-

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

LI NI U

Chng ta ang sng trong mt nn kinh t ht sc nng ng v sng to, i hi con ngi phi lun lun tm ti hc hi v pht huy ht kh nng ca mnh. Chnh v vy nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy cng ln, vi cht lng dch v ngy cng cao. Nhu cu con ngi ngy cng tng cao, i hi phi c mt cng ngh mng vin thng tin tin. Yu cu tc truyn dn ln, bng thng rng, a phng tin, p ng mi nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi. p ng nhng nhu cu ny, cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang (WDM) l mt gii php hon ho cho php tn dng hiu qu bng thng cc ln ca si quang, nng cao c dung lng truyn dn v lm gim gi thnh sn phm. S pht trin ny s mang li nhng u im vt tri v cht lng truyn dn cao, c bit l bng thng rng. Cu trc ca bi bo co bao gm 4 phn nh sau: Phn I: Gii thiu chung v h thng thng tin quang WDM Phn II: Khuch i quang EDFA Phn III: Si quang G 652 Phn IV: Gii thiu v tm hiu phn mm m phng OPTISYSTEM

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Vit tt
ADM AG AN AOTF APD AWGM ATM ADP AW C DCA DEMUX DSF DXC DLE DWDM FBG EDFA FDM FFWF GMPLS GW IP ISDN LAN LC LCP LCG LF LEC LL LSP ADM AG AN AOTF APD AWGM ATM ADP AW C

THUT NG VIT TT. Ting anh

Add/drop multiplexer Auxiliary Graph Acces Node Acousto Optic Turnable Filter Avalanche Photodiode Arrayed - Wavelength Grating Multiplexer Asynchronous Transfer Mode Avalanche Photo Diode Available Wavelength Core Distinct Channel Assignment Demultiplexer Dispersion Shifted Fiber Digital Cross Connect Dynamic Lightpath Establishment Differential Wavelength Division Multiplexer Fibre Grating Erbium doped fiber amplifer Division Multiplexer Fibre Grating Erbium doped fiber amplifer Frequency Division Multiplexing First Fit Wavelength First Generalized Multiple Protocol Label Swithching Gateway Internet Protocol Integrated service digital network Local Area Network Logical Connection Least Congested Path Logical Connection Graph Largest First Least Converter First Least Loaded Label Swithched Path Add/drop multiplexer Auxiliary Graph Acces Node Acousto Optic Turnable Filter Avalanche Photodiode 2

Ting vit

B ghp knh xen k Dng mt th ph Nt truy nhp B lc thanh quang c iu chnh it quang thc B ghp knh li quang dn sng kiu dn Phng thc truyn khng ng b it quang thc Bc sng kh dng ng trc Gn knh ring bit B gii ghp knh Si dch tn sc Ni cho s Thit lp lung quang

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

DCA DEMUX

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem Arrayed - Wavelength Grating Multiplexer

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Phn I: GII THIU V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM I. GII THIU CHUNG V WDM 1. nh ngha Mt h thng truyn dn thng tin quang m nhiu knh bc sng c ghp li v truyn chung trn nt ng truyn quang c gi l h thng thng tin quang ghp knh theo bc sng (WDM Wavelenght Division Multiplexing) Trong iu kin cc dch v truyn s liu ngy cng tng nhanh c bit l Internet, truyn hnh s, v tinh v khi m IP ni ln nh l nn tng cho cc dch v ng dng trong tng lai, cc nh qun l cung cp dch v truyn dn lc ny s phi suy ngh li v h thng truyn dn truyn thng TDM (time division multiplexing), h thng vn ti u cho truyn thoi nhng li km hiu qu trong s dng bng thng. 2. Cc di bng tn hot ng trong WDM. - O-band (Original band):Di bng tn t 1260 nm 1360 nm. - E-band (Extended band): Di bng tn t 1360 nm 1460 nm. - S-band (Short wavelength band)Di bng tn t 1460 nm 1530 nm. - C-band (Conventional band):Di bng tn t 1530 nm 1565 nm - L-band (Long wavelength band):Di bng tn t 1565 nm 1625 nm - U-band (Ultra-long wavelength band):Di bng tn t 1625 nm 1675 nm II. S KHI V CHC NNG CC KHI 1. S khi tng qut

2. Chc nng cc khi Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l laser. Hin ti c mt s loi ngun pht nh: Laser iu chnh c bc sng (Tunable Laser), Laser a bc sng (Multiwavelength Laser)... Yu cu i vi ngun pht laser l phi c rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng sut pht nh, bc sng trung tm, rng ph, rng chirp phi nm trong gii hn cho php. Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua si quang. Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp thnh cc tn hiu nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c cc b tch/ghp tn hiu WDM nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t nhiu x, linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot... Khi xt n cc b tch/ghp WDM, ta phi xt cc tham s
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 4

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

nh: khong cch gia cc knh, rng bng tn ca cc knh bc sng, bc sng trung tm ca knh, mc xuyn m gia cc knh, tnh ng u ca knh, suy hao xen, suy hao phn x Bragg, xuyn m u gn u xa... Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn, vn lin quan nkhuch i tn hiu ... Mi vn k trn u ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t si quang (loi si quang, cht lng si...) Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i quang si EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier). Tuy nhin b khuch i Raman hin nay cng c s dng trn thc t. C ba ch khuch i: khuch i cng sut, khuch i ng v tin khuch i. Khi dng b khuch i EDFA cho h thng WDM phi m bo cc yu cu sau: Thu tn hiu: Thu tn hiu trong cc h thng WDM cng s dng cc b tch sng quang nh trong h thng thng tin quang thng thng: PIN, APD. 3. Phn loi h thng WDM: - Gm 2 loi: n hng v song hng.

+ V dung lng: WDM song hng < WDM n hng, tuy vy th WDM n hng li i hi s lng si quang gp i so vi WDM song hng
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 5

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

+ V Thit k: r rng h thng WDM song hng i hi s phc tp hn nhiu vi nhng vn nh s chng xuyn nhiu(do c nhiu bc sng trn 1 si quang), m bo nh tuyn v phn b bc sng sao cho 2 chiu trn si quang khng dng chung 1 bc sng (bc sng chn l, bc sng theo bng ) + V vic gii quyt vn khi c s c xy ra h thng: vi WDM song hng th khi c bt k s c g xy ra trn h thng, n khng cn n c ch APS (automatic protection switching) chuyn mch bo v m n c th t hiu ng thi c 2 u h thng + B khuch i quang EDFA h thng song hng n gin hn so vi h thng n hng, nhng do s bc sng WDM song hng =1/2 WDM n hng nn cng sut khuch i u ra ca h thng song hng s cao hn h thng n hng =>Tnh v ti u th WDM song hng hn hn WDM n hng. Tuy nhin trong 1 s trng hp ta vn ch c th p dng h thng n hng v 1 s c im ti u trong iu kin hin ti. V d: Trong iu kin kh nng xuyn nhiu gia cc bc sng l rt cao, m h thng i hi phi c dung lng truyn dn ln. Lc ny ta ch c th dng WDM n hng.

III. CC THNH PHN C BN CA H THNG WDM 1. B pht Phn pht quan trng nht l laser diode. Yu cu ngun quang trong h thng WDM l phi c rng ph hp, n nh tn s. Tuy nhin laser diode c khoang cng hng Fabry Perot c nhiu u im hn so vi LED nhng cha tht s l cc ngun n mode. Vn cn cc mode khc ngoi mode c bn trong ngun ny. Trong h thng WDM nht l h thng ghp bc sng c mt cao DWDM cn c nhng laser n mode to ra mt mode dc chnh, cn li cc mode bn cn c loi b. Laser n mode c nhiu loi, in hnh l laser hi tip phn tn (DFB )v laser phn x Bragg phn tn (DBR 2. B thu B thu quang ca h thng WDM cng tng t nh b thu quang h thng n knh. Chng thc cht l cc photodiode (PD), thc hin chc nng c bn l bin i tn hiu quang thu c thnh tn hiu in. B thu quang phi m bo yu cu v tc ln, nhy thu cao v bc sng hot ng thch hp. Hai loi photodiode c s dng rng ri trong b thu quang l photodiode PIN v photodiode thc APD. 3. Si quang Cc mng quang u s dng mi trng truyn dn l cc si quang. Si quang c c tnh l suy hao v tn sc thp v l mi trng phi dn. Si quang n mode chun cng nh si dch tn sc, hoc si tn sc phng c ITU-T chun ho. 4. Trm lp Trm lp l b chuyn i tn s quang in c bn bao gm mt b thu quang v b pht quang. B thu quang chuyn i tn hiu quang u vo thnh tn hiu in v c khuch i, sa dng xung, nh thi li. Tn hiu ny sau c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang nh laser pht. 5. B tn sc
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 6

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Bn cnh suy hao ca si l mt hiu ng tn sc m gii hn chnh ca khong cch cc trm lp trong tuyn thng tin quang. Tr nhm l mt hiu ng chnh gy ra bi tn sc. Trong truyn dn quang hiu ng tn sc tng tuyn tnh vi di v rng ph ngun quang v l nguyn nhn lm mo xung v nhiu gia cc k t. 6. Khuch i quang OA (EDFA) Khuch i quang si pha Erbium l cha kho xy dng nn h thng WDM. H thng ny c c tnh: tnh tng ch cao, bng tn rng, tp m thp. c tnh tng ch khng c quan h vi phn cc, trong sut vi tc s v khun dng. y l cc c tnh rt c li trong thng tin quang ni chung v WDM ni ring. Tng ch c tnh ton nh l t s cng sut ra trn cng sut vo b khuch i. Gi tr ny xc nh trc tip suy hao ti a cho php gia hai b EDFA lin tip. N ph thuc vo s knh v di ca tuyn. Trong cc tuyn thc t gi tr ny bin i t di 20 dB n 30dB. Cng sut u ra ca b khuch i khi u vo cng sut cao. Hin nay c thng mi ha cc b khuch i EDFA vi di u vo t 13 17 dB cho u ra cng sut ti 30 dBm 7. B lc quang Trong k thut WDM c nhiu loi b lc quang c s dng, nhng ph bin nht l b lc mng mng in mi (TFF). TFF lm vic theo nguyn tc phn x tn hiu mt di ph no v cho phn di ph cn li i qua. B lc ny thuc loi b lc bc sng c nh. Cu trc ca n gm mt khoang cng hng bng in mi trong sut, hai u khoang c cc gng phn x c chit sut thp (MgF2 c n = 1,35 hoc SiO2 c n = 1,46) xen k nhau. Mi lp c b dy ne = 0/4 (i vi b lc bc 0) hoc ne = 30/4 (i vi b lc bc 1), vi 0 l bc sng trung tm. Hnh 1.14 m t cu to b lc mng mng in mi. Cc b lc ny hot ng da trn nguyn tc ca bung cng hng Fabry-Perot. y l b lc cng hng c tnh chn lc bc sng. Sng nh sng no c th to ra trong khoang cng hng mt sng ng (chiu di khoang cng hng bng bi s nguyn ln na bc sng) th s lt qua c b lc v c cng sut cc i ti u ra. 8. B xen r quang OADM Thit b ODAM thc hin chc nng thm vo v tch ra mt knh tn hiu t tn hiu WDM m khng gy ra nhiu vi nhng knh khc trong si. 9. B ni cho quang OXC OXC c hai chc nng chnh : Chc nng ni cho ca knh quang Chc nng ghp tch ng ti ch 10. Chuyn mch khng gian Cc ma trn chuyn mch khng gian c s dng trong cc thit b OADM v OXC. Cc thit b ny da vo hot ng c hc bao gm motor, in t tnh hoc p in lm lch cc vi gng cho chuyn mch cc tn hiu quang. Do yu cu chuyn ng c hc ca phn t chuyn mch thi gian t c di kh rng t 30ms n 500ms. Thit b dn sng to tc dng ca nhit nng hoc hiu ng quang- in l c thi gian chuyn mch tng i nhanh, bng 1.1 bao gm cc c tnh ca cc ma trn chuyn mch khc nhau. IV. U NHC IM CA H THNG WDM 1. u im:
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 7

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

+ H thng WDM c dung lng truyn dn ln hn nhiu so vi h thng TDM. + Khng ging nh TDM phi tng tc s liu khi lu lng truyn dn tng, WDM ch cn mang vi tn hiu, mi tn hiu ng vi mi bc sng ring (knh quang) + WDM cho php tng dung lng ca mng hin c m khng cn phi lp t thm si quang 2. Nhc im: + Dung lng h thng cn nh, cha khai thc trit bng tn rng ln ca si quang. + Chi ph cho khai thc, bo dng tng do c nhiu h thng cng hot ng

PHN II: KHUCH I QUANG S DNG SI PHA ERBIUM (EDFA) I. CU TRC V NGUYN L HOT NG CA B KHUCH I EDFA 1. cu trc Soi pha Er3+ B cch li
coupler

B cch li

Laser bm

Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA . Trong bao gm: - Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA. - Laser bm (pumping laser): cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng 980nm hoc 1480nm
- WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo

trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm. - B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c khuch i phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x ngc v EDFA.
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 8

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

2. Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA

Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau (xem hnh 1.4)

Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980 nm v 1480 nm Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton = 1.27eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn vng bm (pumping band) (1) - Ti vng bm cc Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1micro s) v chuyn xung vng gi bn (2) - Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480 nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton = 0.841 eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn (3) - Cc ion Er trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng lng thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4) - Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion Er3+ s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht) (5). Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s x ng thi hai hin tng sau: - Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er vng nn (6). Tn hiu nh sng b suy hao - Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn (7) . Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion Er3+ b kch thch s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v pht x photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 9

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm. y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm. II. TNH TON S B KHUCH I EDFA V V TR T CHNG TRONG TUYN CP SI QUANG S DNG CHUI EDFA, TM HIU TCH LY V BER TI MY THU CA H THNG NY Khi s dng EDFA thay th b lp trong h thng thng tin si quang, vn quan tm nht l nh hng ca cc nhiu giao thoa ti u ra ca b khuch i n u vo ca my thu. Nu thit k tuyn truyn dn c di ln th cn phi s dng nhiu EDFA, nhiu to bi cc EDFA ny s hp thnh nhiu tch ly c gi tr ln. Nhiu tch ly c nh hng ln n t s tn hiu trn nhiu eSNR v c tnh BER ca tn hiu ti u vo my thu. 1. Tuyn thng tin si quang s dng h thng EDFA mc chui: V mt l thuyt, th c ly truyn dn rt di c th thc hin c bng cch xen nhiu b khuch i quang theo phng php LA. Tuy nhin, khi c nhiu b khuch i c mc chui trn tuyn, c tnh h thng s b gim do c s xut hin nhiu tch ly t cc EDFA v cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
EDFA 1 n0,l0 n1,l1 EDFA 2 EDFA k nk,lk

TX

RX

Hnh 1.5 Cu hnh cc b khuch i EDFA mc chui Khuch i tng G v suy hao tng L ca h thng c xc nh nh sau:
k k

G = i G
i= 1

L = i L
i= 1

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

10

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

y Gi v Li l b khuch i EDFA th i v suy hao quang ca phn on th i. Do c tch ly nhiu, cng sut pht x t pht tng c xc nh nh sau:

Psp = Ps pi
i= 1

G L
j i j =+ i 1 i= 1

Vi Pspi nh ta bit l cng sut pht x t pht ca EDFA th i n c tnh bng cng thc: Pspi = mthvnspi(Gi - 1)B0 (*) Vi mt, hv, nspi ln lt l s mode truyn dn, nng lng photon v h s bc x t pht ca EDFA. 2 Tnh ton Nhiu trong trng hp h thng s dng mt EDFA:

,d0 Ptx

EDFA Pin Pout

,d1 Ps

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mt h thng LA

a. Nhiu lng t: Nhiu lng t cn gi l nhiu bn (shot) do dng tn hiu vo v dng pht x t pht sinh ra. Suy ra nhiu lng t sinh ra trong trng hp LA l:

2 sh

GPtx mt nsp h(G 1) B0 12 (pA2) = 2eBe + 10 n0 n1 n1

d 0 10

(1)

Vi:

n0 = 10 n1 = 10
= e/h

s ln suy hao trn on d0. s ln suy hao trn on d1. : h s chuyn i quang in :h/sut l/t, : t/s t/h quang

d1 10

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

11

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

b. Nhiu nhit: Nhiu nhit c tnh nh sau:

2 th =

4 KTB e 12 (pA2) 10 RL

(2)

c. Nhiu phch: + Mt cng sut tng ng ca nhiu phch tn hiu - t pht l:

2 4 2 N 0 GPtx Be 4 n sp hG (G 1) Ptx Be = = 2 2 n1 n 2 n1 n 2

2 s sp

2 s sp

4 2 n sp hG (G 1) Ptx Be nn
2 1 2

1012(pA2)

(3)

+ Thnh phn nhiu phch t pht - t pht l:

2 sp sp

2 2mt 2 nsp (h ) 2 (G 1) 2 B0 Be

2 2

1012(pA

2)

(4)

d. Nhiu tng ti ng ra ca b tch sng l:

2tot = 2th + 2sh + 2s-sp +2sp-sp

(5)

3. Tnh ton nhiu trong trng hp h thng s dng k b EDFA: a. Nhiu phch tn hiu - t pht:

2 s sp

Psp1Gk Gk 1 ...G2 12 2 4 Be 2 Gk Gk 1 ...G1 Ptx Pspk Psp( k 1) Gk = . .( + + ... )10 ( pA ) mt B0 n0 n1n2 ...nk nk nk 1nk n1n2 ...nk

(6)

b. Nhiu lng t:

Pspk Psp ( k 1) Gk Psp1G2 G3 ...Gk 12 G G ...G P 2 2 (7) sh = 2eBe 1 2 k tx + ( + + ... 10 ( pA ) nk nk 1nk n1n2 ...nk n0 n1n2 ...nk
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 12

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

c. Nhiu phch t pht - t pht:

2 sp sp

2 Be 2 = B0 mt

Psp1G2 G3 ...Gk 12 Pspk Psp( k 1) 2 + + ... + 10 ( pA ) n1n2 ...nk nk nk 1nk

(8)

tin tnh ton, gi thit rng c k EDFA ging nhau tc l: G=G j, nsp=nspj, Psp=Pspj; lc ny ta c cng thc tnh cc nhiu trong trng hp s dng k b EDFA (4.6), (4.7) v (4.8) c rt gn nh sau:

2 s sp

4 Be 2 Ptx kPsp 12 2 = . . 10 ( pA ) mt B0 n0 nk

(9)

P kPsp 12 2 2 sh = 2eBe tx + 10 ( pA ) n0 n k

(10)

(11)

2 sp sp

2 Be 2 kPsp 12 2 = 10 ( pA ) B0 mt nk

(12)

2 th =

4 KTB e 10 12 ( pA 2 ) R1

4. T s tn hiu trn nhiu trong cc trng hp s dng k b EDFA ging nhau: Cng thc trn c dng tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (in) trong trng hp tng qut, i vi h thng thng tin si quang s dng k b EDFA mc chui v b lc quang t sau n khc nhau. Nh ni trn, y l mt qu trnh tnh ton phc tp. Trong khun kh n ny, cng thc tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu trng hp ny l:

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

13

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

( Ptx / n0 ) 2 SNR = (dB) Ptx Psp 4 Be 2 Ptx kPsp . . + 2eBe + mt B0 n0 nk n0 nk 2 Be 2 kPsp 4 KTBe + + B0 mt nk R1
Ta c cng thc tnh BER khi bit eSNR nh sau:
2

(13)

1 e x BER = 2 .x
Vi

(14)

x = 0,3 54 eS N R
5. Bi ton m phng: Tm s b khuch i cn thit khi cho trc: Khong cch truyn dn AB, Cng sut pht Ptx, tc bit ca h thng Rb, t l li bit BER, Suy hao trung bnh ton tuyn , h s khuch i G ca cc b khuch i EDFA, Cc thng s khc c lin quan. + Cng sut pht ti a ca my pht l 9dBm, cng sut d phng 6dBm. Vy cng sut pht Ptx l: 9 - 6=3dBm. + nhy thu l mt hm ca t l li bit BER v tc Rb. Nu ta chn Be = 2,5Ghz, yu cu BER=10-12 th nhy thu bng -27,5dBm. Gi l0 l khong truyn dn m h thng lm vic tt (my thu vn thu tt tn hiu t my pht) m khng cn EDFA. Ta c: l0 = (Ptx - Pr)/ Nh vy khong cch truyn dn cn b lng tn hao do n gy ra: AB - l0 Suy hao do khong cch ny gy ra: (AB - l0) Nh vy s EDFA cn s dng l: k = (AB - l0) G
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 14

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Nu ta chn nhy my thu Pr = -27,5 dBm. Cng sut ti b tch sng P s phi ln hn nhy thu ny. Ta chn Ps = -25dBm. Ta c Ptx = 3 dBm. Vy: 3 - (-25) l0 = = 130km, Chn l0 = 100km 0,21 Tnh t s eSNR khi bit cc thng s khc: Cc thng s c cho nh sau: Cng sut pht Ptx = 3dBm; Tc bit Rb = 2,5Ghz; T l li bit BER = 10-12; Bng tn in Be = Rb = 2,5 (5 v 7,5) Ghz; Suy hao trung bnh ton tuyn = 0,21dB/km; Bng tn quang B0: c B0 = = 2 Chn = 0,4nm ta c B0 = 50Ghz Cc thng s khc: Hiu sut lng t = 0,9; Bc sng ca tn hiu quang = 1550nm; S mode phn cc: do dng si n mode nn ch c mt mode phn cc ngang mt = 1; Tr khng ti ca b tch sng Rl = 50; Tc nh sng c = 3.108 m/s; Nhit tuyt i T = 3000K. Vi cc thng s cho trn th vo (*), (9), (10),(11),(12) tnh c:

2sp-sp = 8,22.10-6k2(pA2)

2 sh

0,8984.103 Ptx = + 7,2575.10 6 k ( pA2 ) n0 2,035.103 Ptx = k ( pA2 ) n0

2 s sp

2th = 0,828(pA2) S = 1,26.1012(Ptx/n0)2 Th vo cng thc (13) ta c:

1,26.1012 ( Ptx2 n0 ) 2 eSNR = 2,035.103 Ptx 0,8984.10 3 Ptx 6 2 k + 8,22.10 k + 0,828 + + 7,2575.10 6 k n0 n0 p dng cng thc (14) tnh BER khi bit eSNR.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

15

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Lu thut ton
Bt u
Nhp khong cch, cng sut pht P v khuch i. Chn tt bit
th cng sut Thay pht P=Pt

Tnh s b EDFA cn thit Tnh t s tn hiu trn nhiu eSNR, t l li bit BER

Tnh cng sut pht Pt BER = 10-12 Hin th cc thng s tnh c

Y
Thit k thnh cng. Bn mun th li khng

BER 10-

12

N
Thit k cha thnh cng. Bn mun th li khng

Th li
Y Hin th hnh v
Kt thc

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

16

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

III. u khuyt im ca EDFA 1. u im: - Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao. - Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng. - Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, d vn chuyn v thay th. - Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin quang vtbin. - Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh b khuch i quangbn dn. - Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu. 2. khuyt im: - Ph li ca EDFA khng bng phng. - Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L. - Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c ly truyn dn.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

17

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

PHN 3: TM HIU SI QUANG N MODE G652 I. GII THIU CHUNG Khuyn ngh ITU-T G.652 m t cc thuc tnh hnh hc, c kh v mt ch cp quang v cp, c bc sng khng phn tn xung quanh 1310 nm. Si ITU-T G.652 c ti u ha cho s dng trong khu vc bc sng 1310 nm, nhng cng c th c s dng trong khu vc nm 1550. y l phin bn mi nht ca mt Khuyn ngh ln u tin c to ra vo nm 1984 v nhng giao dch vi mt s sa i tng i nhSa i ny l nhm duy tr s thnh cng thng mi ca cc si ny trong th gii pht trin h thng truyn dn quang hiu sut cao
1. Cu to Si quang s dng l loi n mode. Li ca si quang lm bng SiO2 v cc

cht ph gia khc, mbo c ch s chic sut ca li si quang ln hn ch s chic sut ca lp v phn x. Lp v phn x ca si quang lm bng SiO2. Lp bo v s cp lm bng vt liu chng c tia cc tm, m bo si quang khng b suy hao do un cong v try xc. Lp bo v s cp d dng c bc ra bng dng c c khcm tay (khng dng n ho cht) m khng gy nh hng n si quang. Si quang c m ho mu d dng c phn bit nhau bng mt thng, khng c phai mu trong sut thi gian s dng ca cp.

v si

Li si

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

18

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Cu trc tng th ca si. - Lp trong cng c dng hnh tr trn ,lm bng thy tinh ,c gi la li ( core ) si - Lp th hai cng c dng hnh tr bao xung quanh li ln c gi l lp bc ,lm bng thy tinh hoc plastic 2. Cc yu t nh hng c ba yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n h nng ca cc h thng thng tin quang ,bao gm : Tn sc, suy hao a. Suy hao l than s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu Suy hao tn hiu trong si quang l mt trong cc c tnh quan trng nht ca si quang v n quyt nh khong cch lp ti a gia my pht v my thu. Mt khc, do vic kh lp t, ch to v bo dng cc b lp nn suy hao tn hiu trong si quang c nh hng rt ln trong vic quyt nh gi thnh ca h thng.Suy hao tn hiu trong si quang c th do ghp ni gia ngun pht quang vi si quang, gia si quang vi si quang v gia si quang vi u thu quang, bn cnh qu trnh si b un cong qu gii hn cho php cng to ra suy hao. Cc suy hao ny l suy hao ngoi bn cht ca si, do c th lm gim chng bng nhiu bin php khc nhau. Tuy nhin,vn chnh y ta xt n suy hao do bn cht bn trong ca si quang. - Suy hao tn hiu Suy hao tn hiu c nh ngha l t s cng sut quang li ra Pout ca si c chiu di L v cng sut quang u vo Pin - Suy hao do tn x Suy hao do tn x trong si dn quang l do tnh khng ng u rt nh ca li si gy ra. l do nhng thay i rt nh trong vt liu, tnh khng ng u v cu trc hoc cc khuyt im trong qu trnh ch to si. - Suy hao do un cong si Suy hao do un cong si l suy hao ngoi bn cht ca si. Khi bt k mt si dn quang no b un cong c bn knh xc nh th s c hin tng pht x nh sng ra ngoi v si v nh vy nh sng lan truyn trong li si b suy hao b.Tn sc : Trong mt si quang ,nhng tn s nh sng khc nhau v nhng mi khc nhau cn nhng thi gian khc nhau truyn mt on t A n B .hin tng ny gi l
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 19

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

tn sc v gy ra nhiu nh hng khc nhau ,tn sc dn n s co gin xung trong truyn dn quang v gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t tng li bt my thu v dn n gim khong cch truyn dn nh hng ca tn sc n dung lng truyn dn Tn sc gy ra mo tn hiu v iu ny lm cho cc xung nh sng b gin rng ra khi c truyn dc theo si dn quang. Khi xung b gin ra n s ph ln cc xung bn cnh. Khi s ph ny vt qu mt gi tr gii hn no th thit b pha thu s khng phn bit c cc xung k nhau na, lc ny li bt xut hin. Nh vy, c tnh tn sc lm gii hn dung lng truyn dn ca si quang. + tuy nhin i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng khc nhau ,v d : i vi cc c ly ngn ,dung lng thp th yu t quan trng nht m ta cn quan tm l l suy hao i vi cc h thng c tc cao ,c ly tng i ln th yu t cn ch l suy hao v tn sc i vi cc c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi hai yu t trn th ta cn xem xt n hiu ng phi tuyn Si quang ang c s rng ri nht hin nay l si n mode SMF ,G.652 ,suy hao nh nht ca cc si ny vng bc sng 1500nm nhng tn sc c gi tri thp nht ( bng khng ) li bc sng 1300nm - Cc h thng thng tin si quang hin nay, nht l cc h thng tc bt cao, phn ln hot ng vng bc sng 1550nm nhm s dng cc b khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) tng c ly truyn dn. Tuy vy, si quang n mode tiu chun (si G.652) c h s tn sc ti vng bc sng ny l rt ln. Tn sc ln s lm mo tn hiu v to ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc k t (ISI-Intersymbol Interference) do s dn xung ti cc khe thi gian, lm xung cp cht lng truyn dn v hu qu thm ch c th khng chp nhn c. Nhn chung, nh hng ca tn sc n nng truyn dn ca h thng l rt phc tp S gin xung quanh lm cho nng lng ph tn hiu ti cc khe thi gian, b phuur chm xang khe ln cn v nng lng ny to ra cng xut b mt mt i lm xu c tnh BER ,do phi b BER PHN IV: GII THIU V TM HIU V PHN MM OPTISYSTEM
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 20

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

I. GII THIU CHUNG V PHN MM OPTISYSTEM

OptiSystem l phn mm m phng h thng thng tin quang. c vit ra gii quyt cc nhu cu ca cc nh khoa hc, cc k s, gi s v sinh vin nghin cu vin thng quang hc. Optisystem p ng nhu cu ca ngi dng ang tm kim mt h thng mnh m v d s dng. 1. Cc ng dng ca phn mm Optisystem. - Thit k h thng thng tin quang t mc phn t n mc h thng lp vt l. - Thit k mng TDM/WDM v CATV. - Thit k mng FTTx da trn mng quang th ng ( PON ). - Thit k h thng ROF ( radio over fiber ). - Thit k b thu, pht, b khuch i quang. - Thit k s tn sc. - nh gi BER v Penalty ca h thng vi cc m hnh b thu khc nhau. - Tnh ton BER v qu cng sut tuyn ca cc h thng c s dng khuch i quang.

2. Yu cu v phn cng v phn mm. OptiSystem yu cu cu hnh h thng ti thiu sau: - PC vi b vi x l Pentium 3 hoc tng ng - Microsoft Windows XP hoc Vista. 32-bit hoc 64-bit. - 400 MB khng gian a cng min ph - 1024 x 768 phn gii ha, ti thiu 65.536 mu sc - 128 MB RAM ( ngh) - Internet Explorer 5.5 hoc cao hn - DirectX 8.1 hoc cao hn 3. Ci t. - Optisystem c th c ci t Windown XP or Vista. Trc khi ci t nn thot tt c cc chng trnh trc khi chy chng trnh ci t. - ci t ta thc hin cc bc sau y: + Chay file setup.exe (ty tng my nhng thng thng phi c mng mi chy c file setup + Khi qu trnh setup hon thnh, ngt mng internet, cop 2 file trong foder crack vo C:\Program Files\Optiwave Software\OptiSystem 7\bin. + Qu trnh hon tt, kt ni li mng hon tt. 4. Cc c im chnh ca phn mm Optisystem. 4.1 Th vi cc phn t - Th vin ngun quang - ( optical sources library ) - Th vin cc b thu quang - (receivers library) - Th vin si quang - (optical fiber library) - Th vin cc b khuch i (quang, in) - (amplifier library) - Th vin cc b MUX, DEMUX - Th vin cc b lc (quang, in) - (filter library)
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 21

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

- Th vin cc phn t FSO - ( free space optics library) - Th vin cc phn t truy nhp - ( access library) - Th vin cc phn t th ng (quang, in) - (passiver library) - Th vin cc phn t x l tn hiu (quang, in) -( signal processing library) - Th vin cc phn t mng quang (network library) - Th vin cc thit b o quang, o in Ngoi ra cc phn t c nh ngha sn, Optisystem cn c - Cc phn t Measured components. Vi cc phn t ny, Optisystem cho php nhp cc tham s c o t cc thit b thc ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. - Cc phn t do ngi s dng t nh ngha ( User-defined Components) 4.2 Giao din ngi s dng ( GUI ) - Project layout : phn m ngi s dng thit k

Hnh 1. Giao din ngi s dng - Dockers : bao gm + Th vin cc phn t ( component library ) : ngi dng truy cp vo ly cc phn t thit k (Hnh 2)

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

22

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 2 : Th vin cc phn t + Project Browser : truy nhp n cc tham s v kt qu ca thit k (Hnh 3)

Hnh 3 : Project Browser + Description : a ra cc thng tin m t tm tt v thit k (Hnh 4)

Hnh 4 : Description
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 23

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

+ Status bar : hin th nhng gi v vic s dng Optisystem (Hnh 5)

Hnh 5 : Status bar + Menu bar : cha cc menu c sn trong Optisystem (Hnh 6) Hnh 6 : Menu bar + Pan window : (Hnh 7)

Hnh 7: Pan window + Tool bars : cc thanh cng c c sn trn ca s (Hnh 8)

Hnh 8 : Tool bars II. TM TT HNG DN S DNG MT S CHC NNG C BN CA OPTISYSTEM 1. M mt d n c sn:
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 24

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

- Vo File menu, la chn Open - La chn ng dn trong File name ly c file mong mun 2. To mt d n mi - Vo File menu, la chn New, ca s Project layout xut hin (hnh 9)

Hnh 9. Ca s Project layout - Vo Component Library, dng chut ko phn t cn s dng v th vo Main Layout (Hnh 10)

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

25

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 10. t phn t vo Main layout - Vic kt ni gia cc phn t trong thit k c th c thc hin mt cch t ng hoc bng tay nh vic s dng cc nt chc nng trong Layout Operations (Hnh 11)

Hnh 11 Kch hot kt ni t ng

Hnh 12:Hy b ch kt ni t ng 3. Thit lp cc tham s ton cc (global parameters) ca d n Khi to mt thit k mi trn Optisystem, phi thit lp cc tham s ton cc. Cc tham s ny s lin quan n tc , chnh xc v yu cu v b nh cho vic thc hin m phng thit k. Cc tham s ny c gi l tham s ton cc v n nh hng n tt c cc thnh phn trong thit k c s dng cc tham s ny. Trong Optisystem, cc tham s ny bao gm: - Tc bit (bit rate) - Chiu di chui bit (Bit sequence length) - S mu trn mt bit (Number of samples per bit). Cc tham s ny c s dng tnh ton Time window (ca s thi gian), Sample rate (tc ly mu) v Number of samples (s lng mu) nh sau: - Time window = Sequence length * 1/Bit rate
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 26

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

- Number of samples = Sequence length * Samples per bit - Sample rate = Number of samples / Time window Optisystem dng chung tham s Time window cho tt c cc thnh phn trong thit k, tc l tt c cc thnh phn u c Time window ging nhau nhng c th c Sample rates hoc Number of samples l khc nhau. thit lp tham s ton cc ca d n, thc hin cc bc sau - Kch p chut vo ca s Project layout - Hoc La chn Layout > Parameters t thanh cng c Menu Hp thoi Layout parameters xut hin (Hnh 13)).

Hnh 13. Hp thoi Layout parameters 4. Hin th v thay i tham s ca cc phn t trong d n
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 27

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

-Kch p chut vo phn t cn thay i tham s Hp thoi v cc tham s ca phn t xut hin - Di chuyn con tr n cc gi tr tham s cn thay i - Nhp gi tr tham s mong mun Lu : C 3 ch ca tham s l Norman, Script v Sweep: - Ch Script c s dng khi tham s ny l tham s ton cc, c nh hng n tt c cc phn t khc ca h thng. - Ch Sweep c s dng khi thc hin qut tham s

Hnh 14. Hp thoi v cc tham s ca Laser Measured 5. Chy m phng - T File menu, la chn Calculate. Hp thoi Optisystem Calculations xut hin (hnh 15)

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

28

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 15. File menu - Trong hp thoi Optisystem Calculations (hnh 10), kch chut vo nt Run

Hnh 16. Hp thoi Optisystem Calculations 6. Hin th kt qu m phng - Kch p chut vo cc phn t hin th trong thit k hin th th v cc kt qu m qu trnh m phng to ra.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

29

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 17. Kt qu hin th trn thit b phn tch ph (v d) 7. Thc hin qut tham s (Parameter Sweep) Trong mi bn thit k s c mt s cc tham s nht nh c th a vo ch qut (sweep mode). Ngi thit k c th nh ngha s ln qut c thc hin trn mi tham s. Gi tr ca tham s s thay i qua mi ln qut. Qu trnh ny s cho cc kt qu thit k khc nhau ty theo s thay i gi tr ca tham s. thc hin qut tham s, tin hnh cc bc nh sau: a. Thit lp s ln qut: - Bc 1: Kch chut vo nt Set Total Sweep Iterarions trn Layout tool bar Hp thoi Total Parameter Sweep Iteration xut hin gi tr hin ti (v d nh trn hnh 18) - Bc 2: Nhp vo s ln qut - Bc 3: Kch chut vo nt OK

Hnh 18. Hp thoi Total Parameter Iteration Hoc:

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 30

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

- Bc 1: La chn Layout > Set Total Sweeps Iterations trn Menu toolbar (Hnh 19) Hp thoi Total Parameter Sweep Iteration xut hin gi tr hin ti (v d nh trn hnh 18) - Bc 2: Nhp vo s ln qut - Bc 3: Kch chut vo nt OK

Hnh 19. Truy nhp qua Layout - Set Total Sweep Iterations b. Thay i s ln qut Sau khi tnh ton, d thay i s ln qut hin th trn bn thit k (layout), thc hin cc bc sau: - Bc 1: La chn Layout > Set Current Sweep Interation trn Menu toolbar Hp thoi Set Current Sweep Iterarion xut hin nh trn hnh 20 - Bc 2: Nhp vo s ln qut mun hin th trn bn thit k - Bc 3: Kch chut vo nt OK

Hnh 20 . Hp thoi Current Sweep Iteration S dng nt Previous Sweep Iterarion hoc Next Sweep Iteration trn Layout toolbar chuyn gia cc ln qut.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

31

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hoc: La chn ln qut trn Set Current Iteration drop-down box nh trn hnh 21 di y

Hnh 21 . Set Current Iteration drop-down box c. Thay i gi tr tham s qut: Sau khi la chn s ln qut tham s, phi thc hin nhp cc gi tr cn qut ca tham s. Trc khi nhp, tham s cn qut phi c chuyn sang ch Sweep Mode. La chn Sweep mode chuyn sang Sweep mode cho tham s cn qut, thc hin cc bc sau:
o Bc 1: La chn Layout > Parameter Sweep trn Menu toolbar.

Hp thoi v cc tham s ca phn t xut hin nh trn hnh 17

o trong ct Mode, la chn ch Sweep mode (Hnh 22)

Hnh 22. Sweep mode

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

32

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 23. Tham s ca phn t - Tham s ch Sweep mode Kch chut vo nt Parameter Sweep trong ct Value ca tham s cn qut ( Sweep Mode) (nh minh ha trn hnh l tham s Power). Hp thoi Parameter Sweeps xut hin nh trn hnh 18 di y.

Hnh 24. Cc gi tr tham s cn qut ca phn t trn thit k Nhp gi tr tham s qut:
Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2 33

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

nhp cc gi tr cn qut ca tham s, thc hin cc bc sau:

o Bc 1: La chn Layout > Parameter trn Menu toolbar o Bc 2: Kch chut vo nt Parameter Sweep trn ct Value ca tham

s
o Bc 3: Nhp d liu bng tay hoc s dng cng c Spread Tool

nhp d liu (Tham kho thm trong ti liu v vic s dng Spread Tool) d. Chy m phng (thc hin tng t nh phn trn) e. Hin th kt qu m phng qut tham s: hin th kt qu m phng qut tham s (i vi thit k h thng, thng hin th s thay i BER theo gi tr ca tham s qut), thc hin cc bc sau:
o Bc 1: La chn Report tab trong ca s Project Layout o Bc 2: Kch chut vo nt Opti2Dgraph trn Report toolbar o Bc 3: Trong Project Browser, la chn tham s Sweep Mode,

ko tham s ny v th vo trc X ca th 2D
o Bc 4: Trong Project Browser, la chn tham s Min. Log of BER

ca thit b phn tch li bit, ko tham s ny v th vo trc Y ca th 2D Kt qu thay i BER theo tham s qut s hin th trn th 2D.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

34

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Hnh 25. Cc bc hin th kt qu m phng qut tham s f. a kt qu m phng vo bo co a kt qu m phng vo bo co c th s dng k thut chp mn hnh. Cc bc thc hin nh sau: - Bm t hp phm Alt + Print Screen SyRq lu tm thi ca s mn hnh mun chp vo Clipboard - Bm vo Start > Programs > Accessories > Paint khi ng chng trnh Paint - Vo menu Edit trong Paint ri bm chn Paste (hoc t hp Ctrl + V) dn ca s mn hnh chp t Clipboard vo ca s lm vic ca Paint - S dng cc cng c Select trong Paint ly phn thng tin mun sao chp li theo mun. - Bm vo menu File > Save As t tn cho tm hnh vo chn ni lu tm hnh chp vo my tnh. C th lu di dng *.bmp, *.jpg, *.jpeg hoc *.dib. Hoc dn ngay vo trong file bo co (s dng phm Ctrl + V)

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

35

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Phn V: THIT K M PHNG THC T. 1. S thit k.

2. Cch chn thng s ber ph hp vi bi. Qut cng sut ca b pht.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

36

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

Chn s ln cn qut l 15: Di qut t -7.6-10

Sau khi chy xong ta vo phn REPORT xem,chn thng s Ber v cng sut ph hp.

Ta chn c thng s cng sut pht l :-7.83dBm th n s cho ra Ber theo yu cu ca bi ton l :10-12.

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

37

-Bo co chuyn WDM v phn mm optisystem

- Chng ta ly cng sut pht l :-7.83 v chy li chng trnh 1 ln na. Ber sau qu trnh chy l:

Nhm thc hin: Nhm 2

38