch, bo v qu ti, qu nhit,
K hiu v hnh dng IC LM317 nh hnh v 2.4:

Hnh 2.4: IC LM317

Mt s c im k thut c bn ca LM317:
- 1,2V Uout 35V
- Ioutmax=1,5A
Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

11

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

- 3V Uin-Uout40V
- Iadj=50100uA
- 10mAIoutImax
- Tvh=0125 oC
LM317 c cu to 3 chn nh hnh v, 2 chn ngoi l Uin v Uout cn chn
gia l chn ADJ. Ngoi ra mun iu chnh in p ra ta mc ni thm cc
in tr theo hnh 2.5
U3
LM317EMP
VI

VO

ADJ

R3

220R

R4
330R

R5
100R

Hnh 2.5:Mch to in p n nh 3,7V

in p ra c tnh theo cng thc

(

Nhng do Iadj rt nh (khong 50100uA) nn c th tnh gn ng

(

Chn gi tr in tr R3=220, R4=330, R5=100 ta thu c gi tr Ura

(

Tng hp li ta thu c ton b s mch theo hnh 2.6

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

12

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

TR1

TRAN-2P2S

BR1

KBU4A

C5
4700u

R6
2R2

R2
2R2

VI

U2
VI

U1

C3

U4

C1

2R2

470u

470u

7805

Q2

VO

Q1

Q3

R1

TIP42

C7

VO

C4

10u

U3

LM317EMP

VI

VO

R4

330R

R3

220R

100R

R5

13

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

TIP42

VO

C2

7812

VI

10u

10u

7824

C6
470u

ADJ

TIP42

GND
2

GND
2

GND
2

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

2.2.6. Danh mc linh kin

STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Tn linh kin
in tr
T 4700 uF
T 470 uF
T 10 uF
Transistor TIP42
IC 7824
IC 7812
IC 7805
IC LM317
Bin p
Cu chnh lu
Bng mch
Cng

S lng
6
1
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
23

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

n gi
10.000
3.000
2.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
6.000
60.000
3.000
30.000

Thnh tin
3.000
10.000
9.000
6.000
15.000
5.000
5.000
5.000
6.000
60.000
3.000
30.000
157.000

14

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

CHNG 3: KT LUN
3.1. Tng hp kt qu
Tng hp kt qu tnh ton l thuyt, mch m phng v mch thc t ta
thu c bng 3.1
L thuyt

Mch m phng

Mch thc t

To ngun 24V

24 V

24.1 V

23.9 V

To ngun 12V

12 V

12 V

12.15 V

To ngun 5V

5V

5.01 V

4.95 V

To ngun 3.7V

3.69 V

3.72 V

3.72 V

Bng 3.1: Tng hp kt qu

Sau mt thi gian tm hiu v thit k, nhm em hon thnh n: Tm
hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V). Kt qu lp
c mch in, kt qu thu c xp x vi in p yu cu ca thit k.
Qua ti ny gip nhm em c th p dng kin thc hc vo thc
t ng thi nng cao kh nng t tm hiu v thit k cc mch in tng t.
T nhng kin thc thu c trong qu trnh thc hin n ny s gip
chng em c thm kinh nghim thit k cc mch in mi c phc tp
hn.
Cui cng nhm em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio TS. Nguyn Hong
Nam tn tnh gip chng em hon thnh n ny.
Nhm sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

15

Tm hiu v thit k mch to ngun DC (3,7V; 5V; 12V; 24V)

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi, Trn Trng Minh. in t cng sut. NXB
Khoa hc v k thut, 2007.
2. Nguyn Trinh ng, L Hi Sm, Lng Ngc Hi, Nguyn Quc Cng.
in t tng t. NXB Gio dc, 2008.
3. Xun Th. K thut in t. NXB Gio dc, 2005.
4. Din n hi qun in t: http://hoiquandientu.com/
5. Din n in t Vit Nam: http://www.dientuvietnam.net/forums/forum.php
6. Din n: http://vozforums.com/

Nguyn Ngc Hp V c Vng V Huy Hong

16